In the file each article is seperated by 'NEW_PAPER' in 'covid-scienc.txt' and 'NEW NEWSPAPER' in 'covid-non-science'.
#importing libraries
import os.path
from gensim import corpora
from gensim.models import LsiModel
from nltk.tokenize import RegexpTokenizer
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer
from gensim.models.coherencemodel import CoherenceModel
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import sklearn as s
import dataframe_image as dfi
import networkx as nx
import mantel
C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\gensim\similarities\__init__.py:15: UserWarning: The gensim.similarities.levenshtein submodule is disabled, because the optional Levenshtein package <https://pypi.org/project/python-Levenshtein/> is unavailable. Install Levenhstein (e.g. `pip install python-Levenshtein`) to suppress this warning. warnings.warn(msg)
def load_data(path,file_name,seperator):
"""
Input : path and file_name
function: loading text file
Output : number of words, document list
"""
documents_list = []
titles=[]
document = ''
i=0
with open( os.path.join(path, file_name) ,"r", encoding="utf8") as fin:
data = fin.read()
words = data.split()
fin.seek(0)
print('Number of words in text file :', len(words))
for line in fin.readlines():
text = line.strip()
i=i+1
if text !='':
document = document+text
if text == seperator:
documents_list.append(document)
document = ''
documents_list.append(document)
print("Total Number of Documents:",len(documents_list))
titles.append( text[0:min(len(text),100)] )
return documents_list,titles,len(words)
document_list,titles,word_count_science=load_data("","covid-science-small.txt",'NEW_PAPER')
Number of words in text file : 59691 Total Number of Documents: 10
def preprocess_data(doc_set):
"""
Input : list of documents
function: text preprocessing - word tokenize, removing english stopwords, and potter stemming
Output : clean text
"""
# initialize regex tokenizer
word_tokenizer = RegexpTokenizer(r'\w+')
# create English stop words list
eng_stop = set(stopwords.words('english'))
# Create p_stemmer of class PorterStemmer
po_stemmer = PorterStemmer()
# list for tokenized documents in loop
texts = []
# loop through document list
for i in doc_set:
# clean and tokenize document string
raw = i.lower()
tokens = word_tokenizer.tokenize(raw)
tokens = [i for i in tokens if len(i)>3]
print(tokens)
# removing english stop words from tokens
stopped_tokens = [i for i in tokens if not i in eng_stop]
# stemmed tokens
stem_tokens = [po_stemmer.stem(i) for i in stopped_tokens]
# list of tokens
texts.append(stem_tokens)
return texts
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnetmethodology', 'predicting', 'covid', '19based', 'chest', 'imagess', 'tabik', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'area', 'charte', 'guirado', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova', 'olmedo', 'sánchez', 'herreraabstract', 'currently', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'most', 'infectious', 'diseases', '21st', 'century', 'diagnosed', 'using', 'testing', 'scans', 'orchest', 'images', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scanners', 'testing', 'available', 'mostmedical', 'centers', 'hence', 'many', 'cases', 'imagesbecome', 'most', 'time', 'cost', 'effective', 'tool', 'assisting', 'clinicians', 'making', 'decisions', 'deep', 'learning', 'neural', 'networkshave', 'great', 'potential', 'building', 'covid', 'triage', 'systemsand', 'detecting', 'covid', 'patients', 'especially', 'patients', 'withlow', 'severity', 'unfortunately', 'current', 'databases', 'allowbuilding', 'such', 'systems', 'they', 'highly', 'heterogeneousand', 'biased', 'towards', 'severe', 'cases', 'this', 'article', 'threefold', 'demystify', 'high', 'sensitivities', 'achieved', 'bymost', 'recent', 'covid', 'classification', 'models', 'under', 'aclose', 'collaboration', 'with', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'sancecilio', 'granada', 'spain', 'built', 'covidgr', 'homogeneous', 'balanced', 'database', 'that', 'includes', 'levelsmanuscript', 'received', 'september', '2020', 'revised', 'october', '2020', 'accepted', 'november', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'november', '2020', 'date', 'current', 'version', 'december', '2020', 'this', 'work', 'supported', 'bythe', 'project', 'deepscop', 'ayudas', 'fundación', 'bbva', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'data', '2018', 'covid19_rx', 'ayudas', 'fundaciónbbva', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'sars', 'covid', '192020', 'spanish', 'ministry', 'science', 'technology', 'under', 'theproject', 'tin2017', '89517', 'tabik', 'supported', 'ramon', 'cajalprogramme', '2015', '18136', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'supported', 'thefpu', 'programme', 'fpu16', '04765', 'charte', 'supported', 'fpuprogramme', 'fpu17', '04069', 'suárez', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu18', '05989', 'supported', 'european', 'researchcouncil', 'grant', 'agreement', '647038', 'biodesert', 'this', 'projectis', 'approved', 'provincial', 'research', 'ethics', 'committee', 'granada', 'corresponding', 'author', 'siham', 'tabik', 'tabik', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'herrera', 'with', 'andalusian', 'research', 'institute', 'indata', 'science', 'computational', 'intelligence', 'university', 'granada', '18071', 'granada', 'spain', 'mail', 'siham', 'anabelgrios', 'decsai', 'isega24ivan', 'gmail', 'fdavidcl', 'jlsuarezdiaz', 'julianlm', 'decsai', 'herrera', 'decsai', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova', 'olmedo', 'sánchez', 'with', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínicosan', 'cecilio', 'granada', '36310', 'spain', 'mail', 'joseluismartin', 'hotmail', 'valerogonzalez', 'yahoo', 'pgvillanova', 'gmail', 'euolm', 'yahoo', 'area', 'with', 'atlanttic', 'research', 'center', 'telecommunication', 'technologies', 'university', 'vigo', 'galicia', 'spain', 'mail', 'mreyarea', 'gmail', 'guirado', 'with', 'multidisciplinary', 'institute', 'environmentstudies', 'ramón', 'margalef', 'university', 'alicante', '03690', 'spain', 'mail', 'geesecillo', 'gmail', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'jbhi', '2020', '3037127of', 'severity', 'from', 'normal', 'with', 'positive', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe', 'covidgr', 'contains', 'positive', 'and426', 'negative', 'posteroanterior', 'views', 'wepropose', 'covid', 'smart', 'data', 'based', 'network', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'improving', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'ofcovid', 'classification', 'models', 'approach', 'reaches', 'goodand', 'stable', 'results', 'with', 'accuracy', 'severe', 'moderate', 'andmild', 'covid', 'severity', 'levels', 'approach', 'could', 'help', 'inthe', 'early', 'detection', 'covid', 'covidgr', 'along', 'withthe', 'severity', 'level', 'labels', 'available', 'scientific', 'community', 'through', 'this', 'link', 'https', 'dasci', 'transferencia', 'open', 'data', 'covidgr', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks', 'smart', 'data', 'introductionin', 'last', 'months', 'world', 'been', 'witnessing', 'howcovid', 'pandemic', 'increasingly', 'infecting', 'large', 'massof', 'people', 'very', 'fast', 'everywhere', 'world', 'trends', 'arenot', 'clear', 'some', 'research', 'confirm', 'that', 'this', 'problem', 'maypersist', 'until', '2024', 'besides', 'prevalence', 'studies', 'conducted', 'inseveral', 'countries', 'reveal', 'that', 'tiny', 'proportion', 'populationhave', 'developed', 'antibodies', 'after', 'exposure', 'virus', 'spain', 'this', 'means', 'that', 'frequently', 'large', 'number', 'patientswill', 'need', 'assessed', 'small', 'time', 'intervals', 'numberof', 'clinicians', 'with', 'very', 'resources', 'general', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'carried', 'using', 'leastone', 'these', 'three', 'tests', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'based', 'assessment', 'itconsists', 'analyzing', 'radiographic', 'images', 'from', 'different', 'angles', 'needed', 'equipment', 'this', 'assessmentis', 'available', 'most', 'hospitals', 'takes', 'more', 'than15', 'minutes', 'patient', 'addition', 'time', 'required', 'forct', 'decontamination', '2reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'rtpcr', 'test', 'detects', 'viral', 'from', 'sputum', 'online', 'available', 'https', 'english', 'elpais', 'society', '2020', 'antibody', 'study', 'shows', 'just', 'spaniards', 'have', 'contracted', 'coronavirus', 'html', 'online', 'available', 'advocacy', 'economics', 'acrposition', 'statements', 'recommendations', 'chest', 'radiography', 'forsuspected', 'covid19', 'infection', 'ieee', '2020', 'this', 'article', 'free', 'access', 'download', 'along', 'with', 'rights', 'full', 'text', 'data', 'mining', 'analysis', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', '3596', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020fig', 'stratification', 'radiological', 'severity', 'covid', 'examples', 'rale', 'index', 'calculated', 'nasopharyngeal', 'swab', 'requires', 'specific', 'material', 'andequipment', 'which', 'easily', 'accessible', 'takes', 'atleast', 'hours', 'which', 'desirable', 'positive', 'covid19', 'patients', 'should', 'identified', 'tracked', 'soon', 'possible', 'some', 'studies', 'found', 'that', 'results', 'from', 'severaltests', 'different', 'points', 'from', 'same', 'patients', 'were', 'variable', 'during', 'course', 'illness', 'producing', 'high', 'falsenegative', 'rate', 'authors', 'suggested', 'that', 'testshould', 'combined', 'with', 'other', 'clinical', 'tests', 'such', 'chest', 'required', 'equipment', 'thisassessment', 'less', 'cumbersome', 'lightweightand', 'transportable', 'general', 'this', 'type', 'resources', 'moreavailable', 'than', 'required', 'scan', 'tests', 'addition', 'test', 'takes', 'about', 'seconds', 'patient', 'which', 'makes', 'most', 'time', 'cost', 'effectiveassessment', 'tools', 'recent', 'studies', 'provide', 'estimates', 'expert', 'radiologistssensitivity', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'based', 'scans', 'study', 'patients', 'with', 'chestct', 'essay', 'performed', 'within', 'days', 'reported', 'asensitivity', 'compared', 'with', 'sensitivityof', 'different', 'study', 'patients', 'mean', 'age56', 'years', 'reported', 'sensitivity', 'comparedwith', 'initial', 'according', 'analysis', '636ambulatory', 'patients', 'most', 'patients', 'presenting', 'urgent', 'carecenters', 'with', 'confirmed', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'have', 'normal', 'ormildly', 'abnormal', 'findings', 'only', 'these', 'patientsare', 'correctly', 'diagnosed', 'expert', 'recent', 'study', 'authors', 'proposed', 'simplifying', 'quantification', 'level', 'severity', 'adapting', 'previously', 'definedradiographic', 'assessment', 'lung', 'edema', 'rale', 'score', 'tocovid', 'this', 'score', 'calculated', 'assigning', 'valuebetween', 'each', 'lung', 'depending', 'extent', 'visualfeatures', 'such', 'consolidation', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'thefour', 'parts', 'each', 'lung', 'depicted', 'based', 'this', 'score', 'experts', 'identify', 'level', 'severity', 'infection', 'amongfour', 'severity', 'stages', 'normal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'andsevere', 'practice', 'patient', 'classified', 'expert', 'radiologistauthorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3597as', 'normal', 'have', 'positive', 'refer', 'these', 'cases', 'asnormal', 'expert', 'annotation', 'adopted', 'this', 'work', 'basedin', 'this', 'score', 'automated', 'image', 'analysis', 'deep', 'learning', 'modelshave', 'great', 'potential', 'optimize', 'role', 'imagesfor', 'fast', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'robust', 'accurate', 'dlmodel', 'could', 'serve', 'triage', 'method', 'support', 'formedical', 'decision', 'making', 'increasing', 'number', 'recent', 'worksclaim', 'achieving', 'impressive', 'sensitivities', 'higher', 'thanexpert', 'radiologists', 'these', 'high', 'sensitivities', 'biasin', 'most', 'used', 'covid', 'dataset', 'covid', 'image', 'datacollection', 'this', 'dataset', 'includes', 'very', 'small', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'positive', 'cases', 'coming', 'from', 'highly', 'heterogeneoussources', 'least', 'countries', 'most', 'cases', 'severe', 'patients', 'issue', 'that', 'drastically', 'reduces', 'clinical', 'value', 'populatenon', 'covid', 'healthy', 'classes', 'researchers', 'usingcxr', 'images', 'from', 'diverse', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'repositories', 'theobtained', 'models', 'will', 'have', 'clinical', 'value', 'well', 'since', 'theywill', 'unable', 'detect', 'patients', 'with', 'moderate', 'severity', 'which', 'target', 'clinical', 'triage', 'system', 'view', 'thissituation', 'there', 'still', 'huge', 'need', 'higher', 'quality', 'datasets', 'builtunder', 'same', 'clinical', 'protocol', 'under', 'close', 'collaborationwith', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'multiple', 'studies', 'have', 'proven', 'that', 'higher', 'quality', 'data', 'ensureshigher', 'quality', 'models', 'concept', 'smart', 'data', 'refers', 'tothe', 'process', 'converting', 'data', 'into', 'higher', 'quality', 'datawith', 'higher', 'concentration', 'useful', 'information', 'smart', 'dataincludes', 'processing', 'methods', 'that', 'improve', 'value', 'andveracity', 'data', 'examples', 'these', 'methods', 'include', 'noiseelimination', 'data', 'augmentation', 'data', 'transformation', 'among', 'other', 'techniques', 'this', 'work', 'designed', 'high', 'clinical', 'quality', 'dataset', 'named', 'covidgr', 'that', 'includes', 'four', 'levels', 'severity', 'normal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe', 'identified', 'thesefour', 'severity', 'levels', 'from', 'recent', 'covid', 'radiological', 'study', 'also', 'propose', 'covid', 'smart', 'data', 'based', 'network', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'combines', 'segmentation', 'dataaugmentation', 'data', 'transformations', 'together', 'with', 'appropriate', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'inference', 'contributions', 'this', 'paper', 'summarized', 'follows', 'analyze', 'reliability', 'potential', 'limitations', 'mostused', 'covid', 'datasets', 'models', 'from', 'data', 'perspective', 'provide', 'first', 'public', 'dataset', 'called', 'covidgr', 'that', 'quantifies', 'covid', 'termsof', 'severity', 'levels', 'normal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe', 'with', 'building', 'triage', 'systems', 'with', 'high', 'clinicalvalue', 'from', 'processing', 'perspective', 'combined', 'severalmethods', 'eliminate', 'irrelevant', 'information', 'from', 'theinput', 'images', 'used', 'processing', 'methodcalled', 'segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'increase', 'discrimination', 'capacity', 'classification', 'model', 'used', 'aclass', 'inherent', 'transformation', 'method', 'inspired', 'gans', 'from', 'post', 'processing', 'perspective', 'proposed', 'newinference', 'process', 'that', 'fuses', 'predictions', 'fourtransformed', 'classes', 'obtained', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformation', 'method', 'calculate', 'final', 'prediction', 'from', 'global', 'perspective', 'designed', 'novel', 'methodology', 'named', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'with', 'high', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'covid', 'classification', 'based', 'cxrimages', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'combines', 'segmentation', 'datatransformation', 'data', 'augmentation', 'suitable', 'cnnmodel', 'together', 'with', 'inference', 'approach', 'finalprediction', 'experiments', 'demonstrate', 'that', 'approach', 'reaches', 'good', 'andstable', 'results', 'especially', 'moderate', 'severe', 'levels', 'with97', 'respectively', 'lower', 'accuracies', 'were', 'obtained', 'mild', 'normal', 'severity', 'levelswith', 'respectively', 'this', 'article', 'organized', 'follows', 'review', 'most', 'useddatasets', 'covid', 'classification', 'approaches', 'provided', 'insection', 'section', 'describes', 'covidgr', 'built', 'andorganized', 'approach', 'presented', 'section', 'experiments', 'comparisons', 'results', 'provided', 'section', 'theinspection', 'model', 'decision', 'using', 'heatmaps', 'providedin', 'section', 'conclusions', 'pointed', 'section', 'related', 'worksthe', 'last', 'months', 'have', 'known', 'increasing', 'number', 'worksexploring', 'potential', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'automatingcovid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'images', 'results', 'arepromising', 'still', 'much', 'work', 'needs', 'done', 'levelof', 'data', 'models', 'design', 'given', 'potential', 'bias', 'this', 'typeof', 'problems', 'several', 'studies', 'include', 'explication', 'methods', 'theirmodels', 'this', 'section', 'analyzes', 'advantages', 'limitations', 'ofcurrent', 'datasets', 'models', 'building', 'automatic', 'covid', '19diagnosis', 'systems', 'with', 'without', 'decision', 'explication', 'datasetsthere', 'does', 'exist', 'high', 'quality', 'collection', 'cxrimages', 'building', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'systems', 'high', 'clinical', 'value', 'currently', 'main', 'source', 'covid', 'class', 'iscovid', 'image', 'data', 'collection', 'contains', 'positive', 'and26', 'negative', 'views', 'these', 'images', 'were', 'obtained', 'from', 'highlyheterogeneous', 'equipment', 'from', 'around', 'world', 'anotherexample', 'covid', 'dataset', 'figure', 'covid', 'chestx', 'dataset', 'initiative', 'build', 'covid', 'classes', 'moststudies', 'using', 'from', 'multiple', 'public', 'pulmonarydisease', 'data', 'sets', 'examples', 'these', 'repositories', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'kaggle', 'chestx', 'ray8', 'dataset', 'mimic', 'dataset', 'padchest', 'dataset', 'instance', 'covidx', 'built', 'combining', 'threepublic', 'datasets', 'covid', 'image', 'data', 'collection', 'figure', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'covidx2', 'built', 'organizing', 'covidx', 'into', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'healthy', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'using', 'cxrimages', 'covid', 'class', 'including', 'posteroanterior', 'andap', 'anteroposterior', 'views', 'seetable', 'notice', 'that', 'correctlearning', 'front', 'view', 'back', 'view', 'cannot', 'mixedin', 'same', 'class', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', '3598', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020table', 'brief', 'description', 'covidx', 'dataset', 'only', 'views', 'arecounted', 'although', 'value', 'these', 'datasets', 'unquestionable', 'theyare', 'being', 'useful', 'carrying', 'first', 'studies', 'reformulations', 'they', 'guarantee', 'useful', 'triage', 'systems', 'next', 'reasons', 'clear', 'what', 'annotation', 'protocol', 'been', 'followedfor', 'constructing', 'positive', 'class', 'covid', 'image', 'datacollection', 'included', 'data', 'highly', 'heterogeneous', 'hencedl', 'models', 'rely', 'other', 'aspects', 'than', 'covid', 'visual', 'featuresto', 'differentiate', 'between', 'involved', 'classes', 'this', 'dataset', 'doesnot', 'provide', 'representative', 'spectrum', 'covid', 'severitylevels', 'most', 'positive', 'cases', 'severe', 'patients', 'addition', 'interesting', 'critical', 'analysis', 'these', 'datasets', 'shown', 'thatcnn', 'models', 'obtain', 'similar', 'results', 'with', 'without', 'eliminatingmost', 'lungs', 'input', 'images', 'which', 'confirmsagain', 'that', 'there', 'huge', 'need', 'covid', 'datasets', 'with', 'highclinical', 'value', 'claim', 'that', 'design', 'high', 'quality', 'dataset', 'mustbe', 'done', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'between', 'expert', 'radiologistsand', 'experts', 'annotations', 'must', 'follow', 'same', 'protocoland', 'representative', 'numbers', 'levels', 'severity', 'especiallymild', 'moderate', 'levels', 'must', 'included', 'classification', 'modelsexisting', 'related', 'works', 'directly', 'comparable', 'theyconsider', 'different', 'combinations', 'public', 'data', 'sets', 'differentexperimental', 'setup', 'brief', 'summary', 'these', 'works', 'providedin', 'table', 'most', 'related', 'studies', 'ours', 'they', 'proposed', 'differentmodels', 'typical', 'ones', 'authorsdesigned', 'deep', 'network', 'called', 'covidnet', 'they', 'affirmedthat', 'covidnet', 'reaches', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'with97', 'sensitivity', 'normal', 'class', 'covid', '19and', 'covid', 'authors', 'smaller', 'network', 'called', 'covid', 'caps', 'also', 'claim', 'that', 'their', 'model', 'achievedan', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'of95', 'these', 'results', 'look', 'impressive', 'when', 'compared', 'toexpert', 'radiologist', 'sensitivity', 'this', 'explained', 'thefact', 'that', 'used', 'dataset', 'biased', 'severe', 'covid', 'cases', 'addition', 'performed', 'experiments', 'both', 'cited', 'works', 'arenot', 'statistically', 'reliable', 'they', 'were', 'evaluated', 'singlepartition', 'stability', 'these', 'models', 'terms', 'standarddeviation', 'been', 'reported', 'classification', 'models', 'with', 'explanationapproachesseveral', 'interesting', 'explanations', 'were', 'proposed', 'help', 'inspect', 'predictions', 'models', 'although', 'theirclassification', 'models', 'were', 'trained', 'validated', 'variationsof', 'covidx', 'authors', 'first', 'ensemble', 'twocnn', 'networks', 'predict', 'class', 'input', 'image', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'then', 'highlight', 'class', 'discriminating', 'regions', 'input', 'image', 'using', 'gradient', 'guided', 'class', 'activation', 'maps', 'grad', 'layer', 'wise', 'relevance', 'propagation', 'authors', 'proposed', 'explaining', 'decision', 'ofthe', 'classification', 'model', 'radiologists', 'using', 'different', 'saliencymap', 'types', 'together', 'with', 'uncertainty', 'estimations', 'certain', 'model', 'prediction', 'covidgr', 'data', 'acquisition', 'annotation', 'organizationinstead', 'starting', 'with', 'extremely', 'large', 'noisy', 'dataset', 'build', 'small', 'smart', 'dataset', 'then', 'augment', 'wayit', 'increases', 'performance', 'model', 'this', 'approach', 'hasproven', 'effective', 'multiple', 'studies', 'this', 'particularly', 'true', 'inthe', 'medical', 'field', 'where', 'access', 'data', 'heavily', 'protected', 'dueto', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'costly', 'expert', 'annotation', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'with', 'four', 'highly', 'trained', 'radiologists', 'from', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'cecilio', 'granada', 'spain', 'first', 'established', 'protocol', 'images', 'areselected', 'annotated', 'included', 'dataset', 'cxrimage', 'annotated', 'covid', 'positive', 'both', 'testand', 'expert', 'radiologist', 'confirm', 'that', 'decision', 'within', 'less', 'than', '24hours', 'with', 'positive', 'that', 'were', 'annotated', 'expertradiologists', 'normal', 'labeled', 'normal', 'involved', 'radiologists', 'annotated', 'level', 'severity', 'positivecases', 'based', 'rale', 'score', 'normal', 'mild', 'moderateand', 'severe', 'covidgr', 'organized', 'into', 'classes', 'positive', 'andnegative', 'contains', 'images', 'distributed', 'into', 'positive', 'and426', 'negative', 'cases', 'more', 'details', 'provided', 'table', 'allthe', 'images', 'were', 'obtained', 'from', 'same', 'equipment', 'underthe', 'same', 'regime', 'only', 'posterioranterior', 'view', 'isconsidered', 'covidgr', 'along', 'with', 'severity', 'level', 'labelsare', 'available', 'scientific', 'community', 'through', 'this', 'link', 'https', 'dasci', 'transferencia', 'open', 'data', 'covidgr', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodologyin', 'this', 'section', 'describe', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'indetail', 'covering', 'processing', 'produce', 'smart', 'data', 'includingsegmentation', 'data', 'transformation', 'increasing', 'discrimination', 'between', 'positive', 'negative', 'classes', 'combined', 'with', 'adeep', 'classification', 'pieces', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'based', 'classifier', 'have', 'selected', 'resnet', 'initialized', 'with', 'imagenetweights', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'adapt', 'this', 'toour', 'problem', 'have', 'removed', 'last', 'layer', 'addeda', 'neurons', 'layer', 'with', 'relu', 'activation', 'fourneurons', 'layer', 'according', 'considered', 'number', 'classes', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation', 'images', 'total', 'number', 'classes', 'each', 'image', 'true', 'label', 'with', 'softmax', 'function', 'computes', 'probability', 'that', 'imagebelongs', 'class', 'with', 'output', 'last', 'fully', 'connected', 'layer', 'before', 'softmax', 'activation', 'applied', 'then', 'this', 'function', 'defined', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3599table', 'iisummary', 'related', 'works', 'that', 'analyze', 'variations', 'covidx', 'with', 'cnntable', 'iiia', 'brief', 'summary', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'samples', 'covidgr', 'segmented', 'images', 'considering', 'only', 'viewsoftmax', 'softmax', 'class', 'prediction', 'network', 'image', 'then', 'argmax', 'softmax', 'where', 'output', 'vectorof', 'last', 'layer', 'before', 'softmax', 'applied', 'input', 'layers', 'network', 'were', 'fine', 'tuned', 'used', 'batchsize', 'optimizer', 'main', 'stages', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'three', 'associatedto', 'processing', 'producing', 'quality', 'data', 'smart', 'data', 'stages', 'learning', 'inference', 'process', 'flowchart', 'covidsdnet', 'depicted', 'segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'unnecessary', 'informationelimination', 'different', 'equipment', 'brands', 'include', 'differentextra', 'information', 'about', 'patient', 'sides', 'contour', 'ofcxr', 'images', 'position', 'size', 'patient', 'also', 'implythe', 'inclusion', 'more', 'parts', 'body', 'arms', 'neck', 'stomach', 'this', 'information', 'alter', 'learning', 'classificationmodel', 'first', 'segment', 'lungs', 'using', 'segmentationmodel', 'provided', 'trained', 'tuberculosis', 'chest', 'rayimage', 'datasets', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'challengedataset', 'then', 'calculate', 'smallest', 'rectangle', 'thatdelimits', 'left', 'right', 'segmented', 'lungs', 'finally', 'avoideliminating', 'useful', 'information', 'pixels', 'left', 'right', 'down', 'sides', 'rectangle', 'resulting', 'rectangleis', 'cropped', 'illustration', 'with', 'example', 'this', 'processingis', 'shown', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'network', 'increase', 'thediscrimination', 'capacity', 'classification', 'model', 'used', 'fucitnet', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'networkinspired', 'gans', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'networks', 'thistransformation', 'method', 'actually', 'array', 'generatorsgp', 'where', 'refers', 'positive', 'class', 'refers', 'tothe', 'negative', 'class', 'learns', 'inherent', 'class', 'transformationsof', 'positive', 'class', 'learns', 'inherent', 'class', 'transformations', 'negative', 'class', 'other', 'words', 'learns', 'thetransformations', 'that', 'bring', 'input', 'image', 'from', 'domain', 'with', 'class', 'domain', 'similarly', 'learnsthe', 'transformations', 'that', 'bring', 'input', 'image', 'from', 'space', 'with', 'class', 'space', 'classification', 'loss', 'isintroduced', 'generators', 'drive', 'learning', 'each', 'specifick', 'class', 'transformations', 'that', 'each', 'generator', 'optimizedbased', 'following', 'loss', 'function', 'lgenk', 'lmse', 'lperceptual', 'where', 'lmse', 'pixel', 'wise', 'mean', 'square', 'error', 'lperceptual', 'perception', 'mean', 'square', 'error', 'classifier', 'loss', 'weighted', 'factor', 'indicates', 'much', 'generator', 'mustchange', 'outcome', 'suit', 'classifier', 'more', 'details', 'about', 'thesetransformation', 'networks', 'found', 'architecture', 'generators', 'consists', 'identical', 'residual', 'blocks', 'each', 'block', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'with', '3kernels', 'feature', 'maps', 'followed', 'batch', 'normalizationlayers', 'parametric', 'relu', 'activation', 'function', 'lastresidual', 'block', 'followed', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'whichreduces', 'output', 'image', 'channels', 'match', 'input', 'sdimensions', 'classifier', 'resnet', 'which', 'consists', 'aninitial', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'with', 'kernels', 'featuremaps', 'followed', 'pool', 'layer', 'then', 'blocks', 'oftwo', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'with', 'kernels', 'with', '256and', 'feature', 'maps', 'respectively', 'followed', 'averagepooling', 'fully', 'connected', 'layer', 'which', 'outputs', 'vector', 'elements', 'relu', 'used', 'activation', 'function', 'once', 'generators', 'learn', 'corresponding', 'transformations', 'dataset', 'processed', 'using', 'pair', 'images', 'will', 'obtained', 'from', 'each', 'input', 'image', 'where', 'respectively', 'positively', 'andnegatively', 'transformed', 'images', 'note', 'that', 'once', 'entiredataset', 'processed', 'have', 'four', 'classes', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', '3600', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020fig', 'flowchart', 'proposed', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'instead', 'original', 'classes', 'class', 'will', 'produce', 'positivetransformation', 'with', 'negative', 'transformation', 'with', 'respectively', 'gnwill', 'produce', 'positive', 'transformation', 'with', 'andthe', 'negative', 'transformation', 'with', 'respectively', 'illustrates', 'with', 'example', 'transformations', 'applied', 'bygn', 'andgp', 'notice', 'that', 'these', 'transformations', 'meant', 'beinterpretable', 'human', 'rather', 'help', 'classificationmodel', 'better', 'distinguish', 'between', 'different', 'classes', 'learning', 'inference', 'based', 'fusion', 'cnntwins', 'classification', 'model', 'described', 'above', 'inthis', 'section', 'resnet', 'trained', 'predict', 'fourclasses', 'output', 'network', 'after', 'softmax', 'applied', 'each', 'transformed', 'image', 'associated', 'original', 'vector', 'where', 'probability', 'transformed', 'image', 'tobelong', 'class', 'herein', 'propose', 'inference', 'process', 'fuse', 'output', 'twotransformed', 'images', 'predict', 'label', 'theoriginal', 'image', 'this', 'each', 'pair', 'prediction', 'original', 'image', 'will', 'either', 'argmax', 'argmax', 'argmax', 'argmax', 'theresnet', 'predictions', 'respectively', 'then', 'then', 'then', 'none', 'above', 'applies', 'thenyi', 'otherwise', 'experimentally', 'used', 'batch', 'size', 'asoptimizer', 'experiments', 'resultsin', 'this', 'section', 'provide', 'information', 'aboutthe', 'used', 'experimental', 'setup', 'evaluate', 'state', 'artcovid', 'classification', 'models', 'fucitnet', 'alone', 'ourdataset', 'then', 'analyze', 'impact', 'data', 'processing', 'normal', 'severity', 'level', 'approach', 'experimental', 'setupdue', 'high', 'variations', 'between', 'different', 'executions', 'weperformed', 'different', 'fold', 'cross', 'validations', 'experiments', 'each', 'experiment', 'uses', 'covidgr', 'fortraining', 'remaining', 'testing', 'choose', 'whento', 'stop', 'training', 'process', 'used', 'random', 'eachtraining', 'validation', 'each', 'experiment', 'proper', 'ofdata', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'carefully', 'selected', 'results', 'terms', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'precision', 'accuracy', 'arepresented', 'using', 'average', 'values', 'standard', 'deviation', 'ofthe', 'executions', 'used', 'metrics', 'calculated', 'follows', 'recall', 'positive', 'class', 'sensitivity', 'tpactual', 'positivesrecall', 'negative', 'class', 'specificity', 'tnactual', 'negativesprecision', 'positive', 'class', 'tppredicted', 'positivesprecision', 'negative', 'class', 'tnpredicted', 'negativesaccuracy', 'tntotal', 'predictionsauthorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3601fig', 'segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'processing', 'applied', 'input', 'image', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'applied', 'negative', 'sample', 'original', 'negative', 'sample', 'negative', 'transformation', 'positivetransformation', 'precision', 'recallprecision', 'recalltp', 'refers', 'respectively', 'number', 'true', 'positivesand', 'true', 'negatives', 'analysis', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'capswe', 'compare', 'approach', 'with', 'most', 'related', 'approaches', 'ours', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'caps', 'covidnet', 'currently', 'authors', 'this', 'network', 'providethree', 'versions', 'namely', 'available', 'hasthe', 'largest', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'followed', 'band', 'performed', 'evaluations', 'each', 'networkin', 'such', 'that', 'results', 'will', 'comparable', 'toours', 'first', 'tested', 'covidnet', 'covidnet', 'andcovidnet', 'trained', 'covidx', 'directly', 'ourdataset', 'considering', 'only', 'classes', 'normal', 'negative', 'covid', 'positive', 'whole', 'dataset', 'positive', 'images', 'negative', 'images', 'evaluated', 'report', 'intable', 'recall', 'precision', 'resultsfor', 'normal', 'covid', 'classes', 'second', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'dataset', 'isimportant', 'note', 'that', 'only', 'checkpoint', 'eachmodel', 'available', 'could', 'remove', 'last', 'layerof', 'these', 'networks', 'which', 'three', 'neurons', 'used5', 'different', 'fold', 'cross', 'validations', 'order', 'beable', 'retrain', 'covidnet', 'models', 'athird', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'into', 'dataset', 'randomlyselected', 'images', 'from', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'incovidx', 'dataset', 'used', 'same', 'hyper', 'parametersas', 'ones', 'indicated', 'their', 'training', 'script', 'that', '10epochs', 'batch', 'size', 'learning', 'rate', '0002', 'changed', 'covid_weight', 'covid_percent', 'since', 'same', 'number', 'images', 'allthe', 'classes', 'similarly', 'report', 'table', 'recall', 'andprecision', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid', 'omit', 'recall', 'precision', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'theaccuracy', 'reported', 'same', 'table', 'only', 'takes', 'intoaccount', 'images', 'from', 'classes', 'with', 'ourauthorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', '3602', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020table', 'ivcovidnet', 'covid', 'caps', 'results', 'datasettable', 'vresults', 'covid', 'prediction', 'using', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'retrained', 'covid', 'caps', 'resnet', 'with', 'without', 'segmentation', 'fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'four', 'levels', 'severity', 'positive', 'class', 'taken', 'into', 'accountmodels', 'report', 'here', 'mean', 'standard', 'deviationof', 'metrics', 'although', 'analyzed', 'three', 'variations', 'ofcovidnet', 'simplicity', 'only', 'report', 'results', 'thebest', 'covid', 'caps', 'this', 'capsule', 'network', 'based', 'modelproposed', 'architecture', 'notably', 'smaller', 'thancovidnet', 'which', 'implies', 'dramatically', 'lower', 'numberof', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'since', 'authors', 'also', 'provide', 'acheckpoint', 'with', 'weights', 'trained', 'covidx', 'dataset', 'were', 'able', 'follow', 'similar', 'procedure', 'than', 'withcovidnet', 'first', 'tested', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'using', 'covidxon', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'caps', 'designedto', 'predict', 'classes', 'reused', 'same', 'architecture', 'with', 'dataset', 'compute', 'evaluationmetrics', 'shown', 'table', 'second', 'covid', 'caps', 'architecture', 'retrained', 'overthe', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'this', 'process', 'finetunes', 'theweights', 'improve', 'class', 'separation', 'retrainingprocess', 'performed', 'using', 'same', 'setup', 'hyperparameters', 'reported', 'authors', 'adam', 'optimizer', 'isused', 'across', 'epochs', 'with', 'batch', 'size', 'classweights', 'were', 'omitted', 'with', 'covidnet', 'since', 'thisdataset', 'contains', 'balanced', 'classes', 'training', 'well', 'asin', 'test', 'evaluation', 'metrics', 'computed', 'five', 'setsof', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'test', 'subsets', 'summarizedin', 'table', 'results', 'from', 'table', 'show', 'that', 'covidnet', 'covidcaps', 'trained', 'covidx', 'overestimate', 'covid', 'class', 'ourdataset', 'most', 'images', 'classified', 'positive', 'resulting', 'invery', 'high', 'sensitivities', 'cost', 'positive', 'predictivevalue', 'however', 'when', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'caps', 'retrained', 'covidgr', 'they', 'achieve', 'slightly', 'better', 'overallaccuracy', 'higher', 'balance', 'between', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'although', 'they', 'seem', 'acquire', 'bias', 'favoring', 'negativeclass', 'general', 'none', 'these', 'models', 'perform', 'adequately', 'forthe', 'detection', 'disease', 'from', 'images', 'dataset', 'results', 'analysis', 'covid', 'predictionthe', 'results', 'baseline', 'covid', 'classification', 'model', 'considering', 'levels', 'severity', 'with', 'without', 'segmentation', 'fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'shown', 'table', 'general', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'achieves', 'better', 'more', 'stableresults', 'than', 'rest', 'approaches', 'particular', 'covid', 'sdnetachieved', 'highest', 'balance', 'between', 'specificity', 'sensitivitywith', 'negative', 'class', '35f1', 'positive', 'class', 'most', 'importantly', 'covid', 'sdnetachieved', 'best', 'sensitivity', 'accuracy', 'with76', 'fucitnet', 'provides', 'general', 'good', 'lowerand', 'less', 'stable', 'results', 'than', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'when', 'comparingthe', 'results', 'baseline', 'classification', 'model', 'with', 'withoutsegmentation', 'observe', 'that', 'segmentation', 'improves', 'substantially', 'sensitivity', 'which', 'most', 'importantcriteria', 'triage', 'system', 'this', 'explained', 'factthat', 'segmentation', 'allows', 'model', 'focus', 'most', 'importantparts', 'image', 'analysis', 'severity', 'levelto', 'determine', 'which', 'levels', 'hardest', 'distinguish', 'bythe', 'best', 'approach', 'have', 'analyzed', 'accuracy', 'severity', 'level', 'with', 'accuracy', 'correct', 'predictions', 'total', 'number', 'wheres', 'normal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe', 'results', 'areshown', 'table', 'seen', 'from', 'these', 'results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'correctlydistinguish', 'moderate', 'severe', 'levels', 'with', 'accuracy', 'of86', 'respectively', 'this', 'fact', 'thatmoderate', 'severe', 'images', 'contain', 'more', 'importantvisual', 'features', 'than', 'mild', 'normal', 'which', 'ease', 'theclassification', 'task', 'normal', 'mild', 'cases', 'much', 'moredifficult', 'identify', 'they', 'contain', 'none', 'visual', 'features', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3603table', 'viresults', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'severity', 'leveltable', 'viiresults', 'baseline', 'classification', 'model', 'with', 'segmentation', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'retrainedcovid', 'caps', 'only', 'three', 'levels', 'severity', 'considered', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severetable', 'viiiresults', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'severity', 'level', 'without', 'consideringnormal', 'these', 'results', 'coherent', 'with', 'clinical', 'studies', 'provided', 'which', 'report', 'that', 'expert', 'sensitivity', 'very', 'innormal', 'mild', 'infection', 'levels', 'recall', 'that', 'experteye', 'does', 'visual', 'signs', 'normal', 'althoughthe', 'positive', 'those', 'cases', 'actually', 'considered', 'asasymptomatic', 'patients', 'analysis', 'impact', 'normal', 'analyze', 'impact', 'normal', 'class', 'covid', '19classification', 'trained', 'evaluated', 'baseline', 'model', 'fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'classification', 'stage', 'covidnetcxr', 'covid', 'caps', 'covidgr', 'eliminatingnormal', 'results', 'summarized', 'table', 'overall', 'approaches', 'systematically', 'provide', 'better', 'results', 'when', 'eliminating', 'normal', 'from', 'training', 'testprocesses', 'including', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'caps', 'particular', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'still', 'represents', 'best', 'moststable', 'approach', 'analysis', 'severity', 'levela', 'further', 'analysis', 'accuracy', 'level', 'each', 'severitydegree', 'table', 'viii', 'demonstrates', 'that', 'eliminating', 'normalpcr', 'decreases', 'accuracy', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severitylevels', 'respectively', 'these', 'results', 'show', 'that', 'although', 'normal', 'hardestlevel', 'predict', 'presence', 'improves', 'accuracy', 'lowerseverity', 'levels', 'especially', 'mild', 'level', 'inspection', 'model', 'decisionautomatic', 'diagnosis', 'systems', 'alone', 'mature', 'toreplace', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'help', 'clinician', 'making', 'decisions', 'these', 'tools', 'must', 'interpretable', 'that', 'clinicians', 'decidewhether', 'trust', 'model', 'inspect', 'what', 'ledour', 'model', 'make', 'decision', 'showing', 'regions', 'inputimage', 'that', 'triggered', 'that', 'decision', 'along', 'with', 'counterfactualexplanation', 'showing', 'parts', 'that', 'explain', 'opposite', 'class', 'adapted', 'grad', 'method', 'explain', 'decision', 'ofthe', 'negative', 'positive', 'class', 'figs', 'show', 'original', 'image', 'visualexplanation', 'means', 'heat', 'that', 'highlights', 'regions', 'pixels', 'which', 'model', 'output', 'actual', 'predictionand', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'using', 'heat', 'thathighlights', 'regions', 'pixels', 'which', 'highest', 'impact', 'onpredicting', 'opposite', 'class', 'higher', 'intensity', 'heat', 'mapindicates', 'higher', 'importance', 'corresponding', 'pixel', 'thedecision', 'larger', 'higher', 'intensity', 'areas', 'heat', 'mapdetermine', 'final', 'class', 'however', 'represents', 'first', 'thecounterfactual', 'explanation', 'represents', 'explanation', 'actual', 'decision', 'expected', 'negative', 'positive', 'interpretations', 'complementary', 'areas', 'which', 'triggered', 'correct', 'decision', 'areopposite', 'most', 'cases', 'areas', 'that', 'triggered', 'decision', 'towards', 'negative', 'images', 'with', 'different', 'severity', 'levels', 'heat', 'maps', 'correctly', 'point', 'opaque', 'regionsdue', 'different', 'levels', 'infiltrates', 'consolidations', 'also', 'toosteoarthritis', 'particular', 'areas', 'right', 'lung', 'pointsout', 'region', 'with', 'infiltrates', 'also', 'osteoarthritis', 'spineregion', 'correctly', 'shows', 'moderate', 'infiltrates', 'rightlower', 'lower', 'middle', 'lung', 'fields', 'addition', 'dilation', 'ofascending', 'aorta', 'aortic', 'arch', 'color', 'center', 'shows', 'normal', 'upper', 'middle', 'fields', 'both', 'lungs', 'less', 'importanton', 'left', 'aortic', 'dilation', 'indicates', 'importantbilateral', 'pulmonary', 'involvement', 'with', 'consolidations', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', '3604', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020fig', 'heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'that', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'that', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'that', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'heatmap', 'that', 'explains', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'that', 'triggered', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'negative', 'actual', 'prediction', 'authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply', 'tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3605as', 'observed', 'explanation', 'thenegative', 'class', 'correctly', 'highlights', 'symmetric', 'bilateral', 'patternthat', 'occupies', 'larger', 'lung', 'volume', 'especially', 'regions', 'withhigh', 'density', 'fact', 'very', 'similar', 'pattern', 'shown', 'thecounterfactual', 'explanation', 'positive', 'class', 'new_paper'] ['data', 'mining', 'analyticsissn', '2096', '0654', 'pp116', '123volume', 'number', 'june', '2021doi', '26599', 'bdma', '2020', '9020016c', 'author', '2021', 'articles', 'published', 'this', 'open', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms', 'thecreative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'http', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'inindia', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'modelvishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'avdhesh', 'gupta', 'dinesh', 'kumar', 'anjali', 'sardanaabstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'unusual', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'first', 'found', 'late', 'december2019', 'latter', 'declared', 'pandemic', 'world', 'health', 'organizations', 'because', 'fatal', 'effects', 'public', 'health', 'thispresent', 'cases', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'exponentially', 'increasing', 'whole', 'world', 'here', 'aredetecting', 'covid', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'only', 'performing', 'this', 'analysisbased', 'cases', 'occurring', 'different', 'states', 'india', 'chronological', 'dates', 'dataset', 'contains', 'multiple', 'classesso', 'performing', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'this', 'dataset', 'first', 'performed', 'data', 'cleansing', 'featureselection', 'then', 'performed', 'forecasting', 'classes', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'linear', 'model', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'decision', 'tree', 'neural', 'network', 'where', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'others', 'therefore', 'randomforest', 'used', 'prediction', 'analysis', 'results', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'performed', 'measure', 'theconsistency', 'model', 'words', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'random', 'forest1', 'introductionthe', 'virus', 'coronaviruses', 'special', 'kindof', 'virus', 'that', 'itself', 'disease', 'enhances', 'theexisting', 'disease', 'humans', 'body', 'which', 'makes', 'avery', 'dangerous', 'virus', 'this', 'virus', 'results', 'wheezing', 'hard', 'breathe', 'digestive', 'system', 'liverwort', 'effects', 'badly', 'human', 'nervous', 'system', 'center', 'alsoharms', 'animals', 'like', 'cows', 'horses', 'pigs', 'that', 'kept', 'raised', 'used', 'people', 'different', 'wild', 'animals', 'invishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'with', 'department', 'computerscience', 'engineering', 'graphic', 'deemedto', 'university', 'dehradun', '248002', 'india', 'mail', 'vishangupta', 'gmail', 'avdhesh', 'gupta', 'anjali', 'sardana', 'with', 'departmentof', 'engineering', 'college', 'ghaziabad', '201009', 'india', 'mail', 'avdhesh', 'gupta', 'imsec', 'anju', 'sardana', 'gmail', 'dinesh', 'kumar', 'with', 'department', 'kietgroup', 'institutions', 'ghaziabad', '201206', 'india', 'mail', 'dineshvashist', 'gmail', 'whom', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', '2020', 'revised', '2020', 'accepted', '2020', '212002', '2003', 'epidemic', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'sars', '2012', 'burst', 'middleeast', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mers', 'have', 'illustrated', 'theprobability', 'transferrable', 'newly', 'arrived', 'covid', 'inhuman', 'human', 'animal', 'human', 'vice', 'versa', 'though', 'there', 'very', 'fewer', 'cases', 'this', 'kind', 'theydo', 'exists', 'late', 'december', '2019', 'effect', 'secretpneumonia', 'whole', 'world', 'noticeable', 'topic', 'ofstudy', 'india', 'first', 'case', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'covid', 'announced', '30th', 'january', '2020', 'thisvirus', 'extends', 'whole', 'india', 'their', 'differentdistricts', 'till', 'april', '2020', 'india', 'total', 'casesannounced', 'were', '5734', 'which', 'were', 'recovered', 'and166', 'people', 'were', 'dead', 'till', 'april', '2020', 'india', 'thetotal', 'cases', 'announced', 'were', 'which', '233were', 'recovered', '6649', 'people', 'were', 'dead', 'till', 'june2020', 'after', 'this', 'date', 'fresh', 'cases', 'still', 'coming', 'intolight', 'daily', 'which', 'around', 'india', 'infectionrate', 'covid', 'lesser', 'than', 'that', 'some', 'othercountries', 'till', 'date', 'website', 'worldometers', 'givesus', 'these', 'details', 'precise', 'manner', 'figure', 'isvishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using', '117fig', 'structure', 'coronavirus', 'showing', 'structure', 'covid', 'this', 'structure', 'lookslike', 'crown', 'different', 'parts', 'this', 'virus', 'alsointroduced', 'this', 'diagram', 'objectives', 'this', 'surveillance', 'following', 'monitor', 'trends', 'covid', 'disease', 'nationallevels', 'rapidly', 'detect', 'cases', 'countries', 'wherethe', 'virus', 'started', 'circulate', 'monitor', 'cases', 'incountries', 'where', 'virus', 'circulating', 'provide', 'epidemiological', 'information', 'conductrisk', 'assessments', 'national', 'state', 'level', 'provide', 'epidemiological', 'information', 'guidepreparedness', 'response', 'measures', 'transmissionin', 'china', 'covid', 'first', 'case', 'reported', 'huananseafood', 'wholesale', 'market', 'wuhan', 'main', 'reasonwhich', 'supposed', 'spread', 'this', 'virus', 'isthe', 'transmission', 'from', 'animal', 'human', 'even', 'theupcoming', 'covid', 'cases', 'were', 'related', 'thesubjection', 'method', 'hence', 'conclusion', 'that', 'virustransmission', 'from', 'humans', 'humans', 'people', 'withviruses', 'indicative', 'main', 'recurrent', 'reason', 'thespread', 'covid', 'before', 'symptoms', 'progress', 'transmission', 'probability', 'covid', 'appears', 'bevery', 'rare', 'even', 'though', 'this', 'virus', 'transmission', 'notbe', 'prohibited', 'besides', 'these', 'advice', 'every', 'personis', 'that', 'people', 'symptomless', 'asymptomaticcould', 'pass', 'virus', 'social', 'distancing', 'onlyway', 'secure', 'from', 'this', 'virus', 'including', 'rhinovirus', 'additional', 'wheezingbacterium', 'believed', 'that', 'droplets', 'sneezeand', 'cough', 'person', 'main', 'reason', 'virusimparting', 'closed', 'places', 'aerosol', 'transmission', 'alsopossible', 'case', 'long', 'exposure', 'deep', 'mouthedaerosol', 'concentrations', 'china', 'result', 'dataanalysis', 'sars', 'spread', 'that', 'close', 'contactof', 'people', 'demanded', 'condition', 'spreadof', 'virus', 'virus', 'extension', 'mainly', 'restricted', 'aperson', 'family', 'members', 'other', 'nearly', 'contacted', 'peopleand', 'healthcare', 'experts', 'treatment', 'preventioncurrently', 'there', 'isolated', 'particular', 'antiviraltreatment', 'covid', 'virus', 'their', 'treatments', 'arereassuring', 'effects', 'recombination', 'withribavirin', 'very', 'less', 'against', 'infection', 'covid', 'after', 'sars', 'mers', 'pandemic', 'several', 'valuableefforts', 'have', 'been', 'provided', 'development', 'newantivirals', 'targeting', 'proteases', 'polymerases', 'andentry', 'proteins', 'nevertheless', 'none', 'them', 'beenproven', 'worthwhile', 'clinical', 'trials', 'nevertheless', 'ofthem', 'been', 'proven', 'worthwhile', 'clinical', 'trials', 'patient', 'already', 'recovered', 'from', 'covid19', 'donate', 'their', 'plasma', 'antibodies', 'because', 'hasbeen', 'proved', 'beneficial', 'treatment', 'covid', 'well', 'diverse', 'vaccine', 'schemes', 'like', 'ofdisabling', 'viruses', 'live', 'attenuated', 'viruses', 'vaccine', 'basedon', 'viral', 'vector', 'subunit', 'injection', 'recombinant', 'proteins', 'vaccines', 'have', 'been', 'evolved', 'they', 'aretested', 'only', 'animals', 'till', 'there', 'effective', 'injection', 'therapyavailable', 'covid', 'only', 'finest', 'measuresare', 'control', 'source', 'infection', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'reporting', 'isolation', 'supportive', 'treatments', 'timeproducing', 'outbreak', 'details', 'keep', 'away', 'from', 'inessentialanxiety', 'every', 'person', 'fine', 'exclusive', 'hygiene', 'wearing', 'shaped', 'suitable', 'mask', 'ventilation', 'andkeeping', 'away', 'from', 'massed', 'areas', 'will', 'assist', 'blockcovid', 'virus', 'inflammation', 'guidance', 'directions', 'issued', 'worldhealth', 'organization', 'other', 'corporations', 'areas', 'follows', 'keep', 'away', 'from', 'adjacent', 'correspondence', 'withpeople', 'suffering', 'from', 'serious', 'inflammation', 'clean', 'your', 'hands', 'regularly', 'mainly', 'when', 'comein', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'infected', 'people', 'placewhere', 'they', 'live', 'keep', 'away', 'from', 'unsafe', 'connections', 'with', 'wild', 'andfarm', 'animals', 'persons', 'having', 'symptoms', 'critical', 'shaftinflammation', 'should', 'maintain', 'distance', 'from', 'otherpeoples', 'enfold', 'wheeze', 'sneezes', 'with', 'throwawaypaper', 'napkin', 'material', 'clean', 'their', 'hands', 'fromtime', 'time', 'specifically', 'department', 'medicalemergency', 'proper', 'arrangement', 'strict', 'hygienemeasures', 'required', 'prevention', 'controlof', 'infections', 'individuals', 'that', 'immunocompromised', 'should118', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '123avoid', 'public', 'gatherings', 'this', 'paper', 'proposes', 'machine', 'learning', 'schemes', 'basedon', 'data', 'driven', 'approach', 'this', 'approach', 'gives', 'aprediction', 'about', 'number', 'infected', 'people', 'withcovid', 'upcoming', 'days', 'using', 'availabledata', 'this', 'paper', 'proposes', 'model', 'which', 'easilyforecast', 'count', 'fresh', 'covid', 'cases', 'that', 'themanagement', 'make', 'preparation', 'handle', 'thesecases', 'figure', 'shows', 'general', 'diagram', 'predictionmodel', 'where', 'various', 'features', 'taken', 'theirmultiple', 'cases', 'classes', 'predicted', 'through', 'randomforest', 'prediction', 'model', 'this', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', '2explains', 'methodology', 'materials', 'predictionof', 'covid', 'where', 'present', 'dataset', 'features', 'feature', 'selection', 'classes', 'procedureof', 'prediction', 'model', 'clarified', 'section', 'thedescription', 'various', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'usedin', 'this', 'work', 'their', 'performance', 'metric', 'presentedin', 'section', 'sections', 'present', 'result', 'analysis', 'comparison', 'reported', 'estimated', 'cases', 'longlast', 'conclusion', 'exhibited', 'section', 'methodology', 'material2', 'dataset', 'featurescoronaviruses', 'large', 'family', 'viruses', 'thatmay', 'cause', 'illness', 'animals', 'humans', 'humans', 'several', 'coronaviruses', 'known', 'cause', 'respiratoryinfections', 'ranging', 'from', 'common', 'cold', 'more', 'severediseases', 'such', 'mers', 'sars', 'most', 'recentlydiscovered', 'coronavirus', 'causes', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'in2019', 'covid', 'number', 'cases', 'increasing', 'dayaround', 'world', 'this', 'dataset', 'information', 'from', 'theconfirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'casesconfirmed', 'indian', 'nationaldataset', 'featuresobservation', 'date', 'time', 'state', 'union', 'territoryprediction', 'modelconfirmed', 'foreign', 'nationalstatetimeobservation', 'datefig', 'prediction', 'method', 'states', 'union', 'territories', 'india', 'daily', 'effect', 'ofpreventing', 'measures', 'like', 'social', 'distancing', 'face', 'mask', 'lockdown', 'also', 'been', 'considered', 'dataset', 'consists', 'features', 'covid', '19data', 'which', 'taken', 'from', 'https', 'kaggle', 'sudalairajkumar', 'covid19', 'india', 'also', 'from', 'theministry', 'health', 'family', 'welfare', 'datasetconsists', 'only', '2342', 'samples', 'covid', 'cases', 'inindia', 'from', 'january', '2020', '2020', 'table', '1shows', 'attributes', 'features', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'andglimpse', 'dataset', 'presented', 'table', 'feature', 'selectionduring', 'process', 'model', 'building', 'feature', 'selectionis', 'used', 'select', 'most', 'relevant', 'features', 'thefeatures', 'reduces', 'complexity', 'predictionmodel', 'here', 'performed', 'feature', 'selection', 'usingrandom', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'programminglanguage', 'classification', 'model', 'features', 'arecalculated', 'using', 'above', 'algorithm', 'whose', 'inputparameters', 'features', 'dataset', 'covid', '19cases', 'india', 'three', 'features', 'which', 'were', 'used', 'forthe', 'building', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'model', 'usinga', 'random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'these', 'obervation', 'date', 'time', 'state', 'union', 'territory', 'five', 'only', 'features', 'have', 'been', 'discarded', 'that', 'confirmed', 'indian', 'national', 'confirmedforeign', 'national', 'these', 'features', 'discarded', 'becausethey', 'impact', 'only', 'beginning', 'covid', '19infection', 'when', 'patients', 'were', 'coming', 'from', 'abroad', 'latertable', 'feature', 'prediction', 'covid', 'cases', 'inindia', 'name', 'descriptionobservation', 'date', 'date', 'which', 'manycovid', 'positive', 'cases', 'haveoccurred', 'time', 'time', 'that', 'particular', 'dateat', 'which', 'mang', 'covid', '19positive', 'cases', 'have', 'occurred', 'state', 'union', 'territory', 'name', 'state', 'unionterritory', 'india', 'where', 'covid', '19cases', 'were', 'found', 'confirmed', 'indian', 'national', 'total', 'number', 'confirmedcovid', 'cases', 'found', 'indiaitself', 'starting', 'sars', 'india', 'confirmed', 'foreign', 'national', 'total', 'number', 'confirmedcovid', 'cases', 'found', 'india', 'which', 'came', 'from', 'foreigncountries', 'beginning', 'sarscov', 'cases', 'india', 'vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using', '119table', 'dataset', 'sars', 'india', 'date', 'time', 'state', 'unionterritory', 'confirmed', 'indiannational', 'case', 'confirmed', 'foreignnational', 'casecuredcasedeathcaseconfirmed', 'case30', '2020', 'kerala', '2020', 'rajasthan', '1507', '2020', 'telengana', '2020', 'tamil', 'nadu', '2020', 'ladakh', '2020', 'telengana', '2020', 'jammu', 'kashmir', '2020', 'maharashtra', '2020', 'delhi', '2020', 'andhra', 'pradesh', '1910', '2020', 'maharashtra', '136429', '2020', 'gujarat', '377401', '2020', 'madhya', 'pradesh', '271926', '2020', 'west', 'bengal', '1414', '3816cov', 'cases', 'arisen', 'only', 'based', 'internal', 'infectiondue', 'covid', 'communicable', 'property', 'therefore', 'values', 'these', 'fields', 'considered', 'target', 'classes', 'used', 'prediction', 'datasetour', 'dataset', 'contains', 'three', 'target', 'classes', 'which', 'havemultiple', 'discrete', 'instances', 'these', 'target', 'classes', 'thefollowing', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'atany', 'particular', 'date', 'increased', 'decreasedaccording', 'next', 'date', 'time', 'location', 'specific', 'theindian', 'states', 'only', 'death', 'cases', 'number', 'death', 'cases', 'anyparticular', 'date', 'increased', 'decreasedaccording', 'next', 'date', 'time', 'location', 'specific', 'tothe', 'indian', 'states', 'only', 'cured', 'cases', 'number', 'cured', 'cases', 'anyparticular', 'date', 'increased', 'decreasedaccording', 'next', 'date', 'time', 'location', 'specific', 'tothe', 'indian', 'states', 'only', 'procedure', 'prediction', 'modelwe', 'developing', 'machine', 'learning', 'basedmethodology', 'which', 'following', 'four', 'steps', 'this', 'methodology', 'also', 'depicted', 'step', 'building', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'modelusing', 'training', 'testing', 'concept', 'dataset', 'ofcovid', 'features', 'date', 'wise', 'time', 'wise', 'statewise', 'were', 'taken', 'from', 'kaggle', 'then', 'trained', 'testedat', 'respectively', 'step', 'feature', 'selection', 'before', 'going', 'modelformation', 'selected', 'only', 'important', 'features', 'thereduction', 'complexity', 'model', 'same', 'data', 'collection', 'from', 'kaggle2', 'data', 'cleansing3', 'feature', 'selection4', 'model', 'building5', 'result', 'analysisfig', 'methodology', 'work', 'applied', 'random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'section', 'describes', 'detail', 'formulas', 'theprediction', 'model', 'confirmed', 'death', 'curedcases', 'following', 'confirmed', 'observation', 'date', 'timecstate', 'union', 'territory', 'death', 'observation', 'date', 'timecstate', 'union', 'territory', 'cured', 'observation', 'date', 'timecstate', 'union', 'territory', 'step', 'training', 'dataset', 'using', 'multi', 'classclassification', 'dataset', 'then', 'modeled', 'using', 'randomforest', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'decision', 'tree', 'multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'neural', 'network', 'at70', 'training', 'dataset', 'step', 'testing', 'dataset', 'using', 'multi', 'class120', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '123classification', 'data', 'tested', 'using', 'these', 'fivemodels', 'results', 'from', 'five', 'models', 'collectedand', 'found', 'that', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'theother', 'models', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'andcured', 'cases', 'individually', 'therefore', 'have', 'consideredthe', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'prediction', 'this', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'model', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'used', 'thisstudy', 'their', 'performance', 'metricsthese', 'following', 'models', 'used', 'prediction', 'ofthe', 'cases', 'covid', 'using', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'decision', 'tree', 'rpart', 'build', 'decision', 'trees', 'weused', 'rpart', 'method', 'programming', 'language', 'random', 'forest', 'randomforest', 'anensemble', 'tree', 'based', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'randomforest', 'classifier', 'decision', 'trees', 'from', 'randomlyselected', 'subset', 'training', 'aggregates', 'votesfrom', 'different', 'decision', 'trees', 'decide', 'final', 'class', 'ofthe', 'test', 'object', 'used', 'randomforest', 'method', 'rprogramming', 'language', 'this', 'algorithm', 'multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'multinome', 'statistics', 'multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'aclassification', 'method', 'that', 'generalizes', 'logistic', 'regressionto', 'multi', 'class', 'problems', 'with', 'more', 'than', 'possiblediscrete', 'outcomes', 'used', 'multinome', 'method', 'ofnnet', 'package', 'programming', 'language', 'thisalgorithm', 'neural', 'networks', 'nnet', 'neural', 'networks', 'areused', 'just', 'classification', 'well', 'regression', 'using', 'here', 'feed', 'forward', 'neural', 'networks', 'with', 'asingle', 'hidden', 'layer', 'possibly', 'with', 'skip', 'layer', 'connections', 'used', 'nnet', 'method', 'programming', 'language', 'forthis', 'algorithm', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'beused', 'classification', 'regression', 'represents', 'theinput', 'features', 'vectors', 'which', 'projected', 'ontohigher', 'dimensional', 'space', 'optimal', 'hyperplane', 'isthen', 'constructed', 'separating', 'different', 'instances', 'ofconfirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'have', 'used', 'method', 'e1071', 'package', 'programming', 'languagefor', 'this', 'algorithm', 'performance', 'tuning', 'prediction', 'modelstable', 'shows', 'popular', 'prediction', 'models', 'which', 'areused', 'study', 'packages', 'used', 'these', 'modelsare', 'open', 'source', 'libraries', 'programming', 'language', 'licensed', 'under', 'packages', 'used', 'herehaving', 'some', 'appropriate', 'method', 'model', 'formation', 'table', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'their', 'tuningparameters', 'model', 'method', 'requiredpackagetuningparameterrandom', 'forest', 'randomforest', 'randomforest', 'mtry', 'ntree', '500svm', 'e1071', 'kernal', 'radial', 'degree', '3decision', 'tree', 'rpart', 'rpart', 'usesurrogate', '0neuralnetwork', 'nnet', 'nnet', 'size', '10multinomiallogisticregressionmultinome', 'nnet', 'maxit', '1000which', 'tuned', 'better', 'results', 'accuracythe', 'accuracy', 'computed', 'percentage', 'deviationof', 'predicted', 'target', 'concerning', 'actual', 'targetwith', 'some', 'acceptable', 'error', 'main', 'performanceevaluation', 'parameter', 'machine', 'learningmodel', 'accuracy', 'd100nxnid1qi', 'otherwise', 'where', 'piis', 'predicted', 'target', 'aiis', 'actual', 'target', 'andqiis', 'arbitrary', 'variable', 'which', 'contains', 'absolutedifference', 'predicted', 'target', 'value', 'actual', 'targetvalue', 'result', 'analysis', 'comparison', 'ofreported', 'estimated', 'casesthe', 'number', 'total', 'sample', 'training', 'testing', 'is2342', 'according', 'different', 'date', 'time', 'states', 'whichare', 'taken', 'from', 'website', 'kaggle', 'this', 'datasetof', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'foresee', 'confirmed', 'death', 'recovered', 'cured', 'cases', 'calculated', 'through', 'variousdecision', 'models', 'like', 'decision', 'tree', 'multinomial', 'logisticregression', 'neural', 'network', 'random', 'forest', 'distribution', 'data', 'training', 'testingexperiments', 'been', 'respectively', 'methods', 'used', 'comparative', 'performance', 'ofall', 'methods', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'andcured', 'cases', 'accuracy', 'been', 'highlighted', 'accuracyis', 'computed', 'percent', 'deviation', 'predictedtarget', 'concerning', 'actual', 'target', 'accuracy', 'hasbeen', 'calculated', 'using', 'table', 'lists', 'theaccuracy', 'models', 'results', 'show', 'thavishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using', '121table', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'calculated', 'byvarious', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'model', 'name', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'casesrandom', 'forest', '27decision', 'tree', '62multinomial', 'logisticregression', '96neural', 'network', '16svm', '27the', 'random', 'forest', 'method', 'outperforms', 'other', 'machinelearning', 'models', 'random', 'forest', 'ensemble', 'modelthat', 'uses', 'bagging', 'sampling', 'therefore', 'foundits', 'overwhelming', 'performance', 'comparison', 'othermodels', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'caseson', 'testing', 'dataset', 'random', 'forest', 'highestaccuracy', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'respectively', 'figures', 'show', 'histogram', 'thecomparison', 'accuracy', 'confirmed', 'death', 'curedcases', 'respectively', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'aswell', 'some', 'other', 'models', 'these', 'results', 'show', 'thatthe', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'othermachine', 'learning', 'models', 'performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'modelwith', 'other', 'models', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'prediction', 'performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'modelwith', 'other', 'models', 'death', 'cases', 'prediction', 'performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'modelwith', 'other', 'models', 'cured', 'cases', 'prediction', 'fold', 'cross', 'validationthe', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'technique', 'shows', 'robustperformance', 'accuracy', 'machine', 'learningmodel', 'here', 'have', 'used', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'forthe', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'inthis', 'case', 'time', 'data', 'frames', 'used', 'trainingand', 'data', 'frame', 'used', 'testing', 'table', 'describesthe', 'accuracy', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'differentfolds', 'dataset', 'shows', 'accuracy', 'therandom', 'forest', 'model', 'form', 'line', 'graph', 'theprediction', 'target', 'classes', 'which', 'depicts', 'theconsistent', 'performances', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimatedconfirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'casesfor', 'this', 'data', 'driven', 'estimations', 'data', 'been', 'takenfrom', 'january', '2020', '2020', 'from', 'differentstates', 'india', 'comparison', 'also', 'been', 'madefor', 'daily', 'reported', 'positive', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'withestimated', 'cases', 'data', 'driven', 'model', 'some', 'datesand', 'states', 'tables', 'showing', 'comparisonmade', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'respectively', 'conclusionwe', 'tend', 'explore', 'five', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'withthree', 'important', 'features', 'estimating', 'confirmed', 'table', 'accuracy', 'provided', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'fold', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'cases1', '44122', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'casesfig', 'results', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimatedconfirmed', 'cases', 'date', 'state', 'official', 'data', 'estimation', 'error', '2020', 'rajasthan', '1596', '1520', '7609', '2020', 'bihar', '6221', '2020', 'maharashtra', '6022', '2020', 'gujarat', '5488', '5403', '5023', '2020', 'delhi', '5897', '5912', '25table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated', 'deathcases', 'date', 'state', 'official', 'data', 'estimation', 'error', '2020', 'rajasthan', '2709', '2020', 'bihar', '2020', 'maharashtra', '1390', '1376', '0122', '2020', 'gujarat', '2623', '2020', 'delhi', '30death', 'cured', 'cases', 'covid', 'various', 'statesof', 'india', 'qualitative', 'measures', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'here', 'machine', 'learning', 'methodsdo', 'embody', 'additional', 'information', 'from', 'differentmodels', 'different', 'templet', 'structures', 'modelsare', 'evaluated', 'accuracy', 'through', 'intensiveexperiments', 'found', 'that', 'random', 'forest', 'methodtable', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated', 'curedcases', 'date', 'state', 'official', 'data', 'estimation', 'error', '2020', 'rajasthan', '3427', '3514', '5309', '2020', 'bihar', '2521', '2020', 'maharashtra', '9022', '2020', 'gujarat', '5488', '5403', '5023', '2020', 'delhi', '30outperforms', 'other', 'machine', 'learning', 'methods', 'therefore', 'considered', 'final', 'prediction', 'model', 'theprediction', 'various', 'cases', 'fold', 'crossvalidation', 'used', 'measure', 'consistency', 'randomforest', 'model', 'which', 'provided', 'nearly', 'linear', 'performanceto', 'prediction', 'these', 'cases', 'acknowledgmentwe', 'very', 'much', 'thankful', 'indian', 'ministry', 'ofhealth', 'family', 'welfare', 'mohfw', 'making', 'dataavailable', 'general', 'public', 'thanks', 'covid19india', 'orgfor', 'providing', 'individual', 'states', 'level', 'details', 'thegeneral', 'public', 'also', 'thankful', 'kaggle', 'theworldometer', 'website', 'which', 'provide', 'huge', 'data', 'datewise', 'perform', 'data', 'analytics', 'new_paper'] ['predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'data', 'theus', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approachvasilis', 'marmarelis', 'fellow', 'ieeeabstract', 'there', 'currently', 'intensified', 'efforts', 'thescientific', 'community', 'world', 'wide', 'analyze', 'dynamicsof', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'order', 'predict', 'epidemiological', 'effects', 'assist', 'proper', 'planning', 'itsclinical', 'management', 'well', 'guide', 'sociopoliticaldecision', 'making', 'regarding', 'proper', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'most', 'efforts', 'follow', 'variants', 'established', 'sirmethodological', 'framework', 'that', 'divides', 'population', 'into', 'susceptible', 'infectious', 'recovered', 'removed', 'fractions', 'defines', 'their', 'dynamic', 'inter', 'relationships', 'withfirst', 'order', 'differential', 'equations', 'goal', 'this', 'paper', 'proposesa', 'novel', 'approach', 'based', 'data', 'guided', 'detection', 'andconcatenation', 'infection', 'waves', 'each', 'them', 'describedby', 'riccati', 'equation', 'with', 'adaptively', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'methods', 'this', 'approach', 'applied', 'covid', 'dailytime', 'series', 'data', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'resulting', 'inthe', 'decomposition', 'epidemic', 'time', 'course', 'into', 'five', 'riccati', 'modules', 'representing', 'major', 'infection', 'waves', 'todate', 'june', '18th', 'results', 'four', 'waves', 'have', 'passed', 'thetime', 'point', 'peak', 'infection', 'rate', 'with', 'fifth', 'expectedto', 'peak', 'july', '20th', 'obtained', 'parameter', 'estimatesindicate', 'gradual', 'reduction', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'although', 'thelatest', 'wave', 'expected', 'largest', 'conclusions', 'this', 'analysis', 'suggests', 'that', 'waves', 'infectionemerge', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'will', 'controlled', 'theus', '5000', 'daily', 'cases', 'september', '26th', 'andthe', 'maximum', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'will', 'reach', 'importantly', 'this', 'approach', 'used', 'detect', 'viarigorous', 'statistical', 'methods', 'emergence', 'possiblenew', 'waves', 'infections', 'future', 'analysis', 'data', 'fromindividual', 'states', 'countries', 'quantify', 'distincteffects', 'different', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'index', 'terms', 'adaptive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'time', 'seriesdata', 'epidemiological', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'riccati', 'basedphase', 'space', 'modeling', 'statistical', 'detection', 'covid', 'infection', 'waves', 'impact', 'statement', 'analysis', 'covid', 'data', 'yieldedfive', 'representing', 'dynamics', 'five', 'infection', 'waves', 'further', 'application', 'this', 'approach', 'could', 'allow', 'interregional', 'comparison', 'obtained', 'decompositions', 'manuscript', 'received', '2020', 'revised', 'june', '2020', 'acceptedjuly', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'july', '2020', 'date', 'current', 'version', 'july24', '2020', 'this', 'work', 'supported', 'under', 'grant', 'ag058162awarded', 'biomedical', 'modeling', 'simulations', 'center', 'university', 'southern', 'california', 'author', 'with', 'department', 'biomedical', 'engineering', 'university', 'southern', 'california', 'angeles', '90089', 'mail', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'ojemb', '2020', '3008313i', 'introductionmany', 'efforts', 'have', 'been', 'made', 'recently', 'analyze', 'thetime', 'course', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'daily', 'data', 'invarious', 'countries', 'regions', 'predict', 'aspects', 'eventual', 'growth', 'order', 'assist', 'proper', 'planning', 'healthcareresources', 'related', 'socioeconomic', 'decision', 'making', 'amongthem', 'dominant', 'role', 'played', 'class', 'compartmentalepidemiological', 'models', 'introduced', 'about', 'century', 'bykermack', 'mckendrick', 'many', 'variants', 'overthe', 'years', 'that', 'generally', 'utilize', 'compartments', 'susceptible', 'infectious', 'removed', 'fractions', 'thepopulation', 'which', 'interconnected', 'with', 'dynamic', 'relationships', 'described', 'nonlinear', 'ordinary', 'differential', 'equations', 'another', 'commonly', 'used', 'approach', 'employs', 'linear', 'auto', 'regressiveintegrated', 'moving', 'average', 'arima', 'models', 'that', 'have', 'beenpopular', 'econometrics', 'from', 'policy', 'planning', 'point', 'ofview', 'practical', 'importance', 'attained', 'predictive', 'modelingmethods', 'that', 'provide', 'reliable', 'estimates', 'parametersof', 'unfolding', 'infectious', 'process', 'each', 'point', 'time', 'anadaptive', 'basis', 'well', 'offer', 'useful', 'insights', 'into', 'dynamicstructure', 'infectious', 'process', 'example', 'such', 'adaptivemethods', 'offer', 'useful', 'predictions', 'maximum', 'number', 'oftotal', 'infections', 'upper', 'bound', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'newcases', 'purpose', 'planning', 'proper', 'clinical', 'managementof', 'epidemic', 'furthermore', 'obtained', 'model', 'should', 'beinterpretable', 'terms', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'epidemic', 'process', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'order', 'assist', 'policyplanning', 'operational', 'implementation', 'from', 'these', 'observations', 'arise', 'aspects', 'desirable', 'modeling', 'approach', 'suitable', 'model', 'form', 'employed', 'model', 'form', 'mustcapture', 'essential', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'epidemic', 'process', 'each', 'time', 'point', 'manner', 'that', 'isscientifically', 'interpretable', 'operationally', 'useful', 'robust', 'estimation', 'adaptive', 'modeling', 'robust', 'estimation', 'model', 'parameters', 'each', 'time', 'point', 'must', 'befeasible', 'using', 'tested', 'statistical', 'methods', 'manner', 'thatcan', 'detect', 'possible', 'changes', 'underlying', 'modelingassumptions', 'over', 'time', 'offer', 'means', 'modeladaptation', 'these', 'aspects', 'secured', 'then', 'would', 'bepossible', 'predict', 'maximum', 'spread', 'anticipated', 'infectionsand', 'maximum', 'rate', 'infections', 'well', 'their', 'respectivetiming', 'order', 'assist', 'rational', 'decision', 'making', 'this', 'paper', 'presents', 'such', 'approach', 'that', 'employs', 'anadaptive', 'modeling', 'estimation', 'strategy', 'based', 'ofthis', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'http', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'volume', '2020', '207208', 'ieee', 'open', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', 'july', '2020concatenated', 'riccati', 'type', 'modules', 'each', 'described', 'aparabolic', 'phase', 'space', 'representation', 'suitable', 'adaptive', 'statistical', 'estimation', 'methods', 'potential', 'utility', 'this', 'approachis', 'initially', 'demonstrated', 'with', 'adaptive', 'analysis', 'daily', 'dataof', 'reported', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'presenttime', 'june', '2020', 'extensive', 'literature', 'subject', 'epidemiologicalmodeling', 'reviewed', 'here', 'interest', 'space', 'butsome', 'basic', 'comparisons', 'proposed', 'approach', 'with', 'themost', 'widely', 'used', 'class', 'models', 'will', 'discussed', 'somerepresentative', 'recent', 'modeling', 'applications', 'covid', 'datathat', 'interest', 'readers', 'include', 'simulation', 'studyof', 'seir', 'model', 'variant', 'model', 'that', 'includes', 'acompartment', 'exposed', 'individuals', 'covid', 'northern', 'italy', 'model', 'that', 'seeks', 'estimate', 'transmission', 'riskof', 'epidemic', 'model', 'spread', 'epidemicin', 'china', 'there', 'many', 'covid', 'related', 'modeling', 'studiesthat', 'have', 'been', 'posted', 'preprints', 'under', 'review', 'thus', 'morecitations', 'will', 'soon', 'available', 'materials', 'methodsthe', 'modeling', 'element', 'proposed', 'approach', 'riccati', 'module', 'that', 'defined', 'riccati', 'equation', 'with', 'constant', 'coefficients', 'defining', 'quadratic', 'relation', 'between', 'rate', 'change', 'number', 'infectionsx', 'each', 'time', 'additive', 'stochastic', 'term', 'representsall', 'unknown', 'random', 'influences', 'unknown', 'external', 'factors', 'anderrors', 'noise', 'affecting', 'reported', 'time', 'series', 'data', 'this', 'equation', 'captures', 'essential', 'self', 'limiting', 'aspect', 'aninfectious', 'process', 'gradually', 'acquired', 'herd', 'immunity', 'countervailing', 'factors', 'relatively', 'simple', 'mannerby', 'considering', 'effective', 'rate', 'which', 'relates', 'derivativeto', 'function', 'being', 'reduced', 'linearly', 'with', 'rising', 'instead', 'being', 'constant', 'conventional', 'rateprocesses', 'form', 'thus', 'parameter', 'initial', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'constant', 'that', 'dominant', 'initial', 'exponential', 'like', 'growth', 'theinfection', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'contagiousness', 'aninfectious', 'agent', 'along', 'with', 'level', 'contagious', 'interactionsin', 'given', 'infection', 'pool', 'other', 'hand', 'parameterb', 'depends', 'size', 'susceptible', 'population', 'andalso', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'which', 'aforementioned', 'acquired', 'herd', 'immunity', 'countervailing', 'factors', 'both', 'natural', 'andsocially', 'administratively', 'imposed', 'infected', 'community', 'constrain', 'initial', 'rapid', 'growth', 'infection', 'andeventually', 'achieve', 'control', 'this', 'process', 'described', 'asigmoidal', 'curve', 'defined', 'equation', 'which', 'generalsolution', 'riccati', 'equation', 'absence', 'randomperturbations', 'where', 'maximum', 'number', 'xmax', 'totalinfections', 'anticipated', 'riccati', 'model', 'plateau', 'ofthe', 'sigmoidal', 'curve', 'given', 'ratio', 'parametersxmax', 'xmax', 'where', 'xmax', 'with', 'being', 'initial', 'valueof', 'start', 'respective', 'single', 'pool', 'infection', 'parameters', 'each', 'attain', 'useful', 'interpretations', 'that', 'offer', 'insights', 'into', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'theinfectious', 'process', 'which', 'generally', 'decomposed', 'into', 'cascade', 'estimated', 'proposed', 'adaptive', 'methodologyand', 'representing', 'ongoing', 'recruitment', 'distinct', 'majorips', 'this', 'model', 'derived', 'knowledge', 'assist', 'effectivemanagement', 'epidemic', 'describable', 'model', 'composedof', 'such', 'concatenated', 'latent', 'clearly', 'desirable', 'obtain', 'reliable', 'running', 'estimates', 'ofthese', 'parameters', 'from', 'time', 'series', 'data', 'daily', 'covid', 'data', 'given', 'point', 'time', 'riccati', 'equation', 'model', 'beenshown', 'previously', 'represent', 'self', 'limiting', 'infectious', 'processesthat', 'confined', 'within', 'single', 'isolated', 'infection', 'pools', 'challenge', 'study', 'covid', 'epidemicis', 'that', 'highly', 'contagious', 'nature', 'there', 'multiplecommunicating', 'that', 'recruited', 'during', 'course', 'theepidemic', 'contribute', 'reported', 'data', 'respective', 'national', 'international', 'multi', 'community', 'level', 'this', 'presents', 'uswith', 'daunting', 'task', 'separating', 'superimposed', 'sigmoidaltime', 'courses', 'multiple', 'corresponding', 'various', 'without', 'benefit', 'separate', 'data', 'from', 'individual', 'toperform', 'this', 'task', 'propose', 'methodology', 'that', 'utilizes', 'anadaptive', 'estimation', 'procedure', 'detect', 'running', 'statistical', 'hypothesis', 'test', 'separate', 'concatenated', 'parabolicphase', 'space', 'representations', 'that', 'present', 'thedata', 'given', 'time', 'point', 'phase', 'space', 'representation', 'dynamic', 'process', 'pertains', 'relation', 'between', 'derivative', 'over', 'time', 'absence', 'random', 'perturbations', 'riccati', 'equation', 'indicates', 'that', 'this', 'relation', 'parabolic', 'discrete', 'time', 'data', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'time', 'step', 'cascade', 'ofparabolic', 'phase', 'plots', 'fitted', 'available', 'phase', 'spacedata', 'estimates', 'parameters', 'each', 'timestep', 'obtained', 'these', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'used', 'topredict', 'multi', 'sigmoidal', 'time', 'course', 'infectious', 'processaccording', 'superposition', 'cascaded', 'sigmoidal', 'curves', 'each', 'described', 'equation', 'with', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'this', 'estimation', 'task', 'begins', 'with', 'statistical', 'detection', 'andestimation', 'first', 'that', 'described', 'discretizedriccati', 'model', 'where', 'denotes', 'fixedtime', 'step', 'this', 'case', 'following', 'adaptive', 'estimationof', 'first', 'below', 'perform', 'statistical', 'hypothesistesting', 'using', 'properly', 'constructed', 'statistic', 'each', 'timestep', 'detect', 'possible', 'emergence', 'another', 'ifsuch', 'detected', 'then', 'estimate', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'tworms', 'separate', 'contributions', 'total', 'reported', 'cases', 'below', 'this', 'procedure', 'repeated', 'each', 'time', 'step', 'untilall', 'daily', 'data', 'have', 'been', 'analyzed', 'obtain', 'adaptive', 'estimatesof', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'that', 'correspond', 'alldetected', 'regarding', 'robust', 'estimation', 'parameters', 'andb', 'initial', 'analysis', 'indicated', 'that', 'standard', 'deviation', 'themarmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'data', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach', '209residual', 'valuesr', 'depends', 'roughly', 'linearly', 'this', 'nonstationary', 'residual', 'variance', 'implies', 'that', 'least', 'squares', 'fitting', 'ofthe', 'model', 'equation', 'would', 'yield', 'unreliable', 'parameterestimates', 'however', 'reliable', 'estimates', 'beobtained', 'least', 'squares', 'regression', 'normalized', 'rate', 'ofchange', 'equivalent', 'logarithmic', 'derivative', 'upon', 'according', 'equation', 'when', 'equation', 'since', 'residualterm', 'expected', 'have', 'approximately', 'stationarystandard', 'deviation', 'reliable', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'obtainedat', 'each', 'time', 'step', 'furthermore', 'slope', 'parameter', 'inequation', 'evaluated', 'statistical', 'significance', 'ateach', 'time', 'step', 'testing', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'that', 'slopeparameter', 'significantly', 'different', 'from', 'zero', 'specifiedconfidence', 'level', 'assess', 'whether', 'equation', 'remains', 'anappropriate', 'representation', 'data', 'when', 'this', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'gets', 'rejected', 'some', 'time', 'step', 'then', 'adaptive', 'parameterestimates', 'begin', 'used', 'adaptive', 'prediction', 'thesigmoidal', 'course', 'infection', 'accounted', 'respectiverm', 'this', 'adaptive', 'estimation', 'procedure', 'repeated', 'eachtime', 'point', 'until', 'linear', 'relationship', 'expressed', 'equation', 'ceases', 'represent', 'time', 'evolution', 'data', 'eventidentified', 'adaptively', 'examining', 'statistical', 'significanceof', 'reduction', 'residual', 'variance', 'using', 'hypothesis', 'testingwith', 'statistic', 'regression', 'normalized', 'rateof', 'change', 'values', 'upon', 'linear', 'relationshipof', 'equation', 'versus', 'second', 'degree', 'polynomial', 'expressionthat', 'would', 'indicate', 'emergence', 'note', 'that', 'asecond', 'degree', 'polynomial', 'expression', 'like', 'equation', 'starting', 'with', 'positive', 'value', 'since', 'must', 'bepositive', 'have', 'zero', 'crossing', 'phase', 'plot', 'normalized', 'rate', 'change', 'this', 'necessary', 'becauseit', 'simply', 'quantifies', 'divergence', 'from', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'alternative', 'hypothesis', 'does', 'seek', 'representthe', 'dynamic', 'characterisitcs', 'infectious', 'process', 'thus', 'construct', 'adaptive', 'statistical', 'test', 'using', 'alternativehypothesis', 'that', 'normalized', 'rate', 'change', 'follows', 'thequadratic', 'model', 'equation', 'tested', 'each', 'time', 'point', 'against', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'ofthe', 'linear', 'model', 'equation', 'this', 'statistical', 'hypothesistesting', 'following', 'statistic', 'with', 'degreesof', 'freedom', 'that', 'represents', 'normalized', 'reduction', 'residualvariance', 'between', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'expressions', 'where', 'q1and', 'q2denote', 'computed', 'residual', 'variances', 'forthe', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'expression', 'respectively', 'isthe', 'number', 'data', 'points', 'used', 'regression', 'table', 'iestimated', 'parameters', 'model', 'componentsthe', 'computed', 'compared', 'each', 'time', 'point', 'theproper', 'critical', 'value', 'fcrit', 'significance', 'level', 'when', 'fcrit', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'rejected', 'confidence', 'level', 'deemed', 'emergingand', 'included', 'model', 'separating', 'contributions', 'andparameters', 'from', 'those', 'other', 'previous', 'contributions', 'concatenated', 'model', 'components', 'includedin', 'total', 'model', 'prediction', 'application', 'this', 'approach', 'isdemonstrated', 'following', 'section', 'using', 'daily', 'reported', 'dataof', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'from', 'march', 'until', 'june18', 'completion', 'date', 'this', 'manuscript', 'while', 'epidemicis', 'still', 'ongoing', 'resultswe', 'analyzed', 'publicly', 'reported', 'data', 'daily', 'covid', '19confirmed', 'cases', 'database', 'curated', 'johns', 'hopkinsuniversity', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'sincemarch', '11th', '2020', 'cumulative', 'cases', 'first', 'exceeded1000', 'until', 'june', '18th', '2020', 'completion', 'date', 'thismanuscript', 'period', 'that', 'covers', 'total', 'days', 'applicationof', 'aforementioned', 'methodology', 'identified', 'five', 'latent', 'riccatimodules', 'with', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'that', 'givenin', 'table', 'along', 'with', 'parameters', 'equation', 'therespective', 'predictions', 'maximum', 'number', 'anticipatedcumulative', 'cases', 'each', 'model', 'component', 'some', 'otherkey', 'parameters', 'five', 'component', 'size', 'andtiming', 'peak', 'infection', 'rate', 'each', 'also', 'reportedin', 'table', 'timing', 'peak', 'infection', 'rate', 'eachrm', 'given', 'expression', 'corresponding', 'determined', 'equation', 'indicates', 'strong', 'dependence', 'since', 'value', 'critical', 'planning', 'clinicalmanagement', 'pandemic', 'lest', 'finite', 'resources', 'thehealthcare', 'system', 'temporarily', 'overwhelmed', 'equation', 'underlines', 'importance', 'minimizing', 'controlling', 'fora', 'given', 'size', 'xmax', 'these', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'aregiven', 'table', 'five', 'along', 'with', 'time', 'theirearliest', 'detection', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'units', 'ofthese', 'parameter', 'values', 'following', 'days', 'days', '1210', 'ieee', 'open', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', 'july', '2020fig', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'from', 'march', '11th', 'topresent', 'time', 'june', '18th', 'blue', 'with', 'circles', 'total', 'concatenated', 'rmmodel', 'prediction', 'along', 'with', 'predictions', 'five', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'blue', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted', 'black', 'dashed', 'cases', 'unitless', 'xmax', 'cases', 'cases', 'pirand', 'days', 'since', 'march', '11th', '2020', 'declining', 'values', 'estimated', 'parametersafor', 'fiverms', 'indicate', 'that', 'there', 'gradual', 'reduction', 'infectivityrate', 'which', 'partially', 'effect', 'imposedsocial', 'distancing', 'other', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'discussion', 'these', 'parameter', 'values', 'updated', 'daily', 'basis', 'butwere', 'shown', 'rather', 'stable', 'away', 'from', 'days', 'introduction', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'fiverms', 'depend', 'inversely', 'size', 'susceptible', 'exposedpopulation', 'respective', 'infection', 'pool', 'combinationwith', 'effect', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'discussion', 'thisis', 'consistent', 'with', 'model', 'predicted', 'maximum', 'numbers', 'ofconfirmed', 'cases', 'five', 'total', 'maximum', 'numberof', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'that', 'predicted', 'these', 'fiverm', 'components', 'model', 'substantially', 'higherthan', 'current', 'cumulative', 'total', 'cases', 'course', 'this', 'prediction', 'contingent', 'upon', 'assumption', 'that', 'newinfection', 'waves', 'will', 'occur', 'detected', 'algorithm', 'inthe', 'future', 'connection', 'with', 'this', 'assumption', 'note', 'that', 'thef', 'statistic', 'rising', 'recently', 'approaching', 'critical', 'valuethat', 'trigger', 'detection', 'emergent', 'infection', 'wave', 'shows', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'theus', 'since', 'march', '11th', '2020', 'along', 'with', 'total', 'model', 'predictionand', 'predictions', 'five', 'components', 'depictedrm', 'decomposition', 'time', 'course', 'cumulative', 'numberof', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'offers', 'useful', 'insight', 'into', 'time', 'course', 'ofthe', 'epidemic', 'unfolding', 'over', 'five', 'major', 'defined', 'sourceof', 'statistically', 'significant', 'between', 'march', '11thand', 'present', 'time', 'june', '18th', 'consistent', 'with', 'estimatesshown', 'table', 'indicates', 'that', 'last', 'modelcomponent', 'expected', 'make', 'largest', 'contribution', 'thetotal', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'relative', 'previous', 'fourrms', 'discussion', 'analysis', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'offers', 'aninformative', 'decomposition', 'that', 'shown', 'alongwith', 'actual', 'time', 'series', 'data', 'total', 'model', 'prediction', 'this', 'result', 'demonstrates', 'ability', 'proposed', 'approach', 'tofig', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'from', 'march', '11th', 'topresent', 'time', 'june', '18th', 'blue', 'with', 'circles', 'total', 'concatenatedrm', 'model', 'prediction', 'along', 'with', 'predictions', 'five', 'rmcomponents', 'green', 'dashed', 'blue', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'browndotted', 'black', 'dashed', 'model', 'multi', 'modal', 'patterns', 'dynamic', 'changes', 'infectiousprocess', 'merging', 'distinct', 'infection', 'pools', 'unlikethe', 'unimodal', 'patterns', 'widely', 'used', 'models', 'thisalso', 'allows', 'timely', 'detection', 'emerging', 'distinct', 'waves', 'ofinfection', 'discussion', 'number', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'each', 'isgiven', 'expression', 'that', 'exhibits', 'single', 'peak', 'time', 'point', 'seeequations', 'which', 'corresponds', 'inflection', 'pointof', 'respective', 'sigmoidal', 'curve', 'half', 'levelof', 'sigmoidal', 'plateau', 'foretells', 'maximum', 'value', 'ofcumulative', 'cases', 'reached', 'each', 'evident', 'that', 'first', 'four', 'have', 'passed', 'theirpir', 'time', 'points', 'table', 'last', 'expected', 'reachits', 'time', 'point', 'july', '20th', 'this', 'basedmodel', 'predicts', 'that', 'unless', 'recruited', 'near', 'future', 'covid', 'infection', 'will', 'below', 'dailyconfirmed', 'cases', 'september', '20th', 'markedwith', 'arrow', 'that', 'shows', 'simulated', 'prediction', 'ofthe', 'five', 'model', 'components', 'over', 'next', 'days', 'untilseptember', '26th', 'evident', 'that', 'infection', 'waveof', 'last', 'expected', 'larger', 'than', 'combined', 'totalof', 'other', 'four', 'discussion', 'forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'over', 'next', 'days', 'provided', 'that', 'infection', 'wave', 'emerges', 'shown', '4and', 'illustrates', 'dominant', 'contribution', 'last', 'infectionwave', 'that', 'reached', 'inflection', 'point', 'that', 'isexpected', 'days', 'july', '20th', 'cyclical', 'ripple', 'evident', 'actual', 'data', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'that', 'accounted', 'basedmodel', 'probably', 'time', 'varying', 'influences', 'related', 'theweekly', 'cycle', 'social', 'life', 'based', 'model', 'expectedto', 'account', 'such', 'time', 'varying', 'influences', 'although', 'useof', 'fundamental', 'riccati', 'equation', 'extended', 'inmarmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'data', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach', '211fig', 'forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'dailyconfirmed', 'cases', 'over', 'next', 'days', 'september', '26th', 'made', 'june', '18th', 'line', 'along', 'with', 'actual', 'time', 'series', 'datato', 'date', 'blue', 'with', 'circles', 'predictions', 'five', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'blue', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted', 'black', 'dashed', 'forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'over', 'next', 'days', 'september', '26th', 'made', 'june', '18th', 'line', 'along', 'with', 'actual', 'datato', 'date', 'blue', 'with', 'circles', 'predictions', 'five', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'blue', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted', 'black', 'dashed', 'future', 'work', 'time', 'varying', 'coefficientsain', 'order', 'account', 'forthese', 'weekly', 'variations', 'examine', 'dominant', 'frequenciesof', 'these', 'variations', 'shows', 'frequency', 'spectrum', 'theresiduals', 'model', 'prediction', 'daily', 'confirmedcases', 'that', 'clearly', 'depicts', 'spectral', 'peak', 'located', 'cycles', 'finally', 'since', 'some', 'take', 'view', 'that', 'simple', 'curve', 'fittingof', 'cumulative', 'cases', 'data', 'sigmoidal', 'expression', 'maybe', 'adequate', 'examine', 'whether', 'direct', 'least', 'squares', 'fittingof', 'sigmoidal', 'expression', 'equation', 'time', 'seriesdata', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'able', 'yield', 'areasonable', 'approximation', 'time', 'course', 'data', 'theresult', 'shown', 'demonstrates', 'inferiority', 'ofsimple', 'curve', 'fitting', 'both', 'terms', 'approximation', 'accuracy', 'comparing', 'with', 'model', 'approximation', 'terms', 'misleading', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'infectivityrate', 'estimate', 'asig', 'prediction', 'maximumnumber', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'frequency', 'spectrum', 'residuals', 'modelprediction', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'that', 'depicts', 'spectral', 'peak', 'millicycles', 'direct', 'least', 'squares', 'line', 'cumulative', 'cases', 'ofconfirmed', 'covid', 'patients', 'from', 'march', '11th', 'june', '18th', 'blue', 'line', 'with', 'circles', 'results', 'inferior', 'their', 'counterparts', 'fromthe', 'proposed', 'based', 'modeling', 'methodology', 'that', 'shown', 'direct', 'least', 'squares', 'line', 'daily', 'cases', 'confirmedcovid', 'patients', 'from', 'march', '11th', 'june', '18th', 'blue', 'line', 'withcircles', 'results', 'inferior', 'their', 'counterparts', 'from', 'proposedrm', 'based', 'modeling', 'methodology', 'that', 'shown', 'data', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'direct', 'least', 'squaresapproximation', 'shown', 'demonstrates', 'inferiority', 'curve', 'fitting', 'terms', 'approximation', 'accuracy', 'bycomparing', 'with', 'model', 'approximation', 'thefundamental', 'inability', 'direct', 'sigmoidal', 'fitting', 'approximate212', 'ieee', 'open', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', 'july', '2020multi', 'modal', 'phase', 'plots', 'that', 'detect', 'emergence', 'newmajor', 'infection', 'waves', 'discussion', 'conclusiona', 'novel', 'adaptive', 'methodology', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'thetime', 'course', 'daily', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid19', 'been', 'presented', 'application', 'reported', 'datafor', 'been', 'demonstrated', 'this', 'methodology', 'achievesthe', 'decomposition', 'time', 'course', 'covid', 'data', 'interms', 'concatenated', 'riccati', 'modules', 'providespotentially', 'useful', 'predictions', 'well', 'valuable', 'insights', 'intothe', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'infectious', 'process', 'specifically', 'advocated', 'approach', 'detects', 'presence', 'ofmultiple', 'overlapping', 'infection', 'waves', 'that', 'correspond', 'major', 'infection', 'pools', 'described', 'distinct', 'concatenatedrms', 'that', 'defined', 'fundamental', 'riccati', 'equation', 'each', 'with', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'that', 'quantify', 'criticaldynamic', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'time', 'course', 'respective', 'parameter', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'constant', 'thatdetermines', 'initial', 'exponential', 'like', 'growth', 'infectionand', 'depends', 'degree', 'contagiousness', 'level', 'ofcontagious', 'interactions', 'given', 'this', 'sense', 'akinto', 'reproduction', 'rate', 'conventional', 'models', 'theparameter', 'depends', 'size', 'susceptible', 'exposedpopulation', 'each', 'also', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'whichthe', 'gradually', 'acquired', 'herd', 'immunity', 'mitigating', 'factors', 'measures', 'constrain', 'initial', 'rapid', 'growth', 'infectionand', 'eventually', 'achieve', 'control', 'according', 'sigmoidaltime', 'course', 'defined', 'equation', 'reaching', 'plateau', 'themaximum', 'number', 'infections', 'xmax', 'achieve', 'this', 'decomposition', 'time', 'series', 'data', 'proposed', 'approach', 'employs', 'regression', 'analysis', 'phasespace', 'statistical', 'hypothesis', 'testing', 'using', 'statistic', 'seemethods', 'detect', 'emergence', 'infection', 'waves', 'specified', 'level', 'statistical', 'significance', 'running', 'adaptive', 'estimates', 'parameters', 'obtained', 'each', 'time', 'point', 'they', 'were', 'found', 'rather', 'stable', 'away', 'from', 'points', 'wherenew', 'introduced', 'into', 'model', 'analysis', 'covid', 'daily', 'data', 'from', 'march', '11thto', 'june', '18th', 'when', 'this', 'manuscript', 'completed', 'yielded', 'fiverms', 'that', 'concatenated', 'shown', 'figs', 'theyare', 'deemed', 'represent', 'distinct', 'dynamics', 'five', 'infectionwaves', 'major', 'that', 'have', 'characteristics', 'defined', 'bytheir', 'respective', 'parameters', 'given', 'table', 'small', 'initialrm', 'possibly', 'corresponding', 'initial', 'infection', 'theseattle', 'area', 'followed', 'larger', 'possibly', 'corresponding', 'rapid', 'urban', 'surge', 'york', 'cityand', 'subsequently', 'other', 'urban', 'centers', 'northeast', 'respectively', 'broader', 'epidemic', 'spread', 'across', 'smaller', 'townsand', 'rural', 'areas', 'under', 'local', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'maycorrespond', 'slower', 'growth', 'moderate', 'size', 'theemergence', 'last', 'largest', 'infection', 'wave', 'describedby', 'detected', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'day60', 'appears', 'coincide', 'with', 'relaxation', 'ofsome', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'across', 'total', 'numberof', 'infections', 'anticipated', 'model', 'abouttable', 'iiunits', 'magnetic', 'propertiesvertical', 'lines', 'optional', 'tables', 'statements', 'that', 'serve', 'captions', 'entire', 'table', 'donot', 'need', 'footnote', 'letters', 'agaussian', 'units', 'same', 'magnetostatics', 'maxwell', 'gauss', 'oersted', 'weber', 'volt', 'second', 'tesla', 'meter', 'ampere', 'joule', 'kilogram', 'henry', 'double', 'current', 'cumulative', 'number', 'provided', 'that', 'therewill', 'added', 'model', 'because', 'covid', '19spreading', 'into', 'caused', 'significant', 'change', 'thecurrent', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'under', 'same', 'assumptions', 'current', 'model', 'predicts', 'that', 'number', 'confirmedcases', 'will', 'drop', 'below', 'september', '20th', 'seefig', 'results', 'shown', 'table', 'indicate', 'earlyrapid', 'reduction', 'parameter', 'successive', 'whichplays', 'role', 'determining', 'critical', 'stressor', 'thehealthcare', 'system', 'peak', 'infection', 'rate', 'provided', 'that', 'parameter', 'drastically', 'reduced', 'lastrm', 'anticipates', 'occur', 'days', 'july', '20th', 'withoutexceeding', 'previous', 'peaks', 'worthnoting', 'that', 'time', 'between', 'detection', 'infection', 'waveand', 'increases', 'with', 'decreasing', 'analysis', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'shows', 'individualcontributions', 'five', 'components', 'anddemonstrates', 'versatility', 'proposed', 'approach', 'detect', 'statistically', 'rigorous', 'manner', 'emerging', 'waves', 'infectionand', 'applicable', 'cases', 'where', 'pattern', 'daily', 'changesis', 'unimodal', 'this', 'constitutes', 'important', 'advantage', 'ofthe', 'proposed', 'approach', 'over', 'widely', 'used', 'models', 'andother', 'unimodal', 'approaches', 'another', 'difference', 'proposedapproach', 'from', 'popular', 'model', 'that', 'does', 'take', 'intoaccount', 'number', 'recovered', 'cases', 'does', 'require', 'fullimmunity', 'latter', 'further', 'explore', 'this', 'comparison', 'thethree', 'equations', 'classic', 'model', 'combined', 'asingle', 'nonlinear', 'differential', 'equation', 'that', 'takes', 'second', 'ordermarmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'data', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach', '213form', 'where', 'integral', 'from', 'infected', 'fraction', 'ofthe', 'population', 'recovery', 'rate', 'infection', 'rate', 'ands0is', 'initial', 'size', 'susceptible', 'population', 'equation', 'indicates', 'that', 'estimation', 'unknown', 'parameter', 'mustrely', 'iterative', 'methods', 'which', 'less', 'robust', 'reliablethan', 'regression', 'utilized', 'proposed', 'approach', 'that', 'thisdifferential', 'equation', 'only', 'stable', 'equilibrium', 'point', 'whenq', 'tends', 'infinity', 'less', 'flexible', 'notion', 'than', 'multiple', 'finitestable', 'equilibrium', 'points', 'concatenated', 'riccati', 'equationsthat', 'achieved', 'each', 'when', 'each', 'reaches', 'individualplateau', 'respective', 'xmax', 'these', 'comparisonsmust', 'explored', 'further', 'future', 'regarding', 'cyclical', 'variations', 'that', 'evident', 'timeseries', 'data', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'accounted', 'therm', 'based', 'model', 'noted', 'that', 'fundamentalriccati', 'equation', 'extended', 'future', 'work', 'timevarying', 'coefficients', 'that', 'account', 'observed', 'daycycle', 'revealed', 'spectrum', 'residuals', 'modelprediction', 'cycle', 'peaks', 'eachweek', 'increased', 'social', 'interactions', 'during', 'theprevious', 'weekend', 'noting', 'average', 'covid', 'incubation', 'periodof', 'days', 'must', 'emphasized', 'that', 'based', 'predictive', 'modelingis', 'distinct', 'from', 'simple', 'curve', 'fitting', 'methods', 'this', 'demonstrated', 'above', 'contrasting', 'with', 'results', 'direct', 'sigmoidalleast', 'squares', 'fitting', 'figs', 'showing', 'that', 'lattermay', 'lead', 'serious', 'estimation', 'parameters', 'theinfectious', 'process', 'much', 'smaller', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'estimateand', 'smaller', 'predicted', 'maximum', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'addition', 'misconceptions', 'regarding', 'dynamic', 'structureof', 'process', 'unimodal', 'versus', 'multi', 'modal', 'phase', 'spacerepresentation', 'interesting', 'question', 'arises', 'with', 'respect', 'effect', 'ofchanging', 'testing', 'rates', 'upon', 'obtained', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'true', 'incidence', 'then', 'apparent', 'incidencedue', 'time', 'varying', 'testing', 'rate', 'function', 'shown', 'that', 'true', 'parameters', 'corresponding', 'unknown', 'values', 'related', 'apparent', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'obtained', 'from', 'theavailable', 'data', 'according', 'expressions', 'where', 'since', 'ought', 'positive', 'times', 'then', 'always', 'anoverestimation', 'overestimates', 'only', 'when', 'thetesting', 'rate', 'increasing', 'constant', 'testing', 'rate', 'estimated', 'maximum', 'number', 'cases', 'havethe', 'relation', 'xmax', 'this', 'work', 'like', 'others', 'covid', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'ispublished', 'under', 'unique', 'unprecedented', 'circumstances', 'anongoing', 'pandemic', 'which', 'render', 'validation', 'open', 'futuredata', 'that', 'publicly', 'reported', 'predictions', 'made', 'thispaper', 'will', 'hold', 'only', 'wave', 'infections', 'occurs', 'proposed', 'approach', 'applied', 'near', 'future', 'toadditional', 'covid', 'data', 'from', 'other', 'countries', 'from', 'various', 'regions', 'order', 'compare', 'obtained', 'rmdecompositions', 'revealing', 'dynamic', 'structure', 'infectionwaves', 'these', 'infectious', 'processes', 'associated', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'each', 'distinct', 'rmdecompositions', 'various', 'countries', 'regions', 'respectiveparameter', 'estimates', 'reveal', 'valuable', 'correlations', 'with', 'themitigation', 'policies', 'followed', 'each', 'case', 'examine', 'their', 'effectiveness', 'within', 'each', 'specific', 'socio', 'cultural', 'context', 'orderto', 'guide', 'future', 'decision', 'making', 'examining', 'much', 'therespective', 'policies', 'socio', 'cultural', 'conditions', 'influence', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'consequently', 'xmax', 'new_paper'] ['diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'usingwavelets', 'based', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'networkkrishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'akansha', 'singhabstract', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'also', 'known', 'covid', 'become', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'causedby', 'beta', 'coronavirus', 'called', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'severity', 'ofthe', 'disease', 'understood', 'massive', 'number', 'deaths', 'affected', 'patients', 'globally', 'diagnosisis', 'fast', 'paced', 'disease', 'controlled', 'better', 'manner', 'laboratory', 'tests', 'available', 'diagnosis', 'butthey', 'bounded', 'available', 'testing', 'kits', 'time', 'radiological', 'examinations', 'that', 'comprise', 'computedtomography', 'used', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'specifically', 'chest', 'images', 'analysed', 'toidentify', 'presence', 'covid', 'patient', 'this', 'paper', 'automated', 'method', 'diagnosis', 'covid', '19from', 'chest', 'images', 'proposed', 'method', 'presents', 'improved', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'neural', 'networkfor', 'analysing', 'chest', 'images', 'wavelet', 'decomposition', 'applied', 'integrate', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'thenetwork', 'frequency', 'bands', 'obtained', 'from', 'input', 'images', 'network', 'identifying', 'disease', 'network', 'designed', 'predict', 'class', 'input', 'image', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'thepredicted', 'output', 'from', 'model', 'combined', 'with', 'grad', 'visualization', 'diagnosis', 'comparative', 'study', 'withthe', 'existing', 'methods', 'also', 'performed', 'metrics', 'like', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'measure', 'calculated', 'forperformance', 'evaluation', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method', 'better', 'than', 'existing', 'methodologies', 'andthus', 'used', 'effective', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'words', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'deep', 'learning', 'convolution', 'neural', 'network', 'images1', 'introductiona', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'disease', 'globallyaffecting', 'many', 'populations', 'world', 'witnessedmany', 'pandemics', '20th', 'century', 'virusesare', 'major', 'cause', 'pandemics', 'these', 'virusesshow', 'changing', 'behaviour', 'with', 'changing', 'seasonsand', 'thus', 'their', 'behaviour', 'needs', 'predicted', 'forkrishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'with', 'department', 'kiet', 'groupof', 'institutions', 'delhi', 'ghaziabad', '201206', 'india', 'mail', 'krishnaiitr2011', 'gmail', 'akansha', 'singh', 'with', 'department', 'aset', 'amityuniversity', 'uttar', 'pradesh', 'noida', '201310', 'india', 'mail', 'akanshasing', 'gmail', 'whom', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', '2020', 'revised', '2020', 'accepted', '2020', '28prevention', 'health', 'professionals', 'generally', 'make', 'thecorrect', 'predictions', 'about', 'most', 'viruses', 'someviruses', 'have', 'exceptional', 'behaviour', 'difficult', 'topredict', 'such', 'viruses', 'cause', 'pandemics', 'humans', 'donot', 'have', 'immunity', 'resist', 'such', 'virus', 'latest', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'known', 'covid', '19has', 'appeared', 'spread', 'extremely', 'fast', 'since', 'itsdiscovery', 'december', '2019', 'wuhan', 'china', 'disease', 'already', 'spread', 'over', 'countriesand', 'territories', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'causescovid', 'virus', 'ribonucleic', 'acid', 'virus', 'from', 'coronavirus', 'family', 'most', 'viruses', 'fromthis', 'family', 'cause', 'common', 'cold', 'more', 'severevariety', 'coronaviruses', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'middle', 'eastkrishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using', '85respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'mers', 'covid', 'causes', 'respiratory', 'ailments', 'ranging', 'fromcommon', 'cold', 'serious', 'diseases', 'like', 'pneumonia', 'thenumber', 'cases', 'worldwide', 'reached', '385causing', 'deaths', 'individuals', 'may30', '2020', 'situation', 'report', 'published', 'byworld', 'health', 'organization', 'accurateinformation', 'about', 'emergence', 'covid', 'isstill', 'unknown', 'initial', 'cases', 'have', 'establishedlinks', 'with', 'huanan', 'southern', 'china', 'seafoodwholesale', 'market', 'disease', 'contagious', 'andthe', 'virus', 'gets', 'spread', 'amongst', 'humans', 'respiratorydroplets', 'physical', 'contact', 'also', 'through', 'fecal', 'oraltransmission', 'numerous', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'ofunknown', 'cause', 'were', 'reported', 'wuhan', 'china', 'indecember', '2019', 'cases', 'showed', 'similar', 'clinicalcharacteristics', 'with', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patientssuffering', 'from', 'covid', 'infection', 'observed', 'tohave', 'serious', 'pneumonia', 'with', 'abnormal', 'observationson', 'chest', 'computed', 'tomography', 'examination', 'unavailability', 'medicine', 'this', 'disease', 'requiresefficient', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'controlling', 'disease', 'common', 'cold', 'pneumonia', 'caused', 'groupof', 'viruses', 'known', 'these', 'diseases', 'includerespiratory', 'enteric', 'renal', 'neurological', 'diseases', 'these', 'viruses', 'grouped', 'into', 'four', 'genres', 'namelyalpha', 'beta', 'gamma', 'delta', 'figure', 'gives', 'overview', 'disease', 'virus', 'affects', 'individuals', 'from', 'groups', 'andgenders', 'research', 'study', 'reveals', 'that', 'groups', 'ofpeople', 'specifically', 'affected', 'this', 'disease', 'firstfig', 'overview', 'covid', 'group', 'individuals', 'those', 'above', 'yearsold', 'second', 'group', 'those', 'individuals', 'whohave', 'some', 'underlying', 'medical', 'condition', 'like', 'diabetes', 'cardiovascular', 'disease', 'hypertension', 'commonsymptoms', 'covid', 'include', 'fever', 'cough', 'andrespiratory', 'problems', 'like', 'shortness', 'breath', 'muscularsoreness', 'fatigue', 'some', 'cases', 'diarrhoea', 'andvomiting', 'also', 'reported', 'severity', 'diseaseranges', 'from', 'mild', 'pneumonia', 'causing', 'respiratoryailments', 'advance', 'stage', 'disease', 'evencauses', 'organ', 'failures', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distresssyndrome', 'ards', 'leading', 'deaths', 'patients', 'fast', 'paced', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'thedisease', 'matter', 'great', 'concern', 'regulatoryauthorities', 'globally', 'control', 'covid', 'largelydepends', 'diagnosis', 'right', 'time', 'availablemethods', 'diagnosis', 'comprise', 'laboratory', 'testslike', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'real', 'time', 'reversetranscription', 'loop', 'mediated', 'isothermal', 'amplification', 'lamp', 'test', 'laboratory', 'tests', 'have', 'somelimitations', 'firstly', 'test', 'requires', 'testing', 'kits', 'whichhave', 'limited', 'availability', 'supply', 'chain', 'secondly', 'test', 'time', 'consuming', 'laboratoryprocesses', 'involved', 'facilities', 'easilyaccessible', 'parts', 'world', 'results', 'arealso', 'produced', 'fast', 'pace', 'therefore', 'chest', 'xray', 'images', 'utilized', 'detecting', 'presenceof', 'covid', 'development', 'automatedmethod', 'based', 'chest', 'images', 'support', 'inclinical', 'decision', 'making', 'will', 'significant', 'thedisease', 'control', 'according', 'disease', 'canbe', 'controlled', 'stopping', 'chain', 'transmission', 'officials', 'have', 'reported', 'that', 'testing', 'isolation', 'thetwo', 'actions', 'that', 'useful', 'breaking', 'chainof', 'transmission', 'therefore', 'accurate', 'diagnosis', 'issignificant', 'controlling', 'covid', 'detection', 'covid', 'done', 'earlierstage', 'with', 'chest', 'images', 'compared', 'testing', 'chest', 'images', 'analyzed', 'usingartificial', 'intelligence', 'techniques', 'numerous', 'techniques', 'diagnosis', 'covid', '19using', 'machine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'radiologicalimages', 'available', 'literature', 'transfer', 'learningmodel', 'diagnosis', 'coronavirus', 'from', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'presented', 'another', 'method', 'withimproved', 'accuracy', 'presented', 'segmentation', 'basedapproach', 'method', 'classified', 'input', 'images', 'as86', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '93normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'deeplearning', 'based', 'model', 'applied', 'images', 'fordetection', 'covid', 'some', 'researchers', 'have', 'alsodeveloped', 'public', 'datasets', 'comprising', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'covid', 'patients', 'method', 'namedcovid', 'developed', 'applied', 'these', 'publicdatasets', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'deeplearning', 'diagnosis', 'from', 'chest', 'imagesprovides', 'good', 'results', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'beingwidely', 'used', 'medical', 'image', 'processing', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'done', 'using', 'convolutionneural', 'networks', 'this', 'paper', 'automated', 'methodfor', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'deep', 'networkis', 'proposed', 'proposed', 'network', 'utilizes', 'featuregenerated', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'combinationof', 'wavelet', 'transforms', 'along', 'with', 'deep', 'networkbrings', 'multiple', 'advantages', 'wavelet', 'decompositionis', 'into', 'network', 'network', 'used', 'thetraditional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'adepthwise', 'separable', 'network', 'utilized', 'this', 'work', 'backgroundin', 'this', 'section', 'wavelet', 'technique', 'depthwiseconvolution', 'neural', 'network', 'discussed', 'waveletwavelet', 'theory', 'transform', 'based', 'image', 'processingtechnique', 'that', 'makes', 'wavelet', 'transforms', 'wavelets', 'derived', 'from', 'small', 'waves', 'changingfrequency', 'limited', 'duration', 'these', 'usefulas', 'they', 'provide', 'both', 'temporal', 'well', 'frequencyinformation', 'images', 'scaling', 'functions', 'including', 'andd', 'required', 'fortwo', 'dimensional', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'thesescaling', 'functions', 'obtained', 'multiplying', 'onedimensional', 'functions', 'product', 'these', 'producesfour', 'dimensional', 'separable', 'scaling', 'function', 'andseparable', 'directionally', 'sensitive', 'wavelets', 'these', 'functions', 'record', 'variance', 'horizontal', 'vertical', 'diagonal', 'directions', 'separabilty', 'ineqs', 'major', 'cause', 'directionalsensitivity', 'computational', 'complexity', '2dtransform', 'remains', 'same', 'scaled', 'translatedbasis', 'functions', 'defined', 'discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'image', 'size', 'd1pmnmx1xd0nx1yd0f', 'd1pmnmx1xd0nx1yd0f', 'where', 'arbitrary', 'starting', 'scale', 'thew', 'coefficients', 'define', 'approximation', 'scale', 'coefficients', 'addhorizontal', 'vertical', 'diagonal', 'details', 'scalesgreater', 'than', 'generally', 'selected', '2jso', 'that', 'given', 'obtained', 'performing', 'inverse', 'discrete', 'wavelettransform', 'd1pmnxmxnw', 'c1pmnxidh', 'dx1jdjoxmxnw', 'depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'neuralnetworkthe', 'standard', 'convolution', 'layer', 'neural', 'networkhas', 'large', 'number', 'parameters', 'this', 'leads', 'toover', 'fitting', 'network', 'depthwise', 'convolutionand', 'depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'layers', 'overcomethis', 'problem', 'these', 'convolution', 'layers', 'reduce', 'thecomputational', 'cost', 'well', 'number', 'parameters', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'layers', 'reduce', 'thecomputational', 'cost', 'parameter', 'space', 'thereduction', 'parameters', 'reduces', 'efficiencyof', 'network', 'standard', 'convolution', 'divided', 'intodepthwise', 'pointwise', 'convolution', 'depthwiseconvolution', 'responsible', 'applying', 'convolution', 'onevery', 'input', 'output', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'ismerged', 'using', 'pointwise', 'convolution', 'layer', 'ofthe', 'network', 'having', 'input', 'tensor', 'xlkrishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using', '87xl', 'ihlw', 'ldlwhere', 'represent', 'theheight', 'weight', 'depth', 'input', 'vector', 'theconvolution', 'layer', 'output', 'yilc1jlc1', 'represents', 'thepoint', 'location', 'channel', 'layer', 'this', 'computed', 'usingyilc1jlc1', 'dxddd0fdxhid0xwjd0fi', 'xlilc1jlc1', 'where', 'pointwise', 'filter', 'size', 'depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'performs', 'theoperation', 'steps', 'first', 'step', 'depthwiseconvolution', 'applied', 'input', 'thereafter', 'thepointwise', 'convolution', 'applied', 'output', 'ofthe', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'spatial', 'correlationsare', 'obtained', 'from', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'thechannel', 'wise', 'correlations', 'obtained', 'from', 'pointwiseconvolution', 'combination', 'these', 'forms', 'thefeature', 'proposed', 'methodthe', 'proposed', 'method', 'based', 'depthwise', 'separableconvolution', 'network', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'using', 'wavelettransforms', 'network', 'formulated', 'combiningmultiresolution', 'analysis', 'with', 'deep', 'learning', 'thetraditional', 'layers', 'suffer', 'from', 'over', 'fitting', 'highcomputational', 'cost', 'large', 'number', 'parametersgenerated', 'each', 'layer', 'powerful', 'properties', 'thediscrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'spectral', 'domain', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'spectral', 'parameterization', 'ofconvolutional', 'layers', 'utilized', 'means', 'improvecnns', 'improving', 'training', 'convergence', 'allowingflexible', 'pooling', 'dimensions', 'retaining', 'improvingcompetitive', 'classification', 'accuracies', 'filters', 'network', 'learn', 'from', 'spectraldomain', 'instead', 'spatial', 'domain', 'lowfrequency', 'spectrum', 'input', 'contains', 'most', 'ofthe', 'details', 'high', 'frequency', 'spectrum', 'containsnoise', 'information', 'this', 'uniformity', 'spectrumpower', 'enables', 'removal', 'high', 'frequencies', 'dominimal', 'damage', 'input', 'information', 'spectral', 'poolingtruncates', 'spectral', 'representation', 'image', 'kernelproduct', 'simply', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'simple', 'lowpass', 'filter', 'this', 'technique', 'desirable', 'because', 'canbe', 'combined', 'with', 'convolution', 'theorem', 'achievefast', 'training', 'results', 'convolution', 'theorem', 'statesthat', 'convolution', 'used', 'considerably', 'beingperformed', 'spectral', 'domain', 'element', 'wisemultiplication', 'details', 'proposed', 'network', 'arediscussed', 'following', 'section', 'given', 'image', 'divided', 'into', 'four', 'subbands', 'using', 'discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'withconvolution', 'filters', 'these', 'filtershave', 'fixed', 'parameters', 'stride', 'stride', 'oftwo', 'provides', 'down', 'sampling', 'result', 'obtainedfrom', 'convolution', 'these', 'four', 'bands', 'intothe', 'depthwise', 'separable', 'network', 'further', 'processing', 'flow', 'chart', 'proposed', 'method', 'shown', 'infig', 'proposed', 'method', 'comprises', 'followingsteps', 'input', 'image', 'covid', 'dataset', 'comprisesof', 'chest', 'images', 'these', 'images', 'used', 'forthe', 'detection', 'images', 'different', 'sizes', 'thusthey', 'resized', 'image', 'normalization', 'input', 'images', 'arenormalized', 'prior', 'further', 'processing', 'normalizedimages', 'enhanced', 'images', 'with', 'errors', 'tolightening', 'conditions', 'image', 'decomposition', 'with', 'wavelet', 'this', 'step', 'isone', 'most', 'significant', 'steps', 'that', 'convert', 'spatialdomain', 'input', 'frequency', 'domain', 'input', 'imagesare', 'decomposed', 'into', 'four', 'bands', 'haar', 'wavelettransform', 'used', 'decompose', 'image', 'into', 'subbands', 'dataset', 'augmented', 'split', 'into', 'trainingand', 'testing', 'convolution', 'layers', 'this', 'step', 'comprises', 'threestandard', 'convolution', 'blocks', 'input', 'convolved', 'inthese', 'three', 'blocks', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'batch', 'normalization', 'next', 'layer', 'pooling', 'layer', 'which', 'combines', 'thefeatures', 'from', 'output', 'different', 'layers', 'inthis', 'paper', 'average', 'pooling', 'performed', 'which', 'theconvolution', 'followed', 'down', 'sampling', 'output', 'layer', 'next', 'layer', 'fullyconnected', 'layer', 'softmax', 'optimizer', 'applied', 'thelast', 'layer', 'predict', 'output', 'grad', 'output', 'visualization', 'theprediction', 'output', 'obtained', 'from', 'network', 'needsto', 'visualized', 'building', 'trust', 'network', 'formaking', 'diagnosis', 'decision', 'grad', 'utilizes', 'thegradient', 'information', 'from', 'last', 'layer', 'networkto', 'visually', 'represent', 'class', 'activation', 'diagnosis', 'decision', 'finally', 'given', 'inputchest', 'image', 'classified', 'into', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'details', 'network', 'architecture', 'discussedin', 'following', 'sections', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '93fig', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'network', 'architecturethe', 'input', 'layer', 'network', 'with', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'network', 'comprises', 'eighteen', 'convolutionlayers', 'network', 'comprises', 'regular', 'anddepthwise', 'convolution', 'layers', 'batch', 'size', 'fixedto', 'eight', 'there', 'regular', 'twelve', 'depthwiselayers', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'integrated', 'into', 'thenetwork', 'after', 'first', 'convolution', 'block', 'between', 'theconvolution', 'layers', 'pooling', 'layers', 'added', 'thebatch', 'normalization', 'layers', 'used', 'solve', 'localminima', 'problem', 'mapping', 'activations', 'meanof', 'zero', 'unit', 'variance', 'also', 'makes', 'convergencefor', 'network', 'fast', 'over', 'fitting', 'problem', 'issolved', 'using', 'dropout', 'specificationsof', 'network', 'layers', 'given', 'table', 'convolution', 'layergiven', 'input', 'vector', 'with', 'components', 'output', 'vector', 'krishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using', '89table', 'model', 'summary', 'layer', 'type', 'output', 'shape', 'number', 'parameters', 'kernel', 'size', 'dropout', 'number', 'filtersinput', '0wavelet', 'lambda', '4separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu', '3436', '32batch', 'normalization', '1024', '0maxpooling', '0separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu', '64batch', 'normalization', '0maxpooling', '2separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu', '1024', '128batch', 'normalization', '0maxpooling', '2separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu', '256batch', 'normalization', '1024', '0maxpooling', '2separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu', '256batch', 'normalization', '1024', '0maxpooling', '2separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu', '512batch', 'normalization', '2048', '0maxpooling', '2fc1', 'relu', '512fc2', 'relu', '128fc3', 'relu', '8256', '64fc4', 'relu', '2080', '32fc5', 'relu', 'dxj2niwj', 'where', 'niis', 'indices', 'neighbours', 'andthe', 'weight', 'computation', 'yiis', 'equivalent', 'toconvolution', 'operation', 'input', 'weight', 'vector', 'thus', 'written', 'using', 'convolution', 'operatorasy', 'where', 'pooling', 'layerafter', 'convolution', 'layer', 'pooling', 'layer', 'inthis', 'paper', 'average', 'pooling', 'used', 'connection', 'withmultiresolution', 'analysis', 'output', 'pooling', 'layeris', 'vector', 'with', 'fewer', 'number', 'components', 'ascompared', 'input', 'vector', 'output', 'poolinglayer', 'defined', 'asyj', 'd1ppx1kd0xpjck', 'where', 'support', 'pooling', 'value', 'defines', 'value', 'which', 'numberof', 'parameters', 'reduced', 'example', 'value', 'then', 'number', 'parameters', 'reduced', 'toone', 'third', 'taking', 'triplets', 'average', 'pooling', 'bewritten', 'form', 'down', 'sampling', 'follows', 'average', 'pooling', 'performs', 'convolution', 'followedby', 'down', 'sampling', 'activation', 'functionthe', 'activation', 'function', 'used', 'relu', 'function', 'activation', 'function', 'significant', 'convergenceof', 'network', 'relu', 'rectified', 'linear', 'activationfunction', 'most', 'used', 'activation', 'function', 'this', 'function', 'overcomes', 'vanishing', 'gradientproblem', 'makes', 'model', 'more', 'efficient', 'faster', 'mathematically', 'expressed', 'thus', 'function', 'brings', 'negative', 'values', 'tozero', 'whereas', 'positive', 'values', 'remain', 'relufunction', 'used', 'hidden', 'layers', 'lastlayer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'used', 'softmaxfunction', 'issoftmax', 'de90', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '93where', 'xiis', 'observed', 'output', 'divided', 'sumof', 'possible', 'output', 'training', 'methodthe', 'training', 'network', 'mostsignificant', 'tasks', 'weight', 'vector', 'network', 'isupdated', 'minimize', 'value', 'cost', 'function', 'probabilities', 'over', 'classes', 'classificationare', 'computed', 'loss', 'function', 'used', 'this', 'paperis', 'categorical', 'cross', 'entropy', 'other', 'importanttask', 'training', 'balance', 'dataset', 'data', 'arebalanced', 'with', 'help', 'data', 'augmentation', 'with', 'dataaugmentation', 'samples', 'generated', 'rotationangle', 'degrees', 'degrees', 'used', 'foraugmenting', 'dataset', 'optimization', 'method', 'usedhere', 'adam', 'optimization', 'with', 'weight', 'decay', 'thisleads', 'faster', 'convergence', 'higher', 'performanceof', 'network', 'other', 'parameters', 'number', 'ofepochs', 'which', 'chosen', 'batchsize', 'model', 'evaluated', 'using', 'metricslike', 'score', 'precision', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'which', 'detailed', 'section', 'datasetthe', 'dataset', 'used', 'experiments', 'comprises', 'chestx', 'images', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'healthy', 'individuals', 'annotated', 'post', 'anterior', 'view', 'chest', 'images', 'used', 'totalof', '1439', 'images', 'from', 'three', 'classes', 'available', 'inthe', 'dataset', 'number', 'images', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'number', 'images', 'ofnormal', 'case', 'images', 'both', 'males', 'andfemales', 'from', 'over', 'world', 'model', 'buildingprocess', 'split', 'dataset', 'into', 'training', 'test', 'setthat', 'training', 'model', 'validationpurpose', 'table', 'presents', 'distribution', 'imagespresent', 'dataset', 'sample', 'images', 'depictingnormal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patients', 'areshown', 'table', 'distribution', 'images', 'train', 'test', 'sets', 'image', 'type', 'train', 'testnormal', '136viral', 'pneumonia', '126covid', '26total', '1151', '2885', 'experiment', 'resultthe', 'implementation', 'proposed', 'network', 'doneusing', 'keras', 'library', 'python', 'experimental', 'setupand', 'results', 'presented', 'this', 'section', 'modelwas', 'tuned', 'obtain', 'best', 'results', 'decompositionof', 'image', 'done', 'using', 'haar', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'total', 'twelve', 'separable', 'convolution', 'layersare', 'used', 'adam', 'optimizer', 'with', 'weighted', 'decay', 'isused', 'optimization', 'network', 'quantitativeanalysis', 'results', 'obtained', 'done', 'using', 'sensitivity', 'precision', 'score', 'these', 'metrics', 'computedusing', 'sensitivity', 'represents', 'thecorrectness', 'classification', 'computed', 'assensitivity', 'dtptp', 'fn100', 'misclassifications', 'reported', 'precision', 'ifthere', 'misclassifications', 'precision', 'will', 'be100', 'score', 'harmonic', 'mean', 'precision', 'andsensitivity', 'score', 'value', 'represents', 'perfectprecision', 'sensitivity', 'precision', 'dtptp', 'fp100', 'score', '2precision', 'sensitivityprecision', 'sensitivity100', 'accuracy', 'tntp', 'fn100', 'where', 'represent', 'true', 'positive', 'false', 'positive', 'false', 'negative', 'respectively', 'theconfusion', 'matrix', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid19', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'shown', 'table', 'valuesfig', 'sample', 'images', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'infected', 'patients', 'krishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using', '91table', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'disease', 'type', 'predicted', 'resultnormal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonianormal', '5covid', '1viral', 'pneumonia', '122obtained', 'proposed', 'method', 'summarized', 'intable', 'figure', 'shows', 'grad', 'three', 'classes', 'grad', 'visualization', 'used', 'along', 'with', 'theclassifier', 'predictions', 'diagnosis', 'diseaseaccurately', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method', 'istable', 'value', 'proposed', 'method', 'disease', 'type', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'scorenormal', '96covid', '92viral', 'pneumonia', '96fig', 'grad', 'visualization', 'normal', 'covid19', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'compared', 'with', 'other', 'existing', 'methods', 'results', 'arecompared', 'with', 'four', 'latest', 'techniques', 'that', 'have', 'useddeep', 'learning', 'models', 'diagnosis', 'covid', '19using', 'chest', 'images', 'results', 'summarizedin', 'table', 'analyses', 'results', 'reveal', 'that', 'theproposed', 'method', 'outperforms', 'existing', 'methods', 'darkcovidnet', 'uses', 'only', 'look', 'once', 'yolo', 'network', 'with', 'layers', 'detection', 'covid', '19from', 'chest', 'images', 'performance', 'ofdarkcovidnet', 'average', 'with', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'ofapproximately', 'second', 'third', 'methods', 'arebased', 'efficientnet', 'variations', 'methodare', 'presented', 'namely', 'flat', 'hierarchical', 'these', 'twomethods', 'have', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'approximately93', 'detrac', 'resnet18', 'performs', 'better', 'than', 'thesemethods', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'theproposed', 'method', 'further', 'improved', 'overallaccuracy', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'proposed', 'methodis', 'graph', 'comparative', 'study', 'isshown', 'conclusionthe', 'paper', 'presented', 'automated', 'method', 'fordetection', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'animproved', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'network', 'designedthat', 'incorporates', 'spectral', 'analysis', 'convolution', 'andpooling', 'layers', 'reformulated', 'generalized', 'case', 'offiltering', 'down', 'sampling', 'with', 'this', 'reformulation', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'integrated', 'with', 'depthwisetable', 'comparative', 'analysis', 'method', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'scoredarkcovidnet', '37flat', 'efficientnet', '94hierarchicalefficientnet', '73detrac', 'resnet18', '58proposed', '63fig', 'comparative', 'study', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '93network', 'input', 'images', 'decomposed', 'usinghaar', 'wavelet', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'waveletis', 'applied', 'form', 'fixed', 'weight', 'filters', 'thedeveloped', 'model', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'fordetection', 'covid', 'disease', 'model', 'classifiesthe', 'images', 'into', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'comparative', 'study', 'also', 'performedto', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method', 'developed', 'methodology', 'used', 'diagnosisof', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'xray', 'images', 'will', 'help', 'controlling', 'disease', 'new_paper'] ['effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'duringcovid', 'lockdownavani', 'agarwal', 'sahil', 'sharma', 'vijay', 'kumar', 'manjit', 'kaurabstract', 'learning', 'most', 'promising', 'venture', 'entire', 'world', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'learning', 'issuccessfully', 'providing', 'potential', 'information', 'students', 'researchers', 'developing', 'nations', 'like', 'india', 'withlimited', 'resources', 'learning', 'tools', 'platforms', 'provide', 'chance', 'make', 'education', 'available', 'middle', 'lowincome', 'households', 'this', 'paper', 'gives', 'insights', 'about', 'three', 'different', 'online', 'services', 'namely', 'google', 'classroom', 'zoom', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'being', 'used', 'three', 'different', 'educational', 'institutions', 'analyze', 'efficiencyand', 'acceptability', 'learning', 'tools', 'among', 'indian', 'students', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'paper', 'also', 'aims', 'toevaluate', 'impact', 'learning', 'environment', 'public', 'health', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'found', 'thate', 'learning', 'potential', 'reduce', 'carbon', 'emissions', 'which', 'beneficial', 'impact', 'environment', 'however', 'themental', 'health', 'impacted', 'learning', 'lead', 'self', 'isolation', 'reduction', 'academic', 'achievements', 'that', 'maylead', 'anxiety', 'mental', 'depression', 'usage', 'electronic', 'devices', 'learning', 'eyes', 'neck', 'musclesmay', 'strain', 'having', 'deleterious', 'effects', 'physical', 'health', 'words', 'learning', 'environment', 'health', 'covid', 'introductione', 'learning', 'online', 'education', 'provide', 'opportunityfor', 'students', 'increase', 'their', 'knowledge', 'base', 'aflexible', 'environment', 'while', 'using', 'limited', 'resourcesand', 'capital', 'developing', 'country', 'like', 'india', 'online', 'tools', 'help', 'students', 'achieve', 'productive', 'anddiverse', 'education', 'incorporating', 'various', 'themes', 'indifferent', 'areas', 'interest', 'online', 'platforms', 'areslowly', 'gaining', 'popularity', 'improvements', 'indesign', 'visuals', 'ease', 'navigation', 'quality', 'content', 'avani', 'agarwal', 'sahil', 'sharma', 'with', 'departmentof', 'computer', 'science', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'andtechnology', 'patiala', '147001', 'india', 'vijay', 'kumar', 'with', 'department', 'computer', 'science', 'andengineering', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'himachal', 'pradesh', '177005', 'india', 'manjit', 'kaur', 'with', 'department', 'computer', 'scienceengineering', 'school', 'engineering', 'applied', 'sciences', 'bennett', 'university', 'greater', 'noida', '201310', 'india', 'mail', 'manjit', 'kaur', 'bennett', 'whom', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', '2020', 'accepted', '2020', '05many', 'studies', 'have', 'shown', 'that', 'learning', 'helpimprove', 'knowledge', 'base', 'make', 'understandingof', 'concepts', 'easier', 'providing', 'bite', 'sized', 'collaborative', 'interactive', 'content', 'studies', 'have', 'proven', 'that', 'apersonalized', 'assisted', 'learning', 'based', 'curriculum', 'isbetter', 'than', 'traditional', 'curriculum', 'best', 'qualityof', 'education', 'provided', 'through', 'learning', 'tools', 'bypersonalizing', 'guidance', 'mentorship', 'according', 'tothe', 'needs', 'students', 'learning', 'platforms', 'givestudents', 'flexibility', 'empower', 'students', 'allowingthem', 'learn', 'their', 'pace', 'schedule', 'studentcan', 'choose', 'time', 'learn', 'consume', 'thecontent', 'provided', 'these', 'various', 'platforms', 'havematerial', 'available', 'disposal', 'which', 'eitherfree', 'cost', 'paid', 'open', 'lifetime', 'limitedamount', 'time', 'moreover', 'content', 'consumed', 'online', 'platformis', 'consistent', 'standardized', 'comparison', 'thedifferent', 'teaching', 'styles', 'professors', 'diverse', 'rangeof', 'options', 'provided', 'users', 'learning', 'openonline', 'course', 'providers', 'udacity', 'coursera', 'udemy', 'provides', 'both', 'free', 'paid', 'online', 'coursesavani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '105that', 'cover', 'various', 'topics', 'from', 'diverse', 'fields', 'theseonline', 'platforms', 'only', 'fulfill', 'current', 'need', 'ofeducators', 'also', 'create', 'demands', 'which', 'thenhelp', 'improve', 'current', 'services', 'being', 'provided', 'tostudents', 'there', 'websites', 'like', 'geeksforgeeksand', 'tutorials', 'point', 'which', 'enjoy', 'popularity', 'amongengineering', 'students', 'youtube', 'also', 'provides', 'contentto', 'students', 'pursuing', 'different', 'majors', 'fields', 'forexample', 'khan', 'academy', 'such', 'youtubechannels', 'that', 'helped', 'build', 'basic', 'concepts', 'high', 'schoolstudents', 'keeping', 'material', 'easy', 'understanding', 'participation', 'interaction', 'youtube', 'channelposts', 'videos', 'after', 'thoroughly', 'researching', 'topics', 'tohelp', 'students', 'understand', 'even', 'small', 'hiddenconcepts', 'mathematics', 'india', 'universities', 'colleges', 'integrate', 'internetand', 'pages', 'into', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'teachingstaff', 'makes', 'lecture', 'slides', 'assignments', 'importantnotifications', 'available', 'students', 'course', 'site', 'study', 'material', 'downloadable', 'fileor', 'powerpoint', 'file', 'students', 'participate', 'onlinediscussion', 'forums', 'examinations', 'conductedby', 'using', 'learning', 'tool', 'however', 'despite', 'theadvancing', 'technologies', 'higher', 'education', 'instituteshave', 'failed', 'incorporate', 'learning', 'practices', 'inmain', 'stream', 'activities', 'benefits', 'onlinelearning', 'teachers', 'interested', 'adoptingonline', 'tools', 'however', 'student', 'attitude', 'aptitudelearning', 'towards', 'online', 'platforms', 'standardization', 'andinteractive', 'content', 'online', 'platform', 'play', 'criticalroles', 'determining', 'behavior', 'roles', 'studentstowards', 'learning', 'environment', 'usually', 'mode', 'instruction', 'through', 'learningplatforms', 'designed', 'professionals', 'lack', 'theknowledge', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'domainon', 'students', 'quality', 'interactive', 'content', 'needs', 'tobe', 'controlled', 'updates', 'regularly', 'capture', 'theinterests', 'students', 'learning', 'context', 'model', 'helpsrealize', 'adaptive', 'technological', 'implementations', 'andpersonalizing', 'learning', 'environments', 'such', 'environmentsimprove', 'quality', 'increase', 'quantity', 'learningsof', 'students', 'recent', 'years', 'robots', 'have', 'helpedincrease', 'learning', 'science', 'technology', 'engineering', 'mathematics', 'stem', 'concepts', 'constructionbased', 'approach', 'which', 'collaborates', 'educational', 'robotscan', 'used', 'teach', 'complex', 'principles', 'algorithmslike', 'that', 'computer', 'science', 'programming', 'languages', 'lego', 'multi', 'robots', 'used', 'construction', 'basedapproach', 'towards', 'collaborating', 'learning', 'main', 'objective', 'this', 'paper', 'evaluate', 'theimpact', 'learning', 'environment', 'this', 'paperalso', 'evaluates', 'effects', 'learning', 'health', 'ofthe', 'students', 'researchers', 'finally', 'case', 'studyof', 'learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'india', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'also', 'considered', 'remaining', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section2', 'discusses', 'impact', 'learning', 'environment', 'section', 'discusses', 'implication', 'learning', 'onsocial', 'life', 'section', 'presents', 'case', 'study', 'learningduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'section', 'concludes', 'thepaper', 'impact', 'learning', 'environmente', 'learning', 'effectively', 'reduce', 'energy', 'usage', 'andemission', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'according', 'study', 'thenetherlands', 'learning', 'only', 'potential', 'reducecarbon', 'emissions', 'also', 'helps', 'decrease', 'carbonfootprint', 'carbon', 'impact', 'students', 'travel', 'staff', 'moreover', 'learning', 'only', 'reduces', 'cost', 'timebut', 'also', 'helpful', 'restore', 'environment', 'alsohelpful', 'eliminate', 'necessity', 'traveling', 'from', 'oneplace', 'another', 'there', 'some', 'impacts', 'environmentdue', 'learning', 'impact', 'forestaccording', 'national', 'wildlife', 'foundation', 'ofschools', 'universities', 'waste', 'paper', 'sixteen', 'treesare', 'needed', 'generate', 'paper', 'recyclingof', 'tons', 'paper', 'equivalent', 'barrelscrude', 'learning', 'only', 'reduces', 'cutting', 'oftrees', 'paper', 'generation', 'also', 'reduces', 'resourcerequired', 'recycling', 'paper', 'registration', 'administration', 'curriculum', 'study', 'materials', 'aredigitalized', 'will', 'also', 'reduce', 'students', 'cost', 'impact', 'airuniversity', 'west', 'georgia', 'studied', 'that', 'hundredstudents', 'travel', 'schools', 'universities', 'carbondioxide', 'emissions', 'reduced', 'tons', 'thestudy', 'netherlands', 'reported', 'that', 'learning', 'reducedthe', 'percentage', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'emissions', 'carbonfootprint', 'students', 'staff', 'literature', '350million', 'printer', 'cartridges', 'became', 'dead', 'every', 'yearand', '1000', 'years', 'required', 'decay', 'these', 'cartridges', 'these', 'materials', 'easily', 'eliminated', 'through', 'thee', 'learning', 'implication', 'learning', 'social', 'lifethe', 'learning', 'contents', 'responsible', 'solving', 'theenvironmental', 'issues', 'however', 'significantly', 'affect106', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '115the', 'social', 'mental', 'health', 'students', 'impact', 'mental', 'healththe', 'excessive', 'exposure', 'electronic', 'device', 'greatlyaffected', 'mental', 'health', 'users', 'according', 'toamerican', 'psychiatric', 'association', 'extreme', 'learning', 'lead', 'social', 'isolation', 'learningnot', 'only', 'reduces', 'academic', 'achievement', 'also', 'isresponsible', 'mental', 'depression', 'learning', 'alsoresponsible', 'sleep', 'deprivation', 'deadline', 'ofassignment', 'submissions', 'according', 'harvard', 'analysis', 'observed', 'that', 'sleep', 'deprivation', 'direct', 'relationwith', 'academic', 'outcomes', 'impact', 'physical', 'healththe', 'study', 'materials', 'completion', 'assignment', 'ondigital', 'media', 'require', 'time', 'electronic', 'devices', 'excessive', 'electronic', 'device', 'great', 'effecton', 'physical', 'health', 'users', 'these', 'responsible', 'formortality', 'rate', 'over', 'sitting', 'electronic', 'gadgets', 'eyestrain', 'muscle', 'injuries', 'possible', 'dueto', 'overuse', 'computers', 'learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', 'indiaon', 'march', '25th', '2020', 'india', 'prime', 'ministermr', 'narendra', 'modi', 'imposed', 'nationwide', 'lockdown', 'countermeasure', 'control', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'lockdown', 'later', 'extended', 'april', '11th', '2020in', 'various', 'states', 'india', 'increase', 'thenumber', 'coronavirus', 'patients', 'across', 'different', 'regionsof', 'country', 'universities', 'schools', 'educationalinstitutions', 'were', 'closed', 'students', 'went', 'back', 'theirhomes', 'hence', 'educational', 'institutions', 'relyon', 'learning', 'online', 'education', 'tools', 'providestudents', 'necessary', 'study', 'material', 'schedule', 'lectures', 'conduct', 'examinations', 'lockdown', 'acted', 'acatalyst', 'help', 'teachers', 'adopt', 'online', 'tools', 'april2020', 'according', 'ministry', 'human', 'resourcedevelopment', 'india', 'platforms', 'like', 'diksha', 'pathshala', 'nroer', 'nios', 'yantra', 'fossee', 'endeavorsof', 'government', 'help', 'educate', 'masses', 'online', 'swayam', 'initiative', 'indian', 'government', 'gets50', 'views', 'daily', 'some', 'other', 'online', 'methods', 'adoptedin', 'different', 'universities', 'across', 'india', 'video', 'andaudio', 'meetings', 'tools', 'like', 'zoom', 'loom', 'gotomeeting', 'skype', 'bluejeans', 'webex', 'google', 'meet', 'beingused', 'discussion', 'collaboration', 'boards', 'make', 'useof', 'slack', 'flock', 'storage', 'sharing', 'files', 'aresupported', 'dropbox', 'nextcloud', 'document', 'presentation', 'spreadsheet', 'videos', 'made', 'usingg', 'suite', 'prezi', 'gitbook', 'confluence', 'office365', 'andadobe', 'acrobat', 'with', 'teachers', 'adopting', 'using', 'elearning', 'techniques', 'tools', 'educate', 'students', 'weaim', 'analyze', 'efficacy', 'acceptability', 'teachingaids', 'provided', 'adopted', 'among', 'students', 'educationalinstitutions', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'india', 'conducting', 'survey', 'three', 'different', 'educationalinstitutions', 'google', 'classroom', 'zoom', 'microsoftteams', 'objective', 'analyze', 'students', 'arewilling', 'adopt', 'learning', 'practices', 'part', 'theirclassroom', 'learning', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'variouseducational', 'institutions', 'while', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'three', 'educationalinstitutions', 'presumed', 'that', 'students', 'aninternet', 'connection', 'access', 'mobile', 'laptop', 'previous', 'knowledge', 'operate', 'mobile', 'phone', 'orpersonal', 'digital', 'device', 'understood', 'default', 'languageof', 'platform', 'sampling', 'done', 'mappedto', 'larger', 'scales', 'with', 'minimum', 'errors', 'case', 'study', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'andtechnology', 'tiet', 'patiala', 'indiathapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'technology', 'aprivate', 'engineering', 'college', 'located', 'patiala', 'punjab', 'india', 'educational', 'institution', 'offers', 'various', 'coursesin', 'different', 'fields', 'engineering', 'traditional', 'methodsused', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'whiteboard', 'blackboard', 'smart', 'board', 'that', 'enable', 'teachers', 'displaypresentations', 'write', 'notes', 'laboratories', 'computers', 'necessary', 'hardware', 'softwareare', 'provided', 'students', 'experimentation', 'andperforming', 'assignments', 'attendance', 'mandatoryto', 'pass', 'course', 'each', 'course', 'official', 'websitewhere', 'course', 'coordinators', 'post', 'important', 'information', 'syllabus', 'marking', 'scheme', 'lecture', 'slides', 'laboratoryassignments', 'details', 'regarding', 'quizzes', 'tests', 'arenotified', 'students', 'group', 'representatives', 'viaan', 'update', 'course', 'site', 'semester', 'tests', 'andend', 'semester', 'tests', 'conducted', 'every', 'semester', 'whichare', 'scheduled', 'according', 'date', 'sheet', 'that', 'madeavailable', 'portal', 'webkiosk', 'which', 'isallocated', 'every', 'student', 'apart', 'from', 'these', 'officialwebsites', 'students', 'have', 'access', 'myherupa', 'initiativetaken', 'thapar', 'students', 'where', 'updates', 'regardingcoursework', 'each', 'subject', 'made', 'available', 'forthe', 'first', 'year', 'second', 'year', 'third', 'year', 'engineeringstudents', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'collegeavani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '107was', 'temporarily', 'shut', 'down', 'classroom', 'activitiesand', 'lectures', 'were', 'suspended', 'campus', 'studentsand', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'members', 'went', 'back', 'theirhomes', 'many', 'situated', 'from', 'college', 'teachersof', 'university', 'used', 'learning', 'tools', 'methods', 'toprovide', 'education', 'online', 'students', 'lectures', 'werepre', 'recorded', 'shared', 'whatsapp', 'googledrive', 'links', 'videos', 'laboratory', 'assignments', 'were', 'prerecorded', 'uploaded', 'course', 'sites', 'many', 'teachersscheduled', 'live', 'online', 'lectures', 'using', 'zoom', 'applicationto', 'make', 'material', 'accessible', 'students', 'zoom', 'videocommunication', 'provides', 'remote', 'conferencing', 'service', 'allows', 'video', 'conferencing', 'participants', 'toforty', 'minutes', 'free', 'cost', 'paid', 'subscriptions', 'alsoavailable', 'allow', 'more', 'participants', 'increase', 'thetime', 'limit', 'service', 'also', 'allows', 'videoconferencing', 'group', 'conferencing', 'allows', 'usersto', 'message', 'members', 'meeting', 'once', 'messagea', 'selective', 'group', 'people', 'providing', 'stimuli', 'activatestudents', 'auditory', 'visual', 'senses', 'thus', 'enhancing', 'andreplicating', 'their', 'person', 'interactions', 'slides', 'wereuploaded', 'course', 'site', 'students', 'were', 'notified', 'courses', 'image', 'processing', 'ucs615', 'andinnovation', 'entrepreneurship', 'uta012', 'thirdyear', 'students', 'pursuing', 'beng', 'degree', 'computerscience', 'submitted', 'their', 'assignments', 'google', 'forums', 'google', 'form', 'then', 'circulated', 'among', 'studentsof', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'technology', 'where', 'students', 'answered', 'questions', 'regarding', 'elearning', 'platforms', 'used', 'educators', 'impart', 'educationonline', 'figs', 'case', 'study', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'indianational', 'institute', 'technology', 'public', 'collegelocated', 'hamirpur', 'himachal', 'pradesh', 'india', 'theministry', 'human', 'resource', 'development', 'indiafunds', 'engineering', 'college', 'undergraduatestudents', 'various', 'engineering', 'courses', 'campuspractices', 'include', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'using', 'tools', 'suchas', 'whiteboards', 'blackboards', 'teachers', 'sometimesuse', 'slides', 'deliver', 'their', 'lectures', 'apart', 'from', 'thesetools', 'there', 'portal', 'students', 'whichnotifies', 'them', 'about', 'their', 'semester', 'grades', 'relevantinformation', 'circulated', 'using', 'messaging', 'applicationslike', 'whatsapp', 'smartphones', 'helps', 'makematerial', 'accessible', 'students', 'make', 'studymaterial', 'available', 'conduct', 'tests', 'first', 'yearstudents', 'pursuing', 'meng', 'degree', 'computervision', 'image', 'processing', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'google', 'classroom', 'been', 'adopted', 'byfig', 'most', 'important', 'feature', 'learning', 'thapar', 'institutes', 'mode', 'preference', 'learning', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '115fig', 'response', 'question', 'whether', 'learningmethods', 'should', 'adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'institute', 'this', 'platform', 'user', 'signinto', 'google', 'classroom', 'while', 'using', 'suitefor', 'education', 'account', 'user', 'clicks', 'whether', 'theyare', 'teacher', 'student', 'suite', 'account', 'setup', 'accredited', 'college', 'using', 'google', 'classroomservices', 'slides', 'uploaded', 'assignments', 'aregiven', 'students', 'this', 'study', 'material', 'availableto', 'students', 'google', 'classroom', 'they', 'turnin', 'their', 'assignments', 'submitting', 'them', 'privateelectronic', 'mail', 'account', 'video', 'links', 'also', 'providedusing', 'google', 'classroom', 'marks', 'grades', 'ofstudents', 'made', 'available', 'platform', 'timed', 'andpre', 'scheduled', 'quizzes', 'also', 'being', 'conducted', 'thisplatform', 'computer', 'vision', 'image', 'understandingassignments', 'were', 'submitted', 'google', 'classroomplatform', 'survey', 'conducted', 'circulating', 'agoogle', 'forum', 'among', 'first', 'year', 'students', 'pursuing', 'themeng', 'degree', 'computer', 'vision', 'gain', 'feedbackand', 'viewpoint', 'students', 'learning', 'tools', 'andteaching', 'aids', 'being', 'provided', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'figs', 'case', 'study', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'mohali', 'indiamanav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'private', 'schoolfor', 'primary', 'secondary', 'education', 'school', 'hastraditional', 'tools', 'like', 'whiteboards', 'blackboards', 'toteach', 'students', 'from', 'class', 'class', 'theschool', 'also', 'smart', 'boards', 'smart', 'class', 'projector', 'which', 'allow', 'teachers', 'display', 'slides', 'play', 'videos', 'make', 'interactive', 'content', 'students', 'thepupils', 'class', 'make', 'notes', 'their', 'notebooks', 'thesenotebooks', 'evaluative', 'checked', 'assignedteacher', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'onlinefig', 'best', 'feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'according', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirput', 'students', 'online', 'education', 'tool', 'preferred', 'students', 'avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '109fig', 'response', 'towards', 'learning', 'methods', 'education', 'tool', 'used', 'office365', 'solution', 'providedby', 'microsoft', 'products', 'provided', 'office365to', 'educators', 'teachers', 'include', 'outlook', 'teams', 'excel', 'word', 'powerpoint', 'onenote', 'publisher', 'andaccess', 'according', 'official', 'office365', 'website', 'school', 'using', 'learning', 'tool', 'teams', 'providedby', 'office365', 'lockdown', 'initiated', 'process', 'ofproviding', 'official', 'teachers', 'students', 'usingmanavrachna', 'teachers', 'make', 'various', 'teamsfor', 'different', 'classes', 'chat', 'option', 'allows', 'teachersto', 'chat', 'with', 'parents', 'students', 'either', 'making', 'group', 'students', 'selectedstudents', 'assignment', 'section', 'provided', 'teamsallows', 'teachers', 'post', 'assignments', 'design', 'notifiesteachers', 'student', 'viewed', 'assignment', 'hasturned', 'assignment', 'student', 'notopened', 'assignment', 'displaying', 'view', 'turned', 'inand', 'turned', 'respectively', 'students', 'submittheir', 'assignments', 'clicking', 'work', 'buttonto', 'upload', 'their', 'solved', 'assignments', 'class', 'notebooksection', 'allows', 'students', 'solve', 'mathematics', 'questionseasily', 'user', 'friendly', 'design', 'allows', 'teachersto', 'view', 'notebooks', 'once', 'however', 'students', 'canonly', 'view', 'their', 'notebook', 'quizzes', 'tasks', 'assignedmay', 'timed', 'time', 'bounds', 'facilitated', 'theclass', 'notebook', 'section', 'files', 'allows', 'teachersto', 'post', 'relevant', 'study', 'material', 'reading', 'material', 'forstudents', 'view', 'along', 'with', 'these', 'tabs', 'options', 'post', 'used', 'view', 'notifications', 'tasks', 'assignments', 'uploaded', 'teachers', 'differentsubjects', 'team', 'students', 'from', 'class', 'toclass', 'nine', 'were', 'surveyed', 'gain', 'insight', 'about', 'theacceptability', 'learning', 'tools', 'being', 'used', 'combatcovid', 'lockdown', 'among', 'young', 'children', 'aged', '15years', 'results', 'from', 'case', 'study', 'thapar', 'institute', 'ofengineering', 'technologythe', 'students', 'pursuing', 'beng', 'degree', 'differentmajors', 'thapar', 'institute', 'technology', 'weresurveyed', 'students', 'surveyed', 'were', 'malesand', 'females', 'students', 'surveyed', 'were', 'thirdyear', 'students', 'going', 'fourth', 'year', 'while', 'students', 'surveyed', 'were', 'firstyear', 'second', 'year', 'fourth', 'year', 'students', 'respectively', 'although', 'number', 'female', 'students', 'surveyed', 'issignificantly', 'less', 'than', 'that', 'male', 'students', 'modalchoice', 'preferences', 'every', 'question', 'asked', 'thesurvey', 'same', 'genders', 'hence', 'canbe', 'said', 'that', 'gender', 'does', 'influence', 'learning', 'survey', 'conducted', 'april', '2020', 'questionsincluded', 'most', 'important', 'feature', 'students', 'learning', 'platform', 'there', 'preferred', 'choice', 'onlineeducation', 'tools', 'often', 'were', 'users', 'using', 'zoomapplication', 'view', 'live', 'college', 'lectures', 'weeklybasis', 'users', 'were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'methodsadopted', 'their', 'institution', 'user', 'thinks', 'thateducational', 'institutions', 'should', 'adopt', 'tools', 'providedby', 'learning', 'platforms', 'daily', 'basis', 'studentsout', 'students', 'regarded', 'quality', 'servicesprovided', 'learning', 'platforms', 'important', 'feature', 'while', 'students', 'students', 'were', 'support', 'ofease', 'accessibility', 'user', 'interface', 'respectively', 'other', 'students', 'regarded', 'price', 'point', 'learningtools', 'most', 'important', 'feature', 'learningplatform', 'students', 'surveyed', 'preferred', 'prerecorded', 'video', 'lectures', 'provided', 'youtube', 'linksas', 'most', 'convenient', 'learning', 'tool', 'recorderlectures', 'provided', 'google', 'drive', 'links', 'slidesuploaded', 'course', 'sites', 'enjoyed', 'majority', '71students', 'students', 'respectively', 'observedthat', 'students', 'satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'tools', 'however', 'students', 'satisfied', 'with', 'thesetools', 'students', 'agreed', 'using', 'zoomapplication', 'view', 'live', 'lectures', 'least', 'three', 'timesa', 'week', 'majority', 'students', 'werenot', 'satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'methods', 'adopted', 'bythe', 'institute', 'however', 'students', 'thought', 'thateducators', 'should', 'utilize', 'tools', 'provided', 'onlineeducation', 'platforms', 'daily', 'table', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '115table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'thapar', 'instituteof', 'engineering', 'technology', 'item', 'item', 'detailnumber', 'ofstudents', 'numberof', 'males', 'nd126', 'number', 'offemales', 'nd41', 'modeldistribution', 'ofstudents1', 'first', 'year', 'students', 'second', 'year', 'students', 'third', 'year', 'students', 'fourth', 'year', 'students', '0most', 'importantfeature', 'elearning', 'platform', 'multiple', 'choicecorrect', '1user', 'interface', 'most', 'important', 'feature', 'learning', 'platforms', '20quality', 'service', 'isthe', 'most', 'importantfeature', 'elearning', 'platforms2quality', 'service', 'most', 'important', 'featureof', 'learning', 'platforms', '253ease', 'access', 'most', 'important', 'feature', 'learning', 'platforms', '24preferred', 'choiceof', 'learning', 'toolduring', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'multiplechoice', 'correct', '1pre', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'youtube', 'linksare', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education', 'toolsduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '23pre', 'recordedlectures', 'sharedvia', 'youtube', 'linksare', 'preferredchoice', 'onlineeducation', 'toolsduring', 'covid', '19lockdown', '2pre', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'google', 'drivelinks', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'educationtools', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '153google', 'slides', 'uploaded', 'official', 'coursesite', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'educationtools', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '174live', 'lectures', 'using', 'zoom', 'application', 'thepreferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education', 'toolsduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '8how', 'frequentlywas', 'zoomapplication', 'usedweekly', 'accesslectures', 'singlechoice', 'correct', '1zoom', 'application', 'used', 'least', 'thrice', 'week', 'toaccess', 'live', 'lectures', '23zoom', 'applicationused', 'least', 'thricea', 'week', 'accesslive', 'lectures', '2zoom', 'application', 'used', 'twice', 'week', 'accesslive', 'lectures', '83zoom', 'application', 'used', 'once', 'week', 'accesslive', 'lectures', '10is', 'student', 'satisfiedwith', 'learningtools', 'adopted', 'bythe', 'institute', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', 'single', 'choice', 'correct', '1not', 'satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'methodsadopted', 'institute', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', '22not', 'satisfied', 'withthe', 'learningmethods', 'adoptedby', 'instituteduring', 'covid', '19lockdown', '2satisfied', 'satisfied', 'with', 'elearning', 'methods', 'adopted', 'instituteduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '19should', 'learningtools', 'adoptedin', 'daily', 'classroomteaching', 'singlechoice', 'correct', 'learning', 'tools', 'should', 'adoptedin', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'learning', 'toolsshould', 'maybe', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'learning', 'tools', 'should', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'results', 'from', 'case', 'study', 'national', 'institute', 'oftechnology', 'hamirpursixteen', 'first', 'year', 'students', 'pursuing', 'computer', 'vision', 'atnit', 'were', 'surveyed', 'april', '2020', 'students', 'were', 'females', 'were', 'males', 'table', 'shows', 'thesurvey', 'google', 'classroom', 'services', 'were', 'being', 'usedduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'questions', 'includedin', 'survey', 'were', 'google', 'classroom', 'helpfulin', 'teaching', 'outside', 'classroom', 'what', 'bestfeature', 'google', 'classroom', 'according', 'students', 'ifstudents', 'were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'google', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'submission', 'assignment', 'computer', 'visionand', 'image', 'processing', 'using', 'google', 'classroomwas', 'convenient', 'easy', 'conduct', 'quizzes', 'theonline', 'platform', 'easy', 'access', 'google', 'classroommaterial', 'laptop', 'mobile', 'devices', 'were', 'preferredavani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '111table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'nationalinstitution', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'item', 'item', 'detailnumber', 'students', 'number', 'males', 'number', 'females', 'most', 'importantfeature', 'elearning', 'platform', 'multiple', 'choicecorrect', '1ease', 'accessibility', 'mostcritical', 'feature', 'learning', 'platforms', '52user', 'interface', 'essential', 'featureof', 'learning', 'platforms', '23quality', 'services', 'most', 'crucialfeature', 'learning', 'platforms', '2preferred', 'choice', 'learning', 'tool', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', 'other', 'than', 'googleclassroom', 'multiplechoice', 'correct', '1pre', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'viayoutube', 'links', 'preferred', 'choiceof', 'online', 'education', 'tools', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', '52pre', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'viagoogle', 'drive', 'links', 'preferredchoice', 'online', 'education', 'toolsduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '03live', 'lectures', 'zoom', 'googlemeet', 'preferred', 'choice', 'onlineeducation', 'tools', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', '0what', 'benefitsof', 'learning', 'multiple', 'choicecorrect', '1with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'easeof', 'access', '42with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'isconsistency', '23with', 'online', 'learning', 'schedule', 'isflexible', '54with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'useof', 'limited', 'resources', 'student', 'satisfiedwith', 'learningtools', 'adopted', 'bythe', 'institute', 'duringcovid', 'lockdown', 'single', 'choice', 'correct', '1satisfied', 'satisfied', 'with', 'thee', 'learning', 'methods', 'adopted', 'theinstitute', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '52not', 'satisfied', 'with', 'learningmethods', 'adopted', 'instituteduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', '0should', 'featuresof', 'online', 'learning', 'beadopted', 'into', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'single', 'choice', 'correct', '1some', 'features', 'online', 'learningshould', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', '52some', 'features', 'online', 'learningshould', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'access', 'google', 'classroom', 'what', 'best', 'featureof', 'platform', 'provided', 'according', 'students', 'what', 'wasanother', 'online', 'educational', 'tool', 'that', 'students', 'preferred', 'what', 'were', 'advantages', 'online', 'education', 'accordingto', 'students', 'students', 'were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'onlinelearning', 'tool', 'adopted', 'university', 'studentswanted', 'incorporate', 'features', 'online', 'educationwith', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'questions', 'responses', 'were', 'recorded', 'scale', 'beingunsatisfactory', 'five', 'being', 'satisfactory', 'thestudents', 'surveyed', 'thought', 'that', 'ease', 'accessibilitywas', 'best', 'feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'prerecorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'youtube', 'links', 'enjoyed', 'amajority', 'students', 'preferred', 'onlineeducation', 'tool', 'table', 'majority', 'studentsvoted', 'flexibility', 'schedule', 'advantage', 'ofonline', 'education', 'results', 'from', 'case', 'study', 'manav', 'rachnainternational', 'schooltable', 'shows', 'survey', 'conducted', 'manav', 'rachna112', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '115table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'google', 'classroom', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'nationalinstitute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'scale', 'with', 'five', 'being', 'maximum', 'values', 'averaged', 'item', 'number', 'students', 'number', 'males', 'number', 'females', '1google', 'classroom', 'helped', 'teaching', 'outside', 'ofthe', 'classroom', '42students', 'satisfied', 'with', 'google', 'classroomas', 'learning', 'tool', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', '43submission', 'digital', 'image', 'processingassignments', 'using', 'google', 'classroom', 'wasconvenient', '24it', 'convenient', 'answer', 'quizzes', 'googleclassroom', '45it', 'easy', 'access', 'learning', 'material', 'googleclassroom', '86it', 'easier', 'google', 'classroom', 'thelaptop', 'than', 'mobile', '4table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'manav', 'rachnainternational', 'school', 'mohali', 'item', 'item', 'detailnumber', 'ofstudents', 'nd91', 'number', 'ofmales', 'nd49', 'number', 'offemales', 'nd42', 'students', 'division', 'amongvarious', 'levels', 'from', 'nurseryto', 'class', 'nursery', 'kindergarten', 'grades', 'grades', '13are', 'students', 'satisfied', 'withthe', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'toolbeing', 'used', 'during', 'covid19', 'lockdown', 'singleanswer', 'correct', '1students', 'satisfied', 'satisfied', 'themicrosoft', 'team', 'tool', 'being', 'used', 'during', 'covid', '19lockdown', '422students', 'satisfied', 'with', 'microsoft', 'teamstool', 'being', 'used', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '0features', 'microsoftteams', 'preferred', 'bystudents', 'multiple', 'answerscorrect', '1students', 'like', 'chat', 'call', 'feature', 'supportedby', 'teams', '332students', 'like', 'assignment', 'featuresupported', 'teams', '273students', 'like', 'post', 'section', 'featuresupported', 'teams', '124students', 'like', 'files', 'section', 'feature', 'supportedby', 'teams', '115students', 'like', 'class', 'notebook', 'featuresupported', 'teams', '15are', 'students', 'able', 'achievetheir', 'learning', 'outcomesthrough', 'learning', 'singlechoice', 'correct', '1you', 'will', 'able', 'achieve', 'requiredlearning', 'outputs', 'from', 'these', 'sessions', '412you', 'will', 'able', 'achieve', 'requiredlearning', 'outputs', 'from', 'these', 'sessions', '1what', 'benefits', 'elearning', 'multiple', 'choicecorrect', 'with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'ease', 'access', 'with', 'online', 'learning', 'schedule', 'flexible', '213with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'interactivecontent', '20should', 'features', 'onlinelearning', 'adopted', 'intodaily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'single', 'choice', 'correct', '1some', 'features', 'online', 'learning', 'should', 'maybe', 'adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', '362some', 'features', 'online', 'learning', 'should', 'beadopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', '6avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', '113international', 'school', 'mohali', 'india', 'studentssurveyed', 'students', 'were', 'males', '42students', 'were', 'females', 'studentswere', 'satisfied', 'with', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'tool', 'being', 'usedduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'students', 'preferredinteraction', 'personalization', 'studentsfavored', 'chat', 'call', 'option', 'microsoft', 'teamsapplication', 'ofstudents', 'liked', 'assignment', 'post', 'section', 'filestab', 'class', 'notebook', 'feature', 'respectively', 'students', 'felt', 'that', 'they', 'could', 'achieve', 'their', 'learningoutcomes', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'application', 'being', 'usedduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'and39', 'students', 'felt', 'that', 'ease', 'access', 'flexibilityof', 'schedule', 'interactive', 'bite', 'sized', 'content', 'thebenefits', 'learning', 'platforms', 'students', 'werein', 'favor', 'adoption', 'online', 'learning', 'tools', 'into', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', 'table', 'results', 'from', 'three', 'case', 'studiesfor', 'three', 'institutions', 'majority', 'agreed', 'withadopting', 'some', 'learning', 'practices', 'with', 'daily', 'classroomeducation', 'tiet', 'students', 'mode', 'preferencefor', 'leaning', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'youtubelinks', 'students', 'also', 'gave', 'preference', 'topre', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'youtube', 'links', 'apart', 'fromgoogle', 'classroom', 'preferred', 'choice', 'learningtool', 'majority', 'students', 'manav', 'rachna', 'internationalschool', 'found', 'ease', 'access', 'bestadvantage', 'learning', 'platforms', 'from', 'surveys', 'seen', 'that', 'students', 'three', 'educationswould', 'like', 'some', 'features', 'learning', 'tools', 'beadopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education', 'conclusionin', 'this', 'paper', 'initially', 'impact', 'covid', '19lockdown', 'discussed', 'environment', 'thereafter', 'impact', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'discussed', 'onthe', 'health', 'students', 'researchers', 'finally', 'elearning', 'environment', 'three', 'educational', 'institutionsduring', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'discussed', 'zoom', 'google', 'classroom', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'were', 'notbeing', 'previously', 'used', 'tiet', 'manavrachna', 'international', 'school', 'respectively', 'student', 'spreferences', 'choices', 'were', 'successfully', 'identified', 'andnoted', 'three', 'institutions', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'from', 'surveys', 'seen', 'that', 'studentsof', 'three', 'educations', 'would', 'like', 'some', 'features', 'learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'daily', 'dayclassroom', 'teaching', 'manav', 'rachnainternational', 'school', 'successfully', 'identified', 'thatstudents', 'enjoyed', 'ease', 'access', 'material', 'viae', 'learning', 'tools', 'such', 'tools', 'thought', 'beincorporated', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'tiet', 'students', 'already', 'have', 'online', 'portals', 'where', 'informationis', 'updated', 'regularly', 'apart', 'from', 'tiet', 'students', 'hand', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'were', 'satisfiedwith', 'learning', 'platforms', 'being', 'used', 'during', 'thecovid', 'lockdown', 'from', 'survey', 'conducted', 'atthapar', 'institution', 'engineering', 'technology', 'wecame', 'know', 'that', 'even', 'students', 'were', 'notsatisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'practices', 'being', 'used', 'bytheir', 'institution', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'students', 'were', 'still', 'willing', 'incorporate', 'learningpractices', 'their', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education', 'fromthe', 'three', 'surveys', 'conducted', 'seen', 'that', 'themajority', 'students', 'eager', 'adopt', 'learningplatform', 'features', 'their', 'regular', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'students', 'that', 'studentsfelt', 'that', 'learning', 'platforms', 'features', 'should', 'maybe', 'integrated', 'with', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'themaximum', 'number', 'students', 'that', 'boththe', 'universities', 'preferred', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'beingprovided', 'youtube', 'links', 'preferred', 'means', 'learning', 'practice', 'during', 'covid', 'youtube', 'linksallow', 'students', 'access', 'videos', 'time', 'they', 'like', 'making', 'material', 'easily', 'accessible', 'providing', 'theflexibility', 'schedule', 'students', 'whoanswered', 'what', 'they', 'prefer', 'feature', 'online', 'education', 'supported', 'ease', 'access', 'supportedthe', 'flexibility', 'schedule', 'students', 'preferredtable', 'students', 'from', 'three', 'institutions', 'respond', 'adoption', 'learning', 'practices', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education', 'item', 'item', 'detail', 'number', 'students', 'number', 'ofmales', 'number', 'offemales', 'modeshould', 'featuresof', 'online', 'learningbe', 'adopted', 'intodaily', 'classroomteaching', 'singlechoice', 'correct', '1some', 'features', 'online', 'learningshould', 'adopted', 'indaily', 'classroom', 'teaching', '71some', 'features', 'ofonline', 'learningshould', 'maybe', 'adopted', 'indaily', 'classroomteaching', '2some', 'features', 'online', 'learningshould', 'adopted', 'dailyclassroom', 'teaching', '17114', 'data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021', '115interaction', 'personalization', 'studentsfavored', 'chat', 'call', 'option', 'microsoft', 'teamsapplication', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'atthe', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'students', 'were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'google', 'classroompractices', 'adopted', 'their', 'institution', 'manav', 'rachnainternational', 'school', 'mohali', 'students', 'weresatisfied', 'with', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'platform', 'adoptedduring', 'covid', 'platform', 'access', 'these', 'platforms', 'mobile', 'device', 'aninternet', 'connection', 'required', 'necessary', 'forthe', 'student', 'proficient', 'english', 'language', 'which', 'standard', 'default', 'language', 'manye', 'learning', 'platforms', 'there', 'million', 'internetconnections', 'india', 'making', 'second', 'largest', 'onlinemarket', 'world', 'after', 'china', 'during', 'covid19', 'lockdown', 'india', 'institutions', 'have', 'adopted', 'manye', 'learning', 'practices', 'with', 'world', 'moving', 'towardsdigitization', 'covid', 'catalyst', 'makeeducation', 'online', 'with', 'students', 'teachers', 'usingthese', 'services', 'educate', 'themselves', 'masses', 'newproblems', 'solutions', 'discovered', 'which', 'mayhelp', 'popularize', 'online', 'education', 'india', 'futurestudies', 'from', 'three', 'case', 'studies', 'choices', 'andpreferences', 'students', 'should', 'implemented', 'learning', 'platforms', 'depth', 'analysis', 'studentbehavior', 'their', 'choices', 'regarding', 'user', 'interface', 'andflexibility', 'should', 'underscored', 'new_paper'] ['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', '19testing', 'strategy', 'kuan', 'songgago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'shiqi', 'jiaogago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'qiang', 'zhugago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china', 'huitao', 'wuzhejiang', 'hangzhou', '311122', 'china', 'corresponding', 'author', 'kuan', 'song', 'ieee', '1109', '2020', '3017648abstract', 'reopen', 'economy', 'safely', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'governments', 'need', 'capability', 'proactively', 'identify', 'oftenasymptomatic', 'infections', 'well', 'contact', 'tracing', 'policymakers', 'publichealth', 'professionals', 'need', 'sampling', 'testing', 'method', 'that', 'achieve', 'broadpopulation', 'coverage', 'without', 'overwhelming', 'medical', 'workers', 'observe', 'thatcovid', 'high', 'risk', 'groups', 'located', 'hubs', 'cliques', 'social', 'network', 'formed', 'close', 'encounters', 'people', 'during', 'daily', 'life', 'these', 'individuals', 'facto', 'canary', 'coal', 'mine', 'propose', 'thatnations', 'offer', 'free', 'anonymous', 'testing', 'service', 'them', 'with', 'open', 'sourcecomputer', 'algorithms', 'datasets', 'only', 'small', 'fraction', 'populationselected', 'covid', 'testing', 'cover', 'majority', 'high', 'exposure', 'riskindividuals', 'sampled', 'testing', 'megacity', 'covers', 'entirepopulation', 'sampled', 'testing', 'rural', 'town', 'covers', 'entirepopulation', 'with', 'government', 'oversight', 'public', 'consent', 'this', 'approach', 'canserve', 'each', 'province', 'state', 'city', 'township', 'decentralized', 'daily', 'testingplanning', 'however', 'protect', 'privacy', 'recommend', 'constructing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymized', 'cellphones', 'named', 'individuals', 'thisinfrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled', 'once', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'over', 'thiscan', 'achieved', 'policymakers', 'health', 'workers', 'engineers', 'together', 'insolidarity', 'words', 'covid', 'decisions', 'under', 'risk', 'uncertainty', 'socialnetworks', 'network', 'theory', 'sampling', 'strategyproblem', 'formulationthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'putsglobal', 'governments', 'dilemma', 'before', 'social', 'distancing', 'stay', 'home', 'orders', 'rapid', 'chain', 'infectionhappened', 'strict', 'stay', 'home', 'orderssave', 'lives', 'risk', 'economicrecession', 'public', 'opinions', 'aregrowing', 'increasingly', 'polarized', 'andled', 'armed', 'protesting', 'theeconomy', 'collapses', 'nation', 'theensuing', 'mass', 'unemployment', 'andsocial', 'unrest', 'expose', 'mostfragile', 'families', 'pandemic', 'reopening', 'economy', 'safely', 'thus', 'necessary', 'public', 'health', 'policy', 'however', 'recklessly', 'looseningstay', 'home', 'policies', 'reopeningthe', 'economy', 'hard', 'nations', 'canbe', 'risky', 'asymptomatic', 'covid', '19patients', 'infect', 'others', 'offices', 'oronboard', 'public', 'transportation', 'droplets', 'aerosols', 'from', 'peopletalking', 'carry', 'virus', 'thechain', 'community', 'infection', 'goesundetected', 'grow', 'like', 'wildfire', 'hospitals', 'will', 'again', 'overwhelmedand', 'pandemic', 'becomeendemic', 'thus', 'prerequisite', 'toreopening', 'economy', 'abilityto', 'rapidly', 'identify', 'cases', 'amongthe', 'asymptomatic', 'population', 'thatenables', 'contact', 'tracing', 'communityinfection', 'subsequent', 'containinglocal', 'outbreaks', 'there', 'otherprerequisites', 'such', 'decliningnumber', 'patients', 'universalavailability', 'ppes', 'which', 'asimportant', 'will', 'discussed', 'inthis', 'study', 'that', 'gates', 'prescribed', 'adrastically', 'increase', 'nucleic', 'testingcapability', 'covid', 'ieee', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020', '63this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'meanwhile', 'harvard', 'panel', 'reportproposed', 'daily', 'proactive', 'testing', 'million', 'people', 'united', 'statesalone', 'total', 'population', 'study', 'specify', 'howthey', 'come', 'that', 'estimation', 'howgood', 'that', 'estimation', 'thechallenge', 'that', 'testing', 'capability', 'liesnot', 'only', 'production', 'anddistribution', 'test', 'kits', 'morecrucially', 'logistics', 'actualtests', 'there', 'might', 'enoughmedical', 'workers', 'techniciansin', 'conduct', 'million', 'tests', 'aday', 'peto', 'advocate', 'universalweekly', 'random', 'testing', 'theu', 'population', 'reach', 'coverage', 'that', 'translates', 'daily', 'testing', 'entire', 'population', 'this', 'huge', 'logistic', 'challenge', 'forthe', 'well', 'similar', 'randomsampling', 'schemes', 'beingdeveloped', 'india', 'however', 'none', 'these', 'testing', 'schemesmaterialized', 'since', 'their', 'conception', 'this', 'probably', 'becausegovernments', 'deem', 'them', 'impractical', 'this', 'logistical', 'challenge', 'bereadily', 'solved', 'only', 'selected0', 'sample', 'totalpopulation', 'needed', 'testeddaily', 'weekly', 'megacitiesin', 'united', 'states', 'europe', 'andchina', 'already', 'have', 'that', 'testingcapacity', 'propose', 'daily', 'testing', 'only', 'asmall', 'subset', 'asymptomaticpopulation', 'specifically', 'targeting', 'thehubs', 'cliques', 'socialnetwork', 'anonymous', 'cellphones', 'ifany', 'result', 'comes', 'back', 'positive', 'thenthe', 'people', 'around', 'them', 'need', 'furthertesting', 'contact', 'tracing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymouscellphones', 'given', 'area', 'during', 'agiven', 'time', 'period', 'consists', 'verticesand', 'links', 'vertices', 'thecellphones', 'carried', 'their', 'ownersactive', 'economy', 'linksamong', 'them', 'indicate', 'significant', 'closeencounter', 'such', 'working', 'thesame', 'office', 'living', 'same', 'house', 'sharing', 'same', 'ride', 'following', 'graph', 'illustrates', 'asimple', 'social', 'network', 'threeyoung', 'working', 'professionals', 'mary', 'giuseppe', 'work', 'smallconsulting', 'firm', 'mary', 'shares', 'herhouse', 'with', 'partner', 'jogs', 'with', 'agroup', 'people', 'theoffice', 'daily', 'giuseppe', 'shares', 'housewith', 'parents', 'siblings', 'anddrives', 'alone', 'office', 'daily', 'leelives', 'alone', 'condo', 'takes', 'metro', 'ride', 'office', 'dailywith', 'people', 'train', 'social', 'network', 'graph', 'weuse', 'denote', 'family', 'members', 'andc', 'denote', 'commuters', 'they', 'meetdaily', 'simplicity', 'assume', 'thatother', 'family', 'members', 'stay', 'strictly', 'athome', 'commuters', 'interact', 'with', 'noone', 'else', 'people', 'thisgraph', 'asymptomatic', 'given', 'such', 'social', 'network', 'should', 'administer', 'covid', '19tests', 'only', 'have', 'three', 'test', 'kitsavailable', 'every', 'what', 'about', 'twotest', 'kits', 'even', 'just', 'meager', 'onetest', 'might', 'want', 'toreserve', 'testing', 'people', 'aremost', 'exposed', 'virus', 'whohave', 'highest', 'potential', 'infectothers', 'very', 'often', 'same', 'peoplemeet', 'both', 'criteria', 'naturally', 'wewould', 'choose', 'first', 'test', 'mary', 'giuseppe', 'because', 'theyconnect', 'more', 'people', 'than', 'others', 'highest', 'exposure', 'riskbecause', 'packed', 'subway', 'ridewith', 'dozens', 'commuters', 'thus', 'should', 'test', 'only', 'testkit', 'available', 'opinion', 'eachmunicipality', 'office', 'shouldhave', 'tools', 'automaticallyanalyze', 'such', 'social', 'networksand', 'provide', 'testing', 'service', 'theindividuals', 'with', 'highest', 'exposurerisks', 'there', 'exists', 'full', 'scale', 'study', 'oncovid', 'exposure', 'individuals', 'patients', 'with', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions', 'have', 'thehighest', 'death', 'rate', 'once', 'infected', 'butnot', 'necessarily', 'highest', 'exposurechances', 'before', 'getting', 'weobserved', 'that', 'types', 'peoplemight', 'most', 'exposed', 'tocovid', 'their', 'distinctive', 'social', 'network', 'niches', 'couldfocus', 'limited', 'testing', 'capabilitieson', 'them', 'around', 'world', 'senior', 'governmentofficials', 'have', 'been', 'disproportionatelyhit', 'covid', 'list', 'includesprime', 'ministers', 'britain', 'russia', 'first', 'ladies', 'spain', 'canada', 'first', 'family', 'brazil', 'countlessministers', 'around', 'world', 'likely', 'thissituation', 'resulted', 'from', 'their', 'busy', 'dailyschedule', 'meet', 'with', 'large', 'numberof', 'people', 'often', 'internationally', 'inother', 'words', 'hubs', 'social', 'network', 'most', 'exposed', 'toinfection', 'risks', 'sense', 'they', 'arethe', 'canary', 'coal', 'mine', 'timelytesting', 'them', 'could', 'time', 'fortheir', 'local', 'communities', 'people', 'spending', 'long', 'hours', 'inclose', 'quarters', 'have', 'seen', 'horrendouslocal', 'outbreaks', 'covid', 'well', 'known', 'cases', 'include', 'thediamond', 'princess', 'theodoreroosevelt', 'kidd', 'manyhospital', 'wards', 'retirement', 'homes', 'factories', 'prisons', 'aroundthe', 'world', 'social', 'network', 'these', 'communities', 'known', 'asclique', 'because', 'each', 'member', 'iswithin', 'close', 'vicinity', 'othermembers', 'therefore', 'sociallyinterconnected', 'such', 'cliques', 'areoften', 'exposed', 'airborne', 'dropletscarrying', 'virus', 'which', 'leads', 'tounusually', 'high', 'percentages', 'localinfection', 'thus', 'goal', 'identify', 'eachgeo', 'social', 'network', 'workforceembracing', 'economic', 'reopening', 'thehub', 'clique', 'people', 'dailycovid', 'testing', 'even', 'though', 'theyare', 'asymptomatic', 'orclique', 'individual', 'turns', 'positivefor', 'covid', 'social', 'networkof', 'immediate', 'daily', 'interactioncircle', 'needs', 'tested', 'thepatients', 'quarantined', 'argue', 'thatthis', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'strategy64', 'ieee', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020for', 'covid', 'testing', 'reopenedeconomy', 'each', 'city', 'logisticalconstraints', 'testing', 'some', 'citiescan', 'afford', 'test', 'daily', 'itsworkforce', 'others', 'afford', 'test0', 'which', 'testing', 'percentage', 'issufficient', 'measuresufficiency', 'each', 'cityperform', 'rapid', 'assessment', 'daily', 'basis', 'methodology', 'andexperimentto', 'address', 'abovementionedquestions', 'conducted', 'pilot', 'studyusing', 'existing', 'social', 'network', 'tools', 'ontwo', 'real', 'world', 'social', 'networkdatasets', 'simplest', 'approach', 'tosingle', 'individuals', 'with', 'mostlinks', 'social', 'network', 'fortesting', 'problem', 'with', 'thatapproach', 'that', 'those', 'individuals', 'areoften', 'same', 'local', 'communityand', 'thus', 'have', 'highly', 'overlappedgeo', 'social', 'networks', 'example', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'working', 'thesame', 'room', 'congressmembers', 'same', 'nation', 'weconcentrate', 'testing', 'resources', 'onthem', 'will', 'miss', 'bigpicture', 'population', 'have', 'asocial', 'inequality', 'issue', 'thus', 'find', 'individualswith', 'most', 'links', 'socialnetwork', 'while', 'individuals', 'directlylinked', 'them', 'cover', 'maximumpercentage', 'population', 'thiscan', 'achieved', 'dividing', 'social', 'network', 'mega', 'cities', 'likewuhan', 'into', 'smallcommunities', 'cliques', 'thenidentify', 'each', 'community', 'unfortunately', 'mathematics', 'andcomputer', 'science', 'this', 'problem', 'isnp', 'hard', 'find', 'exact', 'optimalsolution', 'takes', 'exponentiallycomputation', 'time', 'size', 'thepopulation', 'grows', 'there', 'existheuristic', 'solutions', 'that', 'produceimperfect', 'useable', 'solutions', 'with', 'alimited', 'time', 'budget', 'these', 'solutionswere', 'developed', 'over', 'past', 'twodecades', 'just', 'analyze', 'socialnetworks', 'internet', 'traffic', 'these', 'algorithms', 'also', 'theworkhorses', 'behind', 'internet', 'searchengines', 'such', 'google', 'andmicrosoft', 'bing', 'heuristic', 'algorithms', 'examinedhere', 'developed', 'academia', 'andopen', 'source', 'also', 'share', 'crudeyet', 'simple', 'python', 'snippets', 'make', 'these', 'models', 'withreal', 'world', 'datasets', 'hope', 'that', 'thepublic', 'health', 'sector', 'integratethese', 'methods', 'without', 'hiccups', 'ourpilot', 'study', 'both', 'algorithms', 'cananalyze', 'social', 'networks', 'withmillions', 'vertices', 'people', 'severalminutes', 'linux', 'workstation', 'thisindicates', 'feasibility', 'ofdecentralized', 'operationsin', 'each', 'municipality', 'without', 'additionalcharges', 'louvain', 'algorithm', 'createdby', 'blondel', 'from', 'theuniversity', 'louvain', 'belgium', 'abottom', 'clustering', 'algorithm', 'findcommunities', 'large', 'small', 'often', 'verydifferent', 'size', 'metis', 'algorithm', 'created', 'karypisand', 'kumar', 'from', 'university', 'ofminnesota', 'enables', 'parallel', 'processing', 'partition', 'socialnetworks', 'into', 'communities', 'similarfigure', 'selecting', 'hubs', 'from', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'sizes', 'figure', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'small', 'consulting', 'company', 'proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '65the', 'first', 'dataset', 'tested', 'agoogleþ', 'social', 'network', 'dataset', 'including', 'people', '673453', 'links', 'among', 'them', 'averageeach', 'person', 'connected', '127others', 'this', 'number', 'comparable', 'tothe', 'number', 'people', 'workingprofessional', 'meets', 'daily', 'busymetropolis', 'using', 'publictransportation', 'denselyconnected', 'network', 'second', 'dataset', 'tested', 'isan', 'internet', 'server', 'topology', 'dataset', 'originally', 'assembled', 'study', 'thetransmission', 'computer', 'viruses', 'ithas', 'vertices', 'machines', 'links', 'among', 'them', 'onaverage', 'each', 'machine', 'connectedto', 'others', 'this', 'number', 'iscomparable', 'number', 'peoplea', 'working', 'professional', 'meets', 'daily', 'small', 'town', 'without', 'using', 'publictransportation', 'sparselyconnected', 'network', 'clear', 'assume', 'thatcovid', 'transmits', 'along', 'with', 'cyber', 'social', 'networks', 'consider', 'twodatasets', 'previously', 'because', 'theyhave', 'network', 'structures', 'similar', 'togeo', 'social', 'networks', 'workforce', 'which', 'close', 'range', 'physicalinteractions', 'daily', 'reopenedeconomy', 'study', 'designed', 'followingfour', 'steps', 'first', 'partition', 'thenetwork', 'datasets', 'into', 'clustersusing', 'metis', 'algorithm', 'thelouvain', 'algorithm', 'then', 'eachcluster', 'single', 'individualswho', 'have', 'most', 'connectionswithin', 'cluster', 'total', 'haveuk', 'individuals', 'chosen', 'covid', '19testing', 'simpler', 'baseline', 'choice', 'single', 'individualswith', 'most', 'connection', 'links', 'thecomplete', 'social', 'network', 'weadopted', 'value', 'parameter', 'asthe', 'total', 'number', 'individuals', 'sdivided', '1000', 'this', 'total', 'amount', 'individuals', 'chosen', 'will', 'percentage', 'totalpopulation', 'evaluation', 'metric', 'isthe', 'coverage', 'tested', 'individuals', 'defined', 'number', 'individualsimmediately', 'linked', 'testedindividuals', 'divided', 'totalnumber', 'individuals', 'four', 'stepsare', 'illustrated', 'figure', 'using', 'thesample', 'described', 'figure', 'findingsthe', 'following', 'tables', 'list', 'thecoverage', 'rates', 'from', 'three', 'differentalgorithms', 'real', 'worlddatasets', 'they', 'tell', 'extenthow', 'well', 'social', 'networksampling', 'testing', 'cover', 'thepopulation', 'reopened', 'economy', 'coverage', 'percentages', 'arecalculated', 'percentage', 'ofpeople', 'close', 'contacts', 'withthe', 'covid', 'test', 'subjects', 'thegeneral', 'population', 'both', 'datasets', 'samplingpercentages', 'metis', 'algorithmsteadily', 'outperforms', 'other', 'algorithmsin', 'terms', 'coverage', 'rate', 'this', 'doesnot', 'indicate', 'that', 'louvainalgorithm', 'inferior', 'designedto', 'identify', 'natural', 'lookingsubcommunities', 'large', 'small', 'itsmost', 'suitable', 'would', 'tovisualize', 'trace', 'local', 'communitytransmission', 'densely', 'connected', 'googleþdataset', 'indeed', 'running', 'asimulation', 'busy', 'urban', 'life', 'such', 'asthat', 'wuhan', 'results', 'listedin', 'table', 'indicates', 'that', 'metisalgorithm', 'used', 'sample', 'thepopulation', 'effectively', 'representtable', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'samplingtest', 'skitter', 'dataset', 'table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'samplingtest', 'googleþ', 'dataset', 'ieee', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020an', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'of74', 'population', 'sampling2', 'population', 'caneffectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'thepopulation', 'beyond', 'sampling', 'extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'work', 'offermarginal', 'benefit', 'sparsely', 'connected', 'skitterdataset', 'indeed', 'running', 'asimulation', 'quiet', 'small', 'town', 'lifesuch', 'that', 'ithaca', 'upstate', 'orsuifenhe', 'china', 'results', 'listed', 'intable', 'indicates', 'that', 'metisalgorithm', 'used', 'sample', 'thepopulation', 'effectively', 'representan', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'of51', 'population', 'sampling3', 'population', 'caneffectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage', 'thepopulation', 'beyond', 'sampling', 'extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'work', 'offermarginal', 'benefit', 'discussionsin', 'summary', 'study', 'shows', 'that', 'ahighly', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'testing', 'andtracing', 'scheme', 'achieved', 'byconstructing', 'social', 'network', 'city', 'township', 'safeguarding', 'theeconomy', 'reopening', 'busier', 'thecity', 'smaller', 'percentage', 'weneed', 'test', 'covid', 'weestimate', 'that', 'monitorcovid', 'transmission', 'covering', 'themajority', 'population', 'this', 'notto', 'that', 'sampling', 'keepcovid', 'from', 'happening', 'rathera', 'realistic', 'managed', 'occurrencelive', 'with', 'covid', 'approach', 'alsoarguably', 'this', 'also', 'importantas', 'universal', 'wearing', 'masks', 'asppe', 'this', 'pilot', 'study', 'assumes', 'that', 'social', 'network', 'dataset', 'each', 'city', 'township', 'constructed', 'everyday', 'indeed', 'only', 'with', 'publicconsensus', 'governmentoversight', 'cellphones', 'currentlyproduce', 'multiple', 'location', 'trackingdata', 'streams', 'includingtelecommunication', 'tracking', 'operating', 'system', 'tracking', 'mapapi', 'based', 'tracking', 'each', 'nation', 'cellphone', 'service', 'providersacquire', 'coarse', 'resolution', 'trackingdata', 'streams', 'triangulation', 'of3g', 'base', 'stations', 'operatingsystem', 'tracking', 'data', 'stream', 'exists', 'ineach', 'android', 'phone', 'iphone', 'asan', 'essential', 'service', 'integratinggps', 'wifi', 'signals', 'addition', 'most', 'cellphone', 'apps', 'themarket', 'call', 'various', 'precision', 'location', 'service', 'apis', 'from', 'googlemap', 'amap', 'bing', 'maps', 'baidu', 'maps', 'here', 'maps', 'tencent', 'maps', 'forlocation', 'upon', 'that', 'trackingcomputes', 'signal', 'alongwith', 'wifi', 'current', 'datarecords', 'link', 'location', 'each', 'uniquecellphone', 'individualpersons', 'these', 'data', 'records', 'arehighly', 'confidential', 'literallyguarded', 'laws', 'like', 'europeangdpr', 'against', 'wanton', 'usage', 'societies', 'already', 'embraced', 'some', 'oftheir', 'usages', 'real', 'time', 'such', 'asgoogle', 'traffic', 'alert', 'hence', 'ageo', 'social', 'network', 'anonymouscellphones', 'quickly', 'computedout', 'existing', 'data', 'streams', 'with', 'theright', 'permission', 'clearance', 'thisstudy', 'does', 'advocate', 'collectingcellphone', 'location', 'data', 'with', 'personalids', 'social', 'network', 'could', 'beconstructed', 'through', 'anotherprocess', 'arguably', 'less', 'intrusive', 'google', 'apple', 'developing', 'abluetooth', 'contact', 'alert', 'service', 'tell', 'user', 'whether', 'herphone', 'within', 'bluetoothdistance', 'covid', 'patient', 'sphone', 'recently', 'however', 'thisfeature', 'only', 'valid', 'everyoneturns', 'bluetooth', 'thus', 'maynot', 'eventually', 'work', 'this', 'effort', 'largely', 'died', 'with', 'location', 'data', 'sitting', 'idle', 'with', 'thetelecommunication', 'service', 'providersand', 'tech', 'giants', 'general', 'public', 'national', 'governments', 'wantto', 'discuss', 'decide', 'whether', 'notto', 'make', 'during', 'pandemic', 'people', 'have', 'valid', 'reasonsto', 'worry', 'about', 'privacy', 'theseare', 'normal', 'times', 'safe', 'andmoral', 'usages', 'this', 'data', 'flow', 'requiremandatory', 'erasure', 'allpersonal', 'details', 'from', 'dataset', 'andrender', 'anonymous', 'except', 'tooneself', 'example', 'only', 'citizenhim', 'herself', 'know', 'that', 'ahub', 'social', 'network', 'wants', 'show', 'work', 'withoutendangering', 'coworkers', 'sheneeds', 'have', 'free', 'covid', 'test', 'when', 'patient', 'test', 'comes', 'backpositive', 'then', 'people', 'arecent', 'interaction', 'with', 'havethe', 'right', 'notified', 'theirphones', 'automatic', 'contact', 'tracingcan', 'done', 'with', 'technology', 'insteadof', 'spreading', 'thin', 'medicalworkforce', 'field', 'when', 'thepandemic', 'about', 'fullyeliminated', 'this', 'time', 'infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantledso', 'abused', 'peacetime', 'find', 'logistically', 'feasible', 'forlocal', 'facilities', 'operate', 'dailyroutine', 'first', 'every', 'night', 'locallocational', 'data', 'flows', 'from', 'eithertelecommunication', 'providers', 'techgiants', 'used', 'construct', 'social', 'network', 'previous', 'residents', 'identified0', 'hubs', 'that', 'network', 'wakeup', 'next', 'morning', 'with', 'textmessage', 'notification', 'quick', 'testbefore', 'showing', 'work', 'testingcapacities', 'vary', 'from', 'region', 'region', 'some', 'developed', 'nations', 'might', 'affordto', 'test', 'them', 'every', 'developingnations', 'might', 'afford', 'test', 'once', 'aweek', 'either', 'helps', 'further', 'alleviate', 'pressure', 'onlogistics', 'nations', 'consider', 'arecent', 'practice', 'wuhan', 'china', 'during', '2020', 'nasal', 'swabs', 'from', 'multiple', 'personsfrom', 'same', 'neighborhood', 'aremixed', 'into', 'testing', 'this', 'isknown', 'pooled', 'testing', 'reduceslogistics', 'pressure', 'testing', 'even', 'compared', 'toproactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '67conducting', 'test', 'eachindividual', 'united', 'states', 'theimportance', 'pooled', 'testing', 'justgaining', 'recognition', 'yetimplemented', 'masse', 'pooled', 'testing', 'socialnetwork', 'sampling', 'boost', 'eachother', 'many', 'ways', 'first', 'each', 'batchin', 'pooled', 'testing', 'consist', 'ofindividuals', 'from', 'same', 'clique', 'ofthe', 'social', 'network', 'because', 'theyshare', 'similar', 'risks', 'infection', 'second', 'when', 'testing', 'resources', 'arevery', 'scarce', 'pooled', 'testing', 'ofselected', 'hubs', 'socialnetwork', 'highly', 'efficient', 'third', 'tracing', 'infection', 'chains', 'beachieved', 'with', 'social', 'networksafter', 'pooled', 'testing', 'another', 'possibility', 'improve', 'thisapproach', 'integrate', 'infectionrate', 'population', 'groups', 'into', 'social', 'network', 'vanilla', 'socialnetwork', 'measure', 'chance', 'ofexposure', 'infection', 'whenmultiplied', 'infection', 'rate', 'agegroups', 'measure', 'chance', 'ofinfection', 'around', 'world', 'pilot', 'experimentson', 'locational', 'tracking', 'fight', 'thepandemic', 'sprouting', 'examplein', 'israel', 'south', 'korea', 'andchina', 'china', 'alibaba', 'andtencent', 'scrambled', 'work', 'withgovernment', 'oversight', 'creatinglocation', 'based', 'health', 'checkup', 'appsstarting', 'late', 'january', '2020', 'theinitial', 'version', 'went', 'online', 'february11', 'after', 'weeks', 'intensivedevelopment', 'only', 'tracelocation', 'down', 'city', 'blocks', 'tellthe', 'user', 'whether', 'they', 'have', 'been', 'tocovid', 'zones', 'past', '14days', 'majority', 'chinesepublic', 'chose', 'adopt', 'thisinfrastructure', 'along', 'with', 'othermeasures', 'such', 'universal', 'mask', 'wearing', 'quarantines', 'itcontributed', 'significantly', 'thechinese', 'effort', 'containing', 'andalmost', 'total', 'elimination', 'covid', 'this', 'effort', 'released', 'openly', 'itstechnical', 'whitepapers', '2020', 'however', 'time', 'beingthere', 'reported', 'effort', 'usethat', 'infrastructure', 'proactivenucleic', 'antibody', 'testing', 'thegeneral', 'public', 'april', 'science', 'magazinerecently', 'called', 'utilization', 'ofmobile', 'phone', 'data', 'modeling', 'andcontact', 'tracing', 'gradually', 'policymakers', 'scientists', 'andengineers', 'globally', 'coming', 'torealize', 'that', 'data', 'from', 'mobile', 'phonescan', 'help', 'them', 'combat', 'covid', 'isimportant', 'that', 'peoples', 'aware', 'ofthis', 'option', 'debate', 'about', 'andmake', 'decision', 'their', 'nation', 'know', 'long', 'thispandemic', 'lasts', 'cango', 'therefore', 'options', 'should', 'stayon', 'table', 'epicenters', 'thepandemic', 'government', 'might', 'want', 'tointegrate', 'possible', 'measurestogether', 'turn', 'tide', 'against', 'thepandemic', 'this', 'pilot', 'study', 'baby', 'step', 'tointroduce', 'field', 'public', 'healththe', 'importance', 'social', 'networkanalyses', 'have', 'already', 'seen', 'theuse', 'traditional', 'modeling', 'forinfectious', 'diseases', 'since', 'onset', 'ofthe', 'pandemic', 'modelsassume', 'equal', 'infection', 'risk', 'allindividuals', 'thus', 'insufficientalone', 'social', 'network', 'analysesprovide', 'insights', 'into', 'exposure', 'risks', 'ofeach', 'individual', 'thus', 'beintegrated', 'into', 'models', 'fors', 'modeling', 'assume', 'thateveryone', 'equal', 'immunity', 'ourmodel', 'because', 'limited', 'data', 'ifpossible', 'collect', 'more', 'detailedinformation', 'about', 'individuals', 'wehope', 'improve', 'modelconsidering', 'covariates', 'affectingpersonal', 'immunity', 'battle', 'thepandemic', 'potentially', 'endemiccovid', 'planetary', 'challenge', 'interdisciplinary', 'teamwork', 'amongepidemiologists', 'computer', 'scientistsand', 'data', 'scientists', 'lawmakers', 'isneeded', 'hope', 'modelrevised', 'applied', 'policies', 'andday', 'operations', 'modelingcan', 'only', 'tell', 'much', 'politics', 'doesthe', 'rest', 'bottom', 'line', 'againstdystopian', 'location', 'data', 'toconstruct', 'social', 'network', 'ofanonymous', 'cellphones', 'peoplewithout', 'privacy', 'make', 'this', 'serviceinstead', 'surveillance', 'thisservice', 'should', 'only', 'temporaryduring', 'pandemic', 'planet', 'afterthe', 'pandemic', 'does', 'needgeoslavery', 'contributorsconceptualization', 'programming', 'analysis', 'writing', 'acknowledgmentthe', 'authors', 'would', 'like', 'thank', 'deng', 'jiang', 'andk', 'dong', 'many', 'rounds', 'fruitfuldiscussions', 'open', 'access', 'forthis', 'article', 'provided', 'gagoinc', 'beijing', 'china', 'new_paper'] ['received', '2020', 'accepted', 'june', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'june', '2020', 'date', 'current', 'version', 'july', '2020', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'access', '2020', '3003810iteratively', 'pruned', 'deep', 'learning', 'ensemblesfor', 'covid', 'detection', 'chest', 'rayssivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'member', 'ieee', 'jenifer', 'siegelman2', 'philip', 'alderson3', 'lucas', 'folio4', 'folio6', 'sameer', 'antani', 'senior', 'member', 'ieee', '1lister', 'hill', 'national', 'center', 'biomedical', 'communications', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'bethesda', '20894', 'usa2takeda', 'pharmaceuticals', 'cambridge', '02139', 'usa3school', 'medicine', 'saint', 'louis', 'university', 'louis', '63104', 'usa4functional', 'applied', 'biomechanics', 'section', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20892', 'usa5walt', 'whitman', 'high', 'school', 'bethesda', '20817', 'usa6radiological', 'imaging', 'sciences', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20894', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'this', 'work', 'supported', 'intramural', 'research', 'program', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'national', 'institutesof', 'health', 'abstract', 'demonstrate', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'ensembles', 'detectingpulmonary', 'manifestations', 'covid', 'with', 'chest', 'rays', 'this', 'disease', 'caused', 'novel', 'severeacute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'virus', 'also', 'known', 'novel', 'coronavirus', '2019', 'ncov', 'custom', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'aretrained', 'evaluated', 'patient', 'level', 'publicly', 'available', 'collections', 'learn', 'modality', 'specificfeature', 'representations', 'learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'fine', 'tuned', 'improve', 'performanceand', 'generalization', 'related', 'task', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'orcovid', 'viral', 'abnormalities', 'best', 'performing', 'models', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'complexity', 'andimprove', 'memory', 'efficiency', 'predictions', 'best', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'combined', 'throughdifferent', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance', 'empirical', 'evaluations', 'demonstrate', 'thatthe', 'weighted', 'average', 'best', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'significantly', 'improves', 'performance', 'resulting', 'inan', 'accuracy', 'area', 'under', 'curve', '9972', 'detecting', 'covid', 'findings', 'cxrs', 'thecombined', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learningresulted', 'improved', 'predictions', 'expect', 'that', 'this', 'model', 'quickly', 'adopted', 'covid', 'screeningusing', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'deep', 'learning', 'ensemble', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'introductionnovel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'covid', 'causedby', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndromecoronavirus', 'sars', 'that', 'originated', 'wuhan', 'inthe', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'declared', 'break', 'pandemic', 'march', '2020', 'disease', 'israpidly', 'affecting', 'worldwide', 'population', 'with', 'statistics', 'quicklyfalling', 'date', 'april', '2020', 'there', 'over1', 'million', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reported', 'globally', 'with', 'over100', 'reported', 'deaths', 'lung', 'disease', 'that', 'causes', 'difficultyin', 'breathing', 'been', 'reported', 'early', 'indicator', 'alongwith', 'hyperthermia', 'covid', 'infected', 'population', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'this', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'victor', 'hugo', 'albuquerque', 'lung', 'abnormalities', 'caused', '2019', 'ncov', 'virusesare', 'observed', 'peripheral', 'hilar', 'visually', 'similar', 'often', 'distinct', 'from', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'other', 'bacterialpathogens', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'tests', 'performed', 'detect', 'presence', 'ofthe', 'virus', 'considered', 'gold', 'standard', 'diagnosecovid', 'infection', 'however', 'they', 'reported', 'havevariable', 'sensitivity', 'some', 'geographic', 'regions', 'notbe', 'widely', 'available', 'while', 'currently', 'recommendedas', 'primary', 'diagnostic', 'tools', 'chest', 'rays', 'cxrs', 'puted', 'tomography', 'scans', 'have', 'been', 'used', 'screen', 'forcovid', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'disease', 'progression', 'inhospital', 'admitted', 'cases', 'while', 'chest', 'offers', 'greatersensitivity', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'there', 'several', 'challengesto', 'these', 'include', 'portability', 'requirementvolume', '2020', 'this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '115041s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsfigure', 'graphical', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'sanitize', 'room', 'equipment', 'between', 'patients', 'followedby', 'delay', 'least', 'hour', 'risk', 'exposingthe', 'hospital', 'staff', 'other', 'patients', 'persons', 'underinvestigation', 'puis', 'virus', 'although', 'sensitive', 'portable', 'cxrs', 'considered', 'acceptable', 'alternative', 'since', 'puis', 'imaged', 'more', 'isolated', 'rooms', 'limiting', 'personnel', 'exposure', 'because', 'sanitation', 'muchless', 'complex', 'obtain', 'than', 'with', 'automated', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'cadx', 'toolsdriven', 'automated', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'methodsdesigned', 'detect', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'related', 'racic', 'abnormalities', 'should', 'highly', 'valuable', 'given', 'heavyburden', 'infected', 'patients', 'this', 'especially', 'important', 'inlocations', 'with', 'insufficient', 'availability', 'radiologicalexpertise', 'cxrs', 'produce', 'fast', 'high', 'throughput', 'triage', 'suchas', 'mass', 'casualty', 'automated', 'approaches', 'once', 'vali', 'dated', 'have', 'been', 'shown', 'reduce', 'inter', 'intra', 'observervariability', 'radiological', 'assessments', 'additionally', 'cadx', 'tools', 'have', 'gained', 'immense', 'significance', 'clinicalmedicine', 'supplementing', 'medical', 'decision', 'making', 'andimproving', 'screening', 'diagnostic', 'accuracy', 'these', 'toolscombine', 'elements', 'radiological', 'image', 'processing', 'withcomputer', 'vision', 'identifying', 'typical', 'disease', 'manifesta', 'tions', 'localizing', 'suspicious', 'regions', 'interest', 'present', 'recent', 'advances', 'machine', 'learning', 'particularlydata', 'driven', 'deep', 'learning', 'methods', 'using', 'convolutionalneural', 'networks', 'cnns', 'have', 'shown', 'promising', 'performancein', 'identifying', 'classifying', 'quantifying', 'disease', 'patternsin', 'medical', 'images', 'this', 'particularly', 'true', 'scansand', 'cxrs', 'these', 'models', 'learn', 'hierarchical', 'featurerepresentations', 'from', 'medical', 'images', 'analyze', 'typicaldisease', 'manifestations', 'localize', 'suspicious', 'densities', 'forroi', 'evaluation', 'this', 'study', 'highlight', 'benefits', 'offered', 'through', 'theuse', 'ensemble', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'towarddistinguishing', 'cxrs', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'relatedopacities', 'from', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'normals', 'using', 'licly', 'available', 'collections', 'shows', 'graphi', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'shows', 'instancesof', 'cxrs', 'being', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'related', 'pneumonia', 'custom', 'selection', 'pretrained', 'trained', 'large', 'scale', 'selection', 'cxrs', 'learncxr', 'modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'learnedknowledge', 'then', 'transferred', 'fine', 'tuned', 'classify', 'thenormal', 'abnormal', 'cxrs', 'leverage', 'benefits', 'ofmodality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'andfigure', 'cxrs', 'showing', 'clear', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumoniamanifesting', 'consolidations', 'right', 'upper', 'lobe', 'retro', 'cardiacleft', 'lower', 'lobe', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infection', 'manifesting', 'asperipheral', 'opacities', 'left', 'lung', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'improverobustness', 'generalization', 'inference', 'capability', 'dlmodel', 'remainder', 'manuscript', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'discusses', 'prior', 'works', 'section', 'discussesthe', 'datasets', 'methods', 'used', 'toward', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learn', 'section', 'elaborates', 'results', 'obtained', 'andsection', 'concludes', 'study', 'with', 'discussion', 'meritsand', 'limitations', 'proposed', 'approach', 'future', 'workdirections', 'prior', 'worka', 'covid', 'detectiona', 'study', 'literature', 'reveals', 'several', 'efforts', 'forcovid', 'screening', 'authors', 'distinguishedcovid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'from', 'that', 'otherviral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'scans', 'with', 'high', 'specificity', 'observed', 'that', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'found', 'beperipherally', 'distributed', 'with', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'vascular', 'thickening', 'authors', 'establisheda', 'publicly', 'available', 'collection', 'scans', 'showingcovid', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'trained', 'deepcnn', 'achieve', 'score', 'classifying', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'authors', 'used', 'customized', 'pretrainedalexnet', 'model', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'showingcovid', 'pneumonia', 'with', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'authors', 'used', 'resnet', 'toclassify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumo', 'manifestations', 'cxrs', 'achieved', 'accuracy', 'of98', 'score', 'cxrs', 'also', 'commonlyanalyzed', 'diagnose', 'differentiate', 'other', 'types', 'pneumo', 'including', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'authors', 'proposed', 'custom', 'modelthat', 'designed', 'combining', 'manual', 'design', 'prototyp', 'with', 'machine', 'driven', 'designing', 'approach', 'classifycxrs', 'normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'covid', '19pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'with', 'accuracy', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transferwith', 'limited', 'amounts', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'data', 'traditional', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategies', 'offer', 'promise', 'where', 'learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'fine', 'tuned', 'to115042', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsimprove', 'performance', 'however', 'unique', 'challenges', 'posedin', 'appearance', 'medical', 'images', 'including', 'highinter', 'class', 'similarity', 'intra', 'class', 'variance', 'lead', 'tomodel', 'bias', 'overfitting', 'resulting', 'reduced', 'perfor', 'mance', 'generalization', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviatedthrough', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'retrainingcnn', 'models', 'large', 'image', 'collection', 'learnmodality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'modality', 'specificmodel', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'ensembles', 'havedemonstrated', 'superior', 'disease', 'localization', 'compared', 'toindividual', 'constituent', 'models', 'model', 'pruningto', 'alleviate', 'burdens', 'from', 'computing', 'resources', 'modelscan', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'inference', 'cost', 'facilitatedeployment', 'resource', 'conditions', 'with', 'loss', 'evenimprovement', 'performance', 'reed', 'performed', 'model', 'pruning', 'decrease', 'computational', 'complexity', 'hassibi', 'deleted', 'network', 'parameters', 'leveragingthe', 'second', 'derivative', 'term', 'taylor', 'series', 'improvedmodel', 'generalization', 'authors', 'found', 'that', 'theearlier', 'layers', 'neural', 'networks', 'have', 'activationsthat', 'effectively', 'excluded', 'from', 'network', 'withoutaffecting', 'model', 'performance', 'they', 'proposed', 'iterativeoptimization', 'method', 'gradually', 'eliminate', 'neurons', 'withthe', 'least', 'activations', 'toward', 'reducing', 'memory', 'powerrequirements', 'promoting', 'faster', 'model', 'inference', 'whenapplied', 'medical', 'imaging', 'authors', 'proposed', 'agenetic', 'algorithm', 'based', 'pathway', 'evolution', 'strategy', 'prunedl', 'models', 'this', 'resulted', 'reduction', 'networkparameters', 'improved', 'mass', 'classification', 'performancein', 'breast', 'mammograms', 'systematic', 'weight', 'pruning', 'strat', 'used', 'prune', 'yolo', 'model', 'based', 'pneu', 'monia', 'detector', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'showingpneumonia', 'like', 'manifestations', 'using', 'radiological', 'soci', 'north', 'america', 'rsna', 'collection', 'however', 'there', 'room', 'further', 'research', 'this', 'area', 'ensemble', 'classificationcnns', 'linear', 'models', 'that', 'learn', 'complex', 'relationshipsfrom', 'data', 'through', 'error', 'backpropagation', 'stochasticoptimization', 'making', 'them', 'highly', 'sensitive', 'random', 'weightinitializations', 'statistical', 'noise', 'present', 'trainingdata', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviated', 'ensemble', 'learningby', 'training', 'multiple', 'models', 'combining', 'their', 'predictionswhere', 'individual', 'model', 'weaknesses', 'offset', 'thepredictions', 'other', 'models', 'combined', 'predictions', 'shownto', 'superior', 'individual', 'models', 'there', 'severalensemble', 'strategies', 'reported', 'literature', 'including', 'maxvoting', 'simple', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'boosting', 'blending', 'others', 'that', 'shown', 'minimize', 'varianceerror', 'improve', 'generalization', 'performance', 'cnnmodels', 'applied', 'cxrs', 'authors', 'leveraged', 'ensemble', 'models', 'towardimproving', 'detection', 'cxrs', 'averaging', 'ensembleof', 'pretrained', 'cnns', 'used', 'authors', 'towardimproving', 'cardiomegaly', 'detection', 'using', 'cxrs', 'table', 'dataset', 'characteristics', 'numerator', 'denominator', 'denotesthe', 'number', 'train', 'test', 'data', 'respectively', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'unknown', 'type', 'bacterial', 'proven', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'materials', 'methodsa', 'data', 'collection', 'preprocessingtable', 'shows', 'distribution', 'cxrs', 'across', 'differentcategories', 'used', 'following', 'four', 'publicly', 'availablecxr', 'collections', 'this', 'retrospective', 'analysis', 'pediatric', 'dataset', 'authors', 'collected', 'from', 'guangzhou', 'women', 'andchildren', 'medical', 'center', 'guangzhou', 'china', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'cxrs', 'children', 'from', 'years', 'ofage', 'showing', 'normal', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'andnon', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'curatedthe', 'collection', 'remove', 'quality', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'rsna', 'dataset', 'this', 'multi', 'expert', 'curated', 'dataset', 'includes', 'images', 'from', 'thenational', 'institutes', 'health', 'dataset', 'dataset', 'released', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detec', 'tion', 'challenge', 'organized', 'jointly', 'rsna', 'thecollection', 'includes', 'normal', 'cxrs', 'abnormal', 'images', 'withnon', 'pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'like', 'opacities', 'imagesare', 'made', 'available', '1024', '1024', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'dicomformat', 'twitter', 'covid', 'dataseta', 'cardiothoracic', 'radiologist', 'from', 'spain', 'made', 'available', 'acollection', 'cxrs', 'with', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'injfif', 'format', 'twitter', 'sars', 'positive', 'subjects', 'https', 'twitter', 'chestimaging', 'montreal', 'covid', 'dataset', 'publicly', 'available', 'periodically', 'updated', 'github', 'repositorythat', 'includes', 'covid', 'cases', 'other', 'pulmonaryviral', 'disease', 'manifestations', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'supine', 'views', 'april', '2020', 'repository', 'had179', 'cxrs', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'performed', 'patient', 'level', 'splits', 'these', 'collectionsto', 'allocate', 'training', 'testing', 'ferent', 'stages', 'learning', 'discussed', 'this', 'study', 'domly', 'allocated', 'training', 'data', 'validate', 'dlmodels', 'ground', 'truth', 'test', 'comprisingof', 'cxrs', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacitiesis', 'verification', 'publicly', 'identified', 'cases', 'fromexpert', 'radiologists', 'annotated', 'test', 'lung', 'segmentationwhile', 'mild', 'covid', 'cases', 'mimic', 'common', 'upperrespiratory', 'viral', 'infections', 'advanced', 'disease', 'results', 'involume', '2020', '115043s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrsfigure', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'showing', 'based', 'maskgeneration', 'lung', 'cropping', 'figure', 'architecture', 'customized', 'model', 'input', 'conv', 'convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation', 'normal', 'predictions', 'abnormal', 'predictions', 'respiratory', 'dysfunction', 'principal', 'cause', 'fortriggering', 'mortality', 'developing', 'solutions', 'detectingthe', 'disease', 'important', 'guard', 'them', 'against', 'irrelevantfeatures', 'that', 'could', 'severely', 'affect', 'reliable', 'decision', 'making', 'this', 'study', 'performed', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmen', 'tation', 'segment', 'lung', 'pixels', 'from', 'background', 'used', 'with', 'gaussian', 'dropout', 'layers', 'added', 'tothe', 'encoder', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'empiricallydetermined', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'illustrates', 'thesegmentation', 'steps', 'performed', 'this', 'study', 'used', 'collection', 'cxrs', 'with', 'lung', 'masks', 'from', 'train', 'model', 'generate', 'lung', 'masks', 'of256', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'aforementioned', 'datasets', 'used', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'monitor', 'performance', 'andstored', 'only', 'best', 'model', 'weights', 'generate', 'final', 'lungmasks', 'these', 'masks', 'then', 'superimposed', 'cxrimages', 'crop', 'them', 'bounding', 'containing', 'lungpixels', 'cropped', 'lungs', 'resized', 'pixel', 'reso', 'lution', 'lung', 'crops', 'further', 'preprocessed', 'performingpixel', 'rescaling', 'median', 'filtering', 'noise', 'removal', 'edgepreservation', 'normalization', 'mean', 'standardization', 'foridentical', 'feature', 'distribution', 'preprocessed', 'lung', 'crops', 'areused', 'model', 'training', 'evaluation', 'different', 'stages', 'oflearning', 'discussed', 'this', 'study', 'models', 'computational', 'resourceswe', 'evaluated', 'performance', 'customized', 'anda', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'inception', 'xception', 'inceptionresnet', 'mobilenet', 'densenet', 'nasnet', 'mobile', 'customized', 'linear', 'stack', 'strided', 'separableconvolution', 'layers', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'adense', 'layer', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'archi', 'tecture', 'custom', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'useddropout', 'reduce', 'issues', 'model', 'overfitting', 'viding', 'restricted', 'regularization', 'improving', 'generalizationby', 'reducing', 'model', 'sensitivity', 'specifics', 'thetraining', 'input', 'used', 'strided', 'convolutions', 'that', 'wereshown', 'improve', 'performance', 'several', 'visual', 'recognitionbenchmarks', 'compared', 'pooling', 'layers', 'separableconvolutions', 'were', 'used', 'reduce', 'model', 'parameters', 'andfigure', 'architecture', 'pretrained', 'cnns', 'input', 'pcnn', 'truncated', 'model', 'zero', 'padding', 'conv', 'convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'with', 'softmaxactivation', 'output', 'improve', 'performance', 'compared', 'conventional', 'convolutionoperations', 'number', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'filters', 'areinitialized', 'increased', 'factor', 'thesuccessive', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'used', 'filters', 'anda', 'stride', 'length', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'added', 'agap', 'layer', 'average', 'spatial', 'feature', 'dimensions', 'that', 'arefed', 'into', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation', 'used', 'talos', 'optimization', 'package', 'optimizethe', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'customized', 'cnnthat', 'include', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'optimizer', 'linearactivation', 'function', 'model', 'trained', 'evaluatedwith', 'optimal', 'parameters', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'theirrespective', 'categories', 'instantiated', 'pretrained', 'with', 'their', 'imagenetweights', 'truncated', 'them', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'following', 'layers', 'added', 'truncated', 'model', 'zero', 'padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layerwith', 'filters', '1024', 'feature', 'maps', 'layer', 'dropout', 'layer', 'with', 'empirically', 'determined', 'dropoutratio', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'customized', 'architecture', 'pretrainedmodels', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'optimized', 'following', 'hyperparameters', 'thepretrained', 'cnns', 'using', 'randomized', 'grid', 'search', 'method', 'momentum', 'regularization', 'initiallearning', 'rate', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'opti', 'mizer', 'search', 'ranges', 'were', 'initialized', 'momentum', 'regularization', 'initial', 'learning', 'rate', 'respectively', 'pretrained', 'cnns', 'were', 'retrained', 'with', 'smaller', 'weightupdates', 'improve', 'generalization', 'categorize', 'cxrsto', 'their', 'respective', 'classes', 'class', 'weights', 'were', 'used', 'duringmodel', 'training', 'penalize', 'overrepresented', 'classes', 'toprevent', 'overfitting', 'improve', 'performance', 'usedmodel', 'checkpoints', 'store', 'best', 'model', 'weights', 'furtheranalysis', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learningand', 'fine', 'tuningwe', 'performed', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'wherethe', 'customized', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models', 'areretrained', 'rsna', 'collection', 'learn', 'cxrmodality', 'specific', 'features', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'intonormal', 'abnormal', 'categories', 'rsna', 'collec', 'tion', 'includes', 'normal', 'cxrs', 'abnormal', 'images', 'contain', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'this', 'weightlayers', 'made', 'specific', 'modality', 'throughlearning', 'features', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'lungs', 'thelearned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'fine', 'tuned', 'relatedtask', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'that', 'pooled', 'from', 'pediatric', '115044', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstwitter', 'covid', 'montreal', 'covid', 'collec', 'tions', 'respectively', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumo', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'improveclassification', 'performance', 'performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'cnns', 'areinstantiated', 'truncated', 'their', 'deepest', 'convolutionallayer', 'added', 'with', 'following', 'layers', 'zero', 'padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'with', 'ters', '1024', 'feature', 'maps', 'layer', 'dropoutlayer', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation', 'themodified', 'models', 'fine', 'tuned', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'beingnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'class', 'weights', 'were', 'used', 'during', 'model', 'training', 'toaward', 'higher', 'weights', 'under', 'represented', 'class', 'reduceissues', 'class', 'imbalance', 'improve', 'generalizationand', 'performance', 'fine', 'tuning', 'performed', 'through', 'sgdoptimization', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'were', 'used', 'store', 'thebest', 'weights', 'further', 'analysis', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruningwe', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'fine', 'tuned', 'models', 'find', 'theoptimal', 'number', 'neurons', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'toreduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'with', 'loss', 'performance', 'gradually', 'eliminated', 'neurons', 'with', 'fewer', 'activationsat', 'each', 'time', 'step', 'through', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'model', 'retrain', 'used', 'average', 'percentage', 'zeros', 'apoz', 'percentage', 'zero', 'neuron', 'activations', 'observed', 'with', 'thevalidation', 'dataset', 'measure', 'rank', 'neurons', 'eachconvolutional', 'layer', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'percentage', 'ofneurons', 'with', 'highest', 'apoz', 'from', 'each', 'layer', 'each', 'timestep', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'process', 'repeateduntil', 'maximum', 'percentage', 'pruning', 'achieved', 'thebest', 'pruned', 'model', 'then', 'selected', 'from', 'collection', 'ofiteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'based', 'their', 'performance', 'withthe', 'test', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'expected', 'achievesimilar', 'better', 'performance', 'than', 'unpruned', 'models', 'withreduced', 'model', 'complexity', 'computational', 'requirements', 'algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'performed', 'this', 'study', 'isdescribed', 'below', 'learning', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensemblesthe', 'best', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'selected', 'constructthe', 'ensemble', 'improve', 'prediction', 'performance', 'gener', 'alization', 'compared', 'individual', 'constituent', 'model', 'used', 'several', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'including', 'voting', 'averaging', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'combine', 'thepredictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'stacking', 'ensemble', 'used', 'neuralnetwork', 'based', 'meta', 'learner', 'that', 'learns', 'optimally', 'bine', 'predictions', 'individual', 'pruned', 'models', 'themeta', 'learner', 'consisting', 'single', 'hidden', 'layer', 'with', 'nineneurons', 'trained', 'interpret', 'multi', 'class', 'input', 'fromthe', 'pruned', 'models', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'outputsthe', 'predictions', 'categorize', 'cxrs', 'their', 'respectiveclasses', 'algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruninginput', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'train', 'evaluate', 'base', 'models', 'store', 'thebest', 'model', 'weights2', 'while', 'percent', 'pruned', 'calculate', 'number', 'filters', 'each', 'convolu', 'tional', 'layerb', 'identify', 'delete', 'percentage', 'filters', 'eachconvolutional', 'layer', 'with', 'highest', 'average', 'centage', 'zerosc', 'retrain', 'evaluate', 'pruned', 'model', 'andstore', 'best', 'pruned', 'weightsd', 'incrementally', 'prune', 'network', 'retraining', 'eachtime', 'save', 'pruned', 'modelend', 'whilereturn', 'number', 'pruned', 'modelsg', 'visualization', 'studiesvisualizing', 'learned', 'behavior', 'models', 'adebated', 'topic', 'particularly', 'medical', 'visual', 'recognitiontasks', 'there', 'several', 'visualization', 'strategies', 'reported', 'inthe', 'literature', 'that', 'include', 'visualizing', 'overall', 'work', 'structure', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'thatperforms', 'gradient', 'manipulation', 'during', 'network', 'training', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation', 'mapping', 'grad', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'method', 'that', 'computes', 'thescores', 'given', 'image', 'category', 'concerning', 'ture', 'maps', 'deepest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'trainedmodel', 'gradients', 'that', 'flowing', 'backward', 'arepooled', 'globally', 'measure', 'importance', 'weightsin', 'decision', 'making', 'process', 'this', 'study', 'verifiedthe', 'learned', 'behavior', 'pruned', 'models', 'comparingsalient', 'with', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'from', 'experiencedradiologists', 'statistical', 'analyseswe', 'analyzed', 'model', 'performance', 'statisticalsignificance', 'different', 'stages', 'learning', 'used', 'fidence', 'intervals', 'measure', 'analyze', 'skillof', 'models', 'shorter', 'infers', 'smaller', 'marginof', 'error', 'relatively', 'precise', 'estimate', 'while', 'larger', 'ciallows', 'more', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'results', 'reducedprecision', 'computed', 'values', 'theauc', 'different', 'learning', 'stages', 'explain', 'models', 'predictive', 'performance', 'values', 'computed', 'bethe', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval', 'that', 'corresponds', 'theseparate', 'sided', 'interval', 'with', 'individual', 'coverage', 'probabil', 'ities', 'used', 'statsmodels', 'version', 'tocompute', 'measures', 'codes', 'associated', 'with', 'this', 'studyare', 'made', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs', 'volume', '2020', '115045s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'thecustom', 'pretrained', 'models', 'obtained', 'through', 'optimization', 'tools', 'momentum', 'initial', 'learning', 'rate', 'weight', 'decay', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'during', 'modality', 'specific', 'transferlearning', 'using', 'rsna', 'dataset', 'accuracy', 'sens', 'sensitivity', 'prec', 'precision', 'score', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'param', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'values', 'square', 'brackets', 'showthe', 'that', 'computed', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'intervalcorresponding', 'separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'with', 'individual', 'coverageprobabilities', 'results', 'discussionthe', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparametersobtained', 'customized', 'pretrained', 'cnns', 'withthe', 'talos', 'optimization', 'tool', 'randomized', 'grid', 'search', 'respectively', 'shown', 'table', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'throughmodality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'customized', 'andpretrained', 'cnns', 'using', 'rsna', 'dataset', 'observed', 'that', 'andinception', 'models', 'were', 'more', 'accurate', 'than', 'other', 'under', 'study', 'aforementioned', 'models', 'demonstratedpromising', 'values', 'with', 'shorter', 'hence', 'smallermargin', 'error', 'thereby', 'offering', 'precise', 'estimates', 'comparedto', 'other', 'models', 'this', 'because', 'architecture', 'depthsof', 'inception', 'models', 'optimal', 'learnthe', 'hierarchical', 'representations', 'features', 'from', 'cxrdata', 'classify', 'them', 'into', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'considering', 'score', 'that', 'give', 'balancedmeasure', 'precision', 'recall', 'aforementioned', 'modelsdelivered', 'performance', 'that', 'superior', 'other', 'models', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'models', 'target', 'tasks', 'performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledgetransfer', 'models', 'inception', 'areinstantiated', 'with', 'their', 'modality', 'specific', 'weights', 'trun', 'cated', 'their', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'appended', 'with', 'thetask', 'specific', 'heads', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achievedby', 'task', 'specific', 'models', 'toward', 'following', 'classifi', 'cation', 'tasks', 'binary', 'classification', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'asnormal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'clas', 'sification', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterialpneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'observed', 'that', 'binary', 'classification', 'task', 'allthe', 'models', 'accurate', 'however', 'leastnumber', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'multi', 'class', 'classifica', 'tion', 'observed', 'that', 'inception', 'model', 'moreaccurate', 'with', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying', 'thatit', 'least', 'margin', 'error', 'hence', 'provides', 'more', 'cise', 'estimate', 'considering', 'score', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'compared', 'tovgg', 'models', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'task', 'predictionsof', 'task', 'specific', 'models', 'andinception', 'combined', 'through', 'several', 'ensemblemethods', 'including', 'voting', 'simple', 'averaging', 'weightedaveraging', 'model', 'stacking', 'didn', 'perform', 'ensemblelearning', 'binary', 'classification', 'task', 'since', 'indi', 'vidual', 'models', 'accurate', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'multi', 'classclassification', 'with', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'beobserved', 'that', 'simple', 'average', 'models', 'predictionsis', 'more', 'accurate', 'with', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying', 'smaller', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'higherprecision', 'compared', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'consideringthe', 'score', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outper', 'formed', 'other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19viral', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'task', 'iterativelypruned', 'task', 'specific', 'models', 'and115046', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'unpruned', 'models', 'throughdifferent', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'task', 'table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'best', 'iteratively', 'prunedmodels', 'compared', 'with', 'baseline', 'unpruned', 'models', 'from', 'table', 'unpruned', 'pruned', 'inception', 'removing', 'neurons', 'with', 'thehighest', 'apoz', 'each', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'given', 'timestep', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'evaluate', 'perfor', 'mance', 'validation', 'used', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'tostore', 'best', 'pruned', 'model', 'that', 'gave', 'superior', 'performancewith', 'validation', 'process', 'repeated', 'until', 'themaximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'reached', 'thenevaluated', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'testset', 'pruned', 'model', 'that', 'achieved', 'superior', 'performancewith', 'test', 'used', 'further', 'analysis', 'table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'achievedby', 'pruned', 'models', 'that', 'baseline', 'unprunedtask', 'specific', 'models', 'shown', 'table', 'observedthat', 'pruned', 'models', 'more', 'accurate', 'than', 'their', 'unprunedcounterparts', 'considering', 'score', 'metrics', 'pruned', 'models', 'found', 'deliver', 'superior', 'perfor', 'mance', 'than', 'unpruned', 'models', 'interesting', 'notethat', 'performance', 'improvement', 'achieved', 'with', 'nificant', 'reduction', 'number', 'parameters', 'canbe', 'seen', 'number', 'parameters', 'pruned', 'model', 'reduced', 'compared', 'unprunedcounterpart', 'similarly', 'number', 'trainable', 'parametersreduced', 'pruned', 'andinception', 'models', 'respectively', 'with', 'added', 'benefit', 'offigure', 'grad', 'visualizations', 'showing', 'salient', 'detection', 'bydifferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'showing', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'with', 'annotations', 'prunedmodel', 'pruned', 'model', 'inception', 'pruned', 'model', 'bright', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'carrying', 'higher', 'importance', 'andhence', 'weights', 'categorizing', 'test', 'sample', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'category', 'performance', 'improvement', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'score', 'andmcc', 'metrics', 'compared', 'their', 'unpruned', 'counterparts', 'shows', 'results', 'performing', 'grad', 'camvisualizations', 'localize', 'salient', 'rois', 'used', 'ferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'classify', 'sample', 'test', 'into', 'thecovid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'category', 'visualizations', 'arecompared', 'with', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'provided', 'theexpert', 'radiologists', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'aredecoded', 'test', 'sample', 'dimensional', 'heat', 'maps', 'aregenerated', 'bright', 'which', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'rying', 'higher', 'importance', 'hence', 'weights', 'categorizingthe', 'test', 'sample', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infected', 'category', 'distinct', 'color', 'transitions', 'observed', 'varying', 'rangesof', 'pixel', 'importance', 'toward', 'making', 'predictions', 'salientrois', 'localized', 'superimposing', 'heat', 'maps', 'theinput', 'sample', 'observed', 'that', 'pruned', 'modelsprecisely', 'localize', 'salient', 'this', 'underscores', 'factthat', 'pruned', 'models', 'have', 'learned', 'implicit', 'rules', 'thatgeneralize', 'well', 'conform', 'experts', 'knowledge', 'aboutthe', 'problem', 'table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'metricsachieved', 'with', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'theunpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'asnormal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viralpneumonia', 'while', 'performing', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'bothunpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'predictions', 'awarded', 'theimportance', 'based', 'their', 'score', 'measures', 'thatoffer', 'balanced', 'measure', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'fromtable', 'observed', 'that', 'pruned', 'unprunedvolume', '2020', '115047s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrstable', 'comparing', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'with', 'prunedand', 'unpruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'from', 'table', 'figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'obtained', 'with', 'weighted', 'average', 'prunedensemble', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'lowed', 'models', 'this', 'regard', 'weassigned', 'weights', 'predictions', 'ofinception', 'models', 'respectively', 'observed', 'that', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensembleof', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'delivered', 'superiorperformance', 'aspects', 'shows', 'confu', 'sion', 'matrix', 'curves', 'respectively', 'obtained', 'with', 'theweighted', 'averaging', 'pruned', 'ensemble', 'metric', 'shortest', 'errormargin', 'with', 'more', 'precise', 'estimate', 'than', 'that', 'obtained', 'withthe', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering', 'score', 'andmcc', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outperformed', 'theother', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'figure', 'curves', 'showing', 'micro', 'macro', 'averaged', 'class', 'specificauc', 'obtained', 'with', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned', 'ensemble', 'conclusionthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'enormously', 'negativeimpact', 'population', 'health', 'national', 'economies', 'world', 'wide', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'often', 'been', 'suboptimal', 'serolog', 'ical', 'tests', 'have', 'been', 'widely', 'available', 'opportunity', 'toutilize', 'cxrs', 'part', 'diagnostic', 'approach', 'could', 'animportant', 'nearly', 'universally', 'available', 'tool', 'battleagainst', 'covid', 'other', 'respiratory', 'viruses', 'that', 'mightemerge', 'future', 'current', 'study', 'demonstratethat', 'this', 'done', 'applying', 'ensemble', 'findingsseen', 'cxrs', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'performed', 'with', 'alarge', 'scale', 'collection', 'with', 'diversified', 'data', 'distribu', 'tion', 'helped', 'learning', 'modality', 'specific', 'features', 'thelearned', 'feature', 'representations', 'served', 'good', 'weight', 'tialization', 'improved', 'model', 'adaptation', 'generalizationcompared', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'when', 'transferredand', 'fine', 'tuned', 'related', 'classification', 'task', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'task', 'specific', 'models', 'selectionof', 'best', 'performing', 'pruned', 'model', 'only', 'improvedprediction', 'performance', 'test', 'data', 'also', 'significantlyreduced', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'this', 'becausethere', 'redundant', 'network', 'parameters', 'neurons', 'deepmodel', 'that', 'contribute', 'improving', 'predictionperformance', 'these', 'neurons', 'with', 'lesser', 'activations', 'beidentified', 'removed', 'results', 'faster', 'smaller', 'modelwith', 'similar', 'improved', 'performance', 'than', 'unprunedmodels', 'this', 'would', 'facilitate', 'deploying', 'these', 'models', 'onbrowsers', 'mobile', 'devices', 'further', 'improved', 'performance', 'constructingensembles', 'pruned', 'models', 'empirically', 'evaluatingthe', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'awarding', 'weightsbased', 'their', 'predictions', 'observed', 'that', 'weightedaveraging', 'ensemble', 'pruned', 'models', 'outperformed', 'theother', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'performed', 'visualization', 'studies', 'validate', 'thepruned', 'model', 'localization', 'performance', 'found', 'that', 'thepruned', 'models', 'precisely', 'localized', 'salient', 'used', 'incategorizing', 'input', 'cxrs', 'their', 'expected', 'categories', '115048', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrswe', 'observe', 'that', 'combined', 'modality', 'specificknowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensem', 'learning', 'reduced', 'prediction', 'variance', 'model', 'complexity', 'promoted', 'faster', 'inference', 'performance', 'generalization', 'however', 'success', 'this', 'approach', 'controlled', 'twobroad', 'factors', 'dataset', 'size', 'inherent', 'variability', 'computational', 'resources', 'needed', 'successful', 'deploy', 'ment', 'with', 'dataset', 'size', 'specifically', 'refer', 'theminimum', 'number', 'topically', 'relevant', 'images', 'this', 'case', 'cxrs', 'with', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'that', 'distinct', 'from', 'bacte', 'rial', 'normal', 'images', 'that', 'needed', 'build', 'confidenceinto', 'ensemble', 'with', 'computational', 'resources', 'recog', 'nize', 'training', 'time', 'memory', 'constraints', 'required', 'forpracticable', 'deployment', 'however', 'cost', 'solutions', 'high', 'performance', 'computing', 'cloud', 'technologywould', 'address', 'feasibility', 'this', 'regard', 'future', 'studiescould', 'explore', 'visualizing', 'interpreting', 'learned', 'behav', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'their', 'applicationto', 'other', 'screening', 'situations', 'like', 'covid', 'detection', 'andlocalization', 'scans', 'present', 'expect', 'thatthe', 'proposed', 'approach', 'quickly', 'adapted', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'digitized', 'chest', 'radiographs', 'new_paper'] ['received', 'august', '2020', 'accepted', 'august', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'september', '2020', 'date', 'current', 'version', 'september', '2020', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'access', '2020', '3025010dl', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'covid', 'detection', 'novelapproachsadman', 'sakib', 'tahrat', 'tazrin', 'mostafa', 'fouda', 'senior', 'member', 'ieee', 'zubair', 'fadlullah', 'senior', 'member', 'ieee', 'mohsen', 'guizani', 'fellow', 'ieee', '1department', 'computer', 'science', 'lakehead', 'university', 'thunder', 'canada2department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'college', 'science', 'engineering', 'idaho', 'state', 'university', 'pocatello', '83209', 'usa3department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'faculty', 'engineering', 'shoubra', 'benha', 'university', 'cairo', '11629', 'egypt4thunder', 'regional', 'health', 'research', 'institute', 'tbrhri', 'thunder', 'canada5department', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'college', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'doha', 'qatarcorresponding', 'author', 'sadman', 'sakib', 'ssak2921', 'lakeheadu', 'this', 'work', 'supported', 'part', 'mitacs', 'accelerate', 'under', 'grant', 'it18879', 'part', 'natural', 'sciences', 'engineeringresearch', 'council', 'canada', 'nserc', 'under', 'discovery', 'grant', 'rgpin', '2020', '06260', 'abstract', 'with', 'exponentially', 'growing', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'pandemic', 'clinicianscontinue', 'seek', 'accurate', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'addition', 'virus', 'antibody', 'testing', 'modalities', 'because', 'radiographs', 'such', 'rays', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'cost', 'effective', 'widelyavailable', 'public', 'health', 'facilities', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'even', 'rural', 'clinics', 'they', 'could', 'beused', 'rapid', 'detection', 'possible', 'covid', 'induced', 'lung', 'infections', 'therefore', 'toward', 'automating', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'this', 'paper', 'propose', 'viable', 'efficient', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases', 'with', 'high', 'accuracy', 'from', 'otherabnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'unique', 'dataset', 'prepared', 'from', 'four', 'publicly', 'availablesources', 'containing', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'view', 'data', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normalcases', 'proposed', 'framework', 'leverages', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'covid', 'data', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'andgeneric', 'data', 'augmentation', 'methods', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'covid', 'infected', 'chest', 'images', 'traina', 'robust', 'model', 'training', 'data', 'consisting', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'into', 'ourcustomized', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'which', 'achieves', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'compared', 'scenario', 'without', 'data', 'augmentation', 'when', 'only', 'fewactual', 'covid', 'chest', 'image', 'samples', 'available', 'original', 'dataset', 'furthermore', 'justifyour', 'customized', 'model', 'extensively', 'comparing', 'with', 'widely', 'adopted', 'architectures', 'theliterature', 'namely', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'that', 'represent', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'hybrid', 'paradigms', 'encouragingly', 'high', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'proposal', 'implies', 'that', 'itcan', 'efficiently', 'automate', 'covid', 'detection', 'from', 'radiograph', 'images', 'provide', 'fast', 'reliable', 'evidenceof', 'covid', 'infection', 'lung', 'that', 'complement', 'existing', 'covid', 'diagnostics', 'modalities', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'deep', 'learning', 'generative', 'adversarialnetwork', 'pneumonia', 'introductionthe', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'first', 'observed', 'wuhan', 'china', 'turned', 'into', 'globalthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'this', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'covid', 'destructive', 'impact', 'well', 'being', 'particularly', 'senior', 'citizens', 'patients', 'with', 'underlyinghealth', 'conditions', 'compromised', 'immunity', 'levels', 'july', '2020', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'contributed', 'toover', 'mortalities', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'casesvolume', '2020this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'noncommercial', 'noderivatives', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '171575s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachof', 'covid', 'infection', 'critical', 'step', 'combat', 'thepandemic', 'effectively', 'detect', 'covid', 'infected', 'patientsas', 'early', 'possible', 'that', 'they', 'receive', 'appropriateattention', 'treatment', 'early', 'detection', 'covid', 'isalso', 'important', 'identify', 'which', 'patients', 'should', 'isolate', 'toprevent', 'community', 'spread', 'disease', 'however', 'considering', 'recent', 'spreading', 'trend', 'covid', 'effective', 'detection', 'remains', 'challenging', 'task', 'particularlyin', 'communities', 'with', 'limited', 'medical', 'resources', 'while', 'thereverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'test', 'kits', 'emerged', 'main', 'technique', 'covid', 'diag', 'nosis', 'chest', 'chest', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'biomarkers', 'high', 'reactive', 'protein', 'procalcitonin', 'lymphocyte', 'counts', 'elevatedinterleukin', 'interleukin', 'il10', 'also', 'beingincreasingly', 'considered', 'many', 'nations', 'diagnosisand', 'provide', 'evidence', 'more', 'severe', 'disease', 'progres', 'sion', 'depicted', 'existing', 'system', 'detectingcovid', 'using', 'aforementioned', 'virus', 'antibody', 'test', 'modalities', 'time', 'consuming', 'requires', 'additionalresources', 'approval', 'which', 'luxury', 'many', 'devel', 'oping', 'communities', 'hence', 'many', 'medical', 'centers', 'testkits', 'often', 'unavailable', 'shortage', 'kits', 'andfalse', 'negative', 'rate', 'virus', 'antibody', 'tests', 'authoritiesin', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'momentarily', 'employed', 'radiologi', 'scans', 'clinical', 'investigation', 'covid', 'figure', 'challenges', 'existing', 'system', 'research', 'focus', 'forcovid', 'screening', 'rural', 'areas', 'motivated', 'this', 'several', 'researchers', 'sourcesrecommend', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'suspectedcovid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'radiologists', 'canobserve', 'covid', 'infected', 'lung', 'characteristics', 'groundglass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'harnessing', 'invasivetechniques', 'such', 'scan', 'chest', 'however', 'isdifficult', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'inflicted', 'featuresfrom', 'those', 'community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'therefore', 'many', 'patients', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radio', 'graph', 'data', 'accurate', 'decision', 'making', 'overwhelm', 'radiologists', 'automated', 'classification', 'tech', 'nique', 'needs', 'developed', 'addition', 'radiologists', 'getinfected', 'need', 'isolate', 'that', 'impact', 'rural', 'commu', 'nities', 'with', 'limited', 'number', 'hospitals', 'radiologists', 'andcaregivers', 'moreover', 'second', 'wave', 'covid', 'isanticipated', 'fall', '2020', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'suchscenarios', 'will', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'raydevices', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infectioncontrol', 'issues', 'that', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'there', 'fore', 'depicted', 'this', 'paper', 'automate', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'developan', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'based', 'smart', 'chest', 'radiographclassification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'caseswith', 'high', 'accuracy', 'from', 'other', 'abnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'this', 'vein', 'main', 'contributions', 'thepaper', 'summarized', 'follows', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'predictive', 'analytics', 'approach', 'isemployed', 'propose', 'smart', 'automated', 'classifica', 'tion', 'framework', 'predicting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'proposed', 'deep', 'learning', 'basedchest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'frameworkconsists', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'convolutional', 'network', 'model', 'uniquely', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'from', 'multiple', 'publiclyavailable', 'sources', 'prepared', 'with', 'radiographs', 'healthy', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'reported', 'todate', 'limited', 'number', 'covid', 'instances', 'inthe', 'dataset', 'identified', 'prime', 'reason', 'train', 'bottleneck', 'deep', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'solu', 'tion', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'essentially', 'combinesa', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'model', 'with', 'several', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniquesto', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'data', 'overcome', 'thecovid', 'class', 'imbalance', 'problem', 'limiteddataset', 'availability', 'train', 'customized', 'model', 'based', 'combinedreal', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'images', 'that', 'contributes', 'tosignificantly', 'improved', 'accuracy', 'contrastwith', 'when', 'only', 'actual', 'covid', 'instances', 'inpublic', 'datasets', 'used', 'training', 'while', 'chest', 'rayis', 'regarded', 'less', 'sensitive', 'modality', 'detectingcovid', 'infection', 'lungs', 'compared', 'scansin', 'literature', 'demonstrate', 'good', 'formance', 'custom', 'model', 'identifyingcovid', 'cases', 'real', 'dataset', 'with', 'high', 'accu', 'racy', 'implying', 'that', 'approach', 'nullifies', 'needfor', 'using', 'expensive', 'scan', 'machines', 'because', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'using', 'custom', 'cnnmodel', 'much', 'higher', 'compared', 'reported', 'base', 'line', 'rigorously', 'analyze', 'computational', 'complexityof', 'dari', 'training', 'running', 'inference', 'steps', 'ofour', 'proposed', 'framework', 'analyses', 'ther', 'corroborated', 'experimental', 'results', 'reveal', 'thatour', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'leads', 'significantly', 'lowertraining', 'time', 'particularly', 'much', 'improved', 'infer', 'ence', 'time', 'which', 'crucial', 'deploying', 'trainedmodel', 'into', 'portable', 'devices', 'fast', 'reliablecovid', 'feature', 'detection', 'lung', 'radiographs', '171576', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach', 'performance', 'customized', 'model', 'isextensively', 'compared', 'with', 'state', 'cnnarchitectures', 'literature', 'depth', 'based', 'cnns', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'cnns', 'forth', 'proposalis', 'demonstrated', 'substantially', 'outperform', 'contem', 'porary', 'models', 'terms', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'surveys', 'relevant', 'research', 'work', 'regardingcovid', 'relevant', 'problem', 'tradi', 'tional', 'covid', 'detection', 'challenges', 'associated', 'with', 'itto', 'apply', 'developing', 'communities', 'discussed', 'section', 'proposed', 'input', 'representation', 'deep', 'learning', 'modelare', 'presented', 'section', 'performance', 'proposalis', 'evaluated', 'section', 'extensively', 'compared', 'with', 'thoseof', 'well', 'known', 'architectures', 'some', 'limitations', 'ofthe', 'study', 'briefly', 'explored', 'section', 'finally', 'section', 'viiconcludes', 'paper', 'related', 'workthis', 'section', 'explores', 'relevant', 'research', 'work', 'erature', 'from', 'perspectives', 'imaging', 'modalities', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'based', 'analysis', 'radiographsamples', 'imaging', 'modalities', 'covid', 'detectionmost', 'nations', 'take', 'measures', 'react', 'suddenand', 'rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'within', 'relatively', 'shortperiod', 'time', 'according', 'radiology', 'departmentshave', 'started', 'focus', 'more', 'preparedness', 'rather', 'than', 'diag', 'nostic', 'capability', 'after', 'sufficient', 'knowledge', 'gatheredregarding', 'covid', 'study', 'stated', 'resemblanceof', 'covid', 'with', 'other', 'diseases', 'caused', 'other', 'coron', 'avirus', 'variants', 'such', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'sars', 'middle', 'east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mers', 'importance', 'tracking', 'lung', 'condition', 'recov', 'ering', 'coronavirus', 'patient', 'using', 'scans', 'also', 'mentionedin', 'study', 'chest', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'were', 'highlighted', 'crucial', 'technique', 'detecting', 'covid', 'capturing', 'thebilateral', 'nodular', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'thelung', 'radiograph', 'images', 'based', 'radiograph', 'analysisthe', 'application', 'early', 'detection', 'diagnosis', 'moni', 'toring', 'developing', 'vaccines', 'covid', 'were', 'elabo', 'rately', 'discussed', 'several', 'research', 'work', 'exist', 'theliterature', 'that', 'exploited', 'various', 'deep', 'learning', 'techniques', 'data', 'demonstrate', 'reasonable', 'performance', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'earlydetection', 'covid', 'proposed', 'which', 'utilized', 'volutional', 'layers', 'perform', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'classi', 'fication', 'involving', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'while', 'model', 'reported', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'clas', 'sification', 'reconstruction', 'darkcovidnet', 'usingmultiple', 'datasets', 'indicated', 'overtraining', 'much', 'loweraccuracy', 'when', 'biased', 'test', 'data', 'presented', 'themodel', 'several', 'other', 'papers', 'applied', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'onct', 'scan', 'images', 'detect', 'monitor', 'covid', 'featuresin', 'radiograph', 'data', 'ardakani', 'employed', 'implemented', 'state', 'architec', 'tures', 'such', 'alexnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'squeezenet', 'mobilenet', 'googlenet', 'xceptionct', 'differentiate', 'between', 'covid', 'andnon', 'covid', 'cases', 'their', 'experiments', 'showed', 'that', 'deeplearning', 'could', 'considered', 'feasible', 'technique', 'iden', 'tifying', 'covid', 'from', 'radiograph', 'images', 'avoid', 'poorgeneralization', 'overfitting', 'lack', 'covid', 'ples', 'available', 'datasets', 'model', 'used', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'data', 'which', 'achieved', 'dice', 'coefficientof', 'applicability', 'covid', 'radiographdata', 'synthesis', 'confirmed', 'from', 'broader', 'spectrum', 'ofgan', 'applications', 'various', 'medical', 'data', 'according', 'thesurvey', 'survey', 'identified', 'various', 'unique', 'proper', 'ties', 'such', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'data', 'augmentation', 'image', 'image', 'translation', 'that', 'encouraged', 'researchersto', 'adopt', 'image', 'reconstruction', 'segmentation', 'detection', 'classification', 'cross', 'modality', 'synthesis', 'various', 'ical', 'applications', 'problem', 'statementwith', 'rapidly', 'surging', 'pandemic', 'demand', 'efficientcovid', 'detection', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'lack', 'ofavailability', 'covid', 'viral', 'antibody', 'test', 'kits', 'thetime', 'required', 'obtain', 'test', 'results', 'order', 'daysto', 'weeks', 'many', 'countries', 'posing', 'great', 'challenge', 'indeveloping', 'rural', 'areas', 'with', 'less', 'equipped', 'hospitals', 'clinics', 'instance', 'many', 'developing', 'countries', 'hospitals', 'donot', 'have', 'sufficient', 'covid', 'test', 'kits', 'therefore', 'theyrequire', 'assistance', 'more', 'advanced', 'medical', 'centers', 'tocollect', 'transport', 'test', 'samples', 'this', 'creates', 'tleneck', 'mass', 'testing', 'covid', 'therefore', 'meetthe', 'daily', 'demand', 'enormous', 'amount', 'test', 'cases', 'automated', 'reliable', 'complementary', 'covid', 'detec', 'tion', 'modality', 'necessary', 'particularly', 'confront', 'wave', 'pandemic', 'radiograph', 'image', 'utilization', 'forinitial', 'covid', 'screening', 'play', 'pivotal', 'role', 'areaswith', 'inadequate', 'access', 'viral', 'antibody', 'testing', 'severalstudies', 'scans', 'were', 'used', 'analyzing', 'detecting', 'tures', 'covid', 'higher', 'resolution', 'featuresof', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'lung', 'consolidation', 'comparedto', 'chest', 'images', 'however', 'infection', 'controlmatters', 'associated', 'with', 'patient', 'transport', 'suites', 'rela', 'tively', 'high', 'cost', 'procurement', 'operation', 'maintenanceof', 'equipment', 'limited', 'number', 'machinesin', 'developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'scan', 'practical', 'solu', 'tion', 'detecting', 'covid', 'other', 'hand', 'chestx', 'employed', 'identify', 'covid', 'other', 'pneu', 'monia', 'cases', 'more', 'practical', 'cost', 'effective', 'solutionbecause', 'imaging', 'equipment', 'pervasive', 'hospitalers', 'public', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'even', 'rural', 'clinics', 'evenfor', 'trained', 'radiologists', 'detecting', 'chest', 'images', 'posevolume', '2020', '171577s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachchallenges', 'distinguish', 'between', 'features', 'covid', 'andcommunity', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'moreover', 'influx', 'patients', 'into', 'hospital', 'during', 'pandemic', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radiograph', 'data', 'accurate', 'decisionmaking', 'lead', 'formidable', 'tradeoff', 'between', 'detectiontime', 'accuracy', 'that', 'overwhelm', 'radiologist', 'depart', 'ment', 'therefore', 'automated', 'classification', 'technique', 'needsto', 'designed', 'second', 'wave', 'covid', 'expectedin', 'many', 'countries', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'pandemicwill', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'devicesdue', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection', 'controlissues', 'that', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'followingsection', 'address', 'aforementioned', 'problem', 'presenta', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'effectively', 'solve', 'prob', 'figure', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'modelfor', 'data', 'augmentation', 'proposed', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'chestradiograph', 'classification', 'frameworkdeep', 'learning', 'smart', 'health', 'analytics', 'prominent', 'inter', 'disciplinary', 'field', 'that', 'merges', 'computer', 'science', 'biomedi', 'engineering', 'health', 'sciences', 'bioinformatics', 'variousmedical', 'imaging', 'devices', 'have', 'dedicated', 'image', 'signalanalysis', 'processing', 'module', 'which', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'implemented', 'provide', 'accurate', 'real', 'time', 'inferences', 'motivated', 'this', 'conceptualize', 'deeplearning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'framework', 'which', 'used', 'automating', 'covid', 'detec', 'tion', 'from', 'radiograph', 'images', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'compo', 'nents', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiology', 'images', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'adap', 'tively', 'switching', 'between', 'customized', 'architectureand', 'generic', 'data', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'such', 'zoom', 'androtation', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined', 'with', 'theactual', 'radiograph', 'data', 'build', 'robust', 'dataset', 'efficientlytraining', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'second', 'componentof', 'framework', 'custom', 'architecture', 'isdesigned', 'construct', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'carry', 'outautomated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'next', 'details', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'andcustom', 'model', 'envisioned', 'frameworkare', 'presented', 'followed', 'rigorous', 'complexity', 'analysis', 'ofthe', 'proposed', 'methodology', 'training', 'inference', 'phases', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithmhere', 'propose', 'adaptive', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'referred', 'dari', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'performs', 'demand', 'generation', 'thetic', 'images', 'triggered', 'class', 'imbalance', 'orig', 'inal', 'dataset', 'generated', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combinedwith', 'actual', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust', 'trainingdataset', 'this', 'essential', 'covid', 'context', 'whereenough', 'representative', 'samples', 'covid', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'sufficient', 'currently', 'available', 'datasets', 'dari', 'leverages', 'custom', 'model', 'depicted', 'along', 'with', 'generic', 'data', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'such', 'aszoom', 'rotation', 'model', 'invoked', 'numberof', 'samples', 'class', 'less', 'than', 'certain', 'defined', 'thresh', 'model', 'generator', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'trained', 'simultaneously', 'until', 'discriminatoris', 'unable', 'separate', 'generated', 'data', 'samples', 'from', 'theoriginal', 'ones', 'generator', 'receives', 'random', 'noise', 'inputand', 'produces', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'turn', 'receivedby', 'discriminator', 'thus', 'regarded', 'atwo', 'player', 'minimax', 'game', 'between', 'discriminative', 'model', 'generative', 'model', 'exerting', 'noisysample', 'with', 'data', 'distribution', 'input', 'generative', 'network', 'outputs', 'data', 'distributionof', 'which', 'denoted', 'supposed', 'identical', 'thatof', 'distribution', 'original', 'data', 'discriminativenetwork', 'employed', 'distinguish', 'true', 'data', 'sample', 'xwith', 'distribution', 'generated', 'sample', 'witha', 'distribution', 'then', 'this', 'adversarial', 'training', 'processcan', 'formulated', 'follows', 'ming', 'maxdv', 'customize', 'model', 'chest', 'imageaugmentation', 'follows', 'generator', 'constructed', 'witha', 'stack', 'hidden', 'layers', 'each', 'layer', 'comprises', 'denselayer', 'followed', 'leaky', 'rectified', 'linear', 'unit', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function', 'each', 'successive', 'layer', 'thegenerator', 'number', 'neuron', 'units', 'nodes', 'twicethe', 'number', 'nodes', 'preceding', 'layer', 'otherhand', 'discriminator', 'model', 'receives', 'collections', 'oforiginal', 'generated', 'radiograph', 'data', 'withcovid', 'infected', 'lung', 'images', 'here', 'inputs', 'criminator', 'where', 'each', 'represents', 'original', 'image', 'while', 'each', 'x0idenotes', 'augmented', 'chest', 'image', 'similar', 'the171578', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachgenerator', 'discriminator', 'structure', 'also', 'consists', 'ndhidden', 'layers', 'each', 'layer', 'contains', 'sequence', 'adense', 'layer', 'with', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function', 'dropout', 'layer', 'then', 'included', 'denote', 'dropoutrate', 'number', 'nodes', 'each', 'layer', 'denoted', 'note', 'that', 'discriminator', 'aims', 'optimizethe', 'loss', 'function', 'distinguishing', 'generated', 'images', 'from', 'theoriginal', 'ones', 'custom', 'model', 'trained', 'ξmaxnumber', 'iterations', 'where', 'ξmax', 'detailed', 'steps', 'ofour', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'here', 'either', 'invoke', 'more', 'generic', 'type', 'ofdata', 'augmentation', 'based', 'upon', 'given', 'condition', 'illustratedin', 'algorithm', 'this', 'procedure', 'takes', 'inputs', 'typeof', 'augmentation', 'data', 'augmentation', 'onecondition', 'proposed', 'model', 'gets', 'executed', 'from', 'steps2', 'when', 'other', 'condition', 'fulfilled', 'generic', 'dataaugmentation', 'performed', 'described', 'steps', 'which', 'includes', 'enlarging', 'image', 'quantity', 'rotatingby', 'amount', 'proposed', 'custom', 'model', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'imagesnext', 'need', 'train', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'which', 'takeadvantage', 'robust', 'dataset', 'obtained', 'from', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'section', 'since', 'problem', 'canbe', 'regarded', 'classification', 'task', 'normal', 'covid', 'other', 'abnormal', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'investigatethe', 'contemporary', 'deep', 'learning', 'architectures', 'suited', 'clas', 'sification', 'contrast', 'with', 'other', 'variants', 'deep', 'learningarchitectures', 'long', 'short', 'term', 'memory', 'lstm', 'deepbelief', 'networks', 'forth', 'extreme', 'learning', 'machines', 'cnns', 'regarded', 'most', 'powerful', 'deep', 'learningarchitecture', 'image', 'classification', 'therefore', 'explorethe', 'robust', 'models', 'recently', 'employed', 'gain', 'sonable', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'with', 'chest', 'data', 'applying', 'contemporary', 'models', 'latestdataset', 'compiled', 'from', 'four', 'public', 'repositories', 'realize', 'thattheir', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfittingand', 'influenced', 'biased', 'test', 'data', 'address', 'this', 'issue', 'propose', 'dimensional', 'custom', 'modelfor', 'classifying', 'images', 'predict', 'covid', 'cases', 'asdepicted', 'structure', 'utilized', 'learnthe', 'discriminating', 'patterns', 'automatically', 'from', 'radiographimages', 'proposed', 'model', 'consists', 'three', 'components', 'first', 'component', 'stack', 'convolution', 'layers', 'whilethe', 'second', 'segment', 'consists', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'final', 'component', 'responsible', 'generating', 'outputprobability', 'first', 'convolution', 'layers', 'first', 'ponent', 'model', 'receive', 'radiograph', 'images', 'input', 'identify', 'discriminative', 'features', 'from', 'input', 'examples', 'andpass', 'them', 'next', 'component', 'classification', 'task', 'each', 'layer', 'among', 'convolution', 'layers', 'consists', 'afilter', 'size', 'initially', 'filter', 'size', 'xirin', '1stlayer', 'decreased', 'each', 'successive', 'layer', 'thealgorithm', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'dari', 'input', 'type', 'type', 'data', 'augmentation', 'possible', 'values', 'generic', 'collection', 'datafor', 'augmentation', 'output', 'augmented', 'sample', 'data', 'type', 'then3', 'initialize', 'ξmax', 'maximum', 'number', 'ofepochs', 'mini', 'batch', 'size', 'andnaug', 'number', 'data', 'augment', 'construct', 'generator', 'model', 'asdepicted', 'construct', 'discriminator', 'modelas', 'depicted', 'foreach', 'ξmax', 'generate', 'naug', 'samples', 'ofrandom', 'noise', 'initializethe', 'generator9', 'generate', 'image', 'bypassing', 'generator', 'mg10', 'select', 'random', 'ofsamples', 'from', 'construct', 'collectionfrom', 'generated', 'andoriginal', 'samples', 'update', 'discriminatormodel', 'batch', 'training', 'usingx', 'end14', 'generate', 'naug', 'samples', 'ofrandom', 'noise15', 'update', 'generator', 'modelparameters16', 'ξmax', 'then17', 'generate', 'collection', 'ofaugmented', 'images', 'using', 'nx18', 'foreach', 'do19', 'save', 'correspondingdirectory20', 'end21', 'end22', 'end23', 'else24', 'augment', 'data', 'applyingzooming', 'rate', 'rotation', 'each', 'item', 'from', 'data', 'collection', 'end26', 'return', 'γforward', 'pass', 'convolution', 'operation', 'performed', 'betweenthe', 'input', 'image', 'filter', 'coefficients', 'using', 'here', 'volume', '2020', '171579s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'envisioneddari', 'algorithm', 'custom', 'model', 'test', 'data', 'obtained', 'bysplitting', 'original', 'images', 'that', 'used', 'training', 'darialgorithm', 'adaptively', 'uses', 'generic', 'data', 'augmentationtechniques', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'combinedwith', 'remaining', 'original', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robusttraining', 'dataset', 'training', 'input', 'passed', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'which', 'performs', 'automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'xlij', 'wlij', 'denote', 'output', 'filter', 'weights', 'lthlayer', 'respectively', 'xlij', 'wlij', 'hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'conducted', 'select', 'optimalactivation', 'function', 'shown', 'activationfunction', 'considers', 'constant', 'denoted', 'next', 'apply', 'dropout', 'rate', 'regularizationtechnique', 'that', 'will', 'assist', 'network', 'evading', 'overfit', 'ting', 'achieve', 'better', 'model', 'generalization', 'randomlydisregarding', 'randomly', 'selected', 'neurons', 'hidden', 'reduce', 'feature', 'size', 'computational', 'powerneed', 'introduce', 'pooling', 'layer', 'with', 'pool', 'sizeof', 'hidden', 'layers', 'where', 'kiis', 'afraction', 'initial', 'dimension', 'input', 'pooling', 'layers', 'assist', 'model', 'capturing', 'abstract', 'spatialinformation', 'more', 'robustly', 'enhancing', 'model', 'eralization', 'ability', 'model', 'output', 'features', 'ofthe', 'convolution', 'layers', 'converted', 'into', 'dimensional', 'vector', 'flattening', 'layer', 'then', 'forwarded', 'thestack', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'automatedclassification', 'stage', 'number', 'nodes', 'first', 'denselayer', 'equal', 'decreased', 'factor', 'eachsuccessive', 'layer', 'with', 'respect', 'number', 'nodes', 'theprevious', 'layer', 'output', 'dense', 'layer', 'propagatedthrough', 'dropout', 'layer', 'rate', 'finally', 'output', 'layer', 'computes', 'probability', 'theinput', 'belonging', 'each', 'class', 'learning', 'aconstant', 'throughout', 'training', 'model', 'clas', 'sification', 'task', 'receives', 'radiograph', 'samples', 'input', 'outputs', 'sequence', 'labels', 'here', 'each', 'corresponds', 'pixel', 'valuesof', 'input', 'images', 'other', 'hand', 'each', 'denotes', 'adistinct', 'class', 'each', 'dimension', 'thiscase', 'denote', 'image', 'height', 'width', 'thenumber', 'channels', 'sample', 'augmented', 'andreal', 'samples', 'passed', 'training', 'data', 'during', 'trainingphase', 'some', 'part', 'real', 'samples', 'considered', 'thetest', 'dataset', 'during', 'testing', 'phase', 'training', 'running', 'phases', 'proposeddl', 'crcfrom', 'hereon', 'discuss', 'steps', 'training', 'runningphases', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'steps', 'training', 'phase', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'training', 'stage', 'ofdl', 'commences', 'from', 'algorithm', 'which', 'takes', 'inputs', 'custom', 'model', 'descriptionof', 'each', 'input', 'parameter', 'provided', 'input', 'section', 'thealgorithm', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'initialize', 'requiredparameters', 'steps', 'data', 'loaded', 'from', 'location', 'test', 'data', 'split', 'ratio', 'utilized', 'therunning', 'phase', 'evaluating', 'model', 'initially', 'data', 'are171580', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachalgorithm', 'training', 'phase', 'input', 'collection', 'training', 'testing', 'validation', 'datalocation', 'number', 'foldin', 'cross', 'validation', 'number', 'epoch', 'mini', 'batch', 'size', 'testratio', 'threshold', 'value', 'forclass', 'imbalance', 'ratio', 'total', 'number', 'samplesacross', 'classes', 'output', 'trained', 'model', 'read', 'data', 'from', 'train', 'then6', 'generate', 'random', 'values', 'inrange', 'foreach', 'index', 'move', 'train', 'test', 'end10', 'end11', 'foreach', 'class', 'train', 'do12', 'read', 'data', 'from', 'ci13', 'then14', 'dari', 'end16', 'foreach', 'class', 'data', 'ido17', 'data18', 'ci19', 'end20', 'end21', 'fold', 'do22', 'xtrain', 'ytrain', 'xval', 'yval', 'data', 'andlabels', 'fold', 'from', 'xtrain', 'dari', 'generic', 'xtrain', 'xval', 'dari', 'generic', 'xval', 'update', 'model', 'depictedin', 'training', 'using', 'xtrainfor', 'evaluate', 'using', 'xval', 'yval27', 'end28', 'save', 'model', 'parameters', 'mt29', 'return', 'mtstored', 'training', 'directory', 'hence', 'they', 'loaded', 'fromthe', 'location', 'training', 'data', 'steps', 'responsible', 'forchecking', 'whether', 'data', 'augmentation', 'required', 'accordingly', 'preparing', 'training', 'validation', 'datafrom', 'dataset', 'specifically', 'steps', 'check', 'whetherthe', 'training', 'data', 'class', 'less', 'than', 'predefined', 'thresh', 'based', 'condition', 'exploit', 'thealgorithm', 'running', 'phase', 'input', 'testpath', 'location', 'testimages', 'output', 'ypred', 'prediction', 'testingsamples', 'xtest', 'read', 'data', 'from', 'testpath2', 'load', 'saved', 'trained', 'model3', 'yprob', 'predict', 'probabilities', 'ofeach', 'data', 'from', 'xtest4', 'ypred', 'argmax', 'yprob', 'return', 'ypredproposed', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'described', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'trained', 'steps', 'utilizing', 'model', 'structureillustrated', 'penultimate', 'step', 'trainedmodel', 'stored', 'further', 'testing', 'validation', 'finally', 'step', 'algorithm', 'returns', 'trained', 'model', 'next', 'running', 'phase', 'model', 'proposeddl', 'framework', 'follows', 'algorithm', 'receives', 'thelocation', 'sample', 'data', 'inference', 'returns', 'predictedclass', 'labels', 'ypred', 'corresponding', 'data', 'after', 'readingthe', 'data', 'from', 'step', 'trained', 'model', 'loaded', 'inthe', 'following', 'step', 'step', 'model', 'mtis', 'employed', 'topredict', 'probabilities', 'sample', 'test', 'data', 'each', 'ofthe', 'possible', 'classes', 'finally', 'last', 'step', 'class', 'with', 'themaximum', 'probability', 'identified', 'each', 'sample', 'data', 'andthen', 'returned', 'collection', 'predictions', 'data', 'computation', 'overhead', 'analysisin', 'remainder', 'section', 'rigorously', 'analyze', 'thecomputational', 'overhead', 'proposed', 'model', 'terms', 'oftime', 'complexity', 'analyses', 'divided', 'into', 'training', 'andrunning', 'phases', 'training', 'phasethe', 'training', 'phase', 'includes', 'both', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algo', 'rithm', 'data', 'augmentation', 'training', 'customizedcnn', 'model', 'algorithm', 'particularly', 'analysisof', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'that', 'appropriate', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'model', 'already', 'selected', 'afterhyperparameter', 'tuning', 'partition', 'analysis', 'train', 'phase', 'into', 'three', 'main', 'segments', 'required', 'datapreparation', 'data', 'augmentation', 'execu', 'tion', 'model', 'therefore', 'total', 'computationalcomplexity', 'expressed', 'follows', 'first', 'three', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'where', 'initial', 'ization', 'conducted', 'time', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'asconstant', 'time', 'step', 'data', 'from', 'trainpath', 'read', 'there', 'number', 'data', 'available', 'totrain', 'time', 'complexity', 'will', 'steps', 'split', 'testdata', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'complexity', 'associated', 'withvolume', '2020', '171581s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachthese', 'steps', 'hence', 'computational', 'complexity', 'ofthe', 'data', 'preparation', 'phase', 'denoted', 'data', 'augmentation', 'part', 'complexity', 'analy', 'mainly', 'consists', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'invoked', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'this', 'requires', 'loadingdata', 'from', 'each', 'class', 'step', 'that', 'results', 'computa', 'tional', 'complexity', 'here', 'denotes', 'numberof', 'classes', 'while', 'finrefers', 'number', 'data', 'read', 'fromith', 'class', 'then', 'through', 'steps', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'isinvoked', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'odari', 'supposethat', 'denote', 'numbers', 'layers', 'genera', 'discriminator', 'respectively', 'then', 'computationsrequired', 'generator', 'discriminator', 'models', 'canbe', 'denoted', 'respectively', 'xngi', '1xig', 'xndi', '1xid', 'combining', 'previous', 'expressions', 'overall', 'overhead', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'evaluated', 'asfollows', 'dari', 'ξmax', 'naug', 'where', 'naug', 'ξmax', 'denote', 'number', 'data', 'augment', 'maximum', 'number', 'epochs', 'mini', 'batch', 'size', 'respec', 'tively', 'steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'assuming', 'thelength', 'each', 'computational', 'overhead', 'therefore', 'overall', 'complexity', 'data', 'augmentationstage', 'expressed', 'dari', 'from', 'steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'invokes', 'theadopted', 'structure', 'computational', 'overhead', 'forthis', 'part', 'derived', 'from', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'where', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'denote', 'computationaloverheads', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'dense', 'layers', 'respectively', 'consider', 'layer', 'number', 'filtersin', 'layer', 'input', 'image', 'with', 'dimension', 'kernel', 'with', 'dimension', 'then', 'thecomputational', 'complexity', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'beexpressed', 'cnncl', 'xnci', 'after', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'layers', 'assuming', 'wiand', 'biare', 'weight', 'vector', 'bias', 'layer', 'plexity', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'given', 'cnndl', 'xndi', 'hence', 'combining', 'aforementioned', 'equations', 'final', 'computational', 'complexity', 'proposed', 'write', 'follows', 'xnci', 'xndi', 'finally', 'determine', 'total', 'time', 'complexity', 'train', 'phase', 'algorithm', 'substitute', 'thecorresponding', 'values', 'from', 'into', 'running', 'phasethe', 'running', 'phase', 'conducted', 'infer', 'classes', 'each', 'testdata', 'using', 'trained', 'model', 'then', 'evaluate', 'model', 'shown', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'number', 'testdata', 'ntest', 'computational', 'overhead', 'testingphase', 'given', 'ntest', 'demonstrates', 'that', 'model', 'able', 'duce', 'results', 'linear', 'time', 'this', 'implies', 'that', 'proposeddl', 'framework', 'comprising', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'thecustomized', 'model', 'deployed', 'clinical', 'gradex', 'machines', 'with', 'image', 'processing', 'capability', 'computingresources', 'having', 'access', 'digitized', 'radiograph', 'images', 'fromanalog', 'machines', 'even', 'portable', 'machinesin', 'movable', 'booths', 'trucks', 'with', 'adequate', 'shielding', 'andpower', 'supply', 'thus', 'model', 'viable', 'automating', 'theradiograph', 'image', 'classification', 'with', 'fast', 'turn', 'around', 'time', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'performance', 'evaluationto', 'evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'frame', 'work', 'this', 'section', 'describe', 'collected', 'datasets', 'usedto', 'train', 'customized', 'model', 'followed', 'extensiveexperimental', 'results', 'discussion', 'dataset', 'preparationthe', 'dataset', 'employed', 'supervised', 'radiograph', 'imageclassification', 'using', 'proposed', 'framework', 'sists', 'three', 'classes', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normalchest', 'images', 'collected', 'dataset', 'using', 'four', 'ferent', 'existing', 'datasets', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'rays', 'combined', 'those', 'into', 'single', 'dataset', 'utilize', 'theclassification', 'purpose', 'developed', 'dataset', 'from', 'githubfor', 'covid', 'rays', 'data', 'collected', 'this', 'studyfor', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images', 'chexpert171582', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'brief', 'description', 'used', 'dataset', 'imageclassification', 'dataset', 'collected', 'stanford', 'group', 'rest', 'ofthe', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'were', 'collectedfrom', 'dataset', 'table', 'lists', 'initial', 'class', 'distri', 'bution', 'collected', 'chest', 'dataset', 'number', 'ofsamples', 'collected', 'covid', 'significantly', 'lower', 'thanthe', 'other', 'classes', 'because', 'this', 'novel', 'disease', 'thismoment', 'data', 'regarding', 'covid', 'challenging', 'obtain', 'other', 'words', 'number', 'covid', 'class', 'samples', 'inthe', 'merged', 'dataset', 'lower', 'than', 'threshold', 'value', 'classimbalance', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'overcome', 'effect', 'thelow', 'amount', 'covid', 'data', 'employed', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'samples', 'thenapplied', 'proposal', 'along', 'with', 'contemporary', 'modelsto', 'verify', 'which', 'yields', 'best', 'covid', 'detectionperformance', 'performance', 'indicatorsto', 'evaluate', 'classification', 'results', 'primarily', 'adoptedthe', 'combination', 'three', 'measurement', 'indicators', 'accuracy', 'weighted', 'precision', 'weighted', 'score', 'accuracy', 'test', 'ability', 'correctly', 'differentiate', 'three', 'cases', 'assume', 'that', 'denotes', 'number', 'classes', 'consid', 'ered', 'classification', 'task', 'refers', 'number', 'samplesin', 'class', 'indicates', 'total', 'number', 'samplesin', 'classes', 'then', 'accuracy', 'represented', 'asfollows', 'accuracy', 'next', 'define', 'weighted', 'precision', 'tomeasure', 'precise', 'model', 'terms', 'number', 'ofsamples', 'actually', 'present', 'class', 'those', 'predictedto', 'that', 'class', 'this', 'number', 'multiplied', 'weight', 'ofthe', 'class', 'obtain', 'weight', 'precision', 'follows', 'weighted', 'precision', 'tpitpi', 'next', 'weighted', 'score', 'defined', 'weightedaverage', 'precision', 'recall', 'although', 'userecall', 'directly', 'performance', 'measure', 'because', 'usingthe', 'score', 'implicitly', 'used', 'weighted', 'score', 'canbe', 'obtained', 'follows', 'weighted', 'score', 'ripi', 'here', 'precision', 'recall', 'class', 'respectively', 'expressed', 'andpi', 'denoted', 'fnidenotes', 'true', 'positive', 'false', 'positive', 'false', 'negativefor', 'class', 'respectively', 'tpiindicates', 'number', 'casescorrectly', 'identified', 'class', 'represents', 'thenumber', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified', 'class', 'denotes', 'number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identifiedas', 'class', 'other', 'than', 'class', 'addition', 'evaluatingour', 'results', 'more', 'comprehensively', 'also', 'employed', 'classspecific', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'normal', 'covid', 'andpneumonia', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'three', 'classes', 'results', 'discussionwe', 'have', 'followed', 'systematic', 'approach', 'applying', 'differ', 'techniques', 'find', 'optimal', 'model', 'classificationtask', 'experiments', 'were', 'conducted', 'workstationwith', 'intel', 'core', '00ghz', 'poweredby', 'nvidia', '2060', 'graphics', 'processing', 'unit', 'thesimulations', 'were', 'implemented', 'employing', 'python', 'kerasand', 'tensorflow', 'library', 'visualization', 'experimentalresults', 'achieved', 'utilizing', 'python', 'matplotlib', 'library', 'during', 'simulations', 'have', 'resized', 'image', 'samples', 'bysetting', 'both', 'xirand', 'xicto', 'keep', 'images', 'consistent', 'interms', 'size', 'number', 'channels', 'samples', 'wasset', 'input', 'images', 'were', 'grayscale', 'nature', 'xirand', 'were', 'selected', 'based', 'manual', 'tuning', 'usingour', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'demand', 'data', 'augmentationis', 'performed', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'rotation', '5degrees', 'zooming', 'rate', 'value', 'wasset', 'systematically', 'constructed', 'three', 'experimentalscenarios', 'conduct', 'comprehensive', 'performance', 'compari', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'darialgorithm', 'customized', 'models', 'with', 'state', 'models', 'which', 'have', 'been', 'recently', 'reported', 'toprovide', 'reasonable', 'accuracies', 'covid', 'detection', 'thethree', 'scenarios', 'constructed', 'incremental', 'fashion', 'aredescribed', 'below', 'first', 'scenario', 'designed', 'customized', 'deepcnn', 'model', 'architecture', 'depicted', 'param', 'eters', 'model', 'were', 'selected', 'based', 'results', 'ofthe', 'grid', 'search', 'technique', 'second', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'proposeddari', 'algorithm', 'analyze', 'effect', 'generic', 'andgan', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'train', 'basedmodel', 'robust', 'fashion', 'significantly', 'improve', 'thecovid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'third', 'final', 'scenario', 'trained', 'several', 'state', 'models', 'using', 'different', 'deep', 'learningparadigms', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'same', 'test', 'data', 'unknown', 'chest', 'original', 'images', 'with', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'were', 'presented', 'tothe', 'customized', 'model', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'well', 'contemporary', 'models', 'results', 'were', 'used', 'compare', 'performances', 'ofour', 'proposal', 'these', 'contemporary', 'models', 'termsof', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'volume', '2020', '171583s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'different', 'combinations', 'ofactivation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'precision', 'different', 'combinationsof', 'activation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'score', 'different', 'combinations', 'ofactivation', 'functions', 'optimizers', 'first', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'proposed', 'framework', 'carried', 'outa', 'grid', 'search', 'achieve', 'optimal', 'model', 'parameters', 'figure', 'performance', 'comparison', 'diverse', 'ratios', 'thecovid', 'images', 'generated', 'with', 'respect', 'existingnumber', 'samples', 'dataset', 'best', 'activation', 'functions', 'optimizer', 'worth', 'that', 'other', 'customized', 'models', 'revealed', 'perfor', 'mance', 'bottleneck', 'terms', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'wefound', 'model', 'most', 'lightweight', 'yetefficient', 'automating', 'chest', 'classification', 'task', 'figs', 'demonstrate', 'results', 'obtained', 'from', 'thehyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'andf1', 'score', 'respectively', 'these', 'performances', 'were', 'extensivelyevaluated', 'across', 'optimizers', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'adaptive', 'moment', 'estimation', 'adam', 'root', 'meansquare', 'propagation', 'rmsprop', 'adaptive', 'delta', 'adadelta', 'nesterov', 'adam', 'nadam', 'adaptive', 'gradient', 'algo', 'rithm', 'adagrad', 'five', 'activation', 'functions', 'tanh', 'moid', 'scaled', 'exponential', 'linear', 'unit', 'selu', 'rectifiedlinear', 'unit', 'relu', 'exponential', 'linear', 'unit', 'asdepicted', 'results', 'these', 'figures', 'selu', 'demonstratedbetter', 'performances', 'average', 'when', 'compared', 'with', 'theother', 'activation', 'functions', 'however', 'best', 'performancewas', 'exhibited', 'when', 'adopted', 'activation', 'functionwith', 'value', 'constant', 'optimizer', 'toadagrad', 'with', 'learning', 'rate', 'this', 'first', 'exper', 'imental', 'setting', 'selecting', 'optimal', 'hyper', 'parametersof', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'mini', 'batch', 'size', 'number', 'epochs', 'with', 'this', 'configuration', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'score', 'were', 'found', 'respectively', 'therefore', 'further', 'analysis', 'applied', 'thisconfiguration', 'customized', 'model', 'crcframework', 'furthermore', 'pooling', 'layer', 'ourproposed', 'architecture', 'conducted', 'manual', 'parametertuning', 'pool', 'size', 'assigned', 'where', 'initial', 'size', 'input', 'second', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'samples', 'collected', 'dataset', 'lower', 'thanthe', 'defined', 'threshold', 'applied', 'proposed', 'darialgorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'covid', 'samples', 'sothat', 'model', 'trained', 'with', 'robust', 'training', 'data171584', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachfigure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'testing', 'phase', 'employing', 'fold', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'eventually', 'predict', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases', 'with', 'highaccuracy', 'altered', 'proportions', 'tomized', 'model', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'with', 'respect', 'tothe', 'original', 'sample', 'size', 'covid', 'class', 'ratiosof', 'generated', 'samples', 'proposed', 'approach', 'werevaried', 'from', 'with', 'respect', 'number', 'ofcovid', 'examples', 'original', 'dataset', 'number', 'ofiterations', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'using', 'thegan', 'based', 'method', 'among', 'proportionsmentioned', 'earlier', 'covid', 'detection', 'performance', 'ofour', 'customized', 'model', 'found', 'highest', 'with', 'accuracy', 'when', 'number', 'newlygenerated', 'samples', 'size', 'originalcovid', 'samples', 'therefore', 'picked', 'this', 'configura', 'tion', 'used', 'conducted', 'experiments', 'nextscenario', 'after', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'covid', '19class', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'combining', 'adaptivegeneric', 'data', 'augmentation', 'based', 'dari', 'algorithmwith', 'architecture', 'fully', 'implement', 'fine', 'tunethe', 'framework', 'compared', 'performance', 'withthe', 'base', 'model', 'only', 'without', 'adopting', 'darialgorithm', 'experiment', 'conducted', 'utilizing', 'five', 'fold', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'using', 'stratification', 'tech', 'nique', 'samples', 'rearranged', 'that', 'each', 'fold', 'astable', 'representation', 'whole', 'dataset', 'maintainingthe', 'percentage', 'samples', 'each', 'class', 'thirdexperimental', 'setup', 'number', 'epochs', 'to100', 'mini', 'batch', 'size', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'five', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'also', 'fixed', 'tofive', 'note', 'that', 'these', 'hyperparameter', 'values', 'were', 'manuallytuned', 'analyze', 'results', 'more', 'critically', 'terms', 'ofcovid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'this', 'experimental', 'setting', 'also', 'investigated', 'normalized', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'customized', 'modeltable', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'cnnwith', 'generic', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'without', 'only', 'model', 'with', 'proposed', 'darialgorithm', 'complete', 'framework', '8represents', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'where', 'posed', 'model', 'implemented', 'without', 'applying', 'dataaugmentation', 'depicts', 'same', 'combinedcnn', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'despite', 'similar', 'performances', 'ofboth', 'approaches', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'demon', 'strates', 'that', 'proposed', 'framework', 'much', 'morerobust', 'classifying', 'positive', 'covid', 'pneumoniacases', 'proposed', 'exhibited', 'accuracies', 'while', 'detecting', 'positive', 'covid', 'pneu', 'monia', 'cases', 'respectively', 'encouraging', 'classificationperformance', 'indicates', 'that', 'proposed', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'able', 'classify', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'with', 'high', 'efficiency', 'specifically', 'covid', '19detection', 'furthermore', 'analyzed', 'impact', 'generic', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'separately', 'combined', 'with', 'tomized', 'model', 'compared', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'with', 'proposed', 'framework', 'table', '2exhibits', 'simulation', 'results', 'which', 'proves', 'that', 'both', 'thegeneric', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'significantinfluence', 'enhancing', 'covid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'simulation', 'results', 'table', 'show', 'that', 'only', 'base', 'model', 'achieved', 'with', 'generic', 'dataaugmentation', 'obtained', 'with', 'proposedvolume', '2020', '171585s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'architecturewith', 'existing', 'architectures', 'three', 'classes', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'delivered', 'covid', '19detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'hand', 'proposed', 'crcframework', 'demonstrated', 'highest', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'this', 'good', 'performance', 'attributed', 'tothe', 'combination', 'customized', 'model', 'with', 'posed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'where', 'both', 'generic', 'baseddata', 'augmentation', 'adaptively', 'performed', 'therefore', 'isevident', 'from', 'these', 'results', 'that', 'proposed', 'frame', 'work', 'made', 'customized', 'model', 'much', 'more', 'robustwith', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'third', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'compared', 'perfor', 'mance', 'customized', 'model', 'with', 'performancesof', 'state', 'models', 'such', 'inception', 'resnetv2', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'reason', 'behind', 'choosing', 'thesecontemporary', 'models', 'their', 'good', 'performances', 'reportedin', 'recent', 'literature', 'covid', 'detection', 'worthnoting', 'that', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'belong', 'thedepth', 'based', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'paradigms', 'respec', 'tively', 'other', 'hand', 'resnet', 'combines', 'both', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'architectures', 'table', '3demonstrates', 'comparative', 'analysis', 'which', 'indicatesthe', 'efficiency', 'proposed', 'framework', 'interms', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'using', 'chestx', 'images', 'proposed', 'model', 'outperformed', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'although', 'densenetachieves', 'prediction', 'performance', 'normal', 'testcases', 'accuracy', 'only', 'pneumonia', 'detectionwhile', 'exhibits', 'poorest', 'performance', 'foridentifying', 'covid', 'cases', 'this', 'implies', 'that', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'structure', 'although', 'reported', 'recent', 'work', 'suit', 'able', 'covid', 'detection', 'other', 'hand', 'inceptionresnet', 'using', 'depth', 'based', 'modeling', 'paradigm', 'achieves', 'improved', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'combination', 'these', 'modeling', 'paradigms', 'incor', 'porated', 'resnet', 'which', 'able', 'predict', 'test', 'cases', 'havingcovid', 'samples', 'slightly', 'elevated', 'accuracy', 'other', 'hand', 'proposed', 'framework', 'bining', 'envisioned', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'cnnmodel', 'able', 'detect', 'covid', 'cases', 'with', 'nificantly', 'high', 'accuracy', 'note', 'that', 'pneumo', 'other', 'abnormal', 'case', 'present', 'test', 'dataset', 'isalso', 'detected', 'with', 'much', 'higher', 'accuracy', 'comparedto', 'contemporary', 'models', 'even', 'though', 'performanceslightly', 'drops', 'normal', 'case', 'identification', 'accuracyis', 'still', 'close', 'case', 'proposal', 'furthermore', 'final', 'column', 'table', 'area', 'under', 'receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'values', 'also', 'listedfor', 'proposed', 'contemporary', 'models', 'theauc', 'score', 'proposed', '9525', 'which', 'demon', 'strates', 'reasonable', 'accuracy', 'identification', 'across', 'allsamples', 'test', 'data', 'thus', 'encouraging', 'performanceof', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'over', 'prominent', 'cnnmodels', 'clearly', 'demonstrates', 'that', 'proposed', 'technique', 'canbe', 'useful', 'detecting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'witha', 'significantly', 'high', 'reliable', 'accuracy', 'furthermore', 'compare', 'performance', 'proposalwith', 'recent', 'custom', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'dark', 'covidnet', 'reported', 'which', 'considerablylower', 'than', 'that', 'proposed', 'model', 'performance', 'which', 'believe', 'ensures', 'effectiveness', 'ourproposed', 'model', 'addition', 'have', 'conducted', 'foldexperiments', 'validate', 'compare', 'proposed', 'tech', 'nique', 'with', 'darkcovidnet', 'table', 'demonstratesthe', 'results', 'obtained', 'when', 'proposed', 'model', 'tested', 'onboth', 'datasets', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'tested', 'onboth', 'datasets', 'both', 'models', 'were', 'trained', 'employing', 'therespective', 'dataset', 'used', 'work', 'rent', 'work', 'these', 'experimental', 'results', 'presented', 'table', '4were', 'produced', 'after', 'training', 'models', 'epochs', 'foreach', 'case', 'then', 'trained', 'models', 'were', 'tested', 'bothdatasets', 'proposed', 'technique', 'outperformed', 'darkcovid', 'detection', 'accuracies', 'both', 'normal', 'covid', '19cases', 'addition', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'posed', 'framework', 'more', 'lightweight', 'than', 'that', 'ofused', 'darkcovidnet', 'customized', 'model', 'consists', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'while', 'darkcovid', 'model', 'comprises', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'making', 'ourmodel', 'training', 'phase', 'more', 'lightweight', 'computationallyless', 'expensive', 'than', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'moreover', 'while', 'some', 'researches', 'reported', 'overall', 'accu', 'racy', 'they', 'mention', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'hand', 'most', 'researches', 'applying', 'deep', 'learningtechniques', 'report', 'score', 'which', 'robustrepresentative', 'performance', 'metric', 'practically', 'evaluatingthe', 'covid', 'detection', 'ability', 'model', 'summary', 'applying', 'various', 'contemporary', 'models', 'inceptionwith', 'resenet', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'recent', 'customizedmodel', 'darkcovidnet', 'covid', 'detection', 'latestdataset', 'compiled', 'from', 'four', 'public', 'repositories', 'realizedthat', 'their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfit', 'ting', 'influenced', 'biased', 'test', 'data', 'thus', 'accuracybottleneck', 'those', 'existing', 'models', 'justifies', 'requiredto', 'build', 'customized', 'model', 'this', 'research', 'bine', 'with', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'perform', 'robust', 'trainingand', 'avoid', 'overfitting', 'ensure', 'high', 'covid', 'detectionaccuracy', 'significantly', 'high', 'score', 'limitations', 'studyin', 'this', 'section', 'briefly', 'discuss', 'some', 'limitations', 'sible', 'future', 'work', 'that', 'conducted', 'extend', 'study', '171586', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachtable', 'comparison', 'performance', 'proposed', 'model', 'with', 'that', 'darkcovidnet', 'both', 'datasets', 'study', 'experiments', 'have', 'been', 'conducted', 'avery', 'critical', 'stage', 'time', 'sensitive', 'manner', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'with', 'proof', 'conceptcovid', 'using', 'radiograph', 'images', 'despite', 'compilingdatasets', 'from', 'multiple', 'sources', 'with', 'images', 'taining', 'covid', 'samples', 'used', 'data', 'consid', 'erably', 'small', 'size', 'therefore', 'synthetic', 'images', 'weregenerated', 'using', 'customized', 'assisted', 'data', 'mentation', 'technique', 'that', 'were', 'used', 'train', 'robustcnn', 'model', 'perform', 'binary', 'normal', 'covid', 'three', 'classification', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'with', 'significantly', 'high', 'accuracy', 'tothe', 'lack', 'real', 'datasets', 'consisting', 'other', 'diseases', 'sars', 'mers', 'forth', 'which', 'exhibit', 'acuterespiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'ards', 'pneumonia', 'like', 'conditions', 'lungs', 'more', 'class', 'labels', 'were', 'notconsidered', 'work', 'from', 'physician', 'perspective', 'important', 'diag', 'nose', 'severity', 'covid', 'however', 'lackof', 'labeled', 'data', 'this', 'work', 'model', 'could', 'beused', 'classify', 'various', 'stages', 'covid', 'suchas', 'asymptomatic', 'mild', 'high', 'severe', 'proposed', 'technique', 'performed', 'efficiently', 'when', 'weutilized', 'analyze', 'samples', 'however', 'studycan', 'extended', 'evaluate', 'system', 'performancein', 'covid', 'detection', 'while', 'using', 'other', 'radiographtechniques', 'such', 'scan', 'lung', 'ultrasound', 'lungpet', 'positron', 'emission', 'tomography', 'scan', 'dataset', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'limited', 'onlyone', 'modality', 'type', 'images', 'containingcovid', 'features', 'further', 'customization', 'cnnmodel', 'will', 'required', 'want', 'combine', 'multipleimaging', 'modalities', 'lung', 'scan', 'ultrasound', 'petalong', 'with', 'images', 'other', 'modalities', 'bodytemperature', 'diabetes', 'level', 'renal', 'function', 'forth', 'patient', 'parameters', 'ethnicity', 'travel', 'history', 'contact', 'history', 'form', 'depth', 'covid', 'classification', 'therefore', 'multi', 'modal', 'input', 'characterization', 'correspondingai', 'model', 'customization', 'will', 'needed', 'future', 'forinterpreting', 'explaining', 'classification', 'results', 'conclusionin', 'this', 'paper', 'addressed', 'emerging', 'challenges', 'ofdetecting', 'covid', 'shortage', 'efficient', 'diag', 'nosis', 'equipment', 'personnel', 'many', 'areas', 'particularlyin', 'developing', 'rural', 'zones', 'numerous', 'people', 'remainnon', 'diagnosed', 'this', 'results', 'substantial', 'between', 'thenumber', 'confirmed', 'actual', 'cases', 'radiographs', 'such', 'aschest', 'images', 'scans', 'have', 'been', 'demonstratedto', 'have', 'potential', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection', 'inthe', 'lungs', 'that', 'complement', 'time', 'consuming', 'viraland', 'antibody', 'testing', 'while', 'scans', 'have', 'higher', 'resolu', 'tion', 'fine', 'grained', 'details', 'compared', 'images', 'raymachines', 'pervasive', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'publichealth', 'facilities', 'even', 'rural', 'health', 'centers', 'clinics', 'addition', 'because', 'much', 'cheaper', 'alternativeand', 'appealing', 'solution', 'portability', 'mobile', 'trucksand', 'covid', 'screening', 'booths', 'with', 'adequate', 'shieldingand', 'power', 'supply', 'identify', 'covid', 'infection', 'ofthe', 'lung', 'recognizing', 'patterns', 'such', 'glass', 'opacities', 'andlung', 'consolidations', 'raised', 'formidable', 'research', 'problem', 'that', 'addressed', 'this', 'paper', 'also', 'discussed', 'whyit', 'necessary', 'automate', 'image', 'classificationto', 'well', 'prepared', 'next', 'wave', 'covid', 'demic', 'when', 'radiologists', 'caregivers', 'expected', 'beoverwhelmed', 'patient', 'influx', 'well', 'need', 'self', 'isolate', 'case', 'they', 'themselves', 'become', 'infected', 'this', 'meansthere', 'pressing', 'need', 'automate', 'classification', 'ofradiographs', 'particularly', 'images', 'minimize', 'turn', 'around', 'time', 'covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'leveragethe', 'availability', 'cost', 'efficiency', 'chest', 'imaging', 'this', 'paper', 'proposed', 'framework', 'called', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'auto', 'mate', 'covid', 'detection', 'that', 'complement', 'existing', 'viraland', 'antibody', 'testing', 'methods', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'parts', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'which', 'adaptively', 'employs', 'customizedgenerative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'generic', 'data', 'augmen', 'tation', 'techniques', 'such', 'zoom', 'rotation', 'dimensional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'weemployed', 'unique', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publicly', 'availablesources', 'containing', 'radiograph', 'images', 'covid', 'andpneumonia', 'infected', 'lungs', 'along', 'with', 'normal', 'lung', 'imaging', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'significantly', 'increased', 'adopting', 'proposed', 'framework', 'posal', 'compared', 'with', 'existing', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'fromdiverse', 'categories', 'such', 'depth', 'based', 'inception', 'resnet', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'densenet', 'hybridcnn', 'resnet', 'architectures', 'extensive', 'experimental', 'resultsdemonstrated', 'that', 'proposed', 'combination', 'dari', 'andcustom', 'based', 'framework', 'significantly', 'performed', 'existing', 'architectures', 'thus', 'incorporating', 'ourproposed', 'model', 'with', 'significantly', 'high', 'accuracy', 'into', 'thevolume', '2020', '171587s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approachclinical', 'grade', 'well', 'portable', 'equipment', 'allowan', 'automated', 'accurate', 'detection', 'covid', 'thescrutinized', 'patients', 'new_paper'] ['author', '2021', 'articles', 'published', 'this', 'open', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms', 'thecreative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'http', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'collaborative', 'city', 'digital', 'twin', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solutionjunjie', 'pang', 'huang', 'zhenzhen', 'jianbo', 'zhipeng', 'caiabstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'caused', 'crisis', 'that', 'affects', 'segments', 'population', 'theknowledge', 'understanding', 'covid', 'evolve', 'appropriate', 'response', 'plan', 'this', 'pandemic', 'consideredone', 'most', 'effective', 'methods', 'controlling', 'spread', 'virus', 'recent', 'studies', 'indicate', 'that', 'city', 'digitaltwin', 'beneficial', 'tackling', 'this', 'health', 'crisis', 'because', 'construct', 'virtual', 'replica', 'simulate', 'factors', 'such', 'climate', 'conditions', 'response', 'policies', 'people', 'trajectories', 'help', 'plan', 'efficient', 'inclusive', 'decisions', 'however', 'city', 'dtsystem', 'relies', 'long', 'term', 'high', 'quality', 'data', 'collection', 'make', 'appropriate', 'decisions', 'limitingits', 'advantages', 'when', 'facing', 'urgent', 'crises', 'such', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'whichall', 'clients', 'learn', 'shared', 'model', 'while', 'retaining', 'training', 'data', 'locally', 'emerges', 'promising', 'solution', 'foraccumulating', 'insights', 'from', 'multiple', 'data', 'sources', 'efficiently', 'furthermore', 'enhanced', 'privacy', 'protectionsettings', 'removing', 'privacy', 'barriers', 'this', 'collaboration', 'this', 'work', 'propose', 'framework', 'that', 'fused', 'citydt', 'with', 'achieve', 'novel', 'collaborative', 'paradigm', 'that', 'allows', 'multiple', 'city', 'share', 'local', 'strategy', 'andstatus', 'quickly', 'particular', 'central', 'server', 'manages', 'local', 'updates', 'multiple', 'collaborators', 'city', 'providing', 'global', 'model', 'that', 'trained', 'multiple', 'iterations', 'different', 'city', 'systems', 'until', 'model', 'gains', 'thecorrelations', 'between', 'various', 'response', 'plans', 'infection', 'trends', 'this', 'approach', 'means', 'collaborative', 'city', 'dtparadigm', 'fused', 'with', 'techniques', 'obtain', 'knowledge', 'patterns', 'from', 'multiple', 'eventually', 'establish', 'global', 'view', 'city', 'crisis', 'management', 'meanwhile', 'also', 'helps', 'improve', 'each', 'city', 'consolidating', 'other', 'sdata', 'without', 'violating', 'privacy', 'rules', 'this', 'paper', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'case', 'proposedframework', 'experimental', 'results', 'real', 'dataset', 'with', 'various', 'response', 'plans', 'validate', 'proposed', 'solutionand', 'demonstrate', 'superior', 'performance', 'words', 'covid', 'digital', 'twin', 'federated', 'learning', 'deep', 'learningjunjie', 'pang', 'with', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'also', 'withthe', 'business', 'school', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'mail', 'pangjj18', 'huang', 'with', 'college', 'computing', 'software', 'engineering', 'kennesaw', 'state', 'university', 'atlanta', '30060', 'mail', 'yhuang24', 'kennesaw', 'zhenzhen', 'with', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'jilin', 'university', 'changchun', '130012', 'china', 'mail', 'xiezz14', 'mails', 'jianbo', 'with', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'mail', 'lijianbo', 'zhipeng', 'with', 'department', 'computer', 'science', 'georgia', 'state', 'university', 'atlanta', '30303', 'mail', 'zcai', 'whom', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed', 'manuscript', 'received', '2021', 'accepted', '2021', '18760', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', '2021', '7711', 'introductioncoronavirus', 'covid', 'infectious', 'diseasecaused', 'recently', 'discovered', 'coronavirus', 'wasidentified', 'december', '31th', '2019', 'https', 'emergencies', 'diseases', 'novel', 'coronavirus', '2019', 'thevirus', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'less', 'than', 'three', 'months', 'infected', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'people', 'causedover', 'deaths', 'https', 'worldometers', 'info', 'coronavirus', 'this', 'widespread', 'coronavirus', 'outbreakreceived', 'tremendous', 'attention', 'from', 'research', 'andmedical', 'perspective', 'however', 'specific', 'antiviraltreatment', 'covid', 'remains', 'unavailable', 'therefore', 'early', 'radical', 'government', 'response', 'beconsidered', 'most', 'effective', 'method', 'when', 'facing', 'anovel', 'infectious', 'disease', 'however', 'determining', 'theresponse', 'plan', 'properly', 'challenging', 'because', 'alack', 'experience', 'efficient', 'data', 'sources', 'mathematical', 'model', 'possible', 'solution', 'forthe', 'intervention', 'surveillance', 'infectiousdisease', 'example', 'susceptible', 'infected', 'susceptible', 'epidemic', 'model', 'widely', 'used', 'indescribing', 'spreading', 'process', 'virus', 'staticnetwork', 'with', 'assumption', 'constant', 'population', 'this', 'model', 'also', 'combine', 'with', 'time', 'varyingdynamic', 'network', 'describe', 'more', 'complex', 'propagation', 'also', 'observe', 'that', 'significant', 'proliferation', 'ofmachine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'resulted', 'rapiddevelopment', 'intelligent', 'forecasting', 'models', 'recentworks', 'demonstrate', 'their', 'comparable', 'performance', 'incapturing', 'trivial', 'atypical', 'trends', 'typical', 'patternsfor', 'epidemic', 'control', 'such', 'wiener', 'series', 'basedmachine', 'learning', 'model', 'measuring', 'h1n1', 'virusspread', 'after', 'intervention', 'representationlearning', 'model', 'that', 'generates', 'interpretable', 'epidemicforecasting', 'results', 'seasonal', 'influenza', 'forecasting', 'however', 'these', 'models', 'still', 'have', 'several', 'challengesand', 'limitations', 'predicting', 'infection', 'trends', 'novelinfectious', 'disease', 'such', 'covid', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'contrast', 'other', 'pandemicpredictions', 'prediction', 'model', 'unknown', 'infectiousdiseases', 'such', 'covid', 'must', 'learn', 'influenceof', 'various', 'response', 'plan', 'settings', 'such', 'mask', 'wearing', 'shelter', 'place', 'statewide', 'school', 'closures', 'cold', 'start', 'problem', 'when', 'virus', 'starts', 'tospread', 'local', 'health', 'department', 'always', 'needs', 'longtime', 'properly', 'collect', 'sufficient', 'data', 'generate', 'aresponse', 'pandemic', 'note', 'that', 'same', 'responseplan', 'could', 'have', 'varied', 'effects', 'different', 'locations', 'aradical', 'response', 'plan', 'only', 'bring', 'economic', 'risksto', 'risk', 'areas', 'while', 'same', 'actions', 'could', 'resultin', 'losing', 'control', 'spreading', 'virus', 'economicdamage', 'severely', 'affected', 'areas', 'privacy', 'protection', 'data', 'resources', 'related', 'ahealth', 'crisis', 'such', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'unavoidablycontain', 'sensitive', 'information', 'this', 'situation', 'means', 'thatwe', 'cannot', 'collaboratively', 'share', 'these', 'data', 'unless', 'canprovide', 'strong', 'privacy', 'guarantee', 'however', 'medicalinstitutions', 'local', 'governments', 'expect', 'high', 'performance', 'model', 'epidemic', 'control', 'which', 'meansmassive', 'data', 'collection', 'required', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'because', 'privacy', 'confidentialityconcerns', 'these', 'applications', 'possibly', 'prevented', 'such', 'that', 'data', 'silos', 'emerge', 'these', 'silos', 'isolatedislands', 'data', 'which', 'make', 'health', 'data', 'managementdisorganized', 'inefficient', 'moreover', 'they', 'make', 'itprohibitively', 'costly', 'local', 'agencies', 'extractknowledge', 'share', 'insights', 'realize', 'collaborationswith', 'other', 'regions', 'shown', 'proposes', 'digital', 'twin', 'enabled', 'collaborative', 'training', 'framework', 'basedon', 'federated', 'learning', 'paradigm', 'resolve', 'theabove', 'problems', 'city', 'build', 'virtualreplica', 'city', 'state', 'that', 'provides', 'digital', 'view', 'offederated', 'learning', 'central', 'servercity', 'dtreal', 'worldfig', 'overview', 'collaborative', 'framework', 'multiple', 'city', 'junjie', 'pang', 'collaborative', 'city', 'digital', 'twin', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution', '761city', 'state', 'facilities', 'human', 'activities', 'other', 'typesof', 'information', 'enable', 'information', 'convergence', 'inmultiple', 'aspects', 'infection', 'trend', 'thus', 'enabling', 'theprediction', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'caused', 'differentevents', 'city', 'allows', 'each', 'region', 'accumulatehistorical', 'data', 'efficiently', 'while', 'demonstrating', 'aremarkable', 'potential', 'offering', 'continuous', 'interactionwith', 'physical', 'world', 'refine', 'prediction', 'specifically', 'time', 'convolutional', 'networks', 'isadopted', 'implement', 'city', 'ensuring', 'superiorperformance', 'modeling', 'temporal', 'informationdynamics', 'future', 'infection', 'trend', 'prediction', 'undera', 'local', 'response', 'plan', 'further', 'resolve', 'cold', 'start', 'problem', 'privacyconcerns', 'introduced', 'collaborativetraining', 'paradigm', 'only', 'involves', 'parametersshared', 'among', 'multiple', 'parties', 'training', 'collaborativemachine', 'learning', 'models', 'thus', 'significantlylower', 'privacy', 'risks', 'collaborative', 'knowledgeexchange', 'these', 'features', 'combined', 'with', 'high', 'quality', 'contribution', 'from', 'local', 'city', 'essentialfor', 'establishing', 'prediction', 'model', 'accumulatingknowledge', 'insights', 'unknown', 'virus', 'such', 'ascovid', 'short', 'period', 'contributions', 'summarized', 'follows', 'resolve', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'challenge', 'forcovid', 'pandemic', 'management', 'among', 'thefirst', 'propose', 'novel', 'collaborative', 'learning', 'frameworkwith', 'city', 'embedding', 'proposed', 'based', 'city', 'helps', 'determinethe', 'effects', 'various', 'local', 'response', 'plans', 'eachcity', 'area', 'which', 'first', 'attempt', 'utilize', 'trivial', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'epidemic', 'forecastingconsidering', 'fine', 'granularity', 'time', 'pattern', 'features', 'considering', 'cold', 'start', 'problem', 'privacyconcerns', 'solution', 'which', 'offerscollaborative', 'learning', 'only', 'parameter', 'sharing', 'todisturb', 'each', 'city', 'privacy', 'rules', 'extensive', 'simulations', 'with', 'real', 'dataset', 'reveal', 'thatour', 'proposed', 'framework', 'significantly', 'outperforms', 'thenon', 'trivial', 'baseline', 'city', 'solutionwith', 'strong', 'privacy', 'guarantee', 'remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'asfollows', 'section', 'introduces', 'related', 'works', 'basicdefinitions', 'problem', 'statements', 'presented', 'insection', 'section', 'explains', 'detailed', 'structureand', 'methodology', 'proposed', 'framework', 'theexperiments', 'results', 'analyzed', 'section', 'finally', 'conclusions', 'future', 'work', 'presented', 'insection', 'related', 'workin', 'this', 'section', 'start', 'with', 'brief', 'review', 'traditionalmethods', 'epidemic', 'prediction', 'then', 'discuss', 'therelated', 'techniques', 'need', 'collaborativetraining', 'framework', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'epidemic', 'control', 'historicalinsights', 'from', 'temporal', 'infection', 'data', 'have', 'beencrucial', 'epidemic', 'control', 'prevention', 'couldbenefit', 'other', 'problems', 'smart', 'city', 'systems', 'orenhanced', 'social', 'network', 'analysis', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'techniques', 'have', 'demonstrated', 'remarkableperformance', 'model', 'such', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'andrecognize', 'multiple', 'patterns', 'including', 'deepneural', 'network', 'based', 'short', 'term', 'high', 'resolutionepidemic', 'forecasting', 'influenza', 'like', 'illness', 'thesemi', 'supervised', 'deep', 'learning', 'framework', 'that', 'integratescomputational', 'epidemiology', 'social', 'media', 'miningtechniques', 'epidemic', 'simulation', 'called', 'simnest', 'epirp', 'which', 'representational', 'learningmethods', 'capture', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'ofepidemic', 'spreading', 'social', 'networks', 'epidemics', 'oriented', 'clustering', 'classification', 'moreover', 'recent', 'breakthroughs', 'infectious', 'diseasemodeling', 'forecasting', 'real', 'time', 'disease', 'surveillancehave', 'further', 'convinced', 'that', 'these', 'activities', 'mitigatethe', 'effects', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'addition', 'withthe', 'rapid', 'growth', 'cloud', 'computing', 'wirelessdata', 'communication', 'architectures', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'demonstrate', 'constantly', 'improving', 'efficiency', 'given', 'various', 'application', 'scenarios', 'objectives', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'different', 'typicalsolution', 'localized', 'nowcasting', 'activityinferring', 'argonet', 'which', 'network', 'basedapproach', 'leveraging', 'spatio', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'acrossdifferent', 'states', 'improve', 'prediction', 'accuracy', 'argonet', 'uses', 'spatial', 'network', 'capture', 'thespatio', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'across', 'different', 'states', 'andproduces', 'more', 'precise', 'retrospective', 'estimates', 'based', 'onthe', 'information', 'from', 'influenza', 'related', 'google', 'searchfrequencies', 'electronic', 'health', 'records', 'historicalinfluenza', 'trends', 'instead', 'leveraging', 'multiple', 'datasource', 'such', 'argonet', 'studies', 'proposed', 'multi', 'task', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'that', 'onlyuses', 'user', 'generated', 'content', 'search', 'data', 'theyinvestigate', 'linear', 'nonlinear', 'model', 'capabilities', 'andfind', 'that', 'disease', 'rate', 'estimates', 'significantly762', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', '2021', '771improved', 'case', 'study', 'influenza', 'like', 'illness', 'however', 'these', 'successful', 'attempts', 'based', 'large', 'scale', 'data', 'sources', 'massive', 'historical', 'informationof', 'disease', 'with', 'similar', 'spreading', 'patterns', 'whichmeans', 'that', 'high', 'dimensionality', 'irregularity', 'forms', 'noise', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'sparsity', 'problems', 'mayaffect', 'these', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'performance', 'especially', 'when', 'face', 'unexpected', 'infectious', 'diseaseoutbreaks', 'such', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'filling', 'data', 'city', 'proposed', 'promising', 'solution', 'virtual', 'representation', 'adevice', 'specific', 'application', 'scenario', 'that', 'interactwith', 'target', 'environment', 'collect', 'data', 'continuouslyfor', 'real', 'time', 'decision', 'making', 'several', 'successfulresearch', 'attempts', 'include', 'disaster', 'city', 'energy', 'management', 'city', 'scale', 'light', 'detectionand', 'ranging', 'lidar', 'point', 'clouds', 'furthermore', 'singapore', 'germany', 'have', 'launched', 'city', 'scale', 'monitor', 'improve', 'utilities', 'which', 'enhancethe', 'transparency', 'sustainability', 'availability', 'this', 'city', 'offers', 'high', 'quality', 'andreal', 'time', 'data', 'resource', 'describe', 'spread', 'anepidemic', 'whereas', 'data', 'silos', 'naturally', 'emerge', 'becauseof', 'privacy', 'barriers', 'maintain', 'advantages', 'ofdt', 'tolerate', 'data', 'sparsity', 'challenge', 'whichallows', 'multiple', 'stack', 'holders', 'share', 'data', 'train', 'aglobal', 'model', 'become', 'preferred', 'scheme', 'intypical', 'scheme', 'settings', 'each', 'data', 'owner', 'client', 'engages', 'collaborative', 'training', 'process', 'withouttransferring', 'data', 'others', 'through', 'central', 'server', 'manages', 'each', 'client', 'local', 'trainingupdates', 'aggregates', 'their', 'contributions', 'enhance', 'theglobal', 'model', 'performance', 'several', 'concrete', 'scenarios', 'including', 'google', 'gboard', 'health', 'smartbanking', 'show', 'advantages', 'handlingcollaborative', 'training', 'issues', 'data', 'difficulties', 'amongdiverse', 'data', 'owners', 'therefore', 'motivatedto', 'utilize', 'techniques', 'resolve', 'data', 'sparsitychallenges', 'design', 'collaborative', 'city', 'forcovid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'preliminary', 'system', 'modelin', 'this', 'section', 'first', 'explain', 'preliminaries', 'ofthe', 'proposed', 'framework', 'structural', 'design', 'whichcombines', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'will', 'explained', 'with', 'mathematical', 'definition', 'ofthe', 'problem', 'objective', 'detailed', 'methodology', 'andproposed', 'solution', 'will', 'illustrated', 'section', 'preliminariestcn', 'given', 'these', 'advantages', 'delicate', 'designedconvolutional', 'architecture', 'handle', 'variablelength', 'inputs', 'such', 'those', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network', 'based', 'methods', 'convincingly', 'outperformbaseline', 'recurrent', 'architectures', 'across', 'various', 'sequencemodeling', 'tasks', 'leveraging', 'much', 'simpler', 'dfully', 'convolutional', 'network', 'build', 'verylong', 'sufficient', 'history', 'size', 'variable', 'length', 'ainput', 'sequence', 'avoiding', 'large', 'memory', 'requirementsand', 'intricate', 'network', 'architecture', 'such', 'those', 'ofgated', 'rnns', 'model', 'pipeline', 'distinguishingfeatures', 'causal', 'convolution', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'causal', 'convolutions', 'consider', 'that', 'output', 'timet', 'convoluted', 'only', 'with', 'elements', 'that', 'occurred', 'before', 'which', 'suggests', 'that', 'current', 'spatial', 'temporal', 'informationdepends', 'only', 'past', 'future', 'inputs', 'then', 'further', 'achieve', 'longer', 'history', 'data', 'withoutintroducing', 'extremely', 'deep', 'network', 'very', 'largefilters', 'uses', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'enlargethe', 'sequence', 'data', 'maximum', 'length', 'receptive', 'field', 'notably', 'receptive', 'field', 'changed', 'stackingmore', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'layers', 'increasing', 'filtersizes', 'which', 'fully', 'explain', 'robustness', 'flexibility', 'privacy', 'enhanced', 'distributed', 'learningframework', 'with', 'emphasis', 'using', 'mobile', 'edgedevices', 'collecting', 'data', 'scaling', 'computationresources', 'unlike', 'previous', 'research', 'handling', 'withtraining', 'data', 'centralized', 'manner', 'essentialproperty', 'uses', 'parameter', 'only', 'collaborative', 'trainingto', 'avoid', 'disturbing', 'each', 'clients', 'privacy', 'rules', 'thus', 'various', 'participating', 'clients', 'solve', 'learning', 'taskthrough', 'spoke', 'topology', 'model', 'aggregationwhile', 'maintaining', 'data', 'their', 'devices', 'inparticular', 'training', 'task', 'flcentral', 'server', 'trains', 'global', 'model', 'initialization', 'then', 'distributes', 'this', 'model', 'existing', 'collaborators', 'clients', 'after', 'receiving', 'global', 'model', 'eachcollaborator', 'uses', 'local', 'dataset', 'update', 'localparameters', 'generates', 'local', 'updates', 'basedon', 'specified', 'synchronization', 'settings', 'these', 'updatesare', 'sent', 'central', 'server', 'aggregation', 'theglobal', 'model', 'improved', 'these', 'distributed', 'updateiterations', 'repeated', 'until', 'global', 'model', 'convergesor', 'achieves', 'expected', 'performance', 'digital', 'representation', 'physicalasset', 'environment', 'system', 'that', 'initiallydeveloped', 'automatically', 'aggregate', 'analyze', 'andjunjie', 'pang', 'collaborative', 'city', 'digital', 'twin', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution', '763visualize', 'complex', 'information', 'through', 'continuousinteractions', 'with', 'physical', 'world', 'city', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'controlfrom', 'above', 'facts', 'observe', 'explicit', 'advantagesof', 'using', 'establish', 'collaborative', 'trainingframework', 'multiple', 'city', 'first', 'separatinglocal', 'model', 'training', 'global', 'model', 'updates', 'floffers', 'strong', 'capability', 'deal', 'with', 'isolated', 'dataisland', 'problem', 'between', 'multiple', 'secondly', 'withenhanced', 'privacy', 'settings', 'each', 'city', 'obtain', 'thecollaboration', 'achievements', 'without', 'violating', 'privacyrules', 'these', 'properties', 'essential', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'control', 'because', 'different', 'regions', 'need', 'acollaboration', 'paradigm', 'with', 'lower', 'privacy', 'risks', 'toquickly', 'realize', 'effective', 'response', 'plan', 'furthermore', 'each', 'city', 'using', 'time', 'series', 'datamodeling', 'method', 'shared', 'global', 'model', 'providemore', 'temporal', 'correlation', 'perspectives', 'which', 'acomplementary', 'approach', 'make', 'city', 'quicklyconverge', 'robust', 'performance', 'proposed', 'work', 'city', 'three', 'primarycomponents', 'physical', 'environment', 'city', 'virtual', 'replica', 'describing', 'city', 'architecture', 'functions', 'behaviors', 'active', 'communicationsbetween', 'obtain', 'real', 'time', 'spatiotemporaldata', 'from', 'various', 'infrastructure', 'human', 'systems', 'according', 'three', 'components', 'compose', 'citydt', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'using', 'followingmetrics', 'covid', 'case', 'number', 'covid', 'casenumber', 'number', 'identified', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'itis', 'direct', 'evidence', 'describe', 'characteristics', 'ofhuman', 'human', 'transmission', 'daily', 'updates', 'casenumbers', 'represent', 'infection', 'trend', 'changes', 'showwhether', 'response', 'plan', 'operated', 'efficiently', 'ourframework', 'each', 'model', 'from', 'specific', 'area', 'sothat', 'case', 'number', 'bounded', 'with', 'area', 'timeinformation', 'covid', 'testing', 'number', 'this', 'metric', 'measureshow', 'many', 'individuals', 'tested', 'covid', 'theaffected', 'regions', 'actual', 'total', 'number', 'peopleinfected', 'with', 'covid', 'cannot', 'obtained', 'thissituation', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'depends', 'thetesting', 'number', 'because', 'used', 'further', 'interpretand', 'revise', 'covid', 'case', 'number', 'meanwhile', 'positive', 'rate', 'computed', 'testing', 'number', 'particular', 'time', 'window', 'essential', 'metric', 'fordescribing', 'target', 'area', 'controls', 'spread', 'properly', 'therefore', 'must', 'both', 'numbers', 'estimate', 'thecurrent', 'infection', 'status', 'mitigate', 'risks', 'under', 'reporting', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'number', 'theconfirmed', 'death', 'number', 'describes', 'ability', 'ofcovid', 'cause', 'death', 'which', 'another', 'direct', 'pieceof', 'evidence', 'region', 'affected', 'furthermore', 'itis', 'important', 'metric', 'identifying', 'risk', 'populationsand', 'guiding', 'response', 'plan', 'adjust', 'medicalresource', 'allocations', 'confirmed', 'death', 'number', 'andcase', 'number', 'have', 'very', 'different', 'trends', 'because', 'thesame', 'response', 'plan', 'affect', 'these', 'metrics', 'differently', 'example', 'several', 'infected', 'regions', 'bring', 'thenumber', 'deaths', 'down', 'same', 'response', 'plan', 'butother', 'areas', 'only', 'lower', 'case', 'number', 'thus', 'thedeath', 'rate', 'helps', 'understand', 'severity', 'this', 'virusand', 'evaluate', 'each', 'response', 'plan', 'fine', 'grained', 'function', 'response', 'plan', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'various', 'organizations', 'governments', 'develop', 'severallocal', 'level', 'response', 'plans', 'even', 'country', 'levelresponse', 'plan', 'prepare', 'respond', 'covid', 'model', 'tend', 'representa', 'response', 'plan', 'where', 'liis', 'location', 'with', 'andtend', 'denoting', 'starting', 'time', 'time', 'weinclude', 'following', 'response', 'plans', 'proposedmodel', 'quarantine', 'domestic', 'travel', 'limitations', 'gathering', 'limits', 'stay', 'home', 'orders', 'nonessentialbusiness', 'closures', 'reopening', 'plans', 'mask', 'policy', 'effectiveness', 'different', 'response', 'plans', 'varybecause', 'they', 'affected', 'several', 'external', 'factors', 'such', 'sudden', 'emergency', 'adverse', 'weather', 'conditions', 'vaccinations', 'temporal', 'effects', 'work', 'types', 'temporaleffects', 'considered', 'primary', 'factors', 'each', 'citydt', 'model', 'temporal', 'effects', 'historical', 'infection', 'status', 'historical', 'case', 'numbers', 'historical', 'deaths', 'andexternal', 'factors', 'selected', 'response', 'plans', 'events', 'gatherings', 'note', 'that', 'proposed', 'city', 'dtmodel', 'primary', 'goal', 'determine', 'whether', 'specificresponse', 'plan', 'flatten', 'infection', 'curve', 'evaluatethe', 'period', 'validity', 'plan', 'thus', 'need', 'robustepidemic', 'forecasting', 'model', 'that', 'consider', 'multipletemporal', 'factors', 'hidden', 'periodicity', 'historical', 'infection', 'status', 'fast', 'evolvingpandemic', 'such', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'thehistorical', 'case', 'numbers', 'direct', 'evidence', 'thecorrelation', 'between', 'past', 'conditions', 'currentinfection', 'status', 'take', 'historical', 'dailycase', 'information', 'three', 'states', 'nevada', 'utah', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', '2021', '771fig', 'correlation', 'between', 'current', 'infection', 'trend', 'andthe', 'historical', 'infection', 'numbers', 'wisconsin', 'examples', 'these', 'temporaleffects', 'from', 'early', 'march', 'data', 'three', 'states', 'weobserve', 'same', 'immediate', 'effect', 'historical', 'infectionnumbers', 'because', 'they', 'lead', 'continuously', 'increasingnumber', 'infections', 'until', 'april', 'which', 'indicatesthat', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'play', 'essential', 'rolein', 'explaining', 'predicting', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'external', 'factors', 'determine', 'whether', 'externalfactors', 'have', 'immediate', 'delayed', 'effect', 'futureinfection', 'trends', 'observe', 'correlation', 'betweeneach', 'specific', 'factor', 'infection', 'status', 'nextfew', 'days', 'work', 'response', 'plans', 'consideredthe', 'primary', 'external', 'factor', 'because', 'choice', 'aspecified', 'response', 'plan', 'also', 'significantly', 'affectthe', 'number', 'infections', 'this', 'effect', 'various', 'depending', 'strictness', 'that', 'policy', 'people', 'sacceptance', 'many', 'other', 'factors', 'such', 'asvarious', 'climate', 'conditions', 'population', 'density', 'example', 'observe', 'that', 'after', 'takinga', 'specified', 'response', 'plan', 'such', 'domestic', 'travellimitations', 'gathering', 'limits', 'infection', 'trend', 'ofall', 'three', 'states', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'however', 'different', 'reasons', 'validity', 'period', 'responseplan', 'vary', 'three', 'states', 'exhibit', 'increasinginfection', 'trend', 'over', 'time', 'thus', 'temporal', 'effect', 'specific', 'response', 'plan', 'complicated', 'becauseexternal', 'factors', 'such', 'time', 'window', 'theindeterminate', 'period', 'that', 'response', 'plan', 'starts', 'totake', 'effect', 'paroxysmal', 'public', 'crisis', 'alsolead', 'infection', 'trend', 'changes', 'which', 'suggests', 'thatit', 'challenge', 'estimate', 'temporal', 'effects', 'aspecific', 'response', 'plan', 'from', 'such', 'complicated', 'physicalenvironment', 'problem', 'statementto', 'place', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'under', 'control', 'different', 'local', 'agencies', 'each', 'city', 'region', 'choosetheir', 'strategy', 'meet', 'local', 'requirements', 'thisdivergence', 'occurs', 'mainly', 'because', 'different', 'regionsshould', 'consider', 'local', 'intrinsic', 'properties', 'forinstance', 'area', 'which', 'thinly', 'populated', 'districtwith', 'very', 'infection', 'rates', 'would', 'prefer', 'choosea', 'less', 'radical', 'response', 'plan', 'while', 'another', 'areab', 'where', 'severe', 'infection', 'conditions', 'verylikely', 'choose', 'less', 'radical', 'response', 'plan', 'likerestricting', 'activities', 'closing', 'most', 'facilities', 'this', 'situation', 'means', 'that', 'each', 'region', 'only', 'obtainknowledge', 'trial', 'error', 'operation', 'schemes', 'forseeking', 'effective', 'response', 'plan', 'increasingtime', 'cost', 'could', 'lead', 'delayed', 'response', 'plan', 'withpoor', 'performance', 'moreover', 'train', 'city', 'modelto', 'predict', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'after', 'response', 'plan', 'enough', 'features', 'must', 'used', 'construct', 'temporalcorrelations', 'which', 'suggests', 'that', 'collaborative', 'citydt', 'training', 'framework', 'must', 'considered', 'instead', 'coping', 'with', 'these', 'challenges', 'limitations', 'protocol', 'used', 'collaborative', 'city', 'dtframework', 'this', 'paper', 'study', 'problem', 'offorecasting', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'specific', 'responseplans', 'formally', 'this', 'problem', 'stated', 'follows', 'given', 'multiple', 'city', 'eachexpects', 'collaborations', 'bounded', 'with', 'local', 'datasensing', 'method', 'generate', 'individualize', 'data', 'sourcesi', 'federated', 'training', 'problem', 'tooptimize', 'following', 'function', 'minw', 'xnid1pifi', 'junjie', 'pang', 'collaborative', 'city', 'digital', 'twin', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution', '765where', 'number', 'city', 'represents', 'theparameter', 'global', 'model', 'where', 'number', 'data', 'points', 'city', 'data', 'sourceand', 'miis', 'number', 'data', 'points', 'city', 'forcity', 'loss', 'function', 'data', 'point', 'sothat', 'local', 'objective', 'defined', 'asfi', '1mixmijd1fnew_paper'] ['received', 'november', '2020', 'accepted', 'december', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'december', '2020', 'date', 'current', 'version', 'december', '2020', 'digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'access', '2020', '3044858artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'rayimages', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'approachjulián', 'arias', 'londoño', 'senior', 'member', 'ieee', 'jorge', 'gómez', 'garcía', 'laureano', 'moro', 'velázquez3', 'member', 'ieee', 'andjuan', 'godino', 'llorente', 'senior', 'member', 'ieee', '1department', 'systems', 'engineering', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', '050010', 'colombia2bioengineering', 'optoelectronics', 'laboratory', 'universidad', 'politécnica', 'madrid', '28031', 'madrid', 'spain3department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'baltimore', '21218', 'usacorresponding', 'author', 'juan', 'godino', 'llorente', 'ignacio', 'godino', 'this', 'work', 'supported', 'part', 'ministry', 'economy', 'competitiveness', 'spain', 'under', 'grant', 'dpi2017', '83405', 'partby', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', 'colombia', 'abstract', 'current', 'standard', 'protocols', 'used', 'clinic', 'diagnosing', 'covid', 'include', 'molecular', 'orantigen', 'tests', 'generally', 'complemented', 'plain', 'chest', 'combined', 'analysis', 'aims', 'reduce', 'thesignificant', 'number', 'false', 'negatives', 'these', 'tests', 'provide', 'complementary', 'evidence', 'about', 'presenceand', 'severity', 'disease', 'however', 'procedure', 'free', 'errors', 'interpretation', 'chestx', 'only', 'restricted', 'radiologists', 'complexity', 'with', 'long', 'term', 'goal', 'provide', 'evidencefor', 'diagnosis', 'this', 'paper', 'presents', 'evaluation', 'different', 'methods', 'based', 'deep', 'neural', 'network', 'these', 'first', 'steps', 'develop', 'automatic', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'tool', 'using', 'chest', 'images', 'todifferentiate', 'between', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'groups', 'paper', 'describes', 'process', 'followedto', 'train', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'with', 'dataset', 'more', 'than', 'images', 'compiled', 'fromdifferent', 'sources', 'including', 'more', 'than', 'covid', 'examples', 'three', 'different', 'experiments', 'followingthree', 'preprocessing', 'schemes', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'compare', 'developed', 'models', 'toevaluate', 'preprocessing', 'data', 'affects', 'results', 'improves', 'explainability', 'likewise', 'criticalanalysis', 'different', 'variability', 'issues', 'that', 'might', 'compromise', 'system', 'effects', 'performed', 'withthe', 'employed', 'methodology', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'with', 'average', 'recall', 'forthe', 'worst', 'most', 'explainable', 'experiment', 'which', 'requires', 'previous', 'automatic', 'segmentation', 'lungregion', 'index', 'terms', 'covid', 'deep', 'learning', 'pneumonia', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'chest', 'introductioncovid', 'pandemic', 'rapidly', 'become', 'biggesthealth', 'world', 'challenges', 'recent', 'years', 'disease', 'spreadsat', 'fast', 'pace', 'reproduction', 'number', 'covid', 'rangedfrom', 'during', 'first', 'months', 'pandemic', 'meaning', 'that', 'average', 'infected', 'person', 'transmittedthe', 'disease', 'more', 'people', 'result', 'numberof', 'covid', 'infections', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'from', 'justa', 'hundred', 'cases', 'january', 'most', 'them', 'concentrated', 'inthe', 'associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'this', 'manuscript', 'andapproving', 'publication', 'wenming', 'china', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'november', 'spread', 'allaround', 'world', 'covid', 'caused', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'cov2', 'avirus', 'that', 'belongs', 'same', 'family', 'other', 'respiratorydisorders', 'such', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'sars', 'middle', 'east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mers', 'symptomatology', 'covid', 'diverse', 'arisesafter', 'incubation', 'around', 'days', 'symptoms', 'mightinclude', 'fever', 'cough', 'fatigue', 'although', 'headache', 'hemoptysis', 'diarrhea', 'dyspnoea', 'lymphopenia', 'alsoreported', 'severe', 'cases', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'tress', 'syndrome', 'ards', 'might', 'developed', 'underlyingpneumonia', 'associated', 'with', 'covid', 'most', 'severevolume', '2020', 'this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '226811j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19cases', 'estimated', 'period', 'from', 'onset', 'disease', 'todeath', 'ranges', 'from', 'days', 'with', 'median', 'days', 'being', 'dependent', 'patient', 'patient', 'immunesystem', 'status', 'once', 'sars', 'cov2', 'reaches', 'host', 'lung', 'getsinto', 'cells', 'through', 'protein', 'called', 'ace2', 'which', 'servesas', 'opening', 'cell', 'lock', 'after', 'virus', 'geneticmaterial', 'multiplied', 'infected', 'cell', 'produces', 'proteinsthat', 'complement', 'viral', 'structure', 'produce', 'viruses', 'then', 'virus', 'destroys', 'infected', 'cell', 'leaves', 'andinfects', 'cells', 'destroyed', 'cells', 'produce', 'radiologicallesions', 'such', 'consolidations', 'nodules', 'thelungs', 'that', 'observable', 'form', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacityregions', 'images', 'these', 'lesionsare', 'more', 'noticeable', 'patients', 'assessed', 'more', 'days', 'afterthe', 'onset', 'disease', 'especially', 'those', 'older', 'than50', 'findings', 'also', 'suggest', 'that', 'patients', 'recovered', 'fromcovid', 'have', 'developed', 'pulmonary', 'fibrosis', 'whichthe', 'connective', 'tissue', 'lung', 'gets', 'inflamed', 'leading', 'apathological', 'proliferation', 'connective', 'tissue', 'betweenthe', 'alveoli', 'surrounding', 'blood', 'vessels', 'given', 'thesesigns', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'using', 'plain', 'chestxr', 'thorax', 'computer', 'tomography', 'have', 'becomecrucial', 'diagnosis', 'evaluation', 'tools', 'identify', 'assessthe', 'severity', 'infection', 'since', 'declaration', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'theworld', 'health', 'organization', 'identified', 'four', 'major', 'areasto', 'reduce', 'impact', 'disease', 'world', 'prepareand', 'ready', 'detect', 'protect', 'treat', 'reduce', 'transmission', 'innovate', 'learn', 'concerning', 'area', 'detec', 'tion', 'significant', 'efforts', 'have', 'been', 'undertaken', 'improve', 'thediagnostic', 'procedures', 'covid', 'date', 'gold', 'stan', 'dard', 'clinic', 'still', 'molecular', 'diagnostic', 'test', 'based', 'apolymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'which', 'precise', 'time', 'consuming', 'requires', 'specialized', 'personnel', 'laboratories', 'general', 'limited', 'capacities', 'resourcesof', 'health', 'systems', 'alternative', 'rapidtests', 'such', 'those', 'based', 'real', 'time', 'reverse', 'transcriptase', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'they', 'morerapidly', 'deployed', 'decrease', 'load', 'specialized', 'labora', 'tories', 'personnel', 'provide', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'comparedto', 'traditional', 'other', 'tests', 'such', 'those', 'based', 'antigens', 'nowavailable', 'mainly', 'used', 'massive', 'testings', 'fornon', 'clinical', 'applications', 'higher', 'chance', 'missingan', 'active', 'infection', 'contrast', 'with', 'which', 'detectsthe', 'virus', 'genetic', 'material', 'antigen', 'tests', 'identify', 'specificproteins', 'virus', 'surface', 'requiring', 'higher', 'viral', 'load', 'which', 'significantly', 'shortens', 'sensitivity', 'period', 'clinical', 'practice', 'test', 'usually', 'comple', 'mented', 'with', 'chest', 'such', 'manner', 'that', 'bined', 'analysis', 'reduces', 'significant', 'number', 'false', 'atives', 'same', 'time', 'brings', 'additional', 'informationabout', 'extent', 'severity', 'disease', 'addition', 'tothat', 'thorax', 'also', 'used', 'second', 'method', 'forevaluation', 'although', 'evaluation', 'with', 'provides', 'moreaccurate', 'results', 'early', 'stages', 'have', 'been', 'shown', 'tohave', 'greater', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'imaging', 'hasbecome', 'standard', 'screening', 'protocols', 'since', 'fast', 'minimally', 'invasive', 'cost', 'requires', 'simpler', 'logisticsfor', 'implementation', 'search', 'rapid', 'more', 'objective', 'accurate', 'sensi', 'tive', 'procedures', 'which', 'could', 'complement', 'diagnosis', 'andassessment', 'disorder', 'trend', 'research', 'emergedto', 'employ', 'clinical', 'features', 'extracted', 'from', 'thorax', 'chestxr', 'with', 'automatic', 'detection', 'purposes', 'potential', 'benefit', 'ofstudying', 'radiological', 'images', 'that', 'these', 'character', 'pneumonic', 'states', 'even', 'asymptomatic', 'population', 'however', 'more', 'research', 'needed', 'this', 'field', 'lackof', 'findings', 'infected', 'patients', 'also', 'reported', 'theconsolidation', 'such', 'technology', 'will', 'permit', 'speedy', 'andaccurate', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'decreasing', 'pressureon', 'microbiological', 'laboratories', 'charge', 'testsand', 'providing', 'more', 'objective', 'means', 'assessing', 'ease', 'severity', 'this', 'techniques', 'based', 'deep', 'learn', 'have', 'been', 'employed', 'leverage', 'information', 'withpromising', 'results', 'although', 'would', 'desirable', 'employct', 'detection', 'purposes', 'some', 'significant', 'drawbacks', 'areoften', 'present', 'including', 'higher', 'costs', 'more', 'time', 'consumingprocedure', 'thorough', 'hygienic', 'protocols', 'avoid', 'infectionspread', 'requirement', 'specialized', 'equipment', 'thatmight', 'readily', 'available', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'contrast', 'imaging', 'procedures', 'available', 'firstscreening', 'tests', 'many', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'lowerexpenses', 'several', 'approaches', 'covid', 'detection', 'based', 'onchest', 'images', 'different', 'deep', 'learning', 'architectureshave', 'been', 'published', 'last', 'months', 'reporting', 'classifi', 'cation', 'accuracies', 'around', 'higher', 'however', 'centralanalysis', 'most', 'those', 'works', 'focused', 'variationsof', 'network', 'architectures', 'whereas', 'there', 'less', 'attention', 'tothe', 'variability', 'factors', 'that', 'real', 'solution', 'should', 'tackle', 'beforeit', 'deployed', 'medical', 'setting', 'this', 'sense', 'noanalysis', 'been', 'provided', 'demonstrate', 'reliability', 'ofthe', 'networks', 'predictions', 'which', 'context', 'medicalsolutions', 'acquires', 'particular', 'relevance', 'moreover', 'most', 'ofthe', 'works', 'state', 'have', 'validated', 'their', 'results', 'withdata', 'sets', 'containing', 'dozens', 'hundreds', 'covid', '19samples', 'limiting', 'proposed', 'solutions', 'impact', 'with', 'these', 'antecedents', 'mind', 'this', 'paper', 'uses', 'deeplearning', 'algorithm', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'andregularization', 'techniques', 'handle', 'data', 'imbalance', 'thediscrimination', 'between', 'covid', 'controls', 'other', 'typesof', 'pneumonia', 'methods', 'tested', 'with', 'most', 'extensivecorpus', 'date', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'three', 'differentsets', 'experiments', 'were', 'carried', 'search', 'themost', 'suitable', 'coherent', 'approach', 'this', 'paperalso', 'uses', 'explainability', 'techniques', 'gain', 'insight', 'about', 'themanners', 'neural', 'network', 'learns', 'interpretabil', 'terms', 'overlapping', 'among', 'regions', 'interestselected', 'network', 'those', 'that', 'more', 'likely', 'affectedby', 'covid', 'critical', 'analysis', 'factors', 'that', 'affect', 'the226812', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'first', 'chest', 'images', 'belonging', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'andcovid', 'classes', 'second', 'grad', 'activation', 'mapping', 'images', 'despite', 'high', 'accuracy', 'modelfocuses', 'attention', 'areas', 'different', 'from', 'lungs', 'some', 'cases', 'third', 'grad', 'activation', 'mapping', 'afterzooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'zooming', 'region', 'interest', 'forces', 'model', 'tofocus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'errors', 'still', 'present', 'fourth', 'grad', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after', 'zooming', 'andsegmentation', 'procedure', 'zooming', 'segmenting', 'force', 'model', 'focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'black', 'backgroundrepresents', 'mask', 'introduced', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'volume', '2020', '226813j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19performance', 'automatic', 'systems', 'based', 'deep', 'learning', 'isalso', 'carried', 'this', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'presents', 'somebackground', 'antecedents', 'deep', 'learning', 'forcovid', 'detection', 'section', 'presents', 'methodology', 'section', 'presents', 'results', 'obtained', 'whereas', 'presentsthe', 'discussions', 'main', 'conclusions', 'this', 'paper', 'backgrounda', 'large', 'body', 'research', 'emerged', 'artificialintelligence', 'detect', 'different', 'respiratory', 'diseases', 'usingplain', 'images', 'instance', 'authors', 'developeda', 'layer', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'architec', 'ture', 'called', 'chexnet', 'which', 'trained', 'with', 'dataset', 'of100', 'images', 'detection', 'different', 'types', 'ofpneumonia', 'study', 'reports', 'area', 'under', 'receivingoperating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'multiclassscenario', 'composed', 'classes', 'directly', 'related', 'covid', 'detection', 'three', 'cnnarchitectures', 'resnet50', 'inceptionv3', 'inceptionres', 'netv2', 'were', 'considered', 'using', 'database', 'just50', 'controls', 'covid', 'patients', 'best', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'with', 'resnet50', 'seven', 'differentdeep', 'models', 'were', 'tested', 'using', 'corpus', 'controlsand', 'covid', 'patients', 'best', 'results', 'were', 'attainedwith', 'vgg19', 'densenet', 'models', 'obtaining', 'scoresof', 'controls', 'patients', 'covid', 'netarchitecture', 'proposed', 'trained', 'withan', 'open', 'repository', 'called', 'covidx', 'composed', 'xrimages', 'although', 'only', 'from', 'patients', 'belonged', 'tothe', 'covid', 'class', 'attained', 'accuracy', 'deep', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'employed', 'forthe', 'detection', 'covid', 'corpus', 'covid', '19images', 'taken', 'from', 'patients', 'control', 'images', 'taken', 'from', '1008', 'patients', 'sensitivity', 'ofspecificity', 'obtained', 'combination', 'forfeature', 'extraction', 'long', 'short', 'term', 'memory', 'network', 'lstm', 'classification', 'were', 'used', 'automatic', 'detectionpurposes', 'model', 'trained', 'with', 'corpus', 'gathered', 'fromdifferent', 'sources', 'consisting', 'images', 'ofcovid', 'although', 'come', 'from', 'repository', 'applyingdata', 'augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'trols', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracywas', 'reported', 'vgg16', 'network', 'used', 'forclassification', 'employing', 'database', 'covid', '132controls', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'following', 'hold', 'outvalidation', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'identifyingcovid', 'being', 'lower', 'other', 'classes', 'authors', 'adapted', 'model', 'classification', 'ofcovid', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'xceptionnetwork', 'experiments', 'were', 'carried', 'database', '127covid', 'controls', 'patients', 'with', 'pneumo', 'gathered', 'from', 'different', 'sources', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy', 'similar', 'approach', 'followed', 'used', 'thesame', 'corpus', 'binary', 'classification', 'covid', 'andcontrols', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'covid', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'with', 'modification', 'darknetmodel', 'transfer', 'learning', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multiclass', 'clas', 'sification', 'obtained', 'another', 'xception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'presented', 'considering', 'twomulti', 'class', 'classification', 'tasks', 'controls', 'covid', '19vs', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controlsvs', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'deal', 'with', 'imbalanceof', 'corpus', 'undersampling', 'technique', 'used', 'torandomly', 'discard', 'registers', 'from', 'larger', 'classes', 'obtain', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'reportedaccuracy', 'class', 'problem', 'the3', 'class', 'scenario', 'moreover', 'class', 'cross', 'database', 'exper', 'iment', 'accuracy', 'four', 'networks', 'resnet18', 'resnet50', 'squeezenet', 'densenet', 'wereused', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'were', 'performed', 'database', 'covid', 'finding', 'andpneumonia', 'images', 'reported', 'results', 'indicate', 'sensitivity', 'ofabout', 'specificity', 'five', 'state', 'systems', 'vgg19', 'mobilenetv2', 'inception', 'xcep', 'tion', 'inceptionresnetv2', 'were', 'tested', 'transfer', 'learningsetting', 'identify', 'covid', 'from', 'control', 'pneumoniaimages', 'experiments', 'were', 'carried', 'partitions', 'oneof', 'covid', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controlimages', 'another', 'that', 'considered', 'previous', 'normal', 'andcovid', 'data', 'included', 'cases', 'bacterial', 'viralpneumonia', 'mobilenetv2', 'attained', 'best', 'resultswith', 'accuracy', 'classes', 'clas', 'sification', 'mobilenetv2', 'trained', 'fromscratch', 'compared', 'based', 'transfer', 'learningand', 'another', 'based', 'hybrid', 'feature', 'extraction', 'with', 'fine', 'tuning', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset', '3905', 'xrimages', 'diseases', 'indicated', 'that', 'training', 'from', 'scratchoutperforms', 'other', 'approaches', 'attaining', 'accuracyin', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'system', 'also', 'grounded', 'inception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'presented', 'experi', 'ments', 'were', 'performed', 'partitions', 'images', 'withcovid', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'controls', 'reportedresults', 'indicate', 'accuracy', 'folds', 'cross', 'validationscheme', 'classification', 'covid', 'from', 'other', 'classes', 'fuzzy', 'color', 'techniques', 'were', 'used', 'processing', 'stage', 'remove', 'noise', 'enhance', 'imagesin', 'class', 'classification', 'setting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'processed', 'images', 'originalones', 'were', 'stacked', 'then', 'models', 'were', 'used', 'toextract', 'features', 'mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'featureselection', 'technique', 'based', 'social', 'mimic', 'optimization', 'asupport', 'vector', 'machine', 'used', 'experiments', 'wereperformed', 'corpus', 'covid', 'controls', '98pneumonia', 'images', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy', 'given', 'limited', 'amount', 'covid', 'images', 'someapproaches', 'have', 'focused', 'generating', 'artificial', 'data', 'trainbetter', 'models', 'auxiliary', 'generative', 'adversarialnetwork', 'used', 'produce', 'artificial', 'covid', '19226814', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19xr', 'images', 'from', 'database', 'covid', '124controls', 'results', 'indicated', 'that', 'data', 'augmentation', 'increasedaccuracy', 'from', 'vgg16', 'similarly', 'used', 'augment', 'database', '307images', 'belonging', 'four', 'classes', 'controls', 'covid', 'terial', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'different', 'models', 'weretested', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'setting', 'including', 'alexnet', 'googlenet', 'restnet18', 'best', 'results', 'were', 'obtainedwith', 'googlenet', 'achieving', 'multiclass', 'classifica', 'tion', 'approach', 'based', 'capsule', 'networks', 'capsnet', 'used', 'binary', 'covid', 'controls', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'covid', 'pneumoniavs', 'controls', 'experiments', 'were', 'performed', 'dataset', 'of231', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'xrimages', 'data', 'augmentation', 'used', 'increase', 'covid', 'images', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'were', 'achieved', 'xnet', 'architecture', 'based', 'depth', 'wise', 'dilated', 'convolutionnetworks', 'proposed', 'first', 'stage', 'pneumo', 'viral', 'bacterial', 'control', 'images', 'were', 'employedfor', 'pretraining', 'then', 'refined', 'model', 'covid', 'isobtained', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'using', 'databases', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'covid', 'controls', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacte', 'rial', 'viral', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'easy', 'trainneural', 'network', 'with', 'limited', 'number', 'training', 'parame', 'ters', 'presented', 'this', 'patch', 'phenomena', 'found', 'onxr', 'images', 'were', 'studied', 'bilateral', 'involvement', 'peripheraldistribution', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacification', 'develop', 'alung', 'segmentation', 'patch', 'based', 'neural', 'network', 'thatdistinguished', 'covid', 'from', 'controls', 'basis', 'thesystem', 'resnet18', 'network', 'saliency', 'maps', 'were', 'alsoused', 'produce', 'interpretable', 'results', 'experiments', 'formed', 'database', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'likewise', 'interpretable', 'results', 'werereported', 'terms', 'large', 'correlations', 'between', 'saliencymaps', 'activation', 'zones', 'radiological', 'findings', 'foundin', 'images', 'authors', 'also', 'indicate', 'that', 'when', 'thelung', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'considered', 'system', 'saccuracy', 'decreased', 'about', 'curvelets', 'trans', 'formations', 'were', 'used', 'extract', 'features', 'from', 'images', 'afeature', 'selection', 'algorithm', 'based', 'meta', 'heuristic', 'usedto', 'find', 'most', 'relevant', 'characteristics', 'while', 'modelbased', 'efficientnet', 'used', 'classification', 'exper', 'iments', 'were', 'carried', 'database', 'controls', '219covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'with', 'proposedapproach', 'multiclass', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'differ', 'types', 'diseases', 'producing', 'pneumonia', 'with', 'labels', 'and14', 'label', 'paths', 'including', 'covid', 'were', 'explored', 'since', 'database', 'images', 'heavily', 'imbal', 'anced', 'different', 'resampling', 'techniques', 'were', 'considered', 'byfollowing', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'based', 'archi', 'tecture', 'extract', 'features', 'hold', 'validation', 'with5', 'different', 'classification', 'techniques', 'macro', 'score', 'score', 'were', 'obtained', 'multiclassand', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'scenarios', 'respectively', 'three', 'phases', 'approach', 'presented', 'detect', 'presenceof', 'pneumonia', 'classify', 'between', 'covid', 'pneu', 'monia', 'highlight', 'regions', 'interest', 'images', 'proposed', 'system', 'utilized', 'database', 'images', 'ofcovid', 'patients', 'with', 'other', 'pulmonary', 'diseases', 'controls', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'systembased', 'vgg16', 'about', 'accuracy', 'reported', 'acnn', 'hierarchical', 'approach', 'using', 'decision', 'trees', 'based', 'onresnet18', 'presented', 'which', 'first', 'tree', 'clas', 'sified', 'images', 'into', 'normal', 'pathological', 'classes', 'second', 'identified', 'tuberculosis', 'third', 'covid', 'experiments', 'were', 'carried', 'partitions', 'obtained', 'afterhaving', 'gathered', 'images', 'from', 'different', 'sources', 'data', 'mentation', 'accuracy', 'each', 'decision', 'tree', 'starting', 'fromthe', 'first', 'about', 'respectively', 'issues', 'affecting', 'results', 'literaturetable', 'presents', 'summary', 'state', 'auto', 'matic', 'detection', 'covid', 'based', 'images', 'deeplearning', 'despite', 'excellent', 'results', 'reported', 'reviewreveals', 'that', 'some', 'proposed', 'systems', 'suffer', 'from', 'certainshortcomings', 'that', 'affect', 'conclusions', 'extracted', 'theirrespective', 'studies', 'limiting', 'translational', 'possibilities', 'tothe', 'clinical', 'environment', 'likewise', 'variability', 'factors', 'havenot', 'been', 'deeply', 'studied', 'these', 'papers', 'their', 'study', 'canbe', 'regarded', 'necessary', 'instance', 'issues', 'that', 'affect', 'most', 'thereviewed', 'systems', 'detect', 'covid', 'from', 'plain', 'chest', 'xrimages', 'very', 'limited', 'datasets', 'which', 'compromisestheir', 'generalization', 'capabilities', 'indeed', 'date', 'from', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'thepaper', 'employing', 'largest', 'database', 'covid', 'considers1', 'images', 'gathered', 'from', 'different', 'sources', 'however', 'images', 'belong', 'data', 'augmented', 'repository', 'whichdoes', 'include', 'additional', 'information', 'about', 'initial', 'files', 'number', 'augmented', 'images', 'generalterms', 'most', 'works', 'employ', 'less', 'than', 'covid', '19xr', 'images', 'having', 'systems', 'that', 'images', 'however', 'this', 'understandable', 'given', 'that', 'some', 'theseworks', 'were', 'published', 'during', 'onset', 'pandemics', 'whenthe', 'number', 'available', 'registers', 'limited', 'other', 'hand', 'good', 'balance', 'patients', 'isconsidered', 'essential', 'avoid', 'model', 'learn', 'specificfeatures', 'however', 'several', 'previous', 'works', 'have', 'used', 'xrimages', 'from', 'children', 'populate', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'thismight', 'biasing', 'results', 'given', 'differences', 'ofcovid', 'patients', 'despite', 'many', 'works', 'literature', 'report', 'good', 'perfor', 'mance', 'detecting', 'covid', 'most', 'approaches', 'follow1first', 'efforts', 'used', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'which', 'focused', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'children', 'https', 'kaggle', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'overviewvolume', '2020', '226815j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'summary', 'literature', 'field', 'brute', 'force', 'approach', 'exploiting', 'deep', 'learning', 'potentialityto', 'correlate', 'with', 'outputs', 'class', 'labels', 'providelow', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'process', 'isunclear', 'good', 'results', 'system', 'actualcapability', 'extract', 'information', 'related', 'pathology', 'orbecause', 'leart', 'other', 'aspects', 'during', 'training', 'that', 'biasingand', 'compromising', 'results', 'matter', 'example', 'justone', 'studies', 'reported', 'literature', 'follows', 'strat', 'that', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'most', 'significantareas', 'interest', 'covid', 'detection', 'does', 'byproposing', 'methodology', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'ofthe', 'lungs', 'remaining', 'cases', 'unclear', 'modelsare', 'analyzing', 'lungs', 'they', 'categorizing', 'givenany', 'other', 'information', 'available', 'which', 'might', 'interestingfor', 'classification', 'purposes', 'might', 'lack', 'diagnostic', 'inter', 'this', 'relevant', 'analyzed', 'works', 'liter', 'ature', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'classes', 'come', 'from', 'certainrepository', 'whereas', 'others', 'such', 'covid', 'comes', 'froma', 'combination', 'sources', 'repositories', 'having', 'classesgenerated', 'different', 'conditions', 'might', 'undoubtedly', 'affectthe', 'results', 'such', 'critical', 'study', 'about', 'this', 'aspect', 'isneeded', 'same', 'line', 'other', 'variability', 'issues', 'such', 'thesensor', 'technology', 'employed', 'type', 'projection', 'used', 'thesex', 'patients', 'even', 'require', 'thorough', 'study', 'finally', 'literature', 'review', 'revealed', 'that', 'most', 'thepublished', 'papers', 'showed', 'excellent', 'correlation', 'with', 'ease', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'table', 'indeed', 'often', 'more', 'desirable', 'clinical', 'practice', 'toobtain', 'interpretable', 'results', 'that', 'correlate', 'with', 'pathologicalconditions', 'particular', 'demographic', 'physiological', 'vari', 'able', 'than', 'black', 'system', 'that', 'yields', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'decision', 'from', 'revision', 'literature', 'only', 'partially', 'addressed', 'this', 'aspect', 'thus', 'further', 'research', 'onthis', 'topic', 'needed', 'with', 'these', 'ideas', 'mind', 'this', 'paper', 'addresses', 'these', 'aspectsby', 'training', 'testing', 'with', 'wide', 'corpus', 'images', 'proposing', 'comparing', 'strategies', 'preprocess', 'theimages', 'analyze', 'effect', 'some', 'variability', 'factors', 'andprovide', 'some', 'insights', 'more', 'explainable', 'interpretableresults', 'primary', 'goal', 'present', 'critical', 'overviewof', 'these', 'aspects', 'since', 'they', 'might', 'affecting', 'modelingcapabilities', 'deep', 'learning', 'systems', 'detection', 'ofcovid', 'methodologythe', 'design', 'methodology', 'presented', 'followingsection', 'procedure', 'followed', 'train', 'neural', 'networkis', 'described', 'first', 'along', 'with', 'process', 'that', 'followed', 'tocreate', 'dataset', 'network', 'source', 'code', 'trainit', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'jdariasl', 'covidnet', 'soresults', 'readily', 'reproduced', 'other', 'researchers', 'networkthe', 'core', 'system', 'deep', 'based', 'thecovid', 'net2', 'proposed', 'some', 'modifications', 'were2following', 'pytorch', 'implementation', 'available', 'athttps', 'github', 'iliaspap', 'covidnet226816', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19made', 'include', 'regularization', 'components', 'last', 'twodense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categorical', 'cross', 'entropy', 'lossfunction', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'networkstructure', 'also', 'refactored', 'allow', 'gradient', 'based', 'local', 'ization', 'estimations', 'which', 'used', 'after', 'training', 'thesearch', 'explainable', 'model', 'network', 'trained', 'with', 'corpus', 'described', 'busing', 'adam', 'optimizer', 'with', 'learning', 'rate', 'policy', 'thelearning', 'rate', 'decreases', 'when', 'learning', 'stagnates', 'some', 'time', 'patience', 'following', 'hyperparameters', 'were', 'usedfor', 'training', 'learning', 'rate', 'number', 'epochs', 'batch', 'size', 'factor', 'patience', 'furthermore', 'data', 'augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'wasleveraged', 'with', 'following', 'augmentation', 'types', 'horizontalflip', 'gaussian', 'noise', 'with', 'variance', 'rotation', 'elasticdeformation', 'scaling', 'variant', 'covid', 'netwas', 'built', 'evaluated', 'using', 'pytorch', 'library', 'thecnn', 'features', 'from', 'each', 'image', 'concatenated', 'flattenoperation', 'resulting', 'feature', 'three', 'fullyconnected', 'layers', 'generate', 'probability', 'score', 'eachclass', 'first', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'include', 'dropoutregularization', 'relu', 'activation', 'functions', 'dropoutwas', 'necessary', 'because', 'original', 'network', 'tended', 'overfitsince', 'very', 'beginning', 'training', 'phase', 'network', 'input', 'layer', 'rescales', 'images', 'keeping', 'theaspect', 'ratio', 'with', 'shortest', 'dimension', 'scaled', 'pixels', 'then', 'input', 'image', 'cropped', 'square', '224pixels', 'located', 'center', 'image', 'images', 'malized', 'using', 'score', 'function', 'with', 'parameters', 'mean', 'foreach', 'three', 'channels', 'respectively', 'even', 'though', 'weare', 'working', 'with', 'grayscale', 'images', 'network', 'architecturewas', 'designed', 'trained', 'general', 'purpose', 'databaseincluding', 'colored', 'images', 'this', 'characteristic', 'kept', 'caseit', 'would', 'necessary', 'some', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategyin', 'future', 'network', 'output', 'layer', 'provides', 'score', 'each', 'ofthe', 'three', 'classes', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'which', 'converted', 'into', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'therange', 'using', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'classmembership', 'final', 'decision', 'made', 'according', 'highestof', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'obtained', 'corpusthe', 'corpora', 'used', 'paper', 'have', 'been', 'compiled', 'from', 'setof', 'posterior', 'anterior', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'xrimages', 'from', 'different', 'public', 'sources', 'compilation', 'tains', 'images', 'from', 'participants', 'without', 'observable', 'pathol', 'controls', 'findings', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19cases', 'after', 'compilation', 'subsets', 'images', 'weregenerated', 'training', 'testing', 'table', 'contains', 'thenumber', 'images', 'subset', 'class', 'overall', 'corpuscontains', 'more', 'than', 'images', 'including', 'more', 'than8', 'images', 'belonging', 'covid', 'patients', 'repositories', 'images', 'employed', 'create', 'used', 'this', 'paper', 'presented', 'next', 'most', 'these', 'table', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'training', 'testing', 'subsets', 'tain', 'solely', 'registers', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'onlythe', 'most', 'recent', 'repositories', 'include', 'samples', 'covid', '19xr', 'images', 'cases', 'annotations', 'were', 'made', 'aspecialist', 'indicated', 'authors', 'repositories', 'covid', 'class', 'modelled', 'compiling', 'images', 'from', 'three', 'open', 'data', 'collection', 'initiatives', 'hospi', 'tales', 'covid', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'actualmedcovid', 'chest', 'datasets', 'final', 'result', 'thecompilation', 'process', 'subset', 'images', 'from', 'morethan', 'patients', 'different', 'stages', 'disease', '3table', 'summarizes', 'most', 'significant', 'characteristics', 'ofthe', 'datasets', 'used', 'create', 'corpus', 'which', 'presented', 'next', 'hospitales', 'covid', 'datasetthis', 'dataset', 'compiled', 'hospitals', 'tains', 'available', 'clinical', 'information', 'about', 'anonymouspatients', 'with', 'sars', 'virus', 'treated', 'different', 'ters', 'belonging', 'this', 'company', 'since', 'beginning', 'thepandemic', 'madrid', 'spain', 'corpus', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'records', '310patients', 'includes', 'several', 'radiological', 'studies', 'eachpatient', 'corresponding', 'different', 'stages', 'disease', 'atotal', 'images', 'available', 'dataset', 'withan', 'average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'often', 'taken', 'inintervals', 'more', 'days', 'histogram', 'patients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'with', 'demographics', 'covid', '19in', 'spain', 'table', 'more', 'details', 'only', 'patients', 'with', 'least', 'positive', 'test', 'positiveimmunological', 'tests', 'sars', 'were', 'included', 'thestudy', 'data', 'science', 'commission', 'research', 'ethicscommittee', 'hospitales', 'approved', 'current', 'researchstudy', 'data', 'this', 'purpose', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'datasetbimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset', 'large', 'dataset', 'with', 'chestradiological', 'studies', 'covid', 'patientsalong', 'with', 'their', 'pathologies', 'results', 'immuno', 'logical', 'tests', 'radiological', 'reports', 'recorded', 'thevalencian', 'region', 'medical', 'image', 'bank', 'bimcv', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'studies', 'patients', 'withat', 'least', 'positive', 'test', 'positive', 'immunological', 'testsfor', 'sars', 'between', 'february', '26th', 'april', '18th', '2020', 'corpus', 'composed', 'images', 'with', 'anaverage', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'taken', 'intervalsof', 'approximately', 'more', 'days', 'histogram', 'thepatients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'with', 'demographics', 'of3figures', 'time', 'datasets', 'were', 'downloaded', 'datasets', 'stillopen', 'more', 'data', 'might', 'available', 'next', 'future', 'volume', '2020', '226817j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'demographic', 'data', 'datasets', 'used', 'only', 'those', 'labels', 'confirmed', 'reported', 'covid', 'spain', 'table', 'only', 'patients', 'with', 'leastone', 'positive', 'test', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests', 'forsars', 'were', 'included', 'study', 'actualmed', 'actualmed', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative', 'contains', 'series', 'images', 'compiled', 'actualmed', 'anduniversitat', 'jaume', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid', '19and', 'control', 'images', 'information', 'given', 'about', 'theplace', 'date', 'recording', 'demographics', 'however', 'ametadata', 'file', 'included', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'descrip', 'distinguish', 'among', 'patients', 'information', 'about', 'thexr', 'modality', 'type', 'view', 'class', 'which', 'imagebelongs', 'china', 'shenzhen', 'setthe', 'created', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'maryland', 'collaboration', 'with', 'shenzhen', '3people', 'hospital', 'guangdong', 'medical', 'college', 'shen', 'zhen', 'china', 'dataset', 'contains', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'chest', 'withmanifestations', 'tuberculosis', 'includes', 'associated', 'radi', 'ologist', 'readings', 'montgomery', 'setthe', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'created', 'this', 'dataset', 'incollaboration', 'with', 'department', 'health', 'humanservices', 'montgomery', 'county', 'maryland', 'containsdata', 'from', 'images', 'collected', 'under', 'montgomery', 'county', 'stuberculosis', 'screening', 'program', 'chestx', 'ray8', 'dataset', 'crx8', 'chestx', 'ray8', 'dataset', 'contains', 'images', 'from14', 'common', 'thorax', 'disease', 'categories', 'from', 'uniquepatients', 'compiled', 'national', 'institute', 'health', 'this', 'study', 'images', 'labeled', 'with', 'radiological', 'find', 'ings', 'were', 'used', 'part', 'control', 'class', 'whereas', 'theimages', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'were', 'used', 'pneumo', 'class', 'chexpert', 'datasetchexpert', 'dataset', 'images', 'created', 'anautomated', 'evaluation', 'medical', 'imaging', 'competitions', 'andcontains', 'chest', 'examinations', 'carried', 'stanford', 'pital', 'during', 'years', 'this', 'study', 'selected', 'pneu', 'monia', 'images', 'using', 'those', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'withand', 'without', 'additional', 'comorbidity', 'covid', 'never', 'causedthese', 'comorbidities', 'motivation', 'include', 'pneumoniawith', 'comorbidities', 'increase', 'number', 'pneumoniaexamples', 'final', 'compilation', 'this', 'study', 'increasingthis', 'cluster', 'variability', 'mimic', 'databasemimic', 'open', 'dataset', 'complied', 'from', '2011', 'to2016', 'comprising', 'identified', 'chest', 'from', 'patientsadmitted', 'beth', 'israel', 'deaconess', 'medical', 'center', 'inour', 'study', 'employed', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'labels', 'were', 'obtained', 'from', 'agreement', 'twomethods', 'indicated', 'dataset', 'reports', 'informationabout', 'gender', 'thus', 'assume', 'that', 'demograph', 'similar', 'those', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'those', 'ofpneumonia', 'image', 'processingxr', 'images', 'were', 'converted', 'uncompressed', 'grayscale', 'files', 'encoded', 'with', 'bits', 'preprocessed', 'using', 'thedicom', 'windowcenter', 'windowwidth', 'details', 'whenneeded', 'images', 'were', 'converted', 'monochrome', '2photometric', 'interpretation', 'initially', 'images', 'were', 'scaled', 'avoid', 'loss', 'resolution', 'later', 'processing', 'stages', 'only', 'views', 'were', 'selected', 'differentiationwas', 'made', 'between', 'erect', 'either', 'standing', 'sitting', 'decu', 'bitus', 'this', 'information', 'inferred', 'careful', 'analysis', 'ofthe', 'dicom', 'tags', 'required', 'manual', 'checking', 'certainlabeling', 'errors', 'experimentsthe', 'corpus', 'collected', 'from', 'aforementioned', 'databases', 'wasprocessed', 'compile', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'equal', 'sizeto', 'initial', 'each', 'these', 'datasets', 'used', 'adifferent', 'experiments', 'experiment', 'datathe', 'first', 'experiment', 'using', 'data', 'extractedfrom', 'different', 'datasets', 'each', 'image', 'kept', 'with', 'orig', 'inal', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'only', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', '226818', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', 'experiment', 'cropped', 'imagethe', 'second', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'imagesby', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'andresizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'processis', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps', 'lungs', 'segmented', 'from', 'original', 'image', 'usinga', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'algo', 'rithm', 'used', 'reports', 'intersection', 'over', 'union', 'anddice', 'similarity', 'coefficient', 'scores', '985respectively', 'black', 'mask', 'extracted', 'identify', 'externalboundaries', 'lungs', 'mask', 'used', 'create', 'sequences', 'addingthe', 'grey', 'levels', 'rows', 'columns', 'respectively', 'these', 'sequences', 'provide', 'four', 'boundary', 'points', 'which', 'define', 'segments', 'different', 'lengths', 'thehorizontal', 'vertical', 'dimensions', 'sequences', 'added', 'grey', 'levels', 'vertical', 'andhorizontal', 'dimensions', 'mask', 'used', 'identifya', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'with', 'lungs', 'taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside', 'thelungs', 'process', 'obtain', 'squared', 'regionrequires', 'identifying', 'middle', 'point', 'each', 'theidentified', 'segments', 'cropping', 'both', 'dimensionsusing', 'length', 'longest', 'these', 'segments', 'original', 'image', 'cropped', 'with', 'squared', 'templateplaced', 'centre', 'matrix', 'using', 'informationobtained', 'previous', 'step', 'mask', 'placed', 'overthe', 'image', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'image', 'obtained', 'this', 'process', 'carried', 'decrease', 'variability', 'thedata', 'make', 'training', 'process', 'network', 'simpler', 'andto', 'ensure', 'that', 'region', 'significant', 'interest', 'centreof', 'image', 'with', 'areas', 'experiment', 'lung', 'segmentationthe', 'third', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images', 'bymasking', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'theprocess', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps', 'lungs', 'segmented', 'from', 'original', 'image', 'usingthe', 'same', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'used', 'inexperiment', 'external', 'black', 'mask', 'extracted', 'identify', 'theexternal', 'boundaries', 'lungs', 'mask', 'used', 'create', 'sequences', 'adding', 'thegrey', 'levels', 'rows', 'columns', 'respectively', 'sequences', 'added', 'grey', 'levels', 'vertical', 'andhorizontal', 'dimensions', 'mask', 'used', 'identifya', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs', 'taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outsidethem', '4following', 'keras', 'implementation', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'imlab', 'uiip', 'lung', 'segmentation', '2dfigure', 'identification', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'plots', 'topand', 'left', 'represent', 'normalized', 'accumulated', 'gray', 'level', 'verticaland', 'horizontal', 'dimension', 'respectively', 'original', 'image', 'cropped', 'with', 'squared', 'templateplaced', 'center', 'image', 'mask', 'dilated', 'with', 'pixels', 'kernel', 'issuperimposed', 'image', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', 'only', 'mented', 'area', 'area', 'corresponding', 'lungs', 'this', 'preprocessing', 'makes', 'training', 'network', 'muchsimpler', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'attention', 'onthe', 'lungs', 'region', 'removing', 'external', 'characteristics', 'like', 'thesternum', 'that', 'might', 'influence', 'obtained', 'results', 'identification', 'areas', 'significantinterest', 'classificationthe', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'used', 'fordiscrimination', 'purposes', 'identified', 'using', 'qualitativeanalysis', 'based', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activationmapping', 'grad', 'this', 'explainability', 'methodthat', 'serves', 'provide', 'insights', 'about', 'manners', 'howdeep', 'neural', 'networks', 'learn', 'pointing', 'most', 'significantareas', 'interest', 'decision', 'making', 'purposes', 'methoduses', 'gradients', 'target', 'class', 'flow', 'until', 'finalconvolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'coarse', 'localization', 'mapwhich', 'highlights', 'most', 'important', 'regions', 'imageidentifying', 'class', 'result', 'this', 'method', 'heat', 'maplike', 'those', 'presented', 'which', 'colour', 'encodes', 'theimportance', 'each', 'pixel', 'differentiating', 'among', 'classes', 'resultsthe', 'model', 'been', 'quantitatively', 'evaluated', 'computingthe', 'test', 'positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'recall', 'score', 'accuracy', 'balanced', 'accuracy', 'bacc', 'geometricmean', 'recall', 'area', 'under', 'curve', 'each', 'three', 'classes', 'corpus', 'previously', 'describedin', 'section', 'performance', 'models', 'assessedusing', 'independent', 'testing', 'which', 'been', 'usedvolume', '2020', '226819j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'performance', 'measures', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'figure', 'curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'each', 'experiments', 'considering', 'each', 'classes', 'separately', 'curves', 'bottom', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'left', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'during', 'development', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'procedurehas', 'been', 'used', 'evaluate', 'obtained', 'results', 'training', 'testbalance', 'performance', 'network', 'onthe', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'this', 'paper', 'summarizedin', 'table', 'likewise', 'curves', 'class', 'each', 'theexperiments', 'corresponding', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'arepresented', 'global', 'curve', 'displayed', '4for', 'each', 'experiment', 'summarizes', 'global', 'performance', 'ofthe', 'experiments', 'considering', 'experiment', 'although', 'slightly', 'higher', 'forcontrols', 'detection', 'performance', 'remains', 'almost', 'similarfor', 'classes', 'ranges', 'from', 'table', 'theremaining', 'measures', 'class', 'follow', 'same', 'trend', 'withsimilar', 'figures', 'better', 'numbers', 'controls', 'roccurves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'point', 'outthat', 'largest', 'source', 'confusion', 'covid', 'pneu', 'monia', 'class', 'curves', 'each', 'classes', 'reachin', 'cases', 'values', 'larger', 'than', 'which', 'principleis', 'considered', 'excellent', 'terms', 'global', 'performance', 'thesystem', 'achieves', 'bacc', 'table', 'this', 'also', 'supported', 'average', 'curve', 'which', 'reveals', 'excellent', 'performance', 'network', 'and226820', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'average', 'curves', 'each', 'experiment', 'including', 'values', 'almost', 'perfect', 'behaviour', 'curve', 'deviationsare', 'small', 'three', 'classes', 'when', 'experiment', 'considered', 'decrease', 'perfor', 'mance', 'class', 'observed', 'comparison', 'experiment', 'this', 'case', 'ranges', 'from', 'table', 'with', 'asimilar', 'trend', 'remaining', 'figures', 'merit', 'curvesand', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'report', 'aucvalues', 'range', 'overlapping', 'thecovid', 'class', 'mostly', 'with', 'pneumonia', 'global', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'presented', 'curve', '4and', 'table', 'yields', 'abacc', 'finally', 'experiment', 'ranges', 'from', 'table', 'this', 'case', 'results', 'slightly', 'worse', 'than', 'thoseof', 'experiment', 'with', 'covid', 'class', 'presenting', 'theworse', 'performance', 'among', 'tests', 'according', 'aucs', 'range', 'from', 'confusion', 'matrix', '3freports', 'large', 'level', 'confusion', 'covid', 'classbeing', 'labelled', 'pneumonia', 'times', 'terms', 'ofglobal', 'performance', 'system', 'reaches', 'abacc', 'table', 'these', 'results', 'consistent', 'with', 'theaverage', 'shown', 'explainability', 'interpretability', 'themodelsthe', 'regions', 'interest', 'identified', 'network', 'were', 'lyzed', 'qualitatively', 'using', 'grad', 'activation', 'maps', 'results', 'shown', 'activation', 'maps', 'permit', 'identifica', 'tion', 'most', 'significant', 'areas', 'image', 'highlightingthe', 'zones', 'interest', 'that', 'network', 'using', 'discriminate', 'this', 'regard', 'presents', 'examples', 'grad', 'camof', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient', 'eachof', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'impor', 'tant', 'note', 'that', 'activation', 'maps', 'providing', 'overallinformation', 'about', 'behaviour', 'network', 'pointing', 'tothe', 'most', 'significant', 'areas', 'interest', 'whole', 'image', 'issupposed', 'contributing', 'classification', 'process', 'acertain', 'extent', 'second', 'shows', 'several', 'prototypical', 'resultsapplying', 'grad', 'techniques', 'experiment', 'theexamples', 'show', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient', 'results', 'suggest', 'that', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'orcovid', 'often', 'carried', 'based', 'information', 'that', 'isoutside', 'expected', 'area', 'interest', 'lung', 'area', 'theexamples', 'provided', 'network', 'focuses', 'corners', 'thexr', 'image', 'areas', 'around', 'diaphragm', 'part', 'this', 'islikely', 'metadata', 'which', 'frequently', 'stamped', 'onthe', 'corners', 'images', 'grad', 'plots', 'corre', 'sponding', 'experiment', 'third', 'indicatesthat', 'model', 'still', 'points', 'towards', 'areas', 'which', 'differentfrom', 'lungs', 'lesser', 'extent', 'finally', 'grad', 'camof', 'experiment', 'fourth', 'presents', 'areas', 'ofinterest', 'where', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'carried', 'inthis', 'case', 'network', 'forced', 'look', 'lungs', 'andtherefore', 'this', 'scenario', 'supposed', 'more', 'realistic', 'andmore', 'prone', 'generalizing', 'artifacts', 'that', 'might', 'bias', 'theresults', 'somehow', 'discarded', 'other', 'hand', 'visualization', 'purposes', 'orderto', 'interpret', 'separability', 'capabilities', 'system', 'sneembedding', 'used', 'project', 'high', 'dimensional', 'data', 'thelayer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'network', 'dimensionalspace', 'results', 'presented', 'each', 'threeexperiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'indicates', 'that', 'good', 'separability', 'exists', 'allthe', 'classes', 'both', 'training', 'testing', 'data', 'allexperiments', 'boundaries', 'normal', 'cluster', 'verywell', 'defined', 'three', 'experiments', 'whereas', 'pneumoniaand', 'covid', 'more', 'spread', 'overlapping', 'with', 'adjacentclasses', 'general', 'terms', 'plots', 'demonstrate', 'abilityof', 'network', 'learn', 'mapping', 'from', 'input', 'data', 'thedesired', 'labels', 'however', 'despite', 'shape', 'differences', 'foundfor', 'three', 'experiments', 'additional', 'conclusions', 'beextracted', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'affecting', 'thesystemthere', 'several', 'variability', 'factors', 'which', 'might', 'biasingthe', 'results', 'namely', 'projection', 'tech', 'nology', 'detector', 'computed', 'radiography', 'digital', 'radiography', 'gender', 'patients', 'theage', 'potential', 'specificities', 'dataset', 'having', 'trainedwith', 'several', 'images', 'patient', 'several', 'images', 'patient', 'represents', 'certainrisk', 'data', 'leak', 'covid', 'class', 'underlyingimbalance', 'however', 'initial', 'hypothesis', 'that', 'using', 'eral', 'images', 'covid', 'patient', 'obtained', 'differentinstants', 'time', 'with', 'days', 'difference', 'would', 'increase', 'thevariability', 'dataset', 'thus', 'that', 'source', 'bias', 'wouldbe', 'disregarded', 'indeed', 'evolution', 'associated', 'lesionsoften', 'found', 'covid', 'considered', 'fast', 'such', 'mannerthat', 'very', 'different', 'images', 'obtained', 'time', 'intervalas', 'short', 'days', 'evolution', 'also', 'sincevolume', '2020', '226821j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'mapping', 'high', 'dimensional', 'data', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'into', 'dimensional', 'plot', 'output', 'network', 'embeddingusing', 'training', 'data', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'data', 'left', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'table', 'performance', 'measures', 'considering', 'projection', 'every', 'single', 'exploration', 'framed', 'differently', 'sometimeseven', 'taken', 'with', 'different', 'machines', 'projections', 'thepotential', 'bias', 'expected', 'minimized', 'concerning', 'type', 'projection', 'evaluate', 'itseffectiveness', 'system', 'been', 'studied', 'taking', 'intoaccount', 'this', 'potential', 'variability', 'factor', 'which', 'consid', 'ered', 'most', 'significant', 'particular', 'table', 'presents', 'outcomes', 'after', 'accounting', 'theinfluence', 'projection', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'general', 'terms', 'system', 'demon', 'strates', 'consistency', 'with', 'respect', 'projection', 'used', 'differences', 'mainly', 'attributable', 'smaller', 'train', 'testing', 'sets', 'however', 'significant', 'differences', 'areshown', 'projection', 'class', 'covid', 'experiment', 'decreasing', 'reason', 'theunexpected', 'drop', 'performance', 'unknown', 'likely226822', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19figure', 'mapping', 'high', 'dimensional', 'data', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'into', 'dimensional', 'plot', 'output', 'network', 'embeddingusing', 'training', 'data', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'data', 'left', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'labels', 'correspond', 'data', 'sets', 'classes', 'attributable', 'underrepresented', 'class', 'corpus', 'seetable', 'besides', 'table', 'shows', 'three', 'experiments', 'underevaluation', 'covid', 'class', 'error', 'distribu', 'tion', 'with', 'respect', 'patient', 'technology', 'ofthe', 'detector', 'dataset', 'projection', 'four', 'variabilityfactors', 'enumerated', 'results', 'show', 'that', 'error', 'distributioncommitted', 'system', 'follows', 'with', 'minor', 'deviations', 'theexisting', 'proportion', 'samples', 'corpus', 'these', 'resultssuggest', 'that', 'there', 'clear', 'bias', 'with', 'respect', 'these', 'poten', 'tial', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'covid', 'class', 'whichis', 'considered', 'worst', 'case', 'underrepresentation', 'similar', 'results', 'would', 'expected', 'control', 'pneumoniaclasses', 'these', 'results', 'provided', 'lack', 'ofcertain', 'labels', 'some', 'datasets', 'used', 'table', 'concerning', 'datasets', 'used', 'reasonably', 'wellbalanced', 'table', 'with', 'certain', 'bias', 'normal', 'class', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'have', 'very', 'similar', 'averageages', 'controls', 'have', 'lower', 'mean', 'assumptionhas', 'been', 'that', 'differences', 'significantly', 'affectingthe', 'results', 'mentioned', 'difference', 'might', 'explain', 'whythe', 'normal', 'cluster', 'less', 'spread', 'than', 'other', 'case', 'specific', 'biases', 'have', 'been', 'found', 'theerrors', 'committed', 'system', 'additional', 'study', 'also', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'theinfluence', 'potential', 'specificities', 'different', 'datasetsused', 'compile', 'corpus', 'variability', 'resultswith', 'respect', 'datasets', 'merged', 'build', 'corpus', 'thisvariability', 'factor', 'evaluated', 'using', 'different', 'sneplots', 'each', 'experiment', 'similar', 'than', 'differentiating', 'corresponding', 'cluster', 'each', 'datasetand', 'class', 'results', 'different', 'datasets', 'classes', 'clearlymerged', 'adjacent', 'same', 'cluster', 'however', 'eral', 'datasets', 'report', 'lower', 'variability', 'certain', 'classes', 'variability', 'terms', 'scattering', 'this', 'especiallyclear', 'chexpert', 'pneumonia', 'sets', 'which', 'cessfully', 'merged', 'with', 'corresponding', 'class', 'appearvolume', '2020', '226823j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19table', 'percentage', 'testing', 'samples', 'error', 'distribution', 'withrespect', 'several', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'covid', 'class', 'hits', 'represents', 'percentage', 'samples', 'every', 'factor', 'underanalysis', 'correctly', 'predicted', 'clearly', 'clustered', 'suggesting', 'that', 'these', 'datasets', 'have', 'certainunknown', 'specific', 'characteristics', 'different', 'those', 'thecomplementary', 'datasets', 'model', 'been', 'able', 'managethis', 'aspect', 'factor', 'analyzed', 'further', 'studies', 'discussion', 'conclusionthis', 'study', 'evaluates', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'detectionof', 'covid', 'from', 'images', 'paper', 'provides', 'addi', 'tional', 'evidence', 'state', 'supporting', 'poten', 'tial', 'deep', 'learning', 'techniques', 'accurately', 'categorize', 'xrimages', 'corresponding', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', '19patients', 'these', 'three', 'classes', 'were', 'chosen', 'under', 'theassumption', 'that', 'they', 'support', 'clinicians', 'making', 'betterdecisions', 'establishing', 'potential', 'differential', 'strategies', 'patients', 'depending', 'their', 'cause', 'infection', 'ever', 'main', 'goal', 'paper', 'demonstrate', 'thesuitability', 'deep', 'learning', 'categorizing', 'images', 'tomake', 'thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'results', 'differentpreprocessing', 'approaches', 'searching', 'better', 'explainabilityand', 'interpretability', 'results', 'while', 'providing', 'evidence', 'ofpotential', 'effects', 'that', 'might', 'bias', 'results', 'model', 'relies', 'covid', 'network', 'which', 'hasserved', 'basis', 'developing', 'more', 'refined', 'archi', 'tecture', 'this', 'network', 'been', 'chosen', 'tailoredcharacteristics', 'given', 'previous', 'good', 'results', 'reportedby', 'other', 'researchers', 'covid', 'trained', 'with', 'acorpus', 'compiled', 'using', 'data', 'gathered', 'from', 'different', 'sources', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'with', '114samples', 'respectively', 'were', 'collected', 'from', 'naset', 'montgomery', 'crx8', 'chexpert', 'mimic', 'datasets', 'covid', 'class', 'collected', 'from', 'informationavailable', 'bimcv', 'hospitales', 'datasets', 'although', 'covid', 'class', 'only', 'contains', 'chestrx', 'images', 'developers', 'data', 'sources', 'continu', 'ously', 'adding', 'cases', 'respective', 'repositories', 'thenumber', 'samples', 'expected', 'grow', 'future', 'despitethe', 'unbalance', 'covid', 'class', 'date', 'theauthors', 'knowledge', 'this', 'most', 'extensive', 'compilation', 'ofcovid', 'images', 'based', 'open', 'repositories', 'despite', 'that', 'number', 'covid', 'images', 'still', 'considered', 'smallcompared', 'other', 'classes', 'therefore', 'necessaryto', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'modifying', 'thenetwork', 'architecture', 'including', 'regularization', 'components', 'inthe', 'last', 'dense', 'layers', 'this', 'weighted', 'categoricalcross', 'entropy', 'loss', 'function', 'used', 'compensate', 'thiseffect', 'likewise', 'data', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'were', 'used', 'forpneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'generate', 'more', 'samplesfor', 'these', 'underrepresented', 'classes', 'automatically', 'stand', 'that', 'automatic', 'diagnosis', 'much', 'more', 'than', 'aclassification', 'exercise', 'meaning', 'that', 'many', 'factors', 'have', 'beconsidered', 'bring', 'these', 'techniques', 'clinical', 'practice', 'inthis', 'respect', 'there', 'classic', 'assumption', 'literaturethat', 'associated', 'heat', 'maps', 'calculated', 'with', 'grad', 'camtechniques', 'provide', 'clinical', 'interpretation', 'results', 'which', 'unclear', 'practice', 'light', 'results', 'shown', 'inthe', 'heat', 'maps', 'depicted', 'show', 'that', 'experiment', '1must', 'carefully', 'interpreted', 'despite', 'high', 'performancemetrics', 'obtained', 'experiment', 'significant', 'areas', 'identi', 'fied', 'network', 'pointing', 'towards', 'certain', 'areas', 'withno', 'clear', 'interest', 'diagnosis', 'such', 'corners', 'theimages', 'sternum', 'clavicles', 'from', 'clinical', 'point', 'ofview', 'this', 'biasing', 'results', 'means', 'that', 'other', 'approachesare', 'necessary', 'force', 'network', 'focus', 'lungarea', 'this', 'respect', 'have', 'developed', 'compared', 'theresults', 'with', 'preprocessing', 'approaches', 'based', 'croppingthe', 'images', 'segmenting', 'lung', 'area', 'experiment', 'andexperiment', 'again', 'given', 'heat', 'maps', 'correspondingto', 'experiment', 'also', 'similar', 'explainability', 'prob', 'lems', 'those', 'enumerated', 'experiment', 'image', 'areareduction', 'proposed', 'experiment', 'significantly', 'decreasesthe', 'system', 'performance', 'removing', 'metadata', 'thatusually', 'appears', 'left', 'right', 'corner', 'this', 'techniqueremoves', 'areas', 'that', 'help', 'categorize', 'images', 'haveno', 'interest', 'from', 'diagnosis', 'point', 'view', 'however', 'whilecomparing', 'experiments', 'performance', 'results', 'improvein', 'third', 'approach', 'which', 'focuses', 'same', 'regionof', 'interest', 'with', 'mask', 'that', 'forces', 'network', 'seeonly', 'lungs', 'thus', 'results', 'obtained', 'experiments', 'and3', 'suggest', 'that', 'eliminating', 'needless', 'features', 'extractedfrom', 'background', 'related', 'regions', 'improves', 'theresults', 'besides', 'third', 'approach', 'experiment', 'providesmore', 'explainable', 'interpretative', 'results', 'with', 'networkfocusing', 'attention', 'only', 'area', 'interest', 'thedisease', 'gain', 'explainability', 'last', 'method', 'stillat', 'cost', 'lower', 'accuracy', 'with', 'respect', 'experiment1', 'improvement', 'explainability', 'interpretabilityis', 'considered', 'critical', 'translating', 'these', 'techniques', 'theclinical', 'setting', 'despite', 'decrease', 'performance', 'theproposed', 'method', 'experiment', 'provided', 'promisingresults', 'with', 'bacc', 'performance', 'results', 'obtained', 'line', 'with', 'those', 'sented', 'which', 'reports', 'sensitivities', '91for', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'respectively', 'also', 'modeling', 'with', 'covid', 'similar', 'conditions', 'asour', 'experiment', 'training', 'with', 'much', 'smaller', 'corpusof', 'images', 'from', 'covid', 'patients', '066226824', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19controls', 'images', 'belonging', 'patients', 'withdifferent', 'types', 'pneumonia', 'paper', 'also', 'critically', 'evaluates', 'effect', 'severalvariability', 'factors', 'that', 'might', 'compromise', 'network', 'formance', 'instance', 'projection', 'effect', 'wasevaluated', 'retraining', 'network', 'checking', 'comes', 'this', 'effect', 'important', 'given', 'that', 'projections', 'areoften', 'practiced', 'erect', 'positions', 'observe', 'pulmonary', 'waysbetter', 'expected', 'examined', 'healthy', 'slightlyaffected', 'patients', 'contrast', 'projections', 'often', 'ferred', 'patients', 'confined', 'such', 'expectedto', 'practised', 'most', 'severe', 'cases', 'since', 'projectionsare', 'common', 'covid', 'patients', 'these', 'cases', 'moreblood', 'will', 'flow', 'lungs', 'apices', 'than', 'when', 'standing', 'thus', 'considering', 'this', 'variability', 'factor', 'result', 'misdiagnosis', 'pulmonary', 'congestion', 'indeed', 'theobtained', 'results', 'have', 'highlighted', 'importance', 'takinginto', 'account', 'this', 'factor', 'when', 'designing', 'training', 'corpus', 'decreases', 'projections', 'experiments', 'withcovid', 'images', 'this', 'issue', 'probably', 'under', 'representation', 'this', 'class', 'table', 'which', 'would', 'require', 'afurther', 'specific', 'analysis', 'when', 'designing', 'future', 'corpora', 'other', 'hand', 'results', 'have', 'shown', 'that', 'error', 'distri', 'bution', 'covid', 'class', 'follows', 'similar', 'proportion', 'tothe', 'percentage', 'images', 'available', 'corpus', 'while', 'cate', 'gorizing', 'gender', 'detector', 'technology', 'projection', 'dataset', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'significant', 'bias', 'withrespect', 'these', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'thecovid', 'class', 'which', 'less', 'represented', 'analysis', 'clusters', 'classes', 'were', 'distributedis', 'also', 'presented', 'demonstrating', 'each', 'classis', 'differentiated', 'these', 'plots', 'help', 'identify', 'existing', 'overlapamong', 'classes', 'especially', 'that', 'present', 'between', 'pneumoniaand', 'covid', 'lesser', 'extent', 'between', 'controls', 'andpneumonia', 'similarly', 'since', 'corpus', 'used', 'train', 'thenetwork', 'built', 'around', 'several', 'datasets', 'sneplots', 'produced', 'differentiating', 'according', 'eachof', 'subsets', 'used', 'training', 'this', 'test', 'servedto', 'evaluate', 'influence', 'each', 'dataset', 'potential', 'specificcharacteristics', 'training', 'procedure', 'hence', 'possiblesources', 'confusion', 'that', 'arise', 'particularities', 'thecorpora', 'that', 'tested', 'plots', 'suggest', 'that', 'differentdatasets', 'correctly', 'merged', 'general', 'terms', 'with', 'someexceptions', 'these', 'exceptions', 'suggest', 'that', 'there', 'might', 'becertain', 'unknown', 'characteristics', 'datasets', 'used', 'whichcluster', 'images', 'belonging', 'same', 'dataset', 'together', 'covid', 'also', 'demonstrated', 'being', 'good', 'start', 'point', 'characterization', 'disease', 'employing', 'xrimages', 'indeed', 'paper', 'outcomes', 'suggest', 'possibilityto', 'automatically', 'identify', 'lung', 'lesions', 'associated', 'witha', 'covid', 'infection', 'analyzing', 'grad', 'mappings', 'experiment', 'providing', 'explainablejustification', 'about', 'network', 'works', 'however', 'interpretation', 'heat', 'maps', 'obtained', 'controlclass', 'must', 'carried', 'carefully', 'whereas', 'areas', 'ofsignificant', 'interest', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'aresupposed', 'point', 'potential', 'lesions', 'with', 'higher', 'densityor', 'with', 'different', 'textures', 'contrast', 'controls', 'areas', 'ofsignificant', 'interest', 'classification', 'control', 'groupare', 'supposed', 'correspond', 'something', 'complementary', 'potentially', 'highlighting', 'less', 'dense', 'areas', 'thus', 'controlclass', 'these', 'areas', 'point', 'towards', 'kind', 'lesion', 'inthe', 'lungs', 'likewise', 'system', 'developed', 'experiment', 'attainscomparable', 'results', 'those', 'achieved', 'human', 'evaluatordifferentiating', 'pneumonia', 'from', 'covid', 'this', 'respect', 'ability', 'seven', 'radiologists', 'correctly', 'differentiatepneumonia', 'covid', 'from', 'images', 'tested', 'results', 'indicated', 'that', 'radiologists', 'achieved', 'sitivities', 'ranging', 'from', 'mean', 'speci', 'ficities', 'ranging', 'from', 'mean', 'these', 'resultssuggest', 'that', 'systems', 'have', 'potential', 'supervisedclinical', 'environment', 'covid', 'still', 'disease', 'much', 'remainsto', 'studied', 'deep', 'learning', 'techniqueswould', 'potentially', 'help', 'understand', 'mechanisms', 'onhow', 'sars', 'cov2', 'attacks', 'lungs', 'alveoli', 'andhow', 'evolves', 'during', 'different', 'stages', 'ease', 'despite', 'there', 'some', 'empirical', 'evidence', 'theevolution', 'covid', 'based', 'observations', 'made', 'byradiologists', 'employment', 'automatic', 'techniquesbased', 'machine', 'learning', 'would', 'help', 'analyze', 'data', 'sively', 'guide', 'research', 'onto', 'certain', 'paths', 'extract', 'conclu', 'sions', 'faster', 'nevertheless', 'more', 'interpretable', 'explainablemethods', 'required', 'step', 'forward', 'inline', 'with', 'previous', 'comment', 'based', 'empir', 'ical', 'evidence', 'respecting', 'evolution', 'disease', 'hasbeen', 'stated', 'that', 'during', 'early', 'stages', 'disease', 'ground', 'glass', 'shadows', 'pulmonary', 'consolidation', 'nodules', 'andlocal', 'consolidation', 'centre', 'with', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'density', 'often', 'observed', 'however', 'once', 'diseaseevolves', 'consolidations', 'reduce', 'their', 'density', 'resemblinga', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'that', 'derive', 'white', 'lung', 'ifthe', 'disease', 'worsens', 'minimization', 'opacitiesif', 'course', 'disease', 'improves', 'this', 'manner', 'these', 'characteristic', 'behaviours', 'automaticallyidentified', 'would', 'possible', 'stratify', 'disorder', 'stageaccording', 'severity', 'computing', 'extent', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'densities', 'would', 'also', 'useful', 'assess', 'theseverity', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'evolution', 'thedisease', 'this', 'regard', 'infection', 'extent', 'assessment', 'hasbeen', 'previously', 'tested', 'other', 'studies', 'covid', 'using', 'manual', 'procedures', 'based', 'observation', 'images', 'solutions', 'like', 'discussed', 'this', 'paper', 'intendedto', 'support', 'much', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'alleviate', 'radiolo', 'gists', 'specialists', 'workload', 'substitute', 'theirassessment', 'rigorous', 'validation', 'would', 'open', 'door', 'tointegrating', 'these', 'algorithms', 'desktop', 'applications', 'cloudservers', 'clinic', 'environment', 'thus', 'maintenance', 'update', 'would', 'cost', 'effective', 'straight', 'forward', 'would', 'reduce', 'healthcare', 'costs', 'improvediagnosis', 'response', 'time', 'accuracy', 'case', 'volume', '2020', '226825j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid', '19the', 'deployment', 'these', 'algorithms', 'exempt', 'fromcontroversies', 'hosting', 'models', 'cloud', 'servicewould', 'entail', 'uploading', 'images', 'that', 'might', 'subjectto', 'national', 'international', 'regulations', 'constraints', 'toensure', 'privacy']
# preparing corpus for LSA
def prepare_corpus(doc_clean):
"""
Input : preprossed document
function: creating term dictionary and document term matrix
Output : term dictionary and Document Term Matrix
"""
# every unique term is assigned an index. dictionary = corpora.Dictionary(doc_clean)
term_dictionary = corpora.Dictionary(doc_clean)
# Converting list of documents (corpus) into Document Term Matrix using dictionary prepared above.
docu_term_matrix = [term_dictionary.doc2bow(doc) for doc in doc_clean]
# generate LDA model
return term_dictionary,docu_term_matrix
def create_gensim_lsa_model(doc_clean,number_of_topics,words):
"""
Input : preprocessed document, number of topics and word count
function: create LSA model using gensim
Output : return LSA model
"""
term_dictionary,docu_term_matrix=prepare_corpus(doc_clean)
# LSA model
lsamodel = LsiModel(docu_term_matrix, num_topics=number_of_topics, id2word = term_dictionary) # train model
return lsamodel
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=10
words=word_count_science
model_science=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_covid_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values
#dictionary of top 5 words
dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=5))
{'covid': 0.43749904050277927,
'model': 0.3134819868536473,
'imag': 0.30230356131240915,
'use': 0.2098856921185124,
'class': 0.1904748020650815}
#wordcloud API
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph6.png')
# Generating Cosine_similarity matrix for top 5 words
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_covid_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_covid_science,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_science.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled6.png')
cosine-similarity
covid model imag use class
covid 1 0.242425 0.552974 0.415864 0.726722
model 0.242425 1 -0.24754 0.116798 -0.0427932
imag 0.552974 -0.24754 1 0.484501 0.444943
use 0.415864 0.116798 0.484501 1 0.239286
class 0.726722 -0.0427932 0.444943 0.239286 1
# Generating NetworkX graph for top 5 words from the corpus
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='g',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig6.png')
#loading covid non science dataset
document_list,titles,word_count_nscience=load_data("","covid-non-science-small.txt",'NEW NEWSPAPER')
Number of words in text file : 5231 Total Number of Documents: 10
#data preprocessing
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['covid', 'recovery', 'covid', 'realityby', 'reuterspublished', 'july', '2020', 'updated', 'july', '2020by', 'marc', 'joneslondon', 'july', 'reuters', 'world', 'shares', 'inched', 'towards', 'four', 'month', 'high', 'friday', 'industrial', 'bellwether', 'metal', 'copper', 'longest', 'weekly', 'winning', 'streak', 'nearly', 'three', 'years', 'recovering', 'global', 'data', 'kept', 'nagging', 'coronavirus', 'nerves', 'market', 'rally', 'fuelled', 'record', 'jobs', 'numbers', 'largely', 'blown', 'itself', 'amid', 'spike', 'covid', 'cases', 'though', 'fastest', 'expansion', 'china', 'services', 'sector', 'over', 'decade', 'more', 'stimulus', 'ensured', 'optimism', 'remained', 'chinese', 'shares', 'charged', 'their', 'highest', 'level', 'five', 'years', 'helping', 'asian', 'indexes', 'month', 'peaks', 'sight', 'european', 'markets', 'stalling', 'early', 'took', 'some', 'traders', 'surprise', 'currency', 'commodity', 'markets', 'also', 'subdued', 'feel', 'after', 'otherwise', 'strong', 'week', 'confidence', 'sensitive', 'stalwarts', 'such', 'copper', 'sterling', 'australian', 'dollar', 'which', 'struggled', 'friday', 'think', 'infection', 'rates', 'fears', 'localised', 'lockdowns', 'have', 'doused', 'some', 'enthusiasm', 'said', 'societe', 'generale', 'strategist', 'jukes', 'have', 'three', 'elements', 'vaccine', 'hopes', 'decent', 'data', 'most', 'places', 'also', 'return', 'infection', 'rates', 'which', 'make', 'nervous', 'against', 'basket', 'currencies', 'dollar', 'rose', 'slightly', 'early', 'london', 'trading', 'less', 'than', 'still', 'firmly', 'track', 'biggest', 'weekly', 'fall', 'since', 'first', 'week', 'june', 'euro', 'down', '1226', 'though', 'gained', 'against', 'safe', 'swiss', 'franc', 'fell', 'versus', 'sometimes', 'commodity', 'driven', 'norwegian', 'crown', 'futures', 'were', 'down', 'volumes', 'were', 'lower', 'than', 'usual', 'markets', 'holiday', 'friday', 'independence', 'nonfarm', 'payrolls', 'surged', 'million', 'jobs', 'june', 'above', 'average', 'forecast', 'million', 'jobs', 'june', 'thanks', 'rises', 'hard', 'hospitality', 'sectors', 'economists', 'noted', 'there', 'were', 'caveats', 'upbeat', 'headline', 'figures', 'number', 'permanent', 'losers', 'continued', 'rise', 'increasing', 'million', 'june', 'while', 'unemployment', 'rate', 'remains', 'chunky', 'percentage', 'points', 'above', 'february', 'level', 'deutsche', 'bank', 'analysis', 'unemployment', 'rate', 'behind', 'developed', 'market', 'peers', 'barring', 'canada', 'recovery', 'also', 'faces', 'more', 'headwinds', 'surge', 'coronavirus', 'infections', 'prompts', 'states', 'delay', 'some', 'cases', 'reverse', 'plans', 'stores', 'reopen', 'activities', 'resume', 'more', 'than', 'three', 'dozen', 'states', 'increases', 'covid', 'cases', 'with', 'cases', 'florida', 'spiking', 'above', 'nevertheless', 'markets', 'largely', 'overlooking', 'spikes', 'taking', 'view', 'that', 'overall', 'situation', 'still', 'improving', 'overall', 'year', 'german', 'government', 'bond', 'yields', 'basis', 'points', 'this', 'week', 'their', 'biggest', 'weekly', 'rise', 'month', 'though', 'they', 'nudged', 'down', 'friday', 'riskier', 'italian', 'yields', 'fell', 'well', 'though', 'which', 'their', 'lowest', 'since', 'late', 'march', 'prices', 'also', 'eased', 'after', 'otherwise', 'solid', 'week', 'brent', 'crude', 'fell', 'barrel', 'while', 'crude', 'dropped', 'barrel', 'both', 'were', 'around', 'this', 'time', 'months', 'copper', 'prices', 'were', 'poised', 'seventh', 'consecutive', 'weekly', 'gain', 'their', 'longest', 'winning', 'streak', 'nearly', 'three', 'years', 'despite', 'slight', 'easing', 'after', 'supplier', 'chile', 'assured', 'traders', 'about', 'supply', 'three', 'month', 'copper', 'hovering', 'tonne', 'more', 'than', 'from', 'lows', 'ploughed', 'march', 'issue', 'that', 'hangs', 'over', 'markets', 'will', 'surge', 'secondary', 'infections', 'that', 'will', 'trigger', 'second', 'wave', 'national', 'rather', 'than', 'regional', 'shutdowns', 'malcolm', 'freeman', 'director', 'kingdom', 'futures', 'wrote', 'note', 'reporting', 'marc', 'jones', 'newspaper'] ['covid', 'vaccine', 'frontrunnersby', 'reuterspublished', 'october', '2020', 'updated', 'october', '2020oct', 'reuters', 'pfizer', 'said', 'could', 'file', 'late', 'november', 'authorization', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'developing', 'opening', 'possibility', 'vaccine', 'being', 'available', 'united', 'states', 'year', 'moderna', 'astrazeneca', 'close', 'behind', 'largest', 'drugmaker', 'likely', 'have', 'early', 'data', 'their', 'vaccine', 'candidates', 'before', 'year', 'well', 'more', 'than', 'potential', 'vaccines', 'being', 'developed', 'tested', 'globally', 'stop', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'with', 'human', 'trials', 'according', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'following', 'list', 'tracks', 'candidates', 'that', 'final', 'stages', 'testing', 'separate', 'factbox', 'coronavirus', 'vaccines', 'under', 'development', 'click', 'company', 'stage', 'development', 'expected', 'doses', 'pfizer', 'late', 'stage', 'trials', 'underway', 'option', 'biontech', 'pfizer', 'said', 'earlier', 'october', 'more', 'could', 'file', 'emergency', 'authorization', 'late', 'november', 'indicating', 'that', 'vaccine', 'could', 'potentially', 'available', 'additional', 'year', 'canada', 'specified', 'japan', 'moderna', 'completed', 'enrollment', 'option', 'subjects', 'late', 'stage', 'trial', 'additional', 'interim', 'results', 'from', 'trial', 'expected', 'november', 'japan', 'more', 'distributed', 'takeda', 'canada', 'specified', 'johnson', 'johnson', 'large', 'vaccine', 'trial', 'more', 'resume', 'after', 'paused', 'under', 'subsequent', 'agreement', 'illness', 'study', 'volunteer', 'results', 'from', 'trial', 'expected', 'option', '2020', 'early', '2021', 'more', 'additional', 'canada', 'japan', 'applicable', 'astrazeneca', 'late', 'stage', 'trials', 'underway', 'with', 'supply', 'deals', 'with', 'countries', 'oxford', 'university', 'trial', 'vaccine', 'candidate', 'more', 'than', 'doses', 'pause', 'since', 'sept', 'after', 'patient', 'fell', 'trial', 'results', 'expected', 'coming', 'weeks', 'part', 'commitment', 'deliver', 'total', 'least', 'additional', 'italy', 'germany', 'netherlands', 'france', 'additional', 'canada', 'japan', 'sinovac', 'biotech', 'late', 'stage', 'trials', 'brazil', 'vaccine', 'approved', 'emergency', 'indonesia', 'turkey', 'underway', 'china', 'july', 'supply', 'deal', 'prelim', 'data', 'expected', 'november', 'with', 'indonesia', 'least', 'doses', 'before', '2021', 'gamaleya', 'research', 'late', 'stage', 'trial', 'main', 'covid', 'people', 'inoculated', 'institute', 'vaccine', 'sputnik', 'underway', 'russia', 'supply', 'deals', 'with', 'since', 'sept', 'with', 'prelim', 'data', 'countries', 'including', 'india', 'expected', 'november', 'brazil', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'more', 'than', 'doses', 'cansino', 'biologics', 'vaccine', 'candidate', 'final', 'stage', 'mexico', 'doses', 'early', 'trials', 'been', 'approved', 'chinese', 'military', 'late', 'stage', 'trial', 'underway', 'pakistan', 'sinopharm', 'group', 'late', 'stage', 'trials', 'expects', 'produce', 'more', 'than', 'underway', 'billion', 'doses', '2021', 'reporting', 'dania', 'nadeem', 'mrinalika', 'bengaluru', 'editing', 'ankur', 'banerjee', 'maju', 'samuel', 'newspaper'] ['giants', 'another', 'covid', 'caseby', 'reuterspublished', 'november', '2020', 'updated', 'november', '2020the', 'york', 'giants', 'have', 'another', 'case', 'covid', 'monday', 'night', 'were', 'notified', 'that', 'player', 'tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'giants', 'announced', 'tuesday', 'morning', 'player', 'immediately', 'self', 'isolated', 'contact', 'tracing', 'process', 'initiated', 'close', 'contacts', 'both', 'staff', 'members', 'were', 'identified', 'were', 'informed', 'remain', 'home', 'today', 'giants', 'entering', 'their', 'week', 'play', 'week', 'this', 'second', 'time', 'team', 'player', 'test', 'positive', 'covid', 'prior', 'playing', 'tampa', 'buccaneers', 'week', 'offensive', 'lineman', 'will', 'hernandez', 'tested', 'positive', 'hernandez', 'spent', 'nearly', 'weeks', 'reserve', 'covid', 'list', 'returned', 'team', 'last', 'week', 'played', 'sunday', 'victory', 'over', 'philadelphia', 'eagles', 'field', 'level', 'medianew', 'newspaper'] ['covid', 'antivirals', 'taskforce', 'launchedby', 'mediapublished', 'april', '2021', 'updated', 'april', '2021at', 'home', 'covid', 'treatments', 'being', 'sought', 'team', 'government', 'experts', 'speed', 'recovery', 'time', 'people', 'become', 'infected', 'with', 'virus', 'government', 'taskforce', 'supercharge', 'search', 'antiviral', 'medications', 'covid', 'prime', 'minister', 'boris', 'johnson', 'said', 'group', 'will', 'seek', 'medicines', 'stop', 'covid', 'tracks', 'hoped', 'that', 'antivirals', 'could', 'help', 'reduce', 'infections', 'limit', 'impact', 'variants', 'they', 'also', 'help', 'protect', 'people', 'cannot', 'take', 'vaccines', 'those', 'fully', 'protected', 'after', 'having', 'officials', 'hope', 'find', 'bring', 'treatments', 'online', 'this', 'year', 'this', 'could', 'mean', 'that', 'people', 'with', 'covid', 'those', 'they', 'have', 'been', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'could', 'offered', 'antiviral', 'medication', 'offered', 'tablet', 'form', 'stop', 'infection', 'spreading', 'speed', 'recovery', 'time', 'antivirals', 'taskforce', 'which', 'appoint', 'chair', 'will', 'search', 'most', 'promising', 'potential', 'antiviral', 'medicines', 'which', 'taken', 'home', 'taskforce', 'will', 'support', 'development', 'drugs', 'through', 'clinical', 'trials', 'also', 'look', 'manufacturing', 'opportunities', 'antiviral', 'drugs', 'type', 'medication', 'used', 'specifically', 'treating', 'viral', 'infections', 'killing', 'preventing', 'growth', 'viruses', 'success', 'vaccination', 'programme', 'demonstrated', 'what', 'achieve', 'when', 'bring', 'together', 'brightest', 'minds', 'said', 'johnson', 'antivirals', 'taskforce', 'will', 'seek', 'develop', 'innovative', 'treatments', 'take', 'home', 'stop', 'covid', 'tracks', 'these', 'could', 'provide', 'another', 'vital', 'defence', 'against', 'future', 'increase', 'infections', 'save', 'more', 'lives', 'health', 'secretary', 'matt', 'hancock', 'said', 'medicines', 'vital', 'weapon', 'protect', 'loved', 'ones', 'from', 'this', 'terrible', 'virus', 'modelled', 'success', 'vaccines', 'therapeutics', 'taskforces', 'which', 'have', 'played', 'crucial', 'part', 'response', 'pandemic', 'bringing', 'together', 'team', 'that', 'will', 'supercharge', 'search', 'antiviral', 'treatments', 'roll', 'them', 'soon', 'autumn', 'government', 'chief', 'scientific', 'adviser', 'patrick', 'vallance', 'said', 'speed', 'which', 'vaccines', 'therapeutics', 'such', 'dexamethasone', 'have', 'been', 'identified', 'deployed', 'against', 'covid', 'been', 'critical', 'pandemic', 'response', 'antivirals', 'tablet', 'form', 'another', 'tool', 'response', 'they', 'could', 'help', 'protect', 'those', 'protected', 'ineligible', 'vaccines', 'they', 'could', 'also', 'another', 'layer', 'defence', 'face', 'variants', 'concern', 'nikita', 'kanani', 'medical', 'director', 'primary', 'care', 'england', 'said', 'research', 'into', 'reality', 'record', 'speed', 'during', 'pandemic', 'this', 'taskforce', 'will', 'help', 'identify', 'roll', 'even', 'more', 'convenient', 'treatments', 'patients', 'with', 'covid', 'commenting', 'announcement', 'penny', 'ward', 'visiting', 'professor', 'pharmaceutical', 'medicine', 'kings', 'college', 'london', 'said', 'antiviral', 'treatment', 'influenza', 'been', 'shown', 'reduce', 'hospitalisation', 'prevent', 'death', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'waves', 'similar', 'preferably', 'simple', 'antiviral', 'suitable', 'community', 'range', 'interventions', 'critical', 'enable', 'remain', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'even', 'event', 'emergence', 'viral', 'variants', 'insensitive', 'vaccines', 'said', 'that', 'there', 'number', 'early', 'phase', 'trials', 'looking', 'oral', 'antiviral', 'medications', 'newspaper'] ['african', 'covid', 'deaths', '000by', 'afppublished', 'february', '2021', 'updated', 'february', '2021africa', 'thursday', 'recorded', 'more', 'than', 'deaths', 'from', 'covid', 'grim', 'milestone', 'likely', 'understate', 'real', 'toll', 'continent', 'billion', 'people', 'battles', 'second', 'wave', 'infections', 'countries', 'region', 'have', 'death', 'toll', 'from', 'reported', 'cases', 'according', 'tally', 'continent', 'relatively', 'spared', 'pandemic', 'last', 'except', 'oceania', 'reach', 'threshold', 'deaths', 'which', 'europe', 'crossed', 'april', '2020', 'south', 'africa', 'worst', 'african', 'country', 'rolled', 'mass', 'testing', 'campaign', 'start', 'pandemic', 'date', 'country', 'recorded', 'nearly', 'million', 'cases', 'more', 'than', 'deaths', 'those', 'figures', 'based', 'daily', 'reports', 'communicated', 'health', 'authorities', 'only', 'reflect', 'fraction', 'actual', 'case', 'load', 'health', 'specialists', 'cases', 'clearly', 'under', 'reported', 'because', 'poor', 'access', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'under', 'reporting', 'milder', 'cases', 'south', 'african', 'virologist', 'barry', 'schoub', 'also', 'member', 'scientific', 'council', 'south', 'african', 'ministry', 'health', 'told', 'understaffed', 'health', 'facilities', 'lack', 'means', 'have', 'meant', 'many', 'african', 'countries', 'have', 'been', 'unable', 'mass', 'testing', 'many', 'countries', 'have', 'mainly', 'tests', 'capitals', 'further', 'moves', 'away', 'from', 'urban', 'centres', 'less', 'there', 'tests', 'explained', 'french', 'epidemiologist', 'emmanuel', 'baron', 'from', 'doctors', 'without', 'borders', 'disease', 'that', 'unnoticed', 'with', 'asymptomatic', 'patients', 'with', 'symptoms', 'that', 'confused', 'with', 'others', 'added', 'covid', 'found', 'pawpaw', 'zimbabwe', 'country', 'with', 'devastated', 'economy', 'mismanaged', 'health', 'system', 'hospitals', 'filled', 'with', 'covid', 'patients', 'exhausted', 'doctors', 'overwhelmed', 'nurses', 'official', 'number', 'cases', 'remains', 'tanzania', 'stopped', 'testing', '2020', 'after', 'claiming', 'found', 'positive', 'covid', 'case', 'pawpaw', 'quail', 'even', 'goat', 'tanzanian', 'government', 'last', 'released', 'official', 'figures', 'april', 'someone', 'told', 'year', 'that', 'continent', 'would', 'deaths', 'from', 'this', 'infection', 'probably', 'would', 'have', 'believed', 'john', 'nkengasong', 'africa', 'director', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'preventions', 'told', 'reporters', 'thursday', 'toll', 'africa', 'however', 'significantly', 'lower', 'than', 'europe', 'world', 'most', 'affected', 'region', 'with', 'deaths', 'recorded', 'other', 'regions', 'that', 'badly', 'latin', 'america', 'with', 'deaths', 'united', 'states', 'canada', 'deaths', 'after', 'sharp', 'increase', 'january', 'africa', 'figures', 'have', 'fallen', 'sharply', 'past', 'weeks', 'over', 'last', 'seven', 'days', 'continent', 'recorded', 'deaths', 'drop', 'percent', 'from', 'previous', 'week', 'height', 'pandemic', 'january', 'continent', 'deaths', 'disaster', 'while', 'coronavirus', 'figures', 'clearly', 'underestimated', 'have', 'seen', 'health', 'disaster', 'africa', 'date', 'said', 'baron', 'several', 'studies', 'antibodies', 'which', 'make', 'possible', 'detect', 'whether', 'person', 'recovered', 'previously', 'been', 'exposed', 'virus', 'underway', 'many', 'african', 'countries', 'should', 'provide', 'better', 'idea', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'region', 'south', 'africa', 'where', 'almost', 'latest', 'cases', 'attributed', 'variant', 'virus', 'known', 'more', 'contagious', 'which', 'spread', 'widely', 'represents', 'nearly', 'half', 'deaths', 'reported', 'cases', 'continent', 'other', 'african', 'countries', 'that', 'most', 'affected', 'egypt', 'deaths', 'from', 'cases', 'morocco', 'deaths', 'from', 'cases', 'south', 'africa', 'also', 'country', 'with', 'most', 'covid', 'fatalities', 'continent', 'counting', 'deaths', 'inhabitants', 'ahead', 'tunisia', 'deaths', 'eswatini', 'lagging', 'behind', 'vaccination', 'race', 'continent', 'leading', 'industrial', 'powerhouse', 'administered', 'first', 'vaccines', 'wednesday', 'globally', 'covid', 'caused', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'infections', 'over', 'million', 'deaths', 'since', 'start', 'epidemic', 'wuhan', 'china', 'december', '2019', 'harnew', 'newspaper'] ['gyms', 'aren', 'covid', 'hotspots', 'industryby', 'australian', 'associated', 'presspublished', 'august', '2020', 'updated', 'august', '2020the', 'fitness', 'industry', 'back', 'perception', 'that', 'gyms', 'covid', 'hotspots', 'saying', 'there', 'been', 'transmission', 'virus', 'linked', 'gyms', 'fitness', 'australia', 'chief', 'executive', 'barrie', 'elvish', 'said', 'fitness', 'australia', 'gathered', 'data', 'from', 'random', 'sample', 'operators', 'that', 'proves', 'gyms', 'safe', 'since', 'gyms', 'reopened', 'june', 'there', 'been', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'visits', 'gyms', 'with', 'recorded', 'community', 'transmission', 'said', 'same', 'cannot', 'said', 'restaurants', 'bars', 'where', 'cluster', 'cases', 'have', 'started', 'spread', 'however', 'gyms', 'still', 'being', 'categorised', 'with', 'these', 'other', 'entertainment', 'venues', 'cast', 'negative', 'light', 'said', 'statement', 'thursday', 'however', 'misinformation', 'negative', 'commentary', 'portrayed', 'health', 'fitness', 'facilities', 'hotspots', 'covid', 'resulting', 'some', 'people', 'being', 'scared', 'exercise', 'their', 'said', 'despite', 'additional', 'precautions', 'stringent', 'hygiene', 'practices', 'fitness', 'australia', 'data', 'gathered', 'from', 'electronic', 'swipes', 'used', 'members', 'access', 'which', 'also', 'could', 'used', 'sophisticated', 'contact', 'tracing', 'should', 'required', 'elvish', 'said', 'there', 'been', 'reported', 'cases', 'where', 'member', 'visited', 'while', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', 'health', 'authorities', 'identified', 'cases', 'transmission', 'part', 'problem', 'actually', 'part', 'solution', 'getting', 'more', 'australians', 'more', 'active', 'more', 'often', 'help', 'prevent', 'long', 'term', 'lifestyle', 'related', 'disease', 'elvish', 'said', 'urging', 'government', 'work', 'with', 'fitness', 'australia', 'industry', 'ensure', 'health', 'safety', 'community', 'newspaper'] ['covid', 'victims', 'maintain', 'immunityby', 'australian', 'associated', 'presspublished', 'november', '2020', 'updated', 'november', '2020australian', 'researchers', 'have', 'discovered', 'that', 'patients', 'been', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', 'retain', 'immunity', 'against', 'virus', 'disease', 'least', 'eight', 'months', 'research', 'strongest', 'evidence', 'that', 'vaccines', 'against', 'virus', 'will', 'work', 'long', 'periods', 'previous', 'studies', 'found', 'first', 'wave', 'antibodies', 'produced', 'human', 'body', 'after', 'infection', 'waned', 'after', 'first', 'months', 'raising', 'concerns', 'that', 'people', 'could', 'quickly', 'lose', 'immunity', 'research', 'allays', 'those', 'concerns', 'study', 'result', 'collaboration', 'associate', 'professor', 'menno', 'zelm', 'from', 'monash', 'university', 'published', 'monday', 'preprint', 'server', 'medrxiv', 'researchers', 'found', 'specific', 'cell', 'within', 'human', 'immune', 'system', 'memory', 'cell', 'remembers', 'infection', 'virus', 'challenged', 'again', 'through', 'exposure', 'virus', 'triggers', 'protective', 'immune', 'response', 'through', 'rapid', 'production', 'protective', 'antibodies', 'researchers', 'recruited', 'covid', 'patients', 'took', 'blood', 'samples', 'between', 'four', 'post', 'infection', 'post', 'infection', 'with', 'other', 'studies', 'looking', 'antibody', 'response', 'researchers', 'found', 'that', 'antibodies', 'against', 'virus', 'started', 'drop', 'after', 'days', 'post', 'infection', 'however', 'patients', 'continued', 'have', 'memory', 'cells', 'that', 'recognised', 'components', 'virus', 'spike', 'nucleocapsid', 'proteins', 'these', 'virus', 'specific', 'memory', 'cells', 'were', 'present', 'long', 'eight', 'months', 'after', 'infection', 'associate', 'professor', 'zelm', 'said', 'results', 'gave', 'hope', 'efficacy', 'vaccine', 'against', 'virus', 'explained', 'there', 'been', 'examples', 'genuine', 'reinfection', 'millions', 'people', 'tested', 'positive', 'virus', 'globally', 'these', 'results', 'important', 'because', 'they', 'show', 'definitively', 'that', 'patients', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', 'virus', 'fact', 'retain', 'immunity', 'against', 'virus', 'disease', 'said', 'this', 'been', 'black', 'cloud', 'hanging', 'over', 'potential', 'protection', 'that', 'could', 'provided', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'gives', 'real', 'hope', 'that', 'once', 'vaccine', 'vaccines', 'developed', 'they', 'will', 'provide', 'long', 'term', 'protection', 'newspaper'] ['origins', 'covid', '19by', 'reuterspublished', 'january', '2021', 'updated', 'january', '2021shanghai', 'reuters', 'team', 'from', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'works', 'china', 'investigate', 'origins', 'covid', 'following', 'factbox', 'looks', 'what', 'know', 'about', 'pandemic', 'began', 'china', 'originsthe', 'coronavirus', 'that', 'causes', 'covid', 'known', 'sars', 'first', 'identified', 'central', 'chinese', 'city', 'wuhan', 'january', '2020', 'most', 'scientists', 'believe', 'still', 'most', 'likely', 'that', 'originated', 'china', 'peter', 'embarek', 'expert', 'food', 'safety', 'zoonotic', 'diseases', 'said', 'wuhan', 'offered', 'first', 'solid', 'clues', 'about', 'transmission', 'covid', 'investigation', 'would', 'start', 'there', 'though', 'some', 'studies', 'have', 'suggested', 'covid', 'present', 'italy', 'spain', 'earlier', '2019', 'that', 'might', 'have', 'been', 'responsible', 'spike', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'france', 'researchers', 'believe', 'could', 'have', 'entered', 'wuhan', 'from', 'europe', 'closest', 'relative', 'nature', 'ratg13', 'virus', 'which', 'discovered', 'horseshoe', 'bats', 'southwest', 'china', 'yunnan', 'province', 'genetic', 'match', 'between', 'makes', 'highly', 'likely', 'that', 'covid', 'also', 'originated', 'colonies', 'china', 'southwest', 'border', 'regions', 'huanan', 'marketthe', 'initial', 'cluster', 'infections', 'traced', 'back', 'huanan', 'seafood', 'market', 'wuhan', 'leading', 'many', 'assume', 'that', 'patient', 'zero', 'probably', 'trader', 'exposed', 'contaminated', 'meat', 'products', 'this', 'version', 'events', 'simplistic', 'explain', 'patterns', 'infection', 'wuhan', 'elsewhere', 'many', 'earliest', 'reported', 'cases', 'connection', 'with', 'market', '2019', 'wuhan', 'residents', 'were', 'hospitalised', 'with', 'what', 'turned', 'covid', 'them', 'link', 'huanan', 'team', 'chinese', 'researchers', 'said', 'there', 'were', 'types', 'sars', 'circulating', 'wuhan', 'only', 'which', 'associated', 'with', 'market', 'scientists', 'also', 'said', 'virus', 'unusually', 'adapted', 'rapid', 'human', 'transmission', 'making', 'unlikely', 'that', 'first', 'human', 'contact', 'made', 'seafood', 'market', 'intermediary', 'species', 'investigators', 'keen', 'find', 'what', 'intermediary', 'species', 'that', 'allowed', 'sars', 'move', 'from', 'original', 'host', 'into', 'humans', 'preliminary', 'scientific', 'papers', 'china', 'identified', 'snakes', 'mink', 'potential', 'candidates', 'similar', 'coronavirus', 'infections', 'were', 'also', 'found', 'pangolins', 'illegally', 'trafficked', 'into', 'china', 'some', 'scholars', 'believe', 'there', 'intermediary', 'species', 'that', 'sars', 'like', 'virus', 'transmitted', 'directly', 'from', 'bats', 'humans', 'possibly', 'multiple', 'occasions', 'first', 'people', 'infected', 'were', 'likely', 'traders', 'meat', 'droppings', 'used', 'traditional', 'chinese', 'medicine', 'them', 'could', 'have', 'carried', 'into', 'huanan', 'seafood', 'market', 'causing', 'superspreader', 'event', 'that', 'allowed', 'pandemic', 'begin', 'gain', 'function', 'though', 'there', 'credible', 'supporting', 'evidence', 'some', 'researchers', 'still', 'rule', 'possibility', 'that', 'virus', 'released', 'accidentally', 'specialist', 'wuhan', 'institute', 'virology', 'there', 'indication', 'that', 'sars', 'contains', 'synthetic', 'insertions', 'some', 'researchers', 'could', 'have', 'been', 'subject', 'process', 'known', 'gain', 'function', 'where', 'forces', 'virus', 'become', 'more', 'infectious', 'exposing', 'human', 'receptor', 'cells', 'some', 'experts', 'investigators', 'needs', 'granted', 'access', 'research', 'conducted', 'whether', 'there', 'closer', 'matches', 'than', 'ratg13', 'virus', 'there', 'another', 'explanation', 'coronavirus', 'proven', 'lethal', 'sars', 'been', 'circulating', 'humans', 'throughout', 'southwest', 'china', 'months', 'before', 'finally', 'identified', 'wuhan', 'natural', 'selection', 'itself', 'could', 'have', 'trained', 'bind', 'more', 'effectively', 'those', 'receptor', 'cells', 'fully', 'optimised', 'after', 'months', 'human', 'exposure', 'made', 'explosive', 'breakthrough', 'huanan', 'market', 'where', 'conditions', 'were', 'ideal', 'rapid', 'viral', 'transmission', 'though', 'also', 'very', 'likely', 'spreading', 'elsewhere', 'reporting', 'david', 'stanway', 'editing', 'gerry', 'doyle', 'newspaper'] ['australian', 'covid', 'testing', 'criteriaby', 'australian', 'associated', 'presspublished', 'april', '2020', 'updated', 'april', '2020what', 'criteria', 'people', 'australia', 'need', 'meet', 'order', 'tested', 'covid', 'victoria', 'testing', 'expanded', 'victoria', 'include', 'anyone', 'experiencing', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'symptoms', 'testing', 'available', 'anyone', 'recently', 'returned', 'from', 'travel', 'come', 'into', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'public', 'screening', 'clinics', 'have', 'opened', 'test', 'people', 'covid', 'south', 'wales', 'testing', 'recommended', 'anyone', 'displaying', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'infection', 'symptoms', 'overseas', 'travellers', 'past', 'days', 'cruise', 'ship', 'passengers', 'crew', 'members', 'those', 'have', 'been', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'urged', 'tested', 'sick', 'healthcare', 'aged', 'care', 'workers', 'recommended', 'tested', 'infection', 'people', 'living', 'penrith', 'sydney', 'inner', 'west', 'liverpool', 'randwick', 'waverley', 'woollahra', 'blacktown', 'cumberland', 'westmead', 'ryde', 'manning', 'lake', 'macquarie', 'urged', 'seek', 'testing', 'they', 'display', 'symptoms', 'community', 'community', 'transmission', 'occurred', 'these', 'areas', 'queensland', 'people', 'displaying', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'symptoms', 'have', 'been', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'have', 'been', 'overseas', 'within', 'past', 'days', 'tested', 'workers', 'vulnerable', 'setting', 'including', 'healthcare', 'aged', 'care', 'military', 'education', 'corrections', 'tested', 'people', 'live', 'brisbane', 'gold', 'coast', 'cairns', 'first', 'nations', 'community', 'also', 'tested', 'they', 'show', 'symptoms', 'people', 'travelling', 'from', 'declared', 'covid', 'hotspot', 'interstate', 'also', 'tested', 'south', 'australia', 'residents', 'advised', 'tested', 'they', 'have', 'travelled', 'overseas', 'interstate', 'past', 'days', 'testing', 'advised', 'people', 'have', 'been', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'displaying', 'coronavirus', 'symptoms', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'with', 'direct', 'patient', 'contact', 'aged', 'residential', 'care', 'workers', 'have', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'infection', 'shortness', 'breath', 'cough', 'sore', 'throat', 'urged', 'tested', 'people', 'tanunda', 'nuriootpa', 'williamstown', 'angaston', 'lyndoch', 'from', 'march', 'have', 'developed', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'should', 'immediately', 'self', 'isolate', 'tested', 'after', 'cases', 'were', 'linked', 'barossa', 'region', 'health', 'recommends', 'testing', 'qantas', 'staff', 'have', 'been', 'affected', 'areas', 'adelaide', 'airport', 'after', 'outbreak', 'cases', 'public', 'areas', 'have', 'been', 'affected', 'anyone', 'been', 'airport', 'developed', 'symptoms', 'urged', 'self', 'isolate', 'seek', 'testing', 'western', 'australia', 'people', 'tested', 'they', 'have', 'fever', 'recent', 'history', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'infection', 'shortness', 'breath', 'cough', 'sore', 'throat', 'people', 'working', 'high', 'risk', 'settings', 'such', 'healthcare', 'aged', 'care', 'disability', 'police', 'officers', 'tested', 'residents', 'required', 'have', 'travelled', 'interstate', 'overseas', 'been', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'test', 'people', 'metropolitan', 'areas', 'tested', 'nine', 'testing', 'clinics', 'while', 'those', 'regional', 'areas', 'tested', 'public', 'hospital', 'health', 'service', 'remote', 'health', 'clinic', 'authorities', 'indicate', 'more', 'random', 'testing', 'find', 'symptomatic', 'carriers', 'likely', 'next', 'step', 'after', 'very', 'little', 'community', 'spread', 'found', 'state', 'results', 'tasmania', 'tasmanians', 'display', 'coronavirus', 'symptoms', 'have', 'recently', 'travelled', 'overseas', 'interstate', 'apply', 'their', 'through', 'public', 'health', 'services', 'tested', 'people', 'have', 'been', 'cruise', 'ship', 'have', 'been', 'contact', 'with', 'person', 'with', 'covid', 'apply', 'tested', 'state', 'government', 'changed', 'testing', 'criteria', 'allow', 'testing', 'people', 'have', 'spent', 'time', 'tasmania', 'northwest', 'have', 'developed', 'fever', 'respiratory', 'symptoms', 'northern', 'territory', 'people', 'have', 'returned', 'from', 'interstate', 'overseas', 'past', 'days', 'develop', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'with', 'without', 'fever', 'tested', 'people', 'have', 'been', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'case', 'past', 'days', 'develop', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'with', 'without', 'fever', 'tested', 'people', 'have', 'severe', 'community', 'acquired', 'pneumonia', 'there', 'clear', 'cause', 'seek', 'testing', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'directly', 'work', 'with', 'patients', 'frontline', 'workers', 'including', 'police', 'emergency', 'workers', 'educators', 'retail', 'pharmacists', 'disability', 'workers', 'display', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'fever', 'tested', 'people', 'have', 'recently', 'travelled', 'overseas', 'cruise', 'ship', 'have', 'been', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'have', 'developed', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'within', 'days', 'returning', 'australia', 'urged', 'tested', 'healthcare', 'aged', 'care', 'workers', 'with', 'recent', 'onset', 'respiratory', 'symptoms', 'fever', 'irrespective', 'travel', 'history', 'tested', 'people', 'living', 'high', 'risk', 'setting', 'such', 'aged', 'care', 'military', 'correctional', 'facilities', 'have', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'should', 'tested', 'anyone', 'travelled', 'from', 'area', 'where', 'covid', 'outbreaks', 'have', 'occurred', 'have', 'travelled', 'area', 'within', 'australia', 'with', 'elevated', 'risk', 'community', 'transmission', 'displaying', 'symptoms', 'urged', 'tested', 'newspaper'] ['auckland', 'removes', 'covid', 'restrictionsby', 'australian', 'associated', 'presspublished', 'march', '2021', 'updated', 'march', '2021new', 'zealand', 'downscaled', 'covid', 'alert', 'levels', 'auckland', 'marking', 'restrictions', 'from', 'valentine', 'outbreak', 'however', 'jacinda', 'ardern', 'government', 'been', 'criticised', 'making', 'decision', 'thursday', 'delaying', 'announcement', 'first', 'bloke', 'clarke', 'gayford', 'jumped', 'prime', 'minister', 'tweeting', 'government', 'decision', 'four', 'hours', 'before', 'ardern', 'scheduled', 'press', 'conference', 'inprinciple', 'decision', 'decided', 'pending', 'final', 'test', 'results', 'today', 'wrote', 'response', 'criticism', 'from', 'kiwi', 'chef', 'martin', 'bosley', 'feeling', 'really', 'sorry', 'auckland', 'hospo', 'having', 'wait', 'until', '30am', 'today', 'find', 'about', 'moving', 'levels', 'utterly', 'ludicrous', 'stay', 'strong', 'friends', 'bosley', 'said', 'aucklanders', 'were', 'expecting', 'shift', 'there', 'have', 'been', 'community', 'cases', 'fortnight', '30am', 'ardern', 'announced', 'biggest', 'city', 'would', 'move', 'from', 'alert', 'level', 'alert', 'level', '12noon', 'once', 'again', 'city', 'stepped', 'what', 'needed', 'that', 'thank', 'said', 'look', 'after', 'each', 'other', 'enjoy', 'your', 'weekend', 'decision', 'allows', 'crowds', 'gather', 'watch', 'america', 'sailing', 'auckland', 'racing', 'meet', 'saturday', 'postponed', 'auckland', 'pride', 'events', 'business', 'hospitality', 'figures', 'attacked', 'decision', 'saying', 'allow', 'them', 'enough', 'time', 'change', 'staffing', 'order', 'supplies', 'bumper', 'friday', 'night', 'trade', 'auckland', 'pride', 'director', 'tweedie', 'said', 'wait', 'frustrating', 'sector', 'anticipated', 'move', 'tonight', 'which', 'changes', 'everything', 'friday', 'night', 'shows', 'events', 'said', 'need', 'time', 'roll', 'plans', 'release', 'tickets', 'change', 'seating', 'signage', 'didn', 'opposition', 'leader', 'judith', 'collins', 'called', 'communications', 'good', 'enough', 'ardern', 'said', 'cabinet', 'thursday', 'afternoon', 'decided', 'move', 'alert', 'levels', 'pending', 'cases', 'testing', 'close', 'contacts', 'information', 'that', 'friday', 'morning', 'ardern', 'rejected', 'notion', 'gayford', 'tweet', 'improper', 'have', 'seen', 'partner', 'since', 'yesterday', 'really', 'reject', 'implication', 'said', 'known', 'decision', 'known', 'process', 'which', 'exactly', 'what', 'ministers', 'have', 'conveyed', 'public', 'domain', 'valentine', 'outbreak', 'first', 'identified', 'february', 'prompted', 'government', 'into', 'lockdowns', 'zealand', 'biggest', 'city', 'first', 'three', 'lockdown', 'beginning', 'february', 'week', 'long', 'lockdown', 'began', 'february', 'when', 'community', 'case', 'identified', 'without', 'links', 'cluster', 'subsequently', 'traced', 'back', 'outbreak', 'total', 'people', 'have', 'tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'from', 'latest', 'outbreak', 'health', 'officials', 'discover', 'origin']
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=10
words=word_count_nscience
model_nscience=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_non_science =dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=words))#dict and encoding matrix values
# generated top 5 words using lSA
dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0,topn=5))
{'test': 0.5996895875834207,
'peopl': 0.2882010064110186,
'covid': 0.23768902176777906,
'symptom': 0.21329725997683804,
'case': 0.19112113436138517}
#wordcloud API
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph7.png')
# Cosine similarity matrix for top 5 words from corpus
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_covid_non_science =dict(model_nscience.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_covid_non_science,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled7.png')
cosine-similarity
test peopl covid symptom case
test 1 0.833309 0.286923 0.911199 0.356577
peopl 0.833309 1 0.226664 0.919123 0.19254
covid 0.286923 0.226664 1 0.0492026 0.370479
symptom 0.911199 0.919123 0.0492026 1 0.273434
case 0.356577 0.19254 0.370479 0.273434 1
#Generated Networkx for top 5 words
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='y',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="y")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig7.png')
#loading covid psychology small dataset
document_list,titles,word_count_psy=load_data("","covid-psychology-SMALL.txt",'NEW PAPER')
Number of words in text file : 39735 Total Number of Documents: 10
#data preprocessing/cleaning
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['international', 'sociology2021', 'author', '2020article', 'reuse', 'guidelines', 'sagepub', 'journals', 'permissionsdoi', '1177', '0268580920948807journals', 'sagepub', 'home', 'isspsychology', 'politics', 'ofcovid', 'misinfodemics', 'peoplebelieve', 'misinfodemics', 'sonia', 'mukhtaruniversity', 'management', 'technology', 'lahore', 'pakistanabstractmisinfodemics', 'related', 'covid', 'have', 'negatively', 'impacted', 'people', 'lives', 'with', 'adversehealth', 'psycho', 'sociopolitical', 'outcomes', 'scientific', 'community', 'seeks', 'communicateevidence', 'based', 'information', 'regarding', 'misplaced', 'preventive', 'strategies', 'misinformed', 'helpseeking', 'behaviors', 'global', 'multifaceted', 'systems', 'secondary', 'risk', 'emerged', 'effects', 'ofmisinfodemics', 'public', 'published', 'articles', 'pubmed', 'embase', 'google', 'scholar', 'elsevierabout', 'covid', 'related', 'misinfodemics', 'have', 'been', 'considered', 'reviewed', 'this', 'article', 'thisreview', 'examines', 'mechanisms', 'operational', 'structure', 'prevalence', 'predictive', 'factors', 'effects', 'responses', 'potential', 'curtailing', 'strategies', 'misinfodemics', 'covid', 'present', 'articleshows', 'that', 'popular', 'variants', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'could', 'joint', 'product', 'apsychological', 'predisposition', 'which', 'either', 'reject', 'information', 'from', 'experts', 'perceive', 'thecrisis', 'situation', 'product', 'misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations', 'psychological', 'foundations', 'political', 'disposition', 'misinfodemics', 'have', 'implications', 'thedevelopment', 'strategies', 'designed', 'curtail', 'negative', 'consequences', 'public', 'health', 'keywordsconspiracy', 'theories', 'covid', 'health', 'communication', 'misinformation', 'mistrust', 'sciencethe', 'mechanisms', 'misinfodemicsin', 'this', 'modern', 'mainstream', 'social', 'media', 'have', 'become', 'primary', 'source', 'information', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'thus', 'risk', 'misinfodemics', 'surroundingcorresponding', 'author', 'sonia', 'mukhtar', 'university', 'management', 'technology', 'block', 'phase', 'johar', 'town', 'lahore', 'punjab', '54770', 'pakistan', 'email', 'sonia', 'mukhtar12', 'gmail', 'com948807iss0010', '1177', '0268580920948807international', 'sociologymukhtarresearch', 'article2020article112', 'international', 'sociology', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'even', 'more', 'challenging', 'curb', 'ongoing', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'highlighted', 'interconnectedness', 'modernglobalized', 'world', 'where', 'public', 'health', 'threats', 'extend', 'beyond', 'their', 'point', 'origindue', 'unvarying', 'reliance', 'misplaced', 'confidence', 'media', 'platforms', 'duringlockdown', 'quarantine', 'self', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'virtual', 'communication', 'hasbecome', 'major', 'source', 'interaction', 'holman', '2020', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'only', 'escalated', 'challenges', 'forhealthcare', 'social', 'educational', 'economic', 'political', 'environmental', 'cultural', 'socioeconomic', 'systems', 'over', 'world', 'also', 'gained', 'momentum', 'innumerablemisinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'rumors', 'myths', 'superstitions', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'claims', 'hoaxes', 'false', 'misinformation', 'fake', 'news', 'polarization', 'mistrust', 'science', 'intimes', 'crisis', 'absence', 'fact', 'checking', 'misinformation', 'misleading', 'content', 'falsecontext', 'manipulated', 'data', 'fabricated', 'material', 'imposter', 'documents', 'disinformation', 'regarding', 'etiology', 'outcomes', 'misplaced', 'prevention', 'disease', 'mukhtar', '2020a', '2020', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'saturated', 'mainstream', 'media', 'which', 'disseminate', 'information', 'local', 'global', 'scale', 'similarly', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'havealso', 'become', 'accessible', 'source', 'information', 'numerous', 'incidents', 'initiated', 'bythese', 'rumors', 'have', 'caused', 'several', 'mishaps', 'across', 'world', 'instance', 'took', 'hisown', 'life', 'after', 'positive', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'india', 'people', 'have', 'overdosed', 'onthe', 'drug', 'cholorquine', 'after', 'news', 'about', 'effectiveness', 'against', 'covid', 'proliferated', 'nigeria', 'busari', 'adebayo', '2020', '2020', 'there', 'been', 'failure', 'makea', 'distinction', 'between', 'empirically', 'based', 'scientific', 'truths', 'fabricated', 'unconfirmedanti', 'science', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'such', 'reports', 'reduce', 'legitimacy', 'scientific', 'discoveries', 'regarding', 'cure', 'vaccine', 'covid', 'this', 'canalso', 'create', 'social', 'stigma', 'resulting', 'xenophobia', 'anti', 'chinese', 'sentiment', 'racism', 'marginalization', 'reduced', 'compliance', 'adherence', 'quarantine', 'have', 'adverse', 'healthand', 'psychosocial', 'impacts', 'aguilera', '2020', 'rana', '2020a', '2020b', 'these', 'considerations', 'become', 'even', 'more', 'exacerbated', 'during', 'lockdown', 'leading', 'people', 'fringe', 'ofpopular', 'opinion', 'spend', 'ever', 'more', 'time', 'social', 'media', 'people', 'trying', 'tomake', 'sense', 'their', 'changed', 'lives', 'self', 'proclaimed', 'celebrities', 'self', 'identified', 'socialmedia', 'stars', 'politicians', 'mainstream', 'media', 'public', 'figures', 'propagating', 'theirown', 'subjective', 'interpretations', 'events', 'this', 'situation', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'misinfodemics', 'lederer', '2020', 'scientific', 'studies', 'from', 'previous', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'have', 'demonstrated', 'that', 'misinformation', 'represents', 'secondary', 'challenge', 'public', 'health', 'efforts', 'controlling', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'earnshaw', '2019', 'kalichman', '2009', 'individuals', 'endorsemisinformation', 'about', 'disease', 'less', 'likely', 'follow', 'public', 'health', 'instructions', 'duringthe', 'ebola', 'outbreak', '2014', 'respondents', 'gave', 'credence', 'conspiracy', 'theoriesalleged', 'that', 'they', 'would', 'less', 'likely', 'seek', 'support', 'during', 'disease', 'outbreak', 'national', 'cancer', 'institute', '2020', '2019', 'study', 'montanaro', '2020', 'conducted', 'theus', 'over', 'respondents', 'reported', 'trust', 'medical', 'healthcare', 'professionals', 'contrast', '2020', 'study', 'where', 'majority', 'respondents', 'reported', 'mistrust', 'informationabout', 'covid', 'from', 'current', 'administration', 'mainstream', 'media', 'news', 'outlets', 'york', 'times', '2020', 'mukhtar', '113the', 'psychology', 'misinfodemicsfear', 'adaptive', 'emotion', 'which', 'serves', 'mobilize', 'energy', 'towards', 'potential', 'actualor', 'perceived', 'threat', 'mertens', '2018', 'however', 'when', 'fear', 'excessive', 'then', 'thismay', 'have', 'detrimental', 'effects', 'individual', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'like', 'anxiety', 'andphobia', 'community', 'level', 'hoarding', 'panic', 'shopping', 'xenophobia', 'when', 'fear', 'isinsufficient', 'then', 'this', 'also', 'cause', 'harm', 'both', 'individual', 'incompliance', 'nonadherence', 'towards', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'community', 'reckless', 'implementation', 'ofpolicies', 'that', 'ignores', 'risks', 'socioeconomic', 'infrastructure', 'likewise', 'interpersonalsafety', 'measures', 'mitigate', 'certain', 'threats', 'transmission', 'disease', 'paradoxically', 'enhance', 'fear', 'fear', 'transmission', 'excessive', 'health', 'anxiety', 'psychosocialissues', 'similarly', 'social', 'safety', 'measures', 'lockdowns', 'curfews', 'help', 'control', 'transmission', 'prolonged', 'stringent', 'measures', 'could', 'have', 'negative', 'consequences', 'socioeconomic', 'impact', 'mental', 'health', 'impact', 'efforts', 'curb', 'misinfodemics', 'process', 'have', 'increased', 'because', 'adverseeffects', 'public', 'health', 'communication', 'encourage', 'adoption', 'sustainablepreventive', 'measures', 'manage', 'social', 'physical', 'distancing', 'psychological', 'health', 'andresilience', 'socioeconomic', 'conditions', 'address', 'stigma', 'prejudice', 'discriminationand', 'inequalities', 'mukhtar', '2020b', 'among', 'various', 'factors', 'psychological', 'vulnerability', 'mukhtar', '2020c', 'mukhtar', 'mahmood', '2018', 'propensity', 'follow', 'popularopinion', 'excessive', 'social', 'media', 'presence', 'predisposition', 'anxiety', 'fear', 'lead', 'touncertainty', 'intolerance', 'unpredictability', 'coronavirus', 'brings', 'high', 'levels', 'uncertainty', 'inability', 'cope', 'with', 'uncertainty', 'exponentially', 'higher', 'causing', 'anxiety', 'fear', 'health', 'related', 'worry', 'this', 'situation', 'exacerbated', 'exposure', 'plethoraof', 'information', 'including', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'about', 'impendingthreat', 'from', 'mainstream', 'media', 'social', 'media', 'alike', 'rosser', '2019', 'perceived', 'threatinformation', 'elevates', 'fear', 'repeated', 'engagement', 'with', 'trauma', 'related', 'media', 'contentfor', 'several', 'hours', 'daily', 'culminates', 'acute', 'stress', 'emotional', 'distress', 'consequentlywill', 'either', 'increase', 'fear', 'virus', 'cause', 'insensitivity', 'towards', 'course', 'identification', 'monitoring', 'internet', 'centrifugal', 'clarification', 'filter', 'theaccuracy', 'content', 'become', 'more', 'challenging', 'increasing', 'number', 'people', 'relyon', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'challenging', 'problems', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'social', 'media', 'they', 'emulsify', 'into', 'false', 'misleading', 'click', 'bait', 'content', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'launched', 'mythbuster', 'feature', 'website', 'countermeasure', 'spread', 'unauthenticnews', 'social', 'media', 'people', 'reported', 'highest', 'media', 'exposure', 'reported', 'higheracute', 'stress', 'holman', '2020', 'media', 'exposure', 'accumulates', 'ever', 'emerging', 'threatsand', 'repeated', 'exposure', 'these', 'events', 'increase', 'symptoms', 'distress', 'worry', 'fixation', 'herd', 'mentality', 'misplaced', 'conviction', 'make', 'people', 'more', 'vulnerable', 'media', 'exposure', 'distress', 'alongside', 'amount', 'media', 'exposure', 'type', 'content', 'exposure', 'matters', 'aswell', 'exposure', 'tragic', 'events', 'graphic', 'images', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'violence', 'couldinstigate', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'fear', 'future', 'which', 'will', 'lead', 'poor', 'personalfunctioning', 'recent', 'years', 'mainstream', 'media', 'electronic', 'print', 'social', 'media', 'have', 'established', 'themselves', 'beyond', 'government', 'channel', 'global114', 'international', 'sociology', 'population', 'developed', 'affinity', 'news', 'channels', 'particular', 'while', 'olderpopulation', 'mainly', 'relies', 'more', 'traditional', 'news', 'channels', 'youth', 'look', 'social', 'mediasuch', 'tiktok', 'instagram', 'youtube', 'twitter', 'facebook', 'whatsapp', 'social', 'mediahave', 'become', 'conduit', 'spreading', 'rumors', 'deliberate', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'personally', 'motivated', 'anecdotes', 'appeal', 'followersand', 'attract', 'attention', 'create', 'panic', 'liang', '2020', 'some', 'self', 'proclaimed', 'celebrities', 'media', 'stars', 'have', 'become', 'influential', 'that', 'large', 'number', 'people', 'rely', 'solelyon', 'their', 'content', 'merchant', '2020', 'some', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'circulating', 'manyplatforms', 'endorsed', 'multiple', 'social', 'media', 'account', 'users', 'encourage', 'optimalpersonal', 'functioning', 'maximum', 'productivity', 'business', 'oriented', 'activities', 'downplaying', 'intensity', 'this', 'traumatic', 'event', 'certain', 'posts', 'like', 'come', 'ofthis', 'quarantine', 'with', 'skill', 'your', 'side', 'hustle', 'started', 'more', 'knowledge', 'then', 'younever', 'lacked', 'time', 'lacked', 'discipline', 'circulating', 'various', 'social', 'media', 'accounts', 'prompting', 'people', 'utilize', 'their', 'time', 'learning', 'things', 'skills', 'exacerbate', 'theworry', 'already', 'anxiety', 'prone', 'individuals', 'place', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'productive', 'rather', 'messages', 'like', 'come', 'this', 'quarantine', 'with', 'skill', 'your', 'side', 'hustle', 'started', 'more', 'knowledge', 'then', 'doing', 'just', 'fine', 'should', 'disseminated', 'social', 'media', 'individuals', 'realize', 'that', 'during', 'such', 'intense', 'traumatic', 'event', 'everyone', 'equally', 'endowed', 'with', 'strength', 'coping', 'strategies', 'andproblem', 'solving', 'skills', 'transform', 'trauma', 'into', 'positive', 'emotion', 'which', 'okay', 'nota', 'source', 'shame', 'guilt', 'there', 'coercive', 'impression', 'percolating', 'among', 'individuals', 'regarding', 'lockdownthat', 'people', 'should', 'assume', 'holiday', 'that', 'they', 'must', 'utilize', 'their', 'time', 'productively', 'engage', 'occupational', 'academic', 'activities', 'this', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'hasfurther', 'aggravated', 'feelings', 'guilt', 'shame', 'regret', 'sadness', 'self', 'pity', 'anger', 'internalizedemotions', 'being', 'overwhelmed', 'negative', 'self', 'talk', 'unrealistic', 'expectations', 'perceived', 'sense', 'failure', 'mukhtar', '2020a', '2020b', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'compete', 'with', 'peers', 'achieving', 'maximum', 'tasks', 'producing', 'occupational', 'academicoutcomes', 'harnessing', 'herd', 'followers', 'subscribers', 'media', 'accounts', 'anddownplaying', 'trauma', 'that', 'others', 'will', 'have', 'devastating', 'effects', 'mentalwellbeing', 'lockdown', 'resulting', 'self', 'isolation', 'quarantine', 'social', 'distancing', 'removedfrom', 'normal', 'leisure', 'time', 'that', 'might', 'utilized', 'improved', 'personal', 'functioning', 'acollective', 'traumatic', 'event', 'which', 'poses', 'serious', 'threat', 'people', 'resulted', 'hugeloss', 'lives', 'displacement', 'many', 'individuals', 'mukhtar', 'mukhtar', '2020', 'mukhtarand', 'rana', '2020', 'covid', 'individual', 'collective', 'traumatic', 'event', 'directly', 'orindirectly', 'affected', 'every', 'individual', 'world', 'efforts', 'should', 'directed', 'towardsminimizing', 'negative', 'effects', 'this', 'traumatic', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'survivors', 'many', 'people', 'going', 'through', 'interpersonal', 'traumatic', 'events', 'addition', 'collectivetrauma', 'covid', 'domestic', 'violence', 'gender', 'based', 'violence', 'abuse', 'mukhtar', '2020d', 'financial', 'burden', 'loneliness', 'emotional', 'behavioral', 'problems', 'grief', 'bereavement', 'fear', 'losing', 'family', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'physical', 'injuries', 'fatalities', 'isolated', 'people', 'facing', 'psychological', 'issues', 'require', 'trauma', 'focused', 'psychologicalsupport', 'mental', 'health', 'care', 'psychological', 'support', 'guidance', 'treatment', 'interventionand', 'information', 'such', 'psychological', 'cyber', 'counseling', 'smartphone', 'formukhtar', '115instance', 'mental', 'health', 'hotlines', 'professional', 'help', 'seeking', 'behaviors', 'should', 'beencouraged', 'endorsed', 'related', 'barriers', 'like', 'stigma', 'marginalization', 'discrimination', 'shaming', 'phobias', 'should', 'discouraged', 'through', 'government', 'driven', 'programsand', 'evidence', 'based', 'treatment', 'models', 'emerging', 'pandemics', 'command', 'intellectual', 'incapacity', 'decision', 'making', 'adegree', 'irrationality', 'when', 'bombarded', 'with', 'conflicting', 'opinions', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'thus', 'empirical', 'interpretation', 'origins', 'impacts', 'result', 'moral', 'judgmentsbased', 'religious', 'cultural', 'beliefs', 'emergence', 'aids', 'garnered', 'plethoraof', 'moral', 'judgments', 'orbiting', 'around', 'sexual', 'morality', 'substance', 'abuse', 'arrival', 'ofsars', 'blame', 'directed', 'towards', 'primitive', 'farming', 'practices', 'guangzhou', 'theunprecedented', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'welcomed', 'magnitude', 'misinfodemics', 'amultitude', 'fronts', 'ophir', '2018', 'richtel', '2020', 'psychological', 'predisposition', 'rejectauthorized', 'information', 'through', 'denial', 'byproduct', 'deep', 'founded', 'mistrust', 'thetendency', 'view', 'major', 'social', 'political', 'events', 'through', 'conspiracies', 'partisan', 'motivations', 'byproduct', 'conspiracy', 'thinking', 'likely', 'explanatory', 'factors', 'understanding', 'believes', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'association', 'betweenconspiracy', 'thinking', 'defense', 'mechanism', 'denial', 'could', 'potential', 'reason', 'therefusal', 'corrective', 'actions', 'several', 'health', 'related', 'cases', 'carey', '2020', 'misinfodemics', 'could', 'motivated', 'various', 'factors', 'epistemic', 'desire', 'causalexplanation', 'subjective', 'certainty', 'existential', 'desire', 'control', 'security', 'thesocial', 'desire', 'maintain', 'positive', 'image', 'self', 'group', 'douglas', '2017', 'stigmatization', 'labeling', 'scapegoating', 'fear', 'swiftly', 'follow', 'with', 'narrative', 'whichinvokes', 'vernacular', 'human', 'conflict', 'waging', 'against', 'killer', 'virus', 'indomitable', 'invisible', 'threat', 'enemy', 'armed', 'with', 'vaccine', 'flinging', 'victims', 'quarantinecamps', 'losing', 'sense', 'proportion', 'ability', 'mitigate', 'fear', 'reasonableknowledge', 'based', 'measures', 'challenge', 'normalize', 'perceived', 'threat', 'infection', 'mechanism', 'misinfodemics', 'engrossed', 'silos', 'public', 'information', 'which', 'isinept', 'limiting', 'risks', 'wald', '2008', 'instance', 'social', 'theme', 'focusing', 'socioeconomic', 'disruption', 'scientific', 'theme', 'focusing', 'medical', 'health', 'risk', 'communication', 'pandemic', 'theme', 'focusing', 'state', 'global', 'response', 'populations', 'mostlikely', 'affected', 'emerging', 'disease', 'pandemic', 'simultaneous', 'misinfodemicsinclude', 'those', 'where', 'there', 'disproportionally', 'inadequate', 'health', 'literacy', 'disadvantaged', 'socioeconomic', 'groups', 'migrants', 'ethnic', 'minorities', 'vulnerable', 'groupsincluding', 'older', 'people', 'people', 'with', 'chronic', 'health', 'conditions', 'people', 'with', 'disability', 'mukhtar', '2020e', 'rowlands', '2015', 'politics', 'coronavirusconspiracy', 'theories', 'heavily', 'influenced', 'geopolitics', 'have', 'spread', 'regarding', 'origin', 'scale', 'prevention', 'treatment', 'self', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'covid', 'being', 'viralbioweapon', 'genetically', 'engineered', 'rogue', 'government', 'with', 'racist', 'genocidalagenda', 'wage', 'economic', 'psychological', 'chinese', 'biological', 'weaponconspiracy', 'theory', 'which', 'spread', 'throughout', 'united', 'states', 'united', 'kingdom', 'india', 'ukraine', 'biological', 'weapon', 'conspiracy', 'theory', 'spread', 'throughoutrussia', 'iran', 'china', 'philippines', 'venezuela', 'plot', 'muslims', 'plot', 'jews', 'international', 'sociology', 'espionage', 'population', 'control', 'scheme', 'medical', 'misinformation', 'vaccine', 'preexistence', 'cocaine', 'cure', 'african', 'resistance', 'vegetarian', 'immunity', 'methanol', 'other', 'views', 'endorsed', 'presidents', 'governments', 'public', 'figures', 'abound', 'causingmisinfodemics', 'incorrect', 'information', 'about', 'virus', 'which', 'poses', 'risks', 'aglobal', 'scale', 'mccarthy', '2020', 'meanwhile', 'covid', 'could', 'positively', 'viewed', 'through', 'partisan', 'lens', 'ofright', 'wing', 'nationalism', 'pandemonium', 'allegations', 'coronavirus', 'gift', 'forthe', 'politics', 'misinfodemics', 'censorship', 'pathological', 'nationalism', 'multitude', 'ofgovernments', 'have', 'introduced', 'policy', 'blame', 'shifting', 'launching', 'their', 'powerrivalry', 'statements', 'revolving', 'around', 'illogical', 'reasoning', 'narrative', 'nationalimmunity', 'towards', 'covid', 'there', 'claims', 'biological', 'weaponagainst', 'western', 'world', 'chinese', 'experiment', 'gone', 'wrong', 'china', 'equivalent', 'toussr', 'level', 'threat', 'most', 'infamous', 'chinese', 'virus', 'italy', 'accused', 'migrantsfrom', 'africa', 'disease', 'carriers', 'shores', 'france', 'hungary', 'thereis', 'narration', 'correlation', 'between', 'immigrants', 'coronavirus', 'reminiscent', 'ofthe', 'influx', 'migrants', 'from', 'inflicted', 'countries', '2015', 'called', 'bordercrisis', 'european', 'right', 'wingers', 'declare', 'enemy', 'changed', 'migrants', 'convergence', 'crises', 'aggravates', 'mistrust', 'scientific', 'political', 'andeconomic', 'bodies', 'around', 'world', 'these', 'narratives', 'imply', 'through', 'heavily', 'nuanceddifferential', 'discourse', 'that', 'their', 'countries', 'immune', 'coronavirus', 'they', 'wouldnot', 'have', 'contracted', 'covid', 'could', 'manage', 'effectively', 'only', 'absenceof', 'immigrants', 'mccarthy', '2020', 'covid', 'provided', 'rich', 'fodder', 'europe', 'nativist', 'populist', 'tune', 'furtherincite', 'clamor', 'immigrants', 'building', 'walls', 'closing', 'borders', 'anti', 'immigration', 'policies', 'public', 'opinions', 'shaped', 'landscape', 'media', 'scientific', 'bodies', 'andthe', 'frameworks', 'governments', 'thus', 'such', 'obstinate', 'prejudice', 'confrontationsignite', 'globalization', 'nationalism', 'nativism', 'protectionism', 'tariffs', 'closed', 'borders', 'anderection', 'walls', 'which', 'will', 'intensify', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'pakistan', 'research', 'study', 'conducted', 'ipsos', 'revealed', 'that', 'people', 'thecountry', 'believed', 'that', 'performing', 'ablution', 'will', 'keep', 'them', 'protected', 'from', 'transmittingcoronavirus', 'others', 'believed', 'that', 'congregation', 'prayers', 'shaking', 'hands', 'cannotinfect', 'anyone', 'since', 'sunnah', 'samaa', '2020', 'claims', 'circulating', 'about', 'pakistanis', 'resistance', 'coronavirus', 'were', 'quite', 'prevalent', 'they', 'were', 'backed', 'pakistan', 'relatively', 'mortality', 'rate', 'these', 'rumors', 'argued', 'that', 'pakistan', 'culture', 'religion', 'geographical', 'location', 'climate', 'made', 'pakistanis', 'less', 'vulnerable', 'virus', 'india', 'political', 'activists', 'claimed', 'that', 'drinking', 'urine', 'applying', 'dung', 'bodycan', 'cure', 'coronavirus', 'parliamentarian', 'claimed', 'that', 'saying', 'namaste', 'instead', 'arabgreetings', 'prevents', 'contraction', 'coronavirus', 'influential', 'film', 'celebrity', 'claimedthat', 'vibrations', 'generated', 'clapping', 'blowing', 'conch', 'shells', 'will', 'kill', 'virus', 'selfproclaimed', 'tiktok', 'media', 'star', 'claim', 'about', 'eating', 'poisonous', 'fruit', 'preventivemeasure', 'hospitalized', 'people', 'anti', 'coronavirus', 'drug', 'anti', 'coronavirusmattress', 'have', 'been', 'quite', 'prevalent', 'example', 'popular', 'myth', 'various', 'countries', 'isthat', 'home', 'remedies', 'cure', 'prevent', 'people', 'from', 'contracting', 'coronavirus', 'ofthese', 'rumored', 'remedies', 'that', 'gained', 'traction', 'social', 'media', 'with', 'severe', 'adverseeffects', 'involves', 'mixing', 'sodium', 'chlorite', 'solution', 'with', 'citric', 'acid', 'producing', 'chlorinemukhtar', '117dioxide', 'powerful', 'bleaching', 'agent', 'claiming', 'antimicrobial', 'antiviral', 'antibacterialbenefits', 'similar', 'phenomena', 'were', 'observed', 'over', 'world', 'which', 'have', 'prolonged', 'health', 'psychosocial', 'economic', 'consequences', 'covid', 'among', 'thegeneral', 'public', '2017', 'becomes', 'more', 'difficult', 'limit', 'negative', 'impact', 'misinfodemics', 'especially', 'whenpartisanship', 'mobilized', 'this', 'effort', 'there', 'could', 'three', 'strategies', 'overcomethese', 'negative', 'effects', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'limit', 'spread', 'exposure', 'misinfodemics', 'corrective', 'strategies', 'founded', 'scientific', 'empiricalknowledge', 'challenge', 'these', 'predispositions', 'their', 'effects', 'subsequent', 'belief', 'systemand', 'reduce', 'uncertainty', 'increase', 'perceived', 'control', 'promote', 'self', 'image', 'collaborative', 'strategies', 'corrective', 'strategies', 'efficacious', 'other', 'political', 'social', 'agentscan', 'activated', 'mobilized', 'override', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations', 'misinfodemics', 'tendencies', 'when', 'politics', 'media', 'promote', 'misinformation', 'likeminded', 'individuals', 'exposed', 'this', 'rhetoric', 'more', 'likely', 'follow', 'elite', 'cues', 'motivated', 'reasoningand', 'engage', 'with', 'these', 'ideas', 'cues', 'from', 'partisan', 'elites', 'have', 'potential', 'inflame', 'andfoster', 'misinfodemics', 'they', 'shape', 'landscape', 'information', 'general', 'public', 'swire', '2017', 'instance', 'outset', 'covid', 'american', 'political', 'administration', 'referred', 'covid', 'hoax', 'rieder', '2020', 'likened', 'pandemic', 'tocommon', 'brooks', '2020', 'coronavirus', 'bioweapon', 'stevenson', '2020', 'this', 'rhetoric', 'likely', 'encourage', 'adoption', 'related', 'beliefs', 'lead', 'likeminded', 'supporters', 'totake', 'threat', 'less', 'seriously', 'media', 'outlets', 'including', 'news', 'personalities', 'media', 'figurescast', 'aspersion', 'threat', 'covid', 'questioning', 'hospitals', 'were', 'truly', 'filled', 'withcoronavirus', 'infected', 'patients', 'peters', '2020', 'after', 'toll', 'human', 'life', 'became', 'increasingly', 'apparent', 'unassailable', 'change', 'reporting', 'behavior', 'part', 'mediaand', 'political', 'leaders', 'previously', 'explicitly', 'unequivocally', 'trafficked', 'misinfodemics', 'hinted', 'possibility', 'misinformation', 'having', 'actually', 'served', 'correct', 'prevent', 'negative', 'consequences', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'animosity', 'wrapped', 'hatred', 'inside', 'hostilitysome', 'media', 'channels', 'initially', 'racially', 'labeled', 'biased', 'headlines', 'covid', 'suchas', 'chinese', 'virus', 'pandemonium', 'china', 'kids', 'stay', 'home', 'china', 'real', 'sick', 'ofasia', 'chinese', 'coronavirus', 'kung', 'which', 'caused', 'xenophobia', 'misperceptions', 'misled', 'general', 'public', 'witnessed', 'surge', 'anti', 'chinese', 'sentiment', 'racist', 'drivencases', 'against', 'individuals', 'chinese', 'origin', 'outside', 'china', 'anti', 'chinese', 'anti', 'asian', 'xenophobia', 'been', 'reported', 'many', 'countries', 'including', 'australia', 'manyeuropean', 'countries', 'many', 'chinese', 'customers', 'were', 'refused', 'entrance', 'into', 'restaurants', 'injapan', 'south', 'korea', 'vietnam', 'indonesia', 'amnesty', 'international', '2020', 'office', 'united', 'nations', 'high', 'commissioner', 'human', 'rights', 'ohchr', 'issued', 'statement', 'twitter', 'understandable', 'alarmed', 'coronavirus', 'butno', 'amount', 'fear', 'excuse', 'prejudice', 'discrimination', 'against', 'people', 'asian', 'descent', 'fightracism', 'call', 'hatred', 'support', 'each', 'other', 'this', 'time', 'public', 'healthemergency', 'standup4humanrights', 'similar', 'response', 'twitter', 'began', 'jenesuispasunvirus', 'virus', 'aftera', 'french', 'newspaper', 'front', 'page', 'headline', 'yellow', 'alert', 'ontario', 'human', 'rights118', 'international', 'sociology', 'commission', 'ohrc', 'stated', 'that', 'discrimination', 'prohibited', 'under', 'human', 'rightscode', 'aguilera', '2020', 'ontario', 'human', 'rights', 'commission', '2020', 'government', 'dilemma', 'beat', 'time', 'writing', 'government', 'pakistan', 'under', 'leadership', 'prime', 'ministermr', 'imran', 'khan', 'witnessed', 'sudden', 'setback', 'with', 'number', 'cases', 'steadilyincreasing', 'their', 'challenge', 'curtail', 'path', 'disease', 'pakistan', 'however', 'thereis', 'bigger', 'dilemma', 'government', 'pakistan', 'facing', 'partiallockdown', 'lockdown', 'either', 'this', 'message', 'common', 'intention', 'minimize', 'urgency', 'severity', 'pandemic', 'downplay', 'social', 'isolation', 'measures', 'disregard', 'potential', 'crisis', 'health', 'sector', 'while', 'exaggerating', 'impact', 'theeconomy', 'recession', 'that', 'looms', 'horizon', 'overlook', 'mitigating', 'measures', 'necessary', 'stem', 'transmission', 'medical', 'mistrust', 'among', 'public', 'alwan', '2020', 'prem', '2020', 'religion', 'politics', 'business', 'fundamentally', 'governingaspects', 'pakistan', 'opposed', 'lockdown', 'putting', 'pressure', 'government', 'consequently', 'resulting', 'lifting', 'lockdown', 'pakistan', 'pandemic', 'pandemic', 'hardline', 'clerics', 'hold', 'power', 'override', 'government', 'social', 'distancinginstructions', 'place', 'april', '2020', 'dozens', 'well', 'known', 'clerics', 'signed', 'letterwarning', 'that', 'government', 'should', 'exempt', 'mosques', 'from', 'shutdown', 'during', 'themonth', 'ramadan', 'otherwise', 'invite', 'wrath', 'ulterior', 'narrative', 'insinuating', 'thepolitical', 'chaos', 'that', 'clerics', 'have', 'unleashed', 'past', 'exercising', 'their', 'religious', 'authorityto', 'gather', 'loyalists', 'siege', 'state', 'subservient', 'state', 'already', 'signed', 'anagreement', 'deferentially', 'promising', 'abide', 'deal', 'begging', 'question', 'incharge', 'government', 'during', 'this', 'pandemic', 'crisis', 'government', 'mosques', 'physical', 'mental', 'health', 'social', 'interpersonal', 'factors', 'including', 'intimate', 'partnerviolence', 'marital', 'rape', 'child', 'abuse', 'domestic', 'violence', 'racism', 'xenophobia', 'dissociation', 'bias', 'prejudice', 'stigmatization', 'marginalization', 'least', 'pakistani', 'clerics', 'andmosques', 'concerns', 'during', 'this', 'public', 'crisis', 'clerics', 'have', 'protect', 'their', 'central', 'interests', 'money', 'power', 'millions', 'dollars', 'charitable', 'donations', 'during', 'ramadan', 'benefit', 'pakistan', 'mosques', 'which', 'under', 'state', 'authority', 'clerics', 'oftenpartake', 'political', 'power', 'challenge', 'government', 'despite', 'evidence', 'prevalent', 'rhetoric', 'undermining', 'covid', 'related', 'risks', 'been', 'endorsed', 'austerely', 'followed', 'public', 'highest', 'level', 'authority', 'pakistan', 'clerics', 'religious', 'misinfodemics', 'branch', 'clerics', 'superciliously', 'propagated', 'doctrine', 'narrated', 'through', 'lens', 'pandemic', 'religious', 'explanation', 'could', 'haveallowed', 'such', 'disease', 'emerge', 'only', 'through', 'rigorous', 'devotion', 'congregationalprayer', 'followers', 'faith', 'conquer', 'devil', 'machinations', 'form', 'coronavirus', 'anyone', 'tries', 'halt', 'these', 'efforts', 'then', 'these', 'zionist', 'agents', 'pawns', 'ofevil', 'bent', 'destroying', 'faith', 'this', 'dogmatic', 'doctrine', 'seeps', 'through', 'ever', 'present', 'ever', 'omniscient', 'online', 'media', 'infiltrate', 'minds', 'sheeple', 'votary', 'conformists', 'usually', 'heads', 'household', 'enforce', 'these', 'maladaptive', 'cognitive', 'twisted', 'patternswithin', 'their', 'families', 'these', 'instructions', 'dictated', 'higher', 'authorities', 'theiradherence', 'infringing', 'individual', 'rights', 'freedom', 'planting', 'unquestionablecanon', 'propagating', 'anti', 'science', 'medical', 'mistrust', 'among', 'public', 'putting', 'peoplemukhtar', '119at', 'risk', 'halting', 'emergency', 'control', 'preventive', 'measures', 'necessary', 'curb', 'thepandemic', 'thus', 'creating', 'public', 'panic', 'social', 'unrest', 'distrust', 'systems', 'kalb', '2003', 'strong', '1990', 'these', 'eschewed', 'beliefs', 'result', 'adverse', 'behavioral', 'consequences', 'instance', 'failing', 'administer', 'polio', 'vaccination', 'children', 'attributing', 'islamic', 'contributing', 'resurgence', 'this', 'once', 'eradicated', 'disease', 'inpakistan', 'misinfodemics', 'especially', 'those', 'which', 'revolve', 'around', 'science', 'medicine', 'andhealth', 'related', 'topics', 'widespread', 'prompting', 'people', 'eschew', 'appropriate', 'healthrelated', 'behaviors', 'jolley', 'douglas', '2014', 'oliver', 'wood', '2014', 'potential', 'strategies', 'curtailmentas', 'research', 'predicted', 'there', 'psychosocial', 'stress', 'adverse', 'health', 'outcomes', 'forpeople', 'self', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'quarantine', 'this', 'crisis', 'situation', 'willrequire', 'remediation', 'from', 'credible', 'sources', 'information', 'these', 'include', 'forexample', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'national', 'institutesof', 'health', 'especially', 'which', 'partnered', 'with', 'several', 'social', 'mediaplatforms', 'technological', 'companies', 'google', 'linkedin', 'microsoft', 'reddit', 'twitter', 'facebook', 'youtube', 'promote', 'health', 'updates', 'curb', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'hossain', '2020', 'they', 'seeking', 'safeguard', 'ensure', 'effective', 'communication', 'covid', 'between', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'general', 'public', 'despite', 'allthese', 'efforts', 'infodemics', 'rampant', 'multiple', 'misinformation', 'disinformationsources', 'circulating', 'social', 'media', 'accounts', 'address', 'these', 'discrepancies', 'certainstrategies', 'implemented', 'empirically', 'evidence', 'based', 'scientific', 'research', 'findings', 'with', 'integration', 'communication', 'information', 'technology', 'frontline', 'healthcare', 'providers', 'communicate', 'with', 'patients', 'caregivers', 'populations', 'risk', 'results', 'positive', 'health', 'outcomes', 'subsequent', 'optimization', 'resources', 'building', 'strategic', 'partnerships', 'local', 'global', 'levels', 'coordinate', 'connecting', 'offlineand', 'online', 'resources', 'communication', 'uniform', 'information', 'across', 'platforms', 'from', 'mass', 'media', 'community', 'organizations', 'support', 'groups', 'communityand', 'society', 'contain', 'infodemics', 'information', 'disinformation', 'disseminatescientifically', 'evidence', 'based', 'information', 'through', 'data', 'mining', 'algorithms', 'detectand', 'remove', 'fake', 'news', '2017', 'those', 'propagate', 'misinformation', 'accountable', 'individuals', 'online', 'portals', 'should', 'identified', 'local', 'authorities', 'andlaw', 'enforcement', 'agencies', 'precautionary', 'culturally', 'tailored', 'information', 'translated', 'intomultiple', 'language', 'manuals', 'factual', 'data', 'regarding', 'covid', 'should', 'promotedthrough', 'mass', 'media', 'campaigns', 'care', 'evidence', 'based', 'approach', 'servicesin', 'local', 'languages', 'mostly', 'graphic', 'pictorial', 'easy', 'understanding', 'should', 'madeavailable', 'people', 'with', 'limited', 'access', 'healthcare', 'elderly', 'people', 'rural', 'areas', 'thegeneral', 'public', 'self', 'isolation', 'quarantined', 'decrease', 'covid', 'infection', 'imperative', 'bring', 'communities', 'institutional', 'leadership', 'together', 'promotetransparency', 'good', 'information', 'governance', 'control', 'misinfodemics', 'related', 'tocovid', 'both', 'people', 'physical', 'mental', 'psychosocial', 'health', 'sound', 'economic', 'political', 'systematic', 'functioning', 'during', 'this', 'pandemic', 'oliver', 'wood', '2014', 'world', 'needs', 'coordinated', 'national', 'international', 'efforts', 'apply', 'scientificempirical', 'data', 'local', 'settings', 'mitigate', 'grave', 'predicament', 'lockdown', 'aftereffects120', 'international', 'sociology', 'associated', 'issues', 'mass', 'media', 'healthcare', 'organizations', 'community', 'based', 'organizations', 'stakeholders', 'should', 'strategically', 'join', 'partnership', 'disseminate', 'based', 'onmutual', 'consensus', 'empirically', 'based', 'public', 'health', 'messages', 'remove', 'anti', 'scienceonline', 'content', 'through', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'data', 'mining', 'approaches', 'bestglobal', 'solution', 'global', 'disease', 'international', 'collaboration', 'exchange', 'scientific', 'ideas', 'health', 'communication', 'facilitating', 'coordination', 'paper'] ['impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'among', 'universitystudentsbablu', 'kumar', 'dhar', 'foster', 'kofi', 'ayittey', 'sabrina', 'maria', 'sarkarthe', 'purpose', 'study', 'find', 'psychological', 'impact', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'university', 'students', 'study', 'focuses', 'theuniversity', 'students', 'from', 'different', 'public', 'private', 'universities', 'ofbangladesh', 'through', 'questionnaires', 'according', 'guidelineof', 'generalized', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'scale', 'result', 'among', '543respondents', 'shows', 'that', 'suffering', 'from', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'moderate', 'anxiety', 'only', 'mild', 'anxiety', 'results', 'highlight', 'thatall', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'positively', 'correlated', 'with', 'level', 'ofanxiety', 'among', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'economicinfluences', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'worry', 'aboutthe', 'influence', 'covid', 'daily', 'life', 'have', 'highlypositive', 'impact', 'level', 'anxiety', 'following', 'these', 'stressors', 'worry', 'aboutacademic', 'delays', 'covid', 'worry', 'about', 'thesocial', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'have', 'moderately', 'andpositively', 'correlated', 'with', 'level', 'anxiety', 'study', 'suggests', 'that', 'propergovernment', 'support', 'well', 'social', 'awareness', 'should', 'monitoredduring', 'epidemics', 'decreasing', 'anxiety', 'maintaining', 'good', 'mentalhealth', 'university', 'students', 'introductionin', '2020', 'current', 'population', 'density', 'bangladesh', '1115', '55people', 'square', 'kilometer', 'which', 'increase', 'than', 'lastyear', 'because', 'density', 'population', 'bangladesh', 'the12th', 'most', 'densely', 'populated', 'country', 'world', 'accordingto', 'report', 'world', 'economic', 'forum', 'covid', 'threatens', 'cause', 'humanitarian', 'crisis', 'inthis', 'country', 'according', 'world', 'bankdata', 'bangladesh', 'workers', 'earnmore', 'than', 'taka', 'theeconomic', 'shutdown', 'sparked', 'covid', '19endangers', 'millions', 'livelihoods', 'immi', 'nently', 'people', 'could', 'meet', 'theirdaily', 'expenditures', 'sent', 'their', 'children', 'toschool', 'expected', 'that', 'they', 'could', 'savemoney', 'emergency', 'health', 'crisis', 'majority', 'villagers', 'depend', 'remit', 'tances', 'from', 'cities', 'overseas', 'ever', 'current', 'global', 'crisis', 'peopleare', 'work', 'income', 'halted', 'based', 'report', 'reuters', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'confirmed', 'tohave', 'spread', 'bangladesh', 'march', '2020after', 'recognizing', 'first', 'three', 'knowncases', 'reported', 'march', '2020', 'theinstitute', 'epidemiology', 'disease', 'controland', 'research', 'iedcr', 'country', 'according', 'iedcr', 'bangladesh', 'thelevel', 'infections', 'remained', 'endof', 'march', 'although', 'there', 'precipitousrise', 'april', 'week', 'ending', 'april', 'cases', 'bangla', 'desh', 'grew', '1155', 'highest', 'asia', 'ahead', 'indonesia', 'with186', 'june', '2020', 'there', 'total', 'confirmedcases', 'besides', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', '2019', 'spreading', 'faster', 'allover', 'country', 'current', 'situation', 'imposes', 'massive', 'pres', 'sure', 'government', 'bangladesh', 'general', 'public', 'andhealthcare', 'medical', 'providers', 'pandemic', 'broughtnot', 'only', 'danger', 'death', 'from', 'epidemiologic', 'conta', 'gion', 'also', 'intolerable', 'psychological', 'burden', 'peopleamong', 'world', 'bangladesh', 'prob', 'lems', 'faster', 'spread', 'virus', 'strict', 'isolation', 'measures', 'delays', 'starting', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'acrossthe', 'country', 'anticipated', 'influence', 'psychology', 'versity', 'students', 'psychological', 'reports', 'indicate', 'influenceof', 'epidemic', 'children', 'public', 'older', 'adults', 'medicalstaff', 'patients', 'however', 'thorough', 'research', 'thepsychology', 'university', 'students', 'facing', 'epidemic', 'beenconducted', 'date', 'like', 'other', 'sectors', 'education', 'sector', 'been', 'affectedseverely', 'bangladesh', 'march', '2020', 'governmentclosed', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'when', 'bangladeshhad', 'eight', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'among', 'students', 'of104', 'universities', 'bangladesh', 'number', 'public', 'univer', 'sities', 'with', 'students', 'number', 'privateuniversities', 'with', 'students', 'average', 'student', 'count', 'public', 'university', '5616', 'privateuniversity', 'that', 'indicates', 'that', 'there', '8204', 'students', 'versity', 'having', 'vast', 'number', 'undergraduate', 'graduate', 'andpostgraduate', 'students', 'country', 'wishes', 'secure', 'future', 'thathas', 'been', 'temporary', 'collapsed', 'current', 'pandemic', 'detecting', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'seven', 'item', 'generalizedanxiety', 'disorder', 'scale', 'extensively', 'usedtools', 'that', 'easy', 'score', 'takes', 'less', 'than', 'finish', 'moreover', 'also', 'applicable', 'diagnosis', 'screening', 'valuation', 'strictness', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'alsofor', 'panic', 'disorders', 'stress', 'disorders', 'post', 'traumatic', 'disorders', 'social', 'phobia', 'prior', 'problem', 'students', 'university', 'mostlyrelated', 'their', 'career', 'future', 'uncertainty', 'stressincreases', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'hence', 'method', 'ofsupervisory', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'public', 'health', 'crises', 'isdifferent', 'challenging', 'therefore', 'study', 'aimed', 'lyze', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'amonguniversity', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'moreover', 'study', 'intendsto', 'provide', 'suggestions', 'government', 'governmentorganizations', 'taking', 'necessary', 'steps', 'results2', 'demographic', 'statisticstable', 'shows', 'demographic', 'particular', 'characteristicsof', 'population', 'study', 'table', 'indicates', '543university', 'students', 'most', 'respondents', 'male', 'approximately', 'thirds', 'them', 'live', 'urban', 'area', 'most', 'their', 'financial', 'status', 'steady', 'majorityof', 'participants', 'live', 'with', 'their', 'parents', 'manyof', 'their', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', 'however', 'relatives', 'friends', 'therespondents', 'have', 'been', 'infected', 'virus', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'theoutbreaktable', 'demonstrates', 'psychological', 'health', 'universitystudents', 'have', 'been', 'affected', 'during', 'epidemic', 'isshocking', 'observe', 'that', 'most', 'students', 'highlevel', 'anxiety', 'their', 'psychological', 'condition', 'alarming', 'among', 'students', 'very', 'number', 'students', 'innormal', 'mild', 'level', 'anxiety', 'however', 'nearly', 'half', 'students', 'moderate', 'level', 'anxiety', 'rest', 'them', 'suffering', 'from', 'very', 'high', 'orsevere', 'level', 'anxiety', 'influencing', 'factors', 'anxiety', 'among', 'university', 'studentduring', 'outbreak2', 'univariate', 'analysisthe', 'association', 'between', 'demographic', 'variables', 'thelevel', 'nervousness', 'anxiety', 'among', 'bangladeshi', 'universitystudents', 'pointed', 'table', 'analysis', 'shows', 'that', 'tors', 'have', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'during', 'epidemic', 'gender', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'malesare', 'severely', 'worried', 'than', 'female', 'during', 'epidemic', 'place', 'residence', 'urban', 'area', 'significant', 'impact', 'onanxiety', 'living', 'urban', 'area', 'creates', 'moderate', 'anxiety', 'than', 'rural', 'areas', 'living', 'with', 'their', 'parents', 'stantial', 'consequence', 'anxiety', 'students', 'live', 'alonehas', 'amplified', 'anxiety', 'level', 'other', 'hand', 'financial', 'condition', 'infection', 'covid', 'amongrelatives', 'friends', 'have', 'most', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'ordinal', 'regression', 'analysistable', 'points', 'consequences', 'ordinal', 'multivariateanalysis', 'related', 'influences', 'with', 'anxiety', 'level', 'through', 'theepidemic', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'nificant', 'influences', 'from', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'comprised', 'inthe', 'analysis', 'ordered', 'logistic', 'regression', 'table', 'model', 'test', 'indicates', 'that', 'value', 'odds', 'ratio', 'allvariables', 'statistically', 'significant', 'moreover', 'thechi', 'square', 'test', 'observed', 'values', 'indicates', 'agood', 'model', 'results', 'from', 'analysis', 'factorsthat', 'influence', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'indicatethat', 'living', 'urban', 'areas', 'causes', 'more', 'anxiety', 'unstable', 'financial', 'condition', 'causes', 'moretable', 'demographic', 'profile', 'respondents', 'frequency', 'percentgendermale', 'female', '5148', 'place', 'residenceurban', 'rural', '3663', 'financial', 'conditionsteady', '9504', 'steady', '6039', 'living', 'statuslive', 'with', 'parents', 'live', 'without', 'parents', '3366', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', '19infected', '1881', 'infected', 'table', 'different', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'number', 'university', 'students', 'level', 'anxiety', 'number', 'students', 'ratio', 'normal', '18mild', '82moderate', '7623', '41severe', '7326', '59global', 'challenges', '2020', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews', 'com2000038', 'global', 'challenges', '2020', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbhworry', 'comparison', 'with', 'stable', 'financial', 'condition', 'living', 'without', 'parents', 'increases', 'nervous', 'ness', 'level', 'infected', 'relativesor', 'friends', 'with', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'enhance', 'anxiety', 'risk', 'factor', 'correlation', 'between', 'level', 'anxiety', 'andepidemic', 'related', 'stressorstable', 'indicates', 'result', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'betweenthe', 'level', 'anxiety', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'including', 'worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'worry', 'aboutacademic', 'delays', 'worry', 'about', 'influence', 'covid', 'ondaily', 'life', 'worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'results', 'highlight', 'that', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'itively', 'associated', 'with', 'level', 'anxiety', 'among', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'duringand', 'after', 'covid', 'worry', 'about', 'theinfluence', 'covid', 'daily', 'life', 'havea', 'highly', 'positive', 'impact', 'level', 'anxiety', 'level', 'followingthese', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'academic', 'delays', 'covid', 'worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'duringcovid', 'moderately', 'positivelyconnected', 'with', 'level', 'anxiety', 'discussionaccording', 'previous', 'studies', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'haveseveral', 'psychological', 'effects', 'students', 'study', 'highereducational', 'institutions', 'according', 'cornine', 'college', 'dents', 'anxiety', 'connected', 'consequence', 'virus', 'mentioned', 'that', 'growing', 'number', 'infected', 'andtable', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'anxiety', 'university', 'students', 'about', 'outbreak', 'variables', 'total', 'level', 'anxiety', 'statistics', 'pnormal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severegender', '925b', '01male', '4554', '5247', 'female', '5148', '2970', '2079', 'place', 'residence', '922a', '002urban', '5841', '5049', 'rural', '3663', '1683', '1881', 'financial', 'condition', '420a', '001steady', '9504', '5049', '3663', 'steady', '6039', '2475', '3267', 'living', 'with', 'parents', '970b', '012yes', '1386', '1584', '3366', '6318', '5346', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', '780b', '001yes', '1881', '6633', '6039', 'kruskal', 'wallis', 'test', 'mann', 'whitney', 'test', 'table', 'analysis', 'factors', 'that', 'influence', 'anxiety', 'level', 'amongstudents', 'factors', 'total', 'place', 'residenceurban', 'rural', '3663', 'financial', 'conditionsteady', '9504', 'steady', '6039', 'living', 'with', 'parentsyes', '3366', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', '19yes', '1881', 'error', 'odds', 'ratio', 'confidence', 'interval', 'table', 'analysis', 'correlation', 'between', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressorsand', 'university', 'students', 'anxiety', 'stressors', 'anxiety', 'levelr', 'pworry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'during', 'after', 'covid', '001worry', 'about', 'academic', 'delays', 'covid', '001worry', 'about', 'influence', 'covid', 'daily', 'life', '001worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during', 'covid', '001r', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'global', 'challenges', '2020', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews', 'com2000038', 'global', 'challenges', '2020', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbhsuspected', 'patients', 'increased', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'students', 'ayittey', 'highlighted', 'significant', 'scarcity', 'masksand', 'sanitizers', 'devastating', 'astonishing', 'erroneousnews', 'reports', 'different', 'social', 'media', 'increased', 'anxietyand', 'fear', 'study', 'pointed', 'that', 'anxietyamong', 'college', 'students', 'during', 'epidemic', 'related', 'withtheir', 'place', 'residence', 'source', 'parental', 'income', 'whetherliving', 'with', 'parents', 'whether', 'relative', 'acquaintancewas', 'infected', 'with', 'epidemic', 'without', 'significant', 'differencein', 'gender', 'region', 'that', 'dissimilar', 'from', 'conclusions', 'ofmoreno', 'concluded', 'that', 'male', 'femalestudents', 'have', 'similar', 'stresses', 'negative', 'emotions', 'aresult', 'covid', 'study', 'indicated', 'fearand', 'anxiety', 'elmer', 'wang', 'focused', 'futureemployment', 'cornine', 'emphasized', 'infection', 'relativesor', 'friends', 'during', 'epidemic', 'kmietowicz', 'xiao', 'high', 'lighted', 'psychological', 'condition', 'during', 'long', 'interpersonalcommunication', 'foremost', 'intention', 'current', 'study', 'assess', 'thepsychological', 'situation', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'currentepidemic', 'covid', 'explore', 'influencing', 'factors', 'oftheir', 'anxiety', 'study', 'found', 'that', 'almost', 'universitystudents', 'were', 'experiencing', 'anxiety', 'outbreak', 'thecurrent', 'epidemic', 'among', 'students', 'participated', 'suffering', 'from', 'moderate', 'level', 'anxiety', 'areexperiencing', 'severe', 'level', 'anxiety', 'other', 'hand', 'theamount', 'experiencing', 'mild', 'level', 'anxiety', 'notfeeling', 'anxiousness', 'very', 'poor', 'ratio', 'this', 'currentstudy', 'shows', 'opposite', 'scenario', 'study', 'study', 'highlighted', 'psychological', 'condi', 'tion', 'college', 'students', 'china', 'during', 'covid', 'studyof', 'indicated', 'that', 'among', 'chinese', 'students', 'only', 'experienced', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'experienced', 'mild', 'anxietyduring', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'economy', 'urban', 'areas', 'relatively', 'significant', 'anddelivers', 'citizens', 'with', 'better', 'safety', 'living', 'urban', 'areasis', 'protective', 'factor', 'against', 'anxiety', 'there', 'indeed', 'ineq', 'uity', 'cultural', 'economic', 'education', 'between', 'rural', 'andurban', 'areas', 'example', 'hygienic', 'conditions', 'urban', 'areasare', 'healthier', 'than', 'rural', 'which', 'reduces', 'chances', 'viving', 'spreading', 'covid', 'however', 'univariateanalysis', 'analysis', 'factors', 'level', 'anxietyamong', 'students', 'universities', 'bangladesh', 'show', 'ferent', 'scenario', 'explanation', 'participants', 'mentioned', 'thereason', 'overdensity', 'among', 'urban', 'areas', 'bangladesh', 'most', 'higher', 'educational', 'institutions', 'urban', 'areas', 'reason', 'majority', 'students', 'live', 'urbanareas', 'experience', 'immense', 'anxiety', 'during', 'currentepidemic', 'living', 'without', 'parents', 'another', 'favorable', 'factor', 'forincreasing', 'anxiety', 'among', 'students', 'current', 'study', 'alsofinds', 'similar', 'result', 'regarding', 'this', 'factor', 'with', 'study', 'ofcao', 'earlier', 'studies', 'also', 'have', 'specified', 'that', 'risk', 'tors', 'connected', 'with', 'anxiety', 'emotional', 'sicknesses', 'amongadults', 'comprise', 'living', 'with', 'parents', 'parents', 'physical', 'andpsychological', 'problems', 'death', 'parents', 'infantile', 'which', 'reliable', 'with', 'results', 'present', 'study', 'financial', 'stability', 'condition', 'matters', 'much', 'anxietyamong', 'students', 'elmer', 'also', 'found', 'that', 'theconstancy', 'family', 'income', 'significant', 'influence', 'theanxiety', 'level', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'covid', '19catastrophe', 'higher', 'levels', 'stress', 'connected', 'with', 'young', 'havingto', 'work', 'female', 'gender', 'having', 'acquaint', 'ance', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', 'contemporary', 'study', 'alsofound', 'that', 'having', 'relatives', 'friends', 'being', 'infected', 'with', 'novelcoronavirus', 'becomes', 'risk', 'factor', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'anxiety', 'during', 'epidemic', 'according', 'respondents', 'itgenerates', 'high', 'contagiousness', 'covid', 'economic', 'stressors', 'academic', 'delays', 'effects', 'daily', 'life', 'families', 'friends', 'being', 'infected', 'with', 'epidemic', 'arepositively', 'related', 'anxiety', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'ofbangladesh', 'during', 'epidemic', 'similar', 'studies', 'have', 'specified', 'that', 'along', 'with', 'national', 'health', 'condition', 'covid', 'also', 'substantial', 'influence', 'economy', 'ofthe', 'country', 'well', 'individuals', 'bangladesh', 'remains', 'knife', 'edge', 'covid', 'crisis', 'lockdowns', 'prompted', 'bythe', 'epidemic', 'already', 'deteriorated', 'economic', 'polit', 'ical', 'stability', 'country', 'outbreak', 'many', 'familiesare', 'losing', 'their', 'source', 'income', 'students', 'feeling', 'ried', 'about', 'paying', 'their', 'tuition', 'fees', 'hunger', 'malnutrition', 'other', 'related', 'problems', 'have', 'augmented', 'bangladesh', 'result', 'lockdown', 'like', 'other', 'countries', 'primary', 'secondary', 'schools', 'high', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'wereclosed', 'delaying', 'classes', 'until', 'march', '2020', 'which', 'createsmore', 'anxiety', 'among', 'students', 'reducing', 'anxiety', 'regardingthis', 'issue', 'using', 'distant', 'remote', 'learning', 'methods', 'agood', 'model', 'these', 'actions', 'certainly', 'have', 'precise', 'influence', 'oneducation', 'development', 'students', 'social', 'support', 'also', 'positively', 'correlated', 'with', 'anxietyof', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'which', 'sistent', 'with', 'previous', 'findings', 'according', 'partici', 'pants', 'study', 'social', 'support', 'lessens', 'mental', 'pressureduring', 'epidemic', 'changes', 'attitude', 'regarding', 'socialsupport', 'that', 'rare', 'find', 'society', 'students', 'social', 'support', 'bangladesh', 'under', 'singleumbrella', 'like', 'developed', 'countries', 'even', 'supports', 'fromthe', 'government', 'well', 'enough', 'this', 'consequenceindicates', 'that', 'active', 'vigorous', 'social', 'support', 'essentialduring', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'reduce', 'anxiety', 'levelamong', 'students', 'conclusionsbeing', 'burdened', 'with', 'population', 'bangladesh', 'becomes', 'ofthe', 'major', 'risky', 'zones', 'during', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'where', 'finan', 'cial', 'physical', 'psychological', 'crisis', 'arise', 'every', 'moment', 'overall', 'situation', 'creates', 'deep', 'psychological', 'impact', 'amongthe', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'about', 'univer', 'sity', 'students', 'deep', 'anxiety', 'current', 'epidemic', 'living', 'urban', 'areas', 'having', 'steady', 'financial', 'situation', 'living', 'with', 'parents', 'infection', 'relatives', 'friends', 'inepidemic', 'become', 'severe', 'factors', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'amonguniversity', 'students', 'during', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'stressors', 'covid', 'including', 'economic', 'stressors', 'academic', 'delays', 'impact', 'daily', 'life', 'social', 'supports', 'areentirely', 'linked', 'with', 'symptoms', 'anxiety', 'levels', 'amongglobal', 'challenges', '2020', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews', 'com2000038', 'global', 'challenges', '2020', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbhthe', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'during', 'epidemic', 'though', 'government', 'bangladesh', 'adopting', 'severalpolicies', 'regarding', 'this', 'issue', 'consciousness', 'preventivemeasurements', 'inhabitants', 'country', 'according', 'tothe', 'guidelines', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'needed', 'moreto', 'resolve', 'critical', 'problem', 'with', 'high', 'priority', 'proper', 'govern', 'ment', 'support', 'well', 'social', 'awareness', 'should', 'monitoredduring', 'epidemics', 'decrease', 'anxiety', 'maintaining', 'goodmental', 'health', 'university', 'students', 'crafting', 'betterfuture', 'nation', 'experimental', 'sectionstudy', 'population', 'sample', 'analysis', 'study', 'targeted', 'thepublic', 'private', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'respondentswere', 'selected', 'randomly', 'from', 'different', 'universities', 'different', 'citiesin', 'bangladesh', 'using', 'structured', 'reliable', 'confidentialquestionnaire', 'study', 'tried', 'measure', 'psychological', 'health', 'ofthe', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'total', 'numberof', 'respondents', 'responded', 'response', 'rate', 'willingly', 'fordiscovering', 'psychological', 'effect', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'amonguniversity', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'instruments', 'finding', 'psychological', 'impact', 'theuniversity', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'study', 'used', 'that', 'comprisesseven', 'items', 'constructed', 'seven', 'core', 'symptoms', 'queries', 'tofind', 'respondents', 'suffered', 'within', 'last', 'weeks', 'thetotal', 'score', 'range', 'questions', 'followed', 'four', 'pointlikert', 'scale', 'from', 'almost', 'every', 'moreover', 'study', 'tried', 'find', 'related', 'demographic', 'information', 'therespondents', 'including', 'gender', 'place', 'residence', 'financial', 'situation', 'living', 'condition', 'status', 'infection', 'covid', 'among', 'theirrelatives', 'friends', 'furthermore', 'respondents', 'were', 'queried', 'abouttheir', 'thoughts', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'economic', 'conditions', 'academicprogress', 'availability', 'social', 'support', 'influence', 'daily', 'lifeduring', 'epidemic', 'internal', 'consistency', 'cronbach', 'data', 'analysis', 'spss', 'version', 'used', 'analyze', 'thecollected', 'data', 'study', 'implemented', 'several', 'statistical', 'methodsto', 'justify', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'among', 'bangladeshiuniversity', 'students', 'including', 'descriptive', 'statistics', 'demonstratethe', 'demographic', 'features', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'nonparametric', 'test', 'todiscover', 'significant', 'relations', 'between', 'sample', 'characteristics', 'andanxiety', 'level', 'multivariate', 'logistic', 'regression', 'analyses', 'determinestatistical', 'significance', 'among', 'variables', 'through', 'odds', 'ratio', 'with', 'confidence', 'interval', 'spearman', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'with', 'atwo', 'tailed', 'statistical', 'significance', 'assess', 'connotationbetween', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'related', 'stressors', 'level', 'anxiety', 'ethical', 'considerations', 'department', 'students', 'affairs', 'differentuniversities', 'approved', 'this', 'study', 'university', 'authorities', 'also', 'feltinterested', 'know', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'onthe', 'students', 'after', 'describing', 'need', 'study', 'respondents', 'gavetheir', 'consent', 'voluntarilynew', 'paper'] ['since', 'january', '2020', 'elsevier', 'created', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'withfree', 'information', 'english', 'mandarin', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'hosted', 'elsevier', 'connect', 'thecompany', 'public', 'news', 'information', 'website', 'elsevier', 'hereby', 'grants', 'permission', 'make', 'covid', 'relatedresearch', 'that', 'available', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'including', 'thisresearch', 'content', 'immediately', 'available', 'pubmed', 'central', 'otherpublicly', 'funded', 'repositories', 'such', 'covid', 'database', 'with', 'rightsfor', 'unrestricted', 'research', 'analyses', 'form', 'meanswith', 'acknowledgement', 'original', 'source', 'these', 'permissions', 'aregranted', 'free', 'elsevier', 'long', 'covid', 'resource', 'centreremains', 'active', 'contents', 'lists', 'available', 'sciencedirectasian', 'journal', 'psychiatryjournal', 'homepage', 'elsevier', 'locate', 'ajpletter', 'editorcovid', 'lock', 'down', 'people', 'psychology', 'enforcementarticle', 'infokeywords', 'covid', '19lock', 'down', 'periodpsychological', 'aspectslaw', 'enforcementin', 'december', '2019', 'unknown', 'virus', 'starts', 'affecting', 'humanbeing', 'from', 'wuhan', 'seafood', 'market', 'china', 'trade', 'various', 'mals', 'birds', 'bats', 'snakes', 'birds', 'though', 'exactly', 'source', 'ofvirus', 'unknown', 'wuhan', 'institute', 'virology', 'declared', 'that', 'identical', 'corona', 'virus', 'found', 'bats', 'anon', '2020g', 'initially', 'itwas', 'believed', 'that', 'this', 'virus', 'communal', 'spread', 'virus', 'ofpeople', 'migrated', 'wuhan', 'celebrate', 'their', 'annual', 'chunyun', 'festival', 'this', 'large', 'together', 'festival', 'cause', 'virus', 'spread', 'amongthem', 'without', 'knowing', 'this', 'they', 'started', 'travelled', 'back', 'theirplaces', 'this', 'virus', 'starts', 'affecting', 'more', 'than', 'countriesacross', 'globe', 'world', 'health', 'organisation', 'declared', 'virus', 'covid', 'initial', 'symptoms', 'include', 'fever', 'cough', 'breathing', 'difficultiesand', 'when', 'severe', 'results', 'pneumonia', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratorysyndrome', 'last', 'result', 'loss', 'life', 'anon', '2020h', 'stage', 'ofspread', 'virus', 'include', 'stages', 'stage', 'people', 'affected', 'whenthey', 'travelling', 'affected', 'countries', 'stage', 'people', 'arevery', 'closely', 'interacting', 'with', 'affected', 'people', 'stage', 'anon', '2020e', 'stage', 'community', 'spreads', 'occur', 'still', 'disease', 'becontrolled', 'stage', 'massive', 'number', 'people', 'affected', 'itis', 'very', 'difficult', 'control', 'india', 'though', 'first', 'case', 'corona', 'reported', '29thjanuary', '2020', 'virus', 'starts', 'spreading', 'from', 'week', 'march', '2020', 'government', 'taken', 'preventive', 'measure', 'control', 'thespread', 'virus', 'anon', '2020a', 'virus', 'spreads', 'closerinteraction', 'people', 'government', 'asked', 'their', 'citizens', 'tomaintain', 'social', 'distancing', 'march', '22nd', 'janata', 'curfew', 'avoluntary', 'self', 'quarantine', 'activity', 'observed', 'nationwide', 'march24th', 'stop', 'pandemic', 'welfare', 'people', 'thehonourable', 'prime', 'minister', 'announced', 'days', 'lockdown', 'periodand', 'imposed', 'section', 'throughout', 'country', 'anon', '2020f', 'imposing', 'this', 'lockdown', 'pandemic', 'controlledadversely', 'without', 'further', 'consequences', 'also', 'government', 'candisinfect', 'public', 'areas', 'allow', 'hospitals', 'prepare', 'themselvesto', 'handle', 'this', 'situation', 'accordingly', 'person', 'disobeys', 'ruleswould', 'definitely', 'punished', 'enforcement', 'lawthe', 'constitution', 'india', 'considered', 'back', 'bone', 'thegovernment', 'other', 'laws', 'laid', 'down', 'government', 'must', 'notbe', 'ultra', 'vires', 'with', 'constitution', 'anon', '2020b', 'case', 'thathas', 'been', 'laid', 'ultra', 'vires', 'then', 'considered', 'unconstitutionaland', 'valid', 'article', 'constitution', 'india', 'states', 'about', 'fundamentalrights', 'citizen', 'which', 'include', 'freedom', 'speech', 'freedom', 'goanywhere', 'country', 'form', 'association', 'unions', 'gather', 'publicplace', 'cause', 'without', 'armour', 'under', 'certain', 'emergencyand', 'critical', 'time', 'there', 'certain', 'exceptions', 'fundamental', 'rightsthat', 'being', 'exercised', 'citizens', 'india', 'which', 'stated', 'inarticle', 'article', 'under', 'this', 'clause', 'stated', 'that', 'thestate', 'impose', 'welfare', 'people', 'emergencysituation', 'example', 'natural', 'disaster', 'duty', 'follow', 'therules', 'restrictions', 'restrictions', 'that', 'been', 'imposed', 'there', 'special', 'named', 'epidemic', 'disease', '1897', 'this', 'actwas', 'specifically', 'laid', 'down', 'such', 'emergency', 'purposes', 'according', 'tothis', 'centre', 'state', 'discretionary', 'powers', 'take', 'thecontrol', 'their', 'hands', 'stop', 'further', 'spread', 'disease', 'epidemicor', 'pandemic', 'based', 'this', 'centre', 'state', 'have', 'power', 'toquarantine', 'people', 'affected', 'with', 'contagious', 'disease', 'thepeople', 'suspected', 'have', 'symptoms', 'contagiousdisease', 'even', 'healthy', 'people', 'protect', 'them', 'from', 'further', 'spread', 'ofthe', 'disease', 'when', 'rules', 'imposed', 'government', 'reference', 'theepidemic', 'disease', 'followed', 'properly', 'then', 'section', 'ofipc', 'comes', 'into', 'action', 'according', 'this', 'section', 'anyone', 'disobeysthe', 'imposed', 'disobedience', 'order', 'duly', 'promulgated', 'publicservant', 'subjected', 'month', 'imprisonment', 'fine', 'inr200', 'orboth', 'general', 'conditions', 'person', 'reason', 'spreadof', 'disease', 'healthy', 'person', 'death', 'person', 'then', 'jected', 'imprisonment', 'months', 'fine', 'inr100', 'both', 'disaster', 'management', '2005', 'another', 'that', 'related', 'thecurrent', 'situation', 'under', 'this', 'section', 'states', 'punishment', 'forthe', 'obstruction', 'caused', 'according', 'this', 'person', 'disobeys', 'therule', 'imposed', 'will', 'given', 'year', 'simple', 'imprisonment', 'theperson', 'responsible', 'spread', 'disease', 'death', 'then', 'jected', 'imprisonment', 'years', 'section', 'same', 'statesthat', 'person', 'creates', 'panic', 'situation', 'spreading', 'falseinformation', 'means', 'sharing', 'information', 'social', 'mediais', 'subjected', 'imprisonment', 'year', 'https', '1016', '2020', '102102received', 'april', '2020asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry', '2020', '1021021876', '2018', '2020', 'elsevier', 'rights', 'reserved', 'taccording', 'section', 'which', 'applies', 'malignantact', 'likely', 'spread', 'infection', 'disease', 'dangerous', 'life', 'violatorcan', 'jailed', 'years', 'could', 'fined', 'both', 'without', 'bail', 'under', 'section', 'person', 'tested', 'positive', 'suspectedto', 'affected', 'disease', 'prescribed', 'kept', 'quarantineand', 'person', 'violates', 'quarantine', 'rule', 'booked', 'under', 'thissection', 'imprisonment', 'years', 'which', 'cognizable', 'according', 'essential', 'commodities', 'essential', 'modities', 'that', 'said', 'basic', 'needs', 'during', 'emergency', 'anddisaster', 'time', 'must', 'sold', 'price', 'reasonable', 'costbased', 'demand', 'requirement', 'selling', 'essential', 'things', 'atunreasonable', 'prices', 'said', 'crime', 'subjected', 'prisonment', 'years', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'people', 'during', 'lockdown', 'perioddue', 'lockdown', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'people', 'affected', 'asfollows', 'when', 'government', 'announces', 'india', 'going', 'underlockdown', 'next', 'general', 'public', 'become', 'panic', 'there', 'wasan', 'ambiguity', 'among', 'common', 'public', 'whether', 'essential', 'itemswill', 'available', 'they', 'started', 'items', 'that', 'more', 'than', 'quired', 'tried', 'store', 'commodities', 'reduce', 'fear', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'other', 'healthcareworkers', 'government', 'declared', 'insurance', 'them', 'order', 'toenhance', 'healthcare', 'nation', 'service', 'private', 'hospitals', 'isalso', 'leveraged', 'government', 'providing', 'permission', 'setup', 'moretesting', 'facility', 'identify', 'infected', 'people', 'providing', 'treat', 'ment', 'msme', 'ministry', 'invited', 'manufacturer', 'supplier', 'toproduce', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'ventilators', 'medicalequipment', 'benefit', 'healthcare', 'professionals', 'public', 'also', 'various', 'training', 'programmes', 'were', 'organised', 'healthcare', 'fessionals', 'handle', 'situation', 'middle', 'class', 'people', 'salaried', 'people', 'organised', 'sector', 'reduced', 'repo', 'rate', 'which', 'results', 'reduction', 'loaninterest', 'rate', 'also', 'term', 'loans', 'customer', '3months', 'also', 'withdraw', 'waived', 'free', 'cylin', 'ders', 'free', 'rice', 'wheat', 'pulses', 'provided', 'beneficiaries', 'thedeadlines', 'income', 'returns', 'been', 'extended', 'small', 'andmedium', 'entrepreneurs', 'collateral', 'free', 'loans', 'will', 'provided', 'gstfilling', 'dates', 'been', 'extended', 'during', 'this', 'lockdown', 'period', 'migrant', 'workers', 'were', 'able', 'totravel', 'their', 'native', 'place', 'leverage', 'their', 'fear', 'government', 'hasinstructed', 'employers', 'take', 'care', 'employees', 'toprovide', 'them', 'with', 'food', 'shelter', 'government', 'instructed', 'topay', 'wages', 'during', 'lockdown', 'period', 'their', 'employees', 'however', 'three', 'fourths', 'indian', 'population', 'working', 'unorganised', 'sectorsand', 'this', 'lockdown', 'results', 'financial', 'insecurity', 'them', 'also', 'thefarmers', 'mentally', 'stressed', 'reason', 'where', 'there', 'peoplefor', 'harvesting', 'their', 'goods', 'cultivated', 'products', 'like', 'vegetables', 'fruits', 'flowers', 'species', 'cannot', 'exported', 'foreign', 'nationalwhich', 'will', 'affect', 'their', 'economy', 'issued', 'some', 'guidelines', 'higher', 'education', 'institutes', 'heis', 'take', 'care', 'mental', 'health', 'psychosocial', 'concerns', 'well', 'being', 'students', 'community', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'anon', '2020c', 'address', 'this', 'challenge', 'teachers', 'undertook', 'thesocially', 'responsibility', 'improvise', 'quality', 'teaching', 'basedteaching', 'learning', 'were', 'adopted', 'anon', '2020d', 'order', 'keep', 'themental', 'wellness', 'people', 'national', 'institute', 'mental', 'heal', 'thiness', 'neuro', 'science', 'launched', 'toll', 'free', 'telephone', 'counselthe', 'mental', 'illness', 'people', 'conclusionthe', 'corona', 'outbreak', 'considered', 'pandemic', 'centraland', 'state', 'government', 'taking', 'many', 'precautionary', 'measures', 'andrelief', 'measures', 'welfare', 'people', 'however', 'there', 'peoplewithout', 'unaware', 'impact', 'corona', 'virus', 'unnecessarily', 'movingaround', 'streets', 'people', 'become', 'panic', 'with', 'situation', 'buyingcommodities', 'needed', 'without', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distancing', 'advisedby', 'government', 'without', 'public', 'cooperation', 'spread', 'viruscannot', 'controlled', 'when', 'government', 'orders', 'violated', 'thenthe', 'government', 'strictly', 'enforce', 'thus', 'advised', 'toact', 'wisely', 'cooperate', 'with', 'government', 'safe', 'guard', 'livesand', 'lives', 'other', 'people', 'present', 'situation', 'conveys', 'that', 'only', 'medicine', 'ofcr', 'funding', 'statementthis', 'research', 'receive', 'specific', 'grant', 'from', 'fundingagencies', 'public', 'commercial', 'profit', 'sectors', 'contributorsall', 'authors', 'contributed', 'equallydeclaration', 'competing', 'interestthe', 'authors', 'declare', 'that', 'they', 'have', 'known', 'competing', 'financialinterests', 'personal', 'relationships', 'that', 'could', 'have', 'appeared', 'influ', 'ence', 'work', 'reported', 'this', 'paper', 'paper'] ['fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '1original', 'researchpublished', 'february', '2021doi', '3389', 'fpsyg', '2021', '626934edited', 'syed', 'ghulam', 'meran', 'shah', 'university', 'punjab', 'pakistanreviewed', 'zeying', 'guangdong', 'university', 'technology', 'chinasohail', 'ahmad', 'javeed', 'nanjing', 'agricultural', 'university', 'china', 'correspondence', 'muhammad', 'mohsinmohsinlatifntu', 'gmail', 'comkun', 'penglairuhiyyih', 'comspecialty', 'section', 'this', 'article', 'submitted', 'toorganizational', 'psychology', 'section', 'journalfrontiers', 'psychologyreceived', 'november', '2020accepted', 'january', '2021published', 'february', '2021citation', 'naseem', 'mohsin', 'liyan', 'penglai', '2021', 'theinvestor', 'psychology', 'stockmarket', 'behavior', 'during', 'initial', 'eraof', 'covid', 'study', 'china', 'japan', 'united', 'states', 'front', 'psychol', '626934', '3389', 'fpsyg', '2021', '626934the', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stockmarket', 'behavior', 'during', 'initialera', 'covid', 'study', 'china', 'japan', 'united', 'statessobia', 'naseem1', 'muhammad', 'mohsin2', 'wang', 'hui1', 'geng', 'liyan1', 'penglai1', 'school', 'economics', 'management', 'shijiazhuang', 'tiedao', 'university', 'shijiazhuang', 'china', 'school', 'business', 'hunanuniversity', 'humanities', 'science', 'technology', 'loudi', 'chinaa', 'highly', 'transmittable', 'pathogenic', 'viral', 'infection', 'covid', 'dramaticallychanged', 'world', 'with', 'tragically', 'large', 'number', 'human', 'lives', 'being', 'lost', 'epidemichas', 'created', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'unbearable', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'amongpatients', 'health', 'professionals', 'objective', 'this', 'study', 'analyze', 'investorpsychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior', 'during', 'covid', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'ofinvestors', 'whether', 'positive', 'negative', 'toward', 'stock', 'market', 'change', 'pictureof', 'economy', 'this', 'research', 'explores', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stockmarkets', 'from', 'january', '2020', 'april', '2020', 'employing', 'principal', 'componentanalysis', 'results', 'showed', 'that', 'investor', 'psychology', 'negatively', 'related', 'threeselected', 'stock', 'markets', 'under', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'pandemic', 'pressure', 'thenegative', 'emotions', 'pessimism', 'urge', 'investors', 'cease', 'financial', 'investment', 'thestock', 'market', 'consequently', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'decreased', 'deadlypandemic', 'masses', 'were', 'more', 'concerned', 'about', 'their', 'lives', 'livelihood', 'lessabout', 'wealth', 'leisure', 'this', 'research', 'contributes', 'literature', 'investors', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'during', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'study', 'suggests', 'that', 'policy', 'makers', 'should', 'design', 'plan', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'government', 'shouldmanage', 'health', 'sector', 'budget', 'overcome', 'future', 'crises', 'keywords', 'covid', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior', 'financial', 'sustainability', 'masses', 'psychologyintroductionthe', 'terminology', 'corona', 'newly', 'invented', 'science', 'this', 'single', 'stranded', 'rnavirus', 'primary', 'roots', 'were', 'observed', '1960', 'belonging', 'corona', 'viridae', 'family', 'theorder', 'nidovirales', 'galante', '2016', 'kanwar', '2017', '2020', 'mohsin', '2020b', 'taxonomic', 'naming', 'comes', 'from', 'virus', 'structure', 'which', 'gives', 'appearanceof', 'crown', 'like', 'spikes', 'virus', 'outer', 'surface', 'azam', '2020', 'sarfraz', '2020c', 'shereen', '2020', 'prey', 'first', 'coronavirus', 'species', 'chicken', 'therewas', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'from', '1960', '2020', 'different', 'allied', 'versions', 'thesame', 'family', 'viruses', 'have', 'been', 'observed', 'common', 'cold', 'adults', '229e', 'andcov', 'oc43', '1960', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', '2003', 'human', 'coronavirus', 'with', 'common', 'cold', 'bronchitis', 'asthma', 'chronic', 'obstructive', 'pulmonaryfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '2naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviordisease', 'copd', 'exacerbations', 'pneumonia', 'hcov', 'nl63', '2004and', 'hku1', 'middle', 'east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'merscov', '2012', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', '2019', 'sars', 'displaying', 'unmatchedintensity', 'severity', 'compared', 'previous', 'species', 'corona', 'hoek', '2004', 'kahn', 'mcintosh', '2005', 'wooet', '2005', 'esper', '2006', 'zaki', '2012', 'startof', 'virus', 'breakout', 'virus', 'name', '2019', 'ncov', 'perthe', 'international', 'committee', 'taxonomy', 'viruses', 'ictv', 'chinese', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'ccdc', 'changed', 'into', 'sars', 'january', '2020', 'toits', 'structure', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'first', 'discovered', 'inwuhan', 'market', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'early', 'december2019', 'this', 'aroused', 'global', 'attention', 'late', 'january', '2020', 'virus', 'been', 'spreading', 'exponentially', 'using', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'through', 'respiratory', 'droplets', 'sneezingand', 'coughing', 'azam', '2020', '2020', 'sarfraz', '2020a', 'shereen', '2020', 'during', 'this', 'incubation', 'period', 'researchers', 'focused', 'exploring', 'preventing', 'treatingpatients', 'still', 'pandemic', 'psychological', 'impact', 'otherside', 'disease', 'mental', 'illness', 'global', 'quarantineannouncement', 'sparked', 'several', 'concerns', 'fear', 'separationfrom', 'family', 'fear', 'illness', 'death', 'avoidance', 'medicalfacilities', 'threat', 'infection', 'fear', 'unemployment', 'thethreat', 'racism', 'against', 'people', 'live', 'perceivedto', 'from', 'affected', 'areas', 'fear', 'losing', 'near', 'dearones', 'because', 'virus', 'maintained', 'space', 'from', 'minorsand', 'disabled', 'elderly', 'family', 'members', 'infection', 'isolation', 'recalling', 'severity', 'treatment', 'infectedpeople', 'these', 'have', 'become', 'originators', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'andgrave', 'concern', 'globally', 'these', 'mental', 'health', 'aspects', 'thecovid', 'outbreak', 'have', 'affected', 'individual', 'lives', 'well', 'thefinancial', 'markets', 'human', 'psychology', 'covid', '19the', 'current', 'pandemic', 'sars', 'seriously', 'influencedhuman', 'psychology', 'through', 'notable', 'mental', 'state', 'anxiety', 'term', 'anxiety', 'covers', 'population', 'reaction', 'toward', 'theepidemic', 'media', 'whether', 'information', 'authenticor', 'erroneous', 'inappropriate', 'behavior', 'people', 'concerningthe', 'abandonment', 'animals', 'panic', 'buying', 'other', 'foods', 'panic', 'attacks', 'properly', 'defined', 'without', 'linkage', 'toanxiety', 'disorder', 'medical', 'sense', 'anxiety', 'combinationof', 'different', 'psychiatric', 'disorders', 'both', 'internal', 'phobias', 'panicattacks', 'panic', 'disorder', 'external', 'worry', 'stress', 'fear', 'painful', 'experiences', 'events', 'psychological', 'effect', 'ofcovid', 'mass', 'hysteria', 'post', 'traumatic', 'stressdisorder', 'ptsd', 'panic', 'attacks', 'obsessive', 'compulsive', 'disorder', 'generalized', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'behavioralimmune', 'system', 'theory', 'stress', 'theory', 'perceived', 'risktheory', 'explain', 'that', 'negative', 'emotion', 'anxiety', 'aversion', 'andnegative', 'cognitive', 'assessment', 'human', 'beings', 'developedfor', 'self', 'protection', 'people', 'tend', 'develop', 'avoidant', 'behaviorand', 'strictly', 'follow', 'social', 'norms', 'pandemic', 'ssevere', 'effects', 'potential', 'threat', 'disease', '2020', '2020', 'sarfraz', '2020b', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'panic', 'attacks', 'people', 'covid', 'have', 'createdtwo', 'etiologies', 'first', 'identification', 'symptoms', 'ofacute', 'respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'ards', 'such', 'coughand', 'dyspnea', 'high', 'frequency', 'preter', 'klein', '2008', 'javelot', 'weiner', '2020', 'second', 'false', 'alarming', 'klein', '1993', 'psychopathological', 'link', 'catastrophicfigure', 'impact', 'covid', 'stock', 'markets', 'source', 'bloomberg', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '3naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviortable', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china', 'eigenvalues', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportioneigenvalues', 'average', '0545', '4404', '4109', '0545', '41092', '6141', '7071', '3228', '6686', '73373', '9070', '5014', '1814', '5757', '91514', '4057', '3870', '0811', '9813', '99635', '0187', '0037', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'interpretation', 'physiological', 'sensation', 'respiration', 'rate', 'therecurrence', 'panic', 'attacks', 'increased', 'respiration', 'rateand', 'become', 'reason', 'excessively', 'avoidant', 'behaviorsand', 'blind', 'conformity', '2020', 'mohsin', '2020a', 'psychopathology', 'keen', 'concern', 'this', 'study', 'because', 'hasan', 'intense', 'effect', 'investor', 'behavior', 'stock', 'market', 'investorsand', 'business', 'people', 'generally', 'spend', 'most', 'their', 'time', 'theworkplace', 'however', 'they', 'currently', 'mostly', 'homebound', 'present', 'situation', 'stock', 'markets', 'investment', 'decisionpressure', 'family', 'members', 'psychological', 'health', 'putpressure', 'investor', 'psychology', 'investors', 'psychology', 'sentiments', 'stock', 'market', 'covid', '19the', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'threatened', 'every', 'individualfield', 'life', 'influence', 'public', 'health', 'sustainability', 'ofthe', 'global', 'stock', 'market', 'financial', 'markets', 'also', 'carriessignificant', 'repercussions', '2020', 'huang', 'zheng', '2020', 'being', 'part', 'societal', 'system', 'investor', 'psychology', 'sentiments', 'their', 'optimism', 'pessimism', 'about', 'future', 'stockprices', 'also', 'change', 'sharp', 'decrease', 'been', 'observedin', 'shanghai', 'jones', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'prices', 'toinvestor', 'sentiment', 'volatility', 'during', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'seefigure', 'visual', 'presentation', 'figure', 'shown', 'asudden', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets', 'after', 'outbreakof', 'pandemic', 'existing', 'literature', 'focused', 'relationship', 'betweenstock', 'prices', 'investor', 'sentiment', '2002', 'brownand', 'cliff', '2004', 'explained', 'that', 'past', 'market', 'returns', 'areimportant', 'sentiment', 'determinants', 'while', 'investor', 'sentimentchanges', 'significantly', 'correlated', 'with', 'contemporarymarket', 'return', 'positive', 'relationship', 'between', 'stockmarkets', 'sentiment', 'will', 'confirm', 'that', 'investor', 'sentimentis', 'contrarian', 'predictor', 'consequent', 'market', 'returns', 'meanwhile', 'sentiment', 'impact', 'stronger', 'easy', 'hard', 'value', 'stocks', 'negatively', 'positively', 'influenced', 'bysentiments', 'baker', 'wurgler', '2007', 'xiang', '2020', 'using', 'component', 'market', 'index', 'return', 'which', 'isavoidant', 'fundamental', 'macroeconomic', 'factors', '2020', 'observed', 'robust', 'evidence', 'that', 'announcementabnormal', 'return', 'derives', 'from', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'sentimentdetermined', 'overvaluation', 'corrects', 'within', 'month', 'post', 'announcement', 'period', 'market', 'timers', 'tackle', 'this', 'sentimentsituation', 'take', 'advantage', 'issuing', 'season', 'shares', 'thestock', 'price', 'sensitivity', 'terms', 'good', 'news', 'earning', 'ishigher', 'during', 'high', 'sentiment', 'period', 'contrast', 'lowsentiment', 'period', 'stock', 'price', 'sensitivity', 'behaves', 'negatively', 'analysis', 'suggestions', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'becomesthe', 'reason', 'general', 'mispricing', 'stock', 'because', 'ofsentient', 'driven', 'mispricing', 'earning', 'contributions', 'schmeling', '2009', 'zouaoui', '2011', 'mian', 'sankaraguruswamy', '2012', 'cheema', '2020', 'high', 'market', 'competition', 'indicatedthat', 'sentiments', 'returns', 'positively', 'related', 'each', 'other', 'this', 'relationship', 'disappears', 'market', 'competition', 'although', 'financial', 'crisis', 'changes', 'situation', 'irrespectiveof', 'market', 'competition', 'positive', 'relationship', 'exists', 'betweensentiments', 'returns', '2020', 'investors', 'acceptpsychological', 'pressure', 'more', 'sensitively', 'intensively', 'thanthe', 'person', 'apart', 'from', 'pandemic', 'rapid', 'spread', 'thefinancial', 'news', 'media', 'amplifiers', 'have', 'worked', 'fearspreaders', 'about', 'covid', 'tetlock', '2007', 'elucidated', 'thatspread', 'news', 'about', 'stock', 'market', 'strongly', 'affects', 'investorpsychology', 'sociology', 'high', 'media', 'pessimism', 'leads', 'todownward', 'pressure', 'market', 'prices', 'vice', 'versa', 'investorsentiment', 'theory', 'also', 'confirmed', 'consistent', 'relationshipbetween', 'media', 'content', 'individual', 'investor', 'behavior', 'withdisproportionately', 'small', 'stocks', 'this', 'research', 'based', 'anew', 'ideology', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'marketduring', 'pandemic', 'there', 'have', 'been', 'studies', 'this', 'area', 'bulk', 'research', 'centers', 'both', 'human', 'psychologyand', 'covid', 'well', 'stock', 'market', 'covid', 'under', 'caption', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'covid', 'tried', 'explain', 'this', 'research', 'natureand', 'relationship', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'negatively', 'impacts', 'investors', 'andinvesting', 'decisions', 'which', 'decline', 'individual', 'country', 'seconomy', 'this', 'study', 'analyzed', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stockmarket', 'behavior', 'during', 'covid', 'comparatively', 'debateabout', 'covid', 'this', 'research', 'will', 'contribute', 'existingliterature', 'open', 'dimensions', 'understandinginvestor', 'sentiment', 'toward', 'investment', 'decisions', 'stocktable', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan', 'variable', '5sturn', '0584', '6588', '3581', '6589', '0114mfi', '1759', '6664', '1181', '7143', '0283rsi', '1244', '3472', '9187', '1411', '00671cc', '6881', '0323', '0870', '1528', '70331cd', '6904', '0193', '0786', '1109', '7102source', 'author', 'calculation', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '4naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviorfigure', 'relationship', 'between', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index', 'market', 'under', 'special', 'circumstances', 'during', 'outbreak', 'ofpandemics', 'times', 'intense', 'anxiety', 'research', 'differsfrom', 'previous', 'studies', 'proxies', 'investorsentiment', 'indicators', 'stock', 'market', 'covid', 'strong', 'theoretical', 'upbringing', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'andthe', 'dynamic', 'process', 'stock', 'price', 'fluctuation', 'will', 'deepen', 'theunderstanding', 'readers', 'investors', 'researchers', 'sampleof', 'three', 'different', 'stock', 'markets', 'will', 'help', 'elaborate', 'investors', 'psychological', 'geographical', 'sensation', 'during', 'investmentdecisions', 'pandemic', 'data', 'description', 'andmethodologydata', 'descriptionour', 'research', 'includes', 'daily', 'observations', 'three', 'different', 'stockmarkets', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'from', 'january', 'april', '2020', 'market', 'selection', 'basedon', 'reasons', 'first', 'impact', 'covid', 'investorsentiment', 'during', 'pandemic', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'china', 'second', 'check', 'global', 'impact', 'using', 'nikkeiand', 'jones', 'reason', 'behind', 'selected', 'data', 'span', 'theglobal', 'spread', 'covid', 'sample', 'period', 'starts', 'from', 'thedata', 'declaration', 'sample', 'markets', 'because', 'synchronizeddata', 'lead', 'accurate', 'results', 'data', 'collected', 'from', 'stockmarkets', 'china', 'japan', 'united', 'states', 'analyzed', 'dataare', 'secondary', 'publically', 'available', 'mentioned', 'databases', 'bloomberg', 'stock', 'markets', 'data', 'covid', 'methodologythe', 'sentiment', 'index', 'model', 'used', 'this', 'research', 'ispresented', 'below', 'smim', 'α1sturn', 'α2mfi', 'α3rsi', 'α41cc', 'α51cd', 'table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states', 'sturn', '1cdsturn', '1mfi', '5348', '1rsi', '1233', '1892', '11cc', '1045', '1607', '1127', '11cd', '0991', '1878', '1153', '8018', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'smim', 'tindicates', 'first', 'principal', 'component', 'estimatedby', 'linear', 'combination', 'standardized', 'variables', 'stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio', 'sturn', 'turnover', 'therespective', 'stock', 'exchange', 'money', 'flow', 'index', 'isthe', 'relative', 'strength', 'index', 'change', 'daily', 'confirmcases', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'deaths', 'stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratiothe', 'stock', 'market', 'trading', 'activity', 'measured', 'turnoverratio', 'subsequently', 'used', 'primary', 'measurement', 'model', 'ying', '1966', 'rehman', '2017', 'have', 'explained', 'that', 'moreconsiderable', 'turnover', 'indication', 'rise', 'stock', 'prices', 'bullish', 'market', 'while', 'small', 'turnover', 'reflects', 'fall', 'stockprices', 'bearish', 'market', 'stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio', 'iscalculated', 'using', 'following', 'equation', 'sturn', 'vmdailyvmmonthly', 'where', 'vmdaily', 'used', 'daily', 'volume', 'vmmonthly', 'averagevolume', 'month', 'sturn', 'calculated', 'using', 'runningor', 'moving', 'basis', 'which', 'means', 'previous', 'dropping', 'value', 'andadding', 'next', 'money', 'flow', 'indexthe', 'comprises', 'daily', 'stock', 'prices', 'turnover', 'information', 'increase', 'money', 'flow', 'indicates', 'market', 'trend', 'thefrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '5naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviortable', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china', 'eigenvalues', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportioneigenvalues', 'average', '8735', '6057', '3747', '8735', '37472', '2678', '3853', '2536', '1413', '62833', '8825', '0721', '1765', '0238', '80484', '8104', '6446', '1621', '8342', '96685', '1658', '0332', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'rising', 'trend', 'increases', 'buying', 'pressure', 'whereas', 'rise', 'falling', 'trend', 'increases', 'sellingpressure', 'following', 'formula', 'used', 'calculatethe', 'daily', 'prices', 'high', 'close3', 'money', 'flow', 'daily', 'prices', 'turnover', 'when', 'current', 'price', 'higher', 'than', 'previous', 'money', 'flow', 'positive', 'while', 'there', 'comparativelylower', 'current', 'price', 'than', 'previous', 'moneyflow', 'negative', 'tolonen', '2011', 'wang', '2015', 'marekand', 'marková', '2020', 'daily', 'been', 'calculated', 'asfollows', 'positive', 'money', 'flowdailypositive', 'money', 'flowdaily', 'negative', 'money', 'flowdaily', 'relative', 'strength', 'indexthe', 'technical', 'analysis', 'used', 'momentum', 'indicator', 'thatmeasures', 'magnitude', 'recent', 'price', 'changes', 'evaluatethe', 'oversold', 'overbought', 'condition', 'stock', 'other', 'assetprices', 'russell', '1978', 'wilder', '1978', 'russell', 'franzmann', '1979', 'ivascu', 'cioca', '2019', 'oscillator', 'display', 'boardof', 'between', 'extremes', 'high', 'with', 'rangeof', 'suppose', 'oscillator', 'shows', 'upward', 'trendwith', 'value', 'meaning', 'that', 'security', 'overboughtor', 'overvalued', 'that', 'case', 'positive', 'downward', 'trendwith', 'value', 'indicates', 'oversold', 'undervaluedcondition', 'rsidaily', 'otherwise', '0change', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'death', 'casesthe', 'changes', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cases', 'covid', 'used', 'capture', 'investor', 'mood', 'swings', 'regardingthe', 'spreading', 'pandemic', 'this', 'term', 'used', 'chenet', '2010', '2014', 'check', 'impact', 'market', 'indextable', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan', 'variable', '5sturn', '6844', '1151', '1598', '0468', '7005mfi', '1786', '6863', '3105', '5451', '3217rsi', '6003', '3142', '2582', '3109', '61451cc', '1380', '5865', '5755', '5360', '13571cd', '3469', '2702', '6929', '5628', '0989source', 'author', 'calculation', 'change', 'investor', 'mood', 'changes', 'daily', 'confirmedcases', 'daily', 'death', 'cases', 'calculated', 'follows', 'relationship', 'between', 'stock', 'market', 'index', 'andinvestor', 'sentimentthe', 'regressed', 'stock', 'market', 'volatility', 'series', 'duringcovid', 'following', 'regression', 'equation', 'checks', 'therespective', 'sentiment', 'market', 'return', 'relationship', 'βlnsmim', 'market', 'return', 'stock', 'market', 'indicatorconcerning', 'time', 'while', 'smim', 'sentiment', 'index', 'thecalculation', 'done', 'following', 'equation', 'ptpt', 'this', 'equation', 'ptis', 'current', 'market', 'price', 'closing', 'preceding', 'market', 'price', 'closing', 'resultsprinciple', 'component', 'analysisthe', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'employed', 'extractmeaningful', 'information', 'from', 'multivariate', 'data', 'orthogonallinear', 'transformation', 'present', 'information', 'formof', 'variables', 'scalar', 'projections', 'which', 'arecalled', 'principal', 'components', 'total', 'number', 'isless', 'than', 'equal', 'original', 'number', 'variables', 'that', 'iswhy', 'variables', 'known', 'linear', 'combinationfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '6naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviorfigure', 'relationship', 'between', 'nikkei', 'market', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index', 'actual', 'variables', 'used', 'direction', 'identifiers', 'andcorrespond', 'total', 'variation', 'data', 'multivariatedata', 'dimensionality', 'reduces', 'using', 'with', 'minimal', 'loss', 'ofinformation', 'eigenvalues', 'explained', 'that', 'every', 'retains', 'theamount', 'variation', 'division', 'variation', 'between', 'asthe', 'eigenvalues', 'large', 'first', 'small', 'subsequentones', 'first', 'with', 'more', 'than', 'eigenvalue', 'wasused', 'check', 'correlation', 'because', 'increased', 'variationretention', 'data', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'marketthe', 'principal', 'component', 'analysis', 'selected', 'variable', 'theshanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'presented', 'tables', 'according', 'tokaiser', 'criterion', 'principle', 'component', 'with', 'eigenvalue', 'notless', 'than', 'will', 'used', 'yeomans', 'golder', '1982', 'braekenand', 'assen', '2017', 'rehman', '2017', 'eigenvalue', 'ofpc', '0545', 'which', 'meets', 'criteria', 'maximal', 'variation', 'numeric', 'presentation', 'shows', 'shanghaistock', 'market', 'relationship', 'which', 'highest', 'value', 'comparedto', 'other', 'principal', 'components', 'following', 'index', 'createdby', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component', 'smisse', '0584sturn', '1759mfi', '1244rsi', '68811cc', '69041cdthe', 'relationship', 'between', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'thecreated', 'graphically', 'presented', 'figure', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'whichis', 'employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independentvariables', 'multicollinearity', 'check', 'essential', 'accuracyof', 'results', 'because', 'inter', 'correlation', 'among', 'independent', 'variablesin', 'multiple', 'regression', 'model', 'mislead', 'results', 'whenthe', 'regressor', 'shows', 'value', 'more', 'than', 'then', 'dataseries', 'shows', 'multicollinearity', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'range', 'forthe', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'from', '0991', '8018', 'ensuringthe', 'data', 'series', 'free', 'from', 'multicollinearity', 'table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states', 'sturn', '1cdsturn', '1mfi', '5349', '1rsi', '1234', '1892', '11cc', '1045', '1607', '1128', '11cd', '0991', '1878', '1154', '8008', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'marketthe', 'selected', 'variable', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'marketis', 'presented', 'tables', 'according', 'kaiser', 'criterion', 'theprinciple', 'component', 'with', 'eigenvalue', 'less', 'than', 'will', 'beused', 'yeomans', 'golder', '1982', 'braeken', 'assen', '2017', 'rehman', '2017', 'eigenvalue', 'nikkei225', 'stock', 'market', '8735', 'which', 'captures', 'maximum', 'variationand', 'gets', 'full', 'support', 'kaiser', 'criterion', 'cumulativeproportion', 'value', 'shows', 'nikkei', 'stockmarket', 'relationship', 'with', 'selected', 'variables', 'followingindex', 'created', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component', 'smin225', '6844sturn', '1786mfi', '6003rsi', '13801cc', '34691cdthe', 'relationship', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'created', 'isgraphically', 'presented', 'figure', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'whichis', 'employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independentvariables', 'range', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'nikkei', '225stock', 'market', 'between', '0991', '8008', 'which', 'rejects', 'theexistence', 'multicollinearity', 'jones', 'stock', 'marketthe', 'selected', 'variable', 'jones', 'stock', 'marketis', 'presented', 'tables', 'eigenvalue', '7291', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '7naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviortable', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportionthe', 'eigenvalueseigenvalues', 'average', '7291', '2446', '3458', '7291', '34582', '4845', '7252', '2969', '2136', '64273', '7594', '0917', '1519', '9730', '79464', '6677', '3083', '1335', '6406', '92815', '3594', '0719', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan', 'variable', '5sturn', '2275', '5515', '6948', '3344', '2226mfi', '1650', '5628', '6981', '4107', '0009rsi', '1960', '5985', '0193', '7743', '05901cc', '6798', '0110', '0776', '1278', '71791cd', '6484', '1443', '1534', '3219', '6570source', 'author', 'calculation', 'which', 'captures', 'maximum', 'variation', 'gets', 'full', 'supportof', 'kaiser', 'criterion', 'yeomans', 'golder', '1982', 'cioca', '2014', 'braeken', 'assen', '2017', 'rehman', '2017', 'thecumulative', 'proportion', 'value', 'shows', 'dowjones', 'stock', 'market', 'relationship', 'with', 'chosen', 'variables', 'which', 'isthe', 'highest', 'value', 'among', 'principal', 'components', 'followingindex', 'created', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component', 'smidj', '2275sturn', '1650mfi', '1960rsi', '67981cc', '64841cdthe', 'relationship', 'between', 'jones', 'stock', 'returns', 'thecreated', 'graphically', 'presented', 'figure', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'whichis', 'employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independentvariables', 'importance', 'multicollinearity', 'observedbecause', 'inter', 'correlation', 'among', 'independent', 'variables', 'amultiple', 'regression', 'model', 'betray', 'results', 'range', 'ofthe', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'jones', 'stock', 'market', 'from', '0367', '6135', 'which', 'guarantees', 'data', 'series', 'free', 'frommulticollinearity', 'regression', 'results', 'presented', 'table', 'whichshows', 'coefficient', '2532', '2532', '0264', 'thevalue', 'with', '0056', '0056', '0000', 'probabilityvalues', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock', 'markets', 'respectively', 'according', 'this', 'study', 'negative', 'andsignificantly', 'related', 'stock', 'returns', 'level', 'significance', 'baker', 'wurgler', '2007', 'chen', '2014', 'importanceof', 'explicated', 'that', 'investor', 'sentiments', 'strongly', 'affectedby', 'volatility', 'investment', 'decision', 'stock', 'market', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'results', 'have', 'also', 'shown', 'negative', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'thespreading', 'pandemic', 'disturbs', 'general', 'public', 'daily', 'routinesand', 'interrupts', 'stock', 'markets', 'financial', 'markets', 'investorpsychology', 'toward', 'investment', 'decisions', 'discussionafter', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'classification', 'itas', 'public', 'health', 'emergency', 'investors', 'psychological', 'pressurefigure', 'relationship', 'between', 'jones', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '8naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviortable', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states', 'sturn', '1cdsturn', '1mfi', '2490', '1rsi', '2251', '2420', '11cc', '2134', '1088', '1600', '11cd', '0367', '0572', '1932', '6135', '1source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'relationship', 'between', 'stock', 'exchange', 'sentiment', 'indexduring', 'covid', 'consent', 'βshanghai', 'stock', 'exchangesmi', 'sentiment', 'index', '9453', '2532', 'prob', '0079', '0056t', 'statistic', '7388', '8627', 'nikkei', '225smi', 'sentiment', 'index', '9453', '2532', 'prob', '0079', '0056t', 'statistic', '7388', '8627', 'jonessmi', 'sentiment', 'index', '6546', '0264', 'prob', '0000', '0000t', 'statistic', '3315', '5732', 'shows', 'level', 'significance', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'response', 'showed', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets', 'thesudden', 'reduction', 'shanghai', 'jones', 'nikkei', 'observed', 'figure', 'numericalfacts', 'stock', 'markets', 'collected', 'from', 'bloomberg', 'officialsite', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'generated', 'using', 'differentproxies', 'selected', 'proxies', 'represent', 'different', 'circumstancesthat', 'might', 'affected', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'decisionpower', 'investors', 'this', 'research', 'daily', 'data', 'stock', 'marketsand', 'increase', 'covid', 'death', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'areused', 'accurately', 'covering', 'investors', 'daily', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'employed', 'useful', 'features', 'correlationremoval', 'improved', 'algorithm', 'performance', 'repaired', 'overfittingamong', 'variables', 'reduction', 'high', 'dimensions', 'into', 'lowdimensions', 'clear', 'visualization', 'every', 'single', 'component', 'theresearch', 'results', 'elucidated', 'negative', 'significant', 'relationshipbetween', 'investor', 'psychology', 'investment', 'decision', 'underpandemic', 'outbreaks', 'selected', 'markets', 'stock', 'marketmovement', 'along', 'investor', 'figures', 'shownthe', 'beneficial', 'relationship', 'between', 'investor', 'psychology', 'andstock', 'market', 'returns', 'investors', 'business', 'people', 'weregenerally', 'outbound', 'during', 'pandemic', 'however', 'they', 'were', 'homebound', 'which', 'affected', 'their', 'psychologyadversely', 'this', 'research', 'provides', 'some', 'precautionary', 'measuresfor', 'releasing', 'pandemic', 'investment', 'pressure', 'investorsshould', 'adopt', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'home', 'based', 'relaxation', 'exercisesto', 'control', 'their', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'small', 'scale', 'versionof', 'their', 'official', 'stock', 'market', 'setup', 'should', 'established', 'theirhomes', 'visits', 'offices', 'should', 'reduced', 'globalparamedical', 'staff', 'scientists', 'continually', 'struggling', 'toelucidate', 'vaccines', 'until', 'they', 'succeed', 'everyone', 'should', 'followthe', 'precautions', 'wearing', 'mask', 'sanitizing', 'maintainingdistance', 'workplaces', 'like', 'less', 'psychological', 'controlor', 'pressure', 'help', 'investors', 'invest', 'money', 'keep', 'stockmarkets', 'economies', 'track', 'conclusionthe', 'origin', 'current', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'consideredto', 'market', 'hunan', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'within1', 'month', 'from', 'evolution', 'covid', 'spread', '109countries', 'pandemic', 'gained', 'intense', 'global', 'attention', 'sudden', 'outbreak', 'pandemic', 'rapid', 'increase', 'ofits', 'spread', 'have', 'left', 'significant', 'impact', 'human', 'physiology', 'andpsychology', 'psychological', 'effect', 'disrupts', 'psychology', 'ofthe', 'general', 'public', 'investor', 'psychology', 'toward', 'stock', 'marketinvestment', 'decisions', 'increasing', 'number', 'cases', 'deathsworldwide', 'covid', 'made', 'economic', 'situationmore', 'uncertain', 'unpredictable', 'sudden', 'dramaticdownward', 'trend', 'financial', 'markets', 'observed', 'chineseand', 'global', 'financial', 'markets', 'such', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'which', 'down', 'points', 'respectively', 'there', 'promising', 'clinical', 'treatmentsor', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'developed', 'against', 'covid', 'until', 'threatening', 'human', 'psychology', 'same', 'time', 'healthcareworkers', 'searching', 'solution', 'question', 'vaccinationagainst', 'covid', 'psychiatrist', 'designed', 'psycho', 'therapeuticstrategies', 'cope', 'with', 'threat', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'thepandemic', 'which', 'have', 'devastating', 'effect', 'daily', 'life', 'this', 'research', 'paper', 'examined', 'relationship', 'between', 'thestock', 'market', 'investor', 'psychology', 'regarding', 'stock', 'marketinvestment', 'decisions', 'during', 'pandemic', 'employing', 'this', 'research', 'observed', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'marketsand', 'pandemic', 'negative', 'impact', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'this', 'investigation', 'confirmed', 'economic', 'crises', 'theshanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock', 'markets', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'results', 'have', 'pointed', 'that', 'threat', 'ofhealth', 'strongly', 'affected', 'psychology', 'investors', 'createdsmi', 'behaved', 'negatively', 'with', 'significance', 'threeselected', 'markets', 'three', 'selected', 'markets', 'represented', 'threedifferent', 'world', 'areas', 'with', 'diverse', 'geographical', 'backgrounds', 'financial', 'positions', 'cultures', 'resources', 'traditions', 'checkglobal', 'investor', 'behavior', 'significant', 'relationship', 'betweenthe', 'stock', 'market', 'during', 'pandemic', 'confirmedthat', 'behavior', 'almost', 'every', 'nation', 'fighting', 'covid', '19and', 'investor', 'financial', 'behavior', 'same', 'across', 'china', 'andother', 'developed', 'countries', 'this', 'study', 'concluded', 'that', 'healthcrises', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'affectthe', 'economic', 'condition', 'financial', 'position', 'individual', 'andglobal', 'investors', 'limitations', 'suggestionsthe', 'pandemic', 'still', 'under', 'discussion', 'healthcare', 'workersare', 'trying', 'find', 'solution', 'issue', 'vaccination', 'isfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time', '9naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behaviordoubtlessly', 'tough', 'global', 'systems', 'such', 'stock', 'market', 'from', 'workers', 'individual', 'homes', 'stop', 'working', 'dueto', 'anxiety', 'psychological', 'threat', 'also', 'solution', 'tothe', 'problem', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'creates', 'tremendous', 'uncertaintyfor', 'stock', 'markets', 'commensurate', 'with', 'potential', 'crisis', 'ofscale', 'speed', 'governments', 'policy', 'makers', 'shouldhave', 'some', 'domestic', 'international', 'policies', 'thisunpredictable', 'situation', 'workplaces', 'pandemic', 'aworldwide', 'issue', 'courageous', 'actions', 'governments', 'global', 'citizens', 'policy', 'makers', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'scientists', 'andinvestors', 'enable', 'overcome', 'this', 'global', 'crisis', 'data', 'availability', 'statementthe', 'data', 'supporting', 'conclusions', 'this', 'article', 'will', 'bemade', 'available', 'authors', 'without', 'undue', 'reservation', 'author', 'contributionsall', 'authors', 'listed', 'have', 'made', 'substantial', 'direct', 'andintellectual', 'contribution', 'work', 'approved', 'itfor', 'publication', 'paper'] ['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'professional', 'athletes', 'working', 'through', 'covid', '19robert', 'schinke', 'athanasios', 'papaioannou', 'charles', 'maher', 'william', 'parham', 'carsten', 'hvid', 'larsen', 'richard', 'gordin', 'stewart', 'cotterillto', 'cite', 'this', 'article', 'robert', 'schinke', 'athanasios', 'papaioannou', 'charles', 'maher', 'william', 'parham', 'carsten', 'hvid', 'larsen', 'richard', 'gordin', 'stewart', 'cotterill', '2020', 'sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'toprofessional', 'athletes', 'working', 'through', 'covid', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercissport', 'psychology', 'services', 'professional', 'athletes', 'workingthrough', 'covid', '19fandom', 'around', 'world', 'yearns', 'sports', 'entertainment', 'much', 'discussions', 'within', 'therecent', 'flurry', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'writings', 'have', 'been', 'focused', 'challengingexperiences', 'potential', 'olympians', 'during', 'olympic', 'year', 'indeed', '2020', 'olympics', 'anentertainment', 'event', 'like', 'others', 'across', 'sport', 'levels', 'within', 'previous', 'editorial', 'titled', 'sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'high', 'performance', 'athletesduring', 'covid', 'editors', 'from', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychologyinvited', 'several', 'renowned', 'experts', 'from', 'international', 'amateur', 'sport', 'community', 'join', 'dialog', 'regarding', 'amatuer', 'athletes', 'from', 'various', 'national', 'teams', 'experienced', 'their', 'jour', 'neys', 'through', 'covid', 'editorial', 'revealed', 'convergences', 'though', 'also', 'idiosyncrasies', 'inhow', 'team', 'training', 'during', 'time', 'pandemic', 'been', 'undertaken', 'within', 'centralisedprograms', 'recent', 'olympic', 'editorial', 'found', 'following', 'link', 'https', '1080', '1612197x', '2020', '1754616', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'committed', 'advancing', 'opendialogs', 'regarding', 'forms', 'sport', 'physical', 'activity', 'intention', 'contribute', 'ahealthier', 'world', 'through', 'better', 'evidence', 'based', 'theory', 'practice', 'ijsep', 'continues', 'towelcome', 'authors', 'seeking', 'contribute', 'covid', 'discussions', 'submit', 'their', 'scholarship', 'emphasising', 'impacts', 'pandemic', 'sport', 'physical', 'activity', 'participants', 'well', 'asthose', 'support', 'them', 'with', 'psychological', 'services', 'within', 'this', 'editorial', 'have', 'shifted', 'gaze', 'professional', 'sport', 'professional', 'sport', 'unlike', 'olympic', 'sport', 'accessible', 'viewership', 'every', 'year', 'there', 'vast', 'number', 'fessional', 'team', 'individual', 'sports', 'that', 'attract', 'viewership', 'whilst', 'inspiring', 'populationswithin', 'across', 'national', 'boundaries', 'akin', 'recently', 'aforementioned', 'editorial', 'thecurrent', 'editorial', 'accessible', 'free', 'composition', 'authorship', 'this', 'editorialis', 'also', 'diverse', 'sport', 'representation', 'given', 'large', 'number', 'professional', 'sports', 'knownwithin', 'global', 'community', 'current', 'contributors', 'were', 'narrowed', 'experts', 'with', 'vastexperience', 'working', 'professional', 'baseball', 'charles', 'maher', 'golf', 'lpga', 'richgordin', 'basketball', 'nbpa', 'william', 'parham', 'cricket', 'stewart', 'cotterill', 'soccer', 'carsten', 'hvid', 'larsen', 'editors', 'actively', 'involved', 'combat', 'sport', 'boxing', 'mixed', 'martial', 'arts', 'kick', 'boxing', 'robert', 'schinke', 'these', 'experts', 'have', 'collaboratedto', 'augment', 'wider', 'perspectives', 'about', 'professional', 'sport', 'athletes', 'pandemic', 'contributors', 'consider', 'their', 'recent', 'current', 'approaches', 'active', 'work', 'with', 'fessional', 'sport', 'clients', 'following', 'sequence', 'once', 'professional', 'sporting', 'events', 'stopped', 'current', 'approaches', 'their', 'work', 'with', 'professional', 'athletes', 'brief', 'broader', 'reflec', 'tion', 'what', 'hope', 'reader', 'will', 'find', 'that', 'both', 'temporal', 'stages', 'final', 'conclusionindicate', 'growth', 'opportunities', 'consultants', 'professional', 'sport', 'clients', 'alike', 'thecontributors', 'recently', 'multisport', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'video', 'session', 'anda', 'participant', 'suggested', 'that', 'current', 'state', 'affairs', 'relation', 'elite', 'athletes', 'beingexperienced', 'primarily', 'tragic', 'loss', 'such', 'narrative', 'might', 'tell', 'part', 'athletes', 'regardthe', 'current', 'moment', 'their', 'careers', 'does', 'tell', 'full', 'story', 'that', 'matter', '2020', 'international', 'society', 'sport', 'psychologyinternational', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology2020', '413https', '1080', '1612197x', '2020', '1766182mentally', 'healthy', 'story', 'opportunities', 'teachable', 'moments', 'before', 'draw', 'thestructure', 'directly', 'above', 'inform', 'narrative', 'this', 'editorial', 'emergence', 'pandemicduring', 'march', '2020', 'professional', 'sports', 'around', 'world', 'were', 'preparation', 'formance', 'scheduling', 'sport', 'business', 'took', 'immediate', 'turn', 'with', 'imminent', 'closures', 'andthe', 'inability', 'athletes', 'coaches', 'managers', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'continuetheir', 'onsite', 'roles', 'within', 'their', 'organisations', 'contributors', 'were', 'involved', 'developing', 'action', 'plans', 'accomplish', 'closure', 'training', 'settings', 'communicating', 'delicatedecision', 'closure', 'players', 'staff', 'were', 'well', 'aware', 'that', 'their', 'seasons', 'were', 'trendingtoward', 'stoppage', 'those', 'were', 'working', 'cities', 'away', 'from', 'their', 'families', 'viding', 'clients', 'with', 'health', 'safety', 'travel', 'guidelines', 'they', 'made', 'arrangements', 'return', 'totheir', 'home', 'residences', 'ripple', 'effect', 'abrupt', 'stoppage', 'crisis', 'transition', 'known', 'leave', 'athletes', 'andcoaches', 'with', 'psychological', 'emotional', 'challenges', 'population', 'level', 'where', 'athletes', 'areincluded', 'there', 'increased', 'cases', 'domestic', 'violence', 'suicide', 'bigotry', 'highly', 'licised', 'challenge', 'understand', 'that', 'each', 'athlete', 'unique', 'engagement', 'withsocial', 'isolation', 'though', 'challenges', 'with', 'social', 'distancing', 'have', 'been', 'encountered', 'worldwide', 'much', 'been', 'written', 'cultural', 'sport', 'psychology', 'identifying', 'variations', 'collective', 'indi', 'vidual', 'approaches', 'within', 'across', 'cultures', 'certain', 'cultures', 'nationalities', 'formal', 'interms', 'socially', 'accepted', 'distance', 'where', 'people', 'other', 'than', 'close', 'family', 'naturally', 'maintainextensive', 'physical', 'distance', 'such', 'feet', 'there', 'also', 'hispanic', 'latino', 'cultureswhere', 'social', 'exchanges', 'encountered', 'closer', 'physical', 'distance', 'where', 'people', 'mally', 'demonstrative', 'through', 'hugs', 'kisses', 'with', 'friends', 'colleagues', 'beyond', 'family', 'schinke', 'hanrahan', 'catina', '2009', 'cannot', 'assume', 'that', 'even', 'single', 'major', 'leaguebaseball', 'franchise', 'professional', 'boxing', 'management', 'group', 'cricket', 'soccer', 'team', 'that', 'letes', 'have', 'experienced', 'required', 'transition', 'formal', 'cultural', 'distance', 'same', 'some', 'more', 'comfortable', 'some', 'ease', 'with', 'social', 'distancing', 'based', 'what', 'know', 'from', 'athlete', 'identity', 'research', 'practice', 'ownpractical', 'exposures', 'high', 'performance', 'athletes', 'amateur', 'professional', 'alike', 'emphasisetheir', 'athletic', 'identities', 'within', 'professional', 'sport', 'there', 'individual', 'differences', 'terms', 'ofhow', 'much', 'emphasis', 'placed', 'athletic', 'identity', 'compared', 'number', 'identitiesthat', 'comprise', 'personhood', 'many', 'clients', 'have', 'families', 'partners', 'somehave', 'side', 'businesses', 'enterprises', 'however', 'recognise', 'that', 'professional', 'athletesderive', 'gainful', 'employment', 'from', 'their', 'sporting', 'activities', 'consequently', 'emphasis', 'anathletic', 'identity', 'often', 'heavily', 'weighted', 'perhaps', 'disproportionately', 'athlete', 'slong', 'term', 'commitment', 'sport', 'excellence', 'highest', 'level', 'some', 'players', 'rarely', 'exploreother', 'roles', 'contexts', 'result', 'suffer', 'from', 'identity', 'foreclosure', 'overlynarrow', 'singular', 'identity', 'nesti', 'littlewood', '2011', 'which', 'counter', 'productive', 'during', 'demic', 'social', 'isolation', 'challenges', 'that', 'flow', 'from', 'overly', 'weighted', 'athletic', 'identity', 'then', 'includeincreased', 'possibilities', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'addictions', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'concerns', 'henriksen', 'schinke', 'moesch', 'mccann', 'parham', 'larsen', 'terry', '2019', 'exemplifying', 'point', 'between', 'march', 'april', 'percentage', 'professional', 'soccer', 'players', 'reporting', 'symp', 'toms', 'depression', 'doubled', 'fifpro', 'affiliated', 'national', 'player', 'associations', 'surveyed', '1602professional', 'soccer', 'players', 'countries', 'that', 'implemented', 'drastic', 'measures', 'contain', 'thespread', 'covid', 'such', 'home', 'confinement', 'thousand', 'hundred', 'thirty', 'fourmale', 'players', 'with', 'mean', 'female', 'players', 'with', 'mean', 'took', 'part', 'in410', 'editorialthe', 'survey', 'twenty', 'percent', 'women', 'players', 'percent', 'players', 'reportedsymptoms', 'consistent', 'with', 'diagnosis', 'depression', 'eighteen', 'percent', 'women', 'and16', 'percent', 'reported', 'symptoms', 'consistent', 'with', 'diagnosis', 'generalisedanxiety', 'fifpro', '2020', 'just', 'there', 'identity', 'challenges', 'associated', 'with', 'pandemic', 'like', 'every', 'other', 'unforeseentransition', 'there', 'exist', 'possibilities', 'personal', 'enrichment', 'pause', 'thought', 'albeit', 'thiscase', 'lengthier', 'than', 'first', 'might', 'have', 'been', 'anticipated', 'often', 'assumed', 'inertia', 'amotivated', 'goal', 'directed', 'athlete', 'holistic', 'opportunities', 'growth', 'abound', 'suchmoments', 'time', 'away', 'from', 'extensive', 'longstanding', 'training', 'commitments', 'travelafford', 'professional', 'athletes', 'time', 'develop', 'their', 'personal', 'identities', 'existing', 'relationships', 'explore', 'breadth', 'interests', 'beyond', 'sport', 'immediate', 'pause', 'opportunityto', 'nourish', 'relationships', 'whilst', 'nourishing', 'self', 'counterbalanced', 'with', 'opportunity', 'reconnect', 'been', 'some', 'recognition', 'thattheir', 'playing', 'contracts', 'short', 'term', 'were', 'peril', 'example', 'boxer', 'compensatedafter', 'each', 'bout', 'bouts', 'income', 'with', 'younger', 'professionals', 'were', 'less', 'financiallyheeled', 'discussions', 'related', 'financial', 'constraints', 'layered', 'further', 'dimension', 'stress', 'several', 'younger', 'athletes', 'with', 'lesser', 'contracts', 'returned', 'home', 'presently', 'residingwith', 'parents', 'extended', 'family', 'there', 'second', 'group', 'athletes', 'identified', 'that', 'sently', 'living', 'alone', 'these', 'athletes', 'even', 'more', 'socially', 'isolated', 'than', 'those', 'surrounded', 'byfamily', 'members', 'finally', 'athletes', 'cusp', 'financial', 'independence', 'with', 'young', 'familiesof', 'their', 'continue', 'struggle', 'they', 'await', 'loosened', 'restrictions', 'inevitable', 'recon', 'ceptualisation', 'what', 'professional', 'training', 'subsequent', 'sporting', 'events', 'will', 'like', 'withfewer', 'fans', 'seats', 'questions', 'linger', 'among', 'athletes', 'terms', 'interruptions', 'existing', 'careerpaths', 'associated', 'their', 'financial', 'livelihood', 'these', 'questions', 'could', 'apply', 'more', 'deeply', 'toathletes', 'residing', 'developing', 'countries', 'where', 'finances', 'perhaps', 'less', 'available', 'current', 'interventionsthere', 'consensus', 'among', 'authors', 'that', 'order', 'work', 'effectively', 'with', 'clients', 'haveneeded', 'develop', 'organic', 'approach', 'logical', 'question', 'have', 'asked', 'athletesis', 'what', 'exactly', 'they', 'looking', 'terms', 'support', 'during', 'this', 'pandemic', 'moment', 'some', 'initially', 'were', 'uncertain', 'terms', 'respond', 'such', 'open', 'ended', 'approach', 'enveloped', 'unfamiliar', 'circumstance', 'covid', 'these', 'athletes', 'reside', 'home', 'they', 'among', 'their', 'peers', 'they', 'need', 'feel', 'that', 'they', 'trending', 'positively', 'interms', 'their', 'athletic', 'careers', 'what', 'follows', 'approaches', 'have', 'integrated', 'intoour', 'work', 'some', 'sport', 'specific', 'some', 'holistic', 'these', 'approaches', 'have', 'been', 'undertakenthrough', 'online', 'means', 'such', 'regular', 'video', 'platforms', 'chat', 'discussions', 'andforums', 'with', 'individuals', 'teams', 'work', 'founded', 'premise', 'that', 'athletes', 'will', 'best', 'relate', 'structured', 'communi', 'cation', 'contact', 'athletes', 'akin', 'high', 'performance', 'career', 'professionals', 'evolve', 'basedon', 'logical', 'short', 'long', 'term', 'plans', 'their', 'career', 'pathways', 'need', 'make', 'sense', 'eachneeds', 'flow', 'logically', 'toward', 'outcomes', 'that', 'parlayed', 'into', 'improved', 'consistent', 'formance', 'viability', 'into', 'future', 'accountability', 'terms', 'planning', 'must', 'restwith', 'each', 'athlete', 'terms', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'actions', 'when', 'athlete', 'investedin', 'self', 'improvement', 'will', 'allocate', 'schedule', 'regular', 'times', 'within', 'each', 'week', 'towork', 'mental', 'game', 'rarely', 'there', 'time', 'reflect', 'with', 'guidance', 'amental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'perhaps', 'collaboration', 'with', 'coaching', 'staff', 'member', 'toidentify', 'existing', 'gaps', 'derive', 'short', 'term', 'plans', 'that', 'will', 'compliment', 'existing', 'strengths', 'weekly', 'scheduled', 'small', 'group', 'discussions', 'with', 'support', 'staff', 'members', 'followed', 'byinternational', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', '411individual', 'sessions', 'with', 'providers', 'will', 'lead', 'advancement', 'player', 'development', 'hence', 'immediate', 'time', 'home', 'become', 'treasured', 'only', 'terms', 'what', 'offers', 'person', 'ally', 'interpersonally', 'also', 'terms', 'unanticipated', 'newfound', 'gains', 'sport', 'specificskills', 'underlying', 'regular', 'support', 'opportunity', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'toforge', 'strengthened', 'relationship', 'with', 'each', 'athlete', 'during', 'season', 'season', 'athletesare', 'focused', 'securing', 'their', 'positions', 'immediacy', 'performance', 'collaborating', 'withcoaches', 'teammates', 'proactive', 'sport', 'psychology', 'work', 'often', 'associated', 'with', 'playeraccess', 'something', 'that', 'become', 'challenging', 'scarce', 'professional', 'sport', 'alternately', 'assigned', 'tasks', 'often', 'reactionary', 'based', 'immediate', 'setbacks', 'struggles', 'during', 'thecurrent', 'moment', 'there', 'time', 'become', 'further', 'acquainted', 'with', 'each', 'athlete', 'uniquenessas', 'person', 'then', 'terms', 'that', 'person', 'comes', 'forth', 'training', 'competition', 'reciprocally', 'athlete', 'time', 'learn', 'about', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'interms', 'discussions', 'around', 'values', 'where', 'athlete', 'gaps', 'might', 'coincidewith', 'practitioner', 'skills', 'work', 'that', 'ensues', 'then', 'deepened', 'through', 'mutual', 'under', 'standing', 'strengthened', 'relationship', 'leading', 'into', 'future', 'anticipated', 'returnto', 'play', 'specifics', 'that', 'underpin', 'each', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'work', 'will', 'vary', 'dependingon', 'each', 'athlete', 'needs', 'path', 'that', 'toward', 'valued', 'progression', 'have', 'under', 'taken', 'exercises', 'focused', 'mindfulness', 'guided', 'performance', 'imagery', 'setting', 'goals', 'revisiting', 'competition', 'plans', 'affirmation', 'exercises', 'broader', 'holistic', 'life', 'balance', 'andvalues', 'related', 'discussions', 'have', 'also', 'engaged', 'with', 'groups', 'athletes', 'sometimes', 'span', 'ning', 'sport', 'organisations', 'where', 'they', 'able', 'facilitate', 'sharing', 'their', 'current', 'experiences', 'recognition', 'that', 'they', 'alone', 'their', 'career', 'challenges', 'peers', 'undergoingsimilar', 'challenges', 'which', 'contributes', 'recognition', 'that', 'each', 'athlete', 'still', 'among', 'peers', 'just', 'from', 'virtual', 'distance', 'path', 'forwardthere', 'hidden', 'inspiration', 'words', 'that', 'athletes', 'coaching', 'staff', 'mental', 'performanceconsultants', 'have', 'expressed', 'since', 'covid', 'find', 'ourselves', 'working', 'positive', 'direction', 'betterment', 'sport', 'part', 'life', 'each', 'author', 'identified', 'above', 'plays', 'part', 'formances', 'being', 'played', 'performances', 'field', 'most', 'often', 'product', 'ofactive', 'work', 'inspirations', 'series', 'opportune', 'moments', 'most', 'profound', 'gain', 'hasbeen', 'strengthening', 'existing', 'relationships', 'within', 'athletes', 'lives', 'their', 'personal', 'andprofessional', 'spheres', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'often', 'affirm', 'that', 'these', 'relationshipsserve', 'basis', 'client', 'engagement', 'contributing', 'sporting', 'excellence', 'currenttime', 'historical', 'perhaps', 'more', 'ways', 'than', 'people', 'have', 'envisioned', 'curious', 'newways', 'further', 'human', 'potential', 'answers', 'might', 'atypical', 'based', 'previouslywent', 'about', 'roles', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'atypical', 'approaches', 'healthyand', 'contributive', 'excellence', 'founded', 'ingenuity', 'predict', 'that', 'best', 'inprofessional', 'sport', 'performance', 'come', 'much', 'that', 'progress', 'will', 'gleanedfrom', 'current', 'pandemic', 'moment', 'assuming', 'time', 'athletes', 'providers', 'alike', 'usedwisely', 'paper'] ['fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', '1reviewpublished', 'november', '2020doi', '3389', 'fpsyg', '2020', '585897edited', 'syed', 'ghulam', 'meran', 'shah', 'university', 'punjab', 'pakistanreviewed', 'teresa', 'anguera', 'university', 'barcelona', 'spainmaria', 'gianni', 'university', 'macedonia', 'greece', 'correspondence', 'mogeda', 'sayed', 'keshkydrmogeda', 'gmail', 'comspecialty', 'section', 'this', 'article', 'submitted', 'toorganizational', 'psychology', 'section', 'journalfrontiers', 'psychologyreceived', 'july', '2020accepted', 'october', '2020published', 'november', '2020citation', 'keshky', 'basyouni', 'andal', 'sabban', '2020', 'gettingthrough', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'simpact', 'psychologyof', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'global', 'economy', 'asystematic', 'review', 'front', 'psychol', '585897', '3389', 'fpsyg', '2020', '585897getting', 'through', 'covid', 'thepandemic', 'impact', 'thepsychology', 'sustainability', 'qualityof', 'life', 'global', 'economy', 'asystematic', 'reviewmogeda', 'sayed', 'keshky1', 'sawzan', 'sadaqa', 'basyouni3', 'andabeer', 'mohammad', 'sabban31', 'king', 'abdulaziz', 'university', 'jeddah', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'assiut', 'university', 'asyut', 'egypt', 'qura', 'university', 'mecca', 'saudi', 'arabiathe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'affect', 'world', 'severely', 'terms', 'quality', 'life', 'political', 'environmental', 'economic', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global', 'economy', 'itsimpact', 'attested', 'number', 'research', 'studies', 'main', 'this', 'studyis', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'oflife', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global', 'economy', 'computerized', 'literaturesearch', 'performed', 'journal', 'articles', 'from', 'authentic', 'sources', 'were', 'extracted', 'including', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar', 'science', 'direct', 'proquest', 'emeraldinsight', 'references', 'selected', 'articles', 'were', 'screened', 'identify', 'relevant', 'studies', 'following', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'were', 'followed', 'research', 'articles', 'based', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'research', 'papers', 'journals', 'news', 'articles', 'published2010', '2020', 'exclusion', 'criteria', 'were', 'follow', 'psychology', 'research', 'articles', 'andjournals', 'published', 'before', '2010', 'research', 'articles', 'having', 'link', 'with', 'currentpandemic', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'globaleconomy', 'initial', 'articles', 'identified', 'only', 'studies', 'were', 'found', 'relevantand', 'meet', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'based', 'these', 'articles', 'review', 'highlights', 'thatcompared', 'developed', 'countries', 'developing', 'nations', 'poor', 'nations', 'such', 'asafrican', 'countries', 'with', 'compromised', 'health', 'structures', 'have', 'been', 'greatly', 'affected', 'thereare', 'close', 'associations', 'between', 'health', 'economic', 'environmental', 'political', 'issuesglobally', 'pandemic', 'managed', 'follow', 'policies', 'that', 'implementeconomic', 'public', 'health', 'changes', 'worldwide', 'planned', 'coordinated', 'approachbetween', 'public', 'private', 'sector', 'required', 'designed', 'according', 'each', 'country', 'shealth', 'system', 'economy', 'come', 'this', 'crisis', 'work', 'together', 'andsupport', 'both', 'developed', 'developing', 'nations', 'keywords', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'economic', 'growth', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'quality', 'life', 'world', 'economyfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicintroductionthere', 'high', 'rate', 'uncertainty', 'related', 'covid', 'whosepandemic', 'impacts', 'economic', 'performance', 'sustainability', 'criteria', 'development', 'processes', 'haider', '2020', 'mention', 'theeffect', 'coronavirus', 'health', 'economic', 'crises', 'analysisof', 'growth', 'countries', 'clearly', 'shows', 'that', 'developmentleads', 'crises', 'declining', 'rates', 'damage', 'health', 'education', 'industrial', 'progress', 'globally', 'according', 'herbert', '2020', 'covid', 'affects', 'socio', 'economic', 'circumstances', 'because', 'ofdeclining', 'global', 'declining', 'capital', 'flows', 'fewer', 'investmentopportunities', 'decreased', 'trading', 'limited', 'economicloss', 'this', 'pandemic', 'impacts', 'social', 'parameters', 'like', 'changesin', 'sustainable', 'psychological', 'development', 'globally', 'rateof', 'poverty', 'increasing', 'international', 'monetary', 'fund', 'world', 'economic', 'update', 'june', 'estimated', 'considerablefluctuation', 'final', 'ratios', '2020', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'people', 'currently', 'live', 'extremepoverty', 'however', 'mukhtar', '2020', 'reports', 'that', 'increase', 'ofabout', 'million', 'projected', 'living', 'extreme', 'poverty', 'findings', 'gathered', 'united', 'nations', 'industrial', 'developmentorganization', 'unido', 'reflect', 'that', 'covid', 'resulted', 'asevere', 'decline', 'human', 'development', 'first', 'time', 'since', '1990', 'zandifar', 'badrfam', '2020', 'their', 'examination', 'reveals', 'that', 'thecurrent', 'global', 'picture', 'lacks', 'socio', 'economic', 'development', 'theseissues', 'challenges', 'directly', 'affect', 'individual', 'psychologyand', 'assure', 'them', 'loss', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'theaddition', 'financial', 'crises', 'specifically', 'with', 'many', 'risks', 'affectingthe', 'public', 'cases', 'mental', 'crises', 'increasing', 'kang', '2019', 'result', 'people', 'being', 'restricted', 'their', 'homes', 'beingasked', 'maintain', 'self', 'isolation', 'there', 'high', 'chance', 'someonebeing', 'severely', 'affected', 'psychologically', 'which', 'further', 'impactedby', 'lack', 'accurate', 'guidelines', 'treatment', 'when', 'resources', 'provided', 'manage', 'people', 'well', 'being', 'situation', 'including', 'pandemic', 'prevention', 'measures', 'reframed', 'affects', 'psychological', 'health', 'concerning', 'theimpact', 'sustainable', 'psychology', '2020', 'discussthe', 'importance', 'improved', 'mental', 'health', 'because', 'affectsindividual', 'growth', 'counters', 'restricted', 'personal', 'activities', 'authorities', 'actions', 'management', 'criteria', 'regulatingthe', 'pandemic', 'beyond', 'people', 'control', 'adversely', 'impacttheir', 'exercising', 'eating', 'habits', 'gardening', 'dancing', 'meditation', 'learning', 'other', 'activities', 'result', 'people', 'perceive', 'thenegative', 'impact', 'their', 'minds', 'sustainability', 'theirpsychological', 'health', 'damaged', '2020', 'viewof', '2020', 'covid', 'impacts', 'quality', 'life', 'andmental', 'health', 'prejudices', 'human', 'living', 'standards', 'jointunited', 'nations', 'program', 'aids', 'unaids', '2020', 'notesthat', 'this', 'pandemic', 'increases', 'numbers', 'people', 'sufferingfrom', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'conditions', 'that', 'related', 'depression', 'thus', 'essential', 'conduct', 'study', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'from', 'perspective', 'quality', 'life', 'economic', 'psychological', 'environmental', 'perspectives', 'several', 'research', 'studies', 'have', 'highlighted', 'severe', 'impact', 'ofthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'worth', 'noting', 'that', '2013', 'sarsoutbreak', 'experienced', 'hong', 'kong', 'damaged', 'mental', 'health', 'fernandes', '2020', 'specific', 'covid', 'there', 'diverseeffects', 'mental', 'health', 'following', 'imposition', 'preventivemeasures', 'social', 'distancing', 'self', 'isolation', 'limited', 'meetings', 'andlack', 'interaction', 'directly', 'decelerate', 'economy', 'mentalhealth', 'many', 'countries', 'face', 'declining', 'projected', 'global', 'trade', 'andexport', 'volumes', 'view', 'allcott', '2020', 'psychologicalsustainability', 'involves', 'merger', 'political', 'perspectives', 'human', 'development', 'economic', 'aspects', 'covid', 'hashad', 'impact', 'three', 'fetzer', '2020', 'discuss', 'thepandemic', 'impact', 'global', 'economy', 'self', 'isolation', 'resultsin', 'loss', 'business', 'revenue', 'restrictions', 'consumers', 'beingable', 'purchase', 'ultimately', 'result', 'economic', 'downturn', 'apart', 'from', 'this', 'stresses', 'being', 'constantly', 'imposed', 'onpeople', 'worldwide', 'that', 'negatively', 'affect', 'their', 'minds', 'decreaseeconomic', 'activity', 'iacus', '2020', 'covid', 'considerableimpact', 'emotionally', 'traumatized', 'individuals', 'handlingof', 'situation', 'reduced', 'their', 'level', 'comfort', 'socially', 'economically', 'environmentally', 'according', 'cartwrightet', '2020', 'amalgamation', 'these', 'factors', 'triggers', 'ahigh', 'level', 'stress', 'people', 'minds', 'which', 'meanwhile', 'affectseconomic', 'development', 'ruins', 'efforts', 'developmentalprojects', 'pirouz', '2020', 'have', 'faced', 'several', 'epidemics', 'past', 'asian', 'nationswere', 'impacted', 'middle', 'east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mersoutbreak', 'west', 'africa', 'under', 'attack', 'ebolavirus', 'they', 'also', 'influenced', 'socio', 'economic', 'equilibrium', 'affected', 'public', 'health', 'caused', 'numerous', 'deaths', 'similar', 'towhat', 'facing', 'with', 'covid', 'marin', '2018', 'lawanson', 'andevans', '2019', 'pandemic', 'affected', 'types', 'businesses', 'there', 'shortages', 'medical', 'equipment', 'such', 'masks', 'andpersonal', 'protection', 'equipment', 'made', 'realizehow', 'fragile', 'systems', 'that', 'country', 'face', 'this', 'crisison', 'targeted', 'collaborative', 'approach', 'required', 'main', 'this', 'current', 'research', 'evaluate', 'theimpact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'sustainability', 'thequality', 'life', 'people', 'tending', 'toward', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'other', 'health', 'mental', 'issues', 'limited', 'thisalone', 'study', 'discusses', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'psychologically', 'economically', 'given', 'thatchanges', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'link', 'with', 'people', 'livingstyle', 'they', 'deal', 'with', 'their', 'life', 'situations', 'there', 'aneed', 'conduct', 'study', 'this', 'direction', 'currently', 'there', 'arereports', 'research', 'articles', 'that', 'separately', 'discuss', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'rapid', 'spread', 'health', 'system', 'mental', 'health', 'sustainability', 'global', 'economy', 'allcott', '2020', 'banerjee', '2020', 'pirouz', '2020', 'research', 'related', 'thepandemic', 'simultaneous', 'effects', 'psychological', 'economic', 'environmental', 'paradigms', 'required', 'that', 'thisstudy', 'explores', 'information', 'about', 'human', 'experiences', 'thatinfluence', 'their', 'quality', 'life', 'psychologically', 'economically', 'andenvironmentally', 'pandemic', 'trade', 'also', 'been', 'largely', 'affected', 'theimpact', 'this', 'chaos', 'will', 'have', 'long', 'term', 'effect', 'globalization', 'private', 'public', 'sectors', 'under', 'influence', 'donald', '2020', 'previously', 'large', 'companies', 'goals', 'focused', 'only', 'onfinancial', 'gain', 'however', 'level', 'interconnected', 'tradehas', 'lost', 'meaning', 'there', 'been', 'unequal', 'distributionof', 'benefits', 'associated', 'with', 'globalization', 'roome', '2011', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicthe', 'more', 'powerful', 'governments', 'those', 'majorconglomerations', 'should', 'realize', 'that', 'unless', 'work', 'together', 'theoverall', 'quality', 'life', 'will', 'compromised', 'globally', 'workingculture', 'environment', 'worker', 'policies', 'shouldbe', 'looked', 'into', 'obtain', 'flexible', 'innovative', 'empatheticworkplace', 'everyone', 'deal', 'with', 'this', 'crisis', 'therefore', 'this', 'research', 'report', 'analyze', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'thesustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'determine', 'effect', 'covid', 'economic', 'social', 'political', 'factors', 'relating', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'environment', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'theglobal', 'economy', 'examine', 'organizational', 'changes', 'solutions', 'fordealing', 'with', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'highlight', 'effect', 'support', 'world', 'tradeenvironmental', 'infrastructure', 'tackling', 'condition', 'ofcovid', 'methodologystudy', 'designall', 'guidelines', 'principles', 'were', 'followed', 'while', 'preparingthe', 'methodology', 'this', 'research', 'thorough', 'literature', 'searchwas', 'conducted', 'after', 'proper', 'evaluation', 'analysis', 'relevantliterature', 'identified', 'included', 'present', 'review', 'accomplish', 'desired', 'objectives', 'studies', 'related', 'tothe', 'topic', 'published', 'from', '2010', 'june', '2020', 'were', 'selected', 'itwas', 'assumed', 'that', 'including', 'some', 'publications', 'previousdecade', 'would', 'helpful', 'reflecting', 'upon', 'practices', 'andstrategies', 'that', 'were', 'implemented', 'situations', 'previously', 'likethe', 'global', 'economic', 'recession', 'computerized', 'literature', 'searchwas', 'performed', 'journal', 'articles', 'from', 'authentic', 'sourceswere', 'extracted', 'including', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar', 'science', 'direct', 'proquest', 'emerald', 'insight', 'referencesin', 'selected', 'articles', 'were', 'screened', 'identify', 'relevantstudies', 'literature', 'search', 'performed', 'including', 'thefollowing', 'keywords', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'sars', 'covid', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'oflife', 'global', 'economy', 'psychology', 'organizationalchanges', 'covid', 'inclusion', 'exclusion', 'criteriathe', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'were', 'research', 'articles', 'based', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'research', 'papers', 'journals', 'news', 'articles', 'published', 'from', '2010', '2020', 'articles', 'onsustainability', 'management', 'related', 'virus', 'pandemic', 'theexclusion', 'criteria', 'were', 'psychology', 'research', 'articles', 'journalspublished', 'before', '2010', 'research', 'articles', 'having', 'link', 'with', 'thecurrent', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'global', 'economy', 'additionally', 'articlesthat', 'were', 'languages', 'other', 'than', 'english', 'process', 'ofretrieving', 'screening', 'studies', 'according', 'these', 'criteria', 'inthis', 'systematic', 'review', 'shown', 'figure', 'after', 'initial', 'search', 'figure', 'flow', 'diagram', 'illustrating', 'literature', 'search', 'selection', 'criteria', 'according', 'prisma', 'preferred', 'reporting', 'items', 'systematic', 'reviews', 'andmeta', 'analysis', 'moher', '2009', 'total', 'articles', 'were', 'identified', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'and85', 'through', 'other', 'databases', 'after', 'removing', 'duplicate', 'records', 'titles', 'abstracts', 'were', 'screened', 'finally', 'only', 'studieswere', 'found', 'relevant', 'meet', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'literature', 'reviewpsychology', 'sustainabilityaccording', 'chandler', '2020', 'psychology', 'sustainabilityand', 'criteria', 'relative', 'development', 'associated', 'withsocio', 'economic', 'progress', 'leading', 'improved', 'living', 'standards', 'study', 'srivastava', '2020', 'proposed', 'that', 'themanagement', 'sustainability', 'relates', 'ecology', 'equity', 'andeconomy', 'meanwhile', 'cartwright', '2020', 'observed', 'thatcovid', 'affects', 'quality', 'life', 'overall', 'economic', 'ecological', 'equity', 'conditions', 'have', 'changed', 'according', 'tobastola', '2020', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'factorscontribute', 'well', 'being', 'allow', 'psychological', 'development', 'recycling', 'dismantling', 'demolishing', 'factors', 'affected', 'bysustainability', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'also', 'relates', 'todeconstruction', 'recoverability', 'oxygenation', 'iacus', '2020', 'using', 'micro', 'dimension', 'awareness', 'creates', 'anfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicopportunity', 'increase', 'awareness', 'that', 'ultimately', 'enablesinvolvement', 'self', 'centered', 'development', 'criteria', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'thepsychology', 'sustainability', 'qualityof', 'lifepolitical', 'environmental', 'economic', 'aspects', 'collectivelydetermine', 'sustainable', 'development', 'psychologically', 'bowen', '2017', 'these', 'aspects', 'also', 'determine', 'humans', 'should', 'spendtheir', 'current', 'lives', 'that', 'same', 'quality', 'life', 'betransferred', 'enjoyed', 'future', 'generations', 'according', 'togarfin', '2020', 'minimal', 'changes', 'human', 'life', 'slowly', 'alterthe', 'future', 'future', 'generations', 'will', 'perceive', 'their', 'lives', 'asthe', 'outcome', 'change', 'they', 'will', 'think', 'that', 'people', 'before', 'themhave', 'their', 'lives', 'similar', 'ways', 'world', 'wars', 'pandemicshave', 'impacted', 'present', 'lives', 'moreover', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'dramatically', 'impacted', 'political', 'environmental', 'economic', 'aspects', 'human', 'life', 'which', 'psychologicaldevelopment', 'sustainability', 'dependent', 'this', 'ultimatelyaffects', 'quality', 'life', 'disturbing', 'people', 'living', 'standards', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'early', '2020', 'agitated', 'socialproblems', 'threatened', 'economies', 'world', 'nicolaet', '2020', 'according', 'arden', 'chilcot', '2020', 'growth', 'anddevelopment', 'different', 'countries', 'have', 'stopped', 'financialstability', 'both', 'developed', 'undeveloped', 'countries', 'beenshattered', 'pandemic', 'targeted', 'many', 'lives', 'human', 'beingsare', 'highly', 'dependent', 'socialization', 'because', 'social', 'distancingand', 'lockdown', 'necessary', 'precautions', 'avoiding', 'covid', 'resultant', 'increased', 'stress', 'depression', 'directly', 'lessensthe', 'quality', 'life', 'balasubramanian', '2020', 'most', 'people', 'aroundthe', 'globe', 'losing', 'their', 'jobs', 'their', 'income', 'profit', 'marginsand', 'revenue', 'generated', 'various', 'organizations', 'have', 'dropped', 'save', 'economy', 'their', 'citizens', 'psychological', 'healthfrom', 'pandemic', 'many', 'countries', 'have', 'developed', 'strategies', 'years', 'struggle', 'will', 'required', 'regain', 'economic', 'stability', 'moreover', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'criseshave', 'traumatized', 'people', 'psychological', 'well', 'being', 'especiallyemployees', 'have', 'lost', 'their', 'jobs', 'well', 'being', 'employeesworking', 'from', 'home', 'compromised', 'between', 'theirprofessional', 'personal', 'lives', 'reduced', 'pratt', 'frost', '2020', 'situation', 'stressed', 'employees', 'anuncomfortable', 'aggressive', 'relationship', 'with', 'organization', 'which', 'directly', 'indirectly', 'ruined', 'their', 'psychologicalsustainability', 'macro', 'level', 'according', 'mahase', '2020', 'theworld', 'before', 'after', 'this', 'pandemic', 'will', 'never', 'same', 'aspeople', 'have', 'isolated', 'themselves', 'millions', 'lives', 'have', 'alreadygone', 'global', 'economy', 'slowed', 'exponentially', 'covid', 'imposed', 'harsh', 'realities', 'unemployment', 'illness', 'bereavement', 'people', 'long', 'lasting', 'hardships', 'andstruggles', 'required', 'mitigate', 'situation', 'negative', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'substantially', 'impacted', 'people', 'psychology', 'andhas', 'created', 'extensive', 'psychological', 'experiment', 'humanbeings', 'which', 'will', 'eventually', 'change', 'overall', 'lifestyle', 'ofcurrent', 'future', 'generations', 'knowing', 'that', 'condition', 'current', 'pandemic', 'hasdiverse', 'effects', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'disturbs', 'thequality', 'life', 'restricts', 'people', 'having', 'deal', 'withpreventive', 'measures', 'however', 'according', 'fabio', '2017', 'themanagement', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'helps', 'fosterwell', 'being', 'enhance', 'working', 'conditions', 'within', 'society', 'thereare', 'changes', 'behavior', 'which', 'most', 'people', 'suffering', 'fromstress', 'anxiety', 'fatigue', 'wang', '2020', 'full', 'lockdownrestriction', 'staying', 'home', 'negatively', 'impacts', 'humanliving', 'standards', 'professional', 'examination', 'reveals', 'that', 'increasingcases', 'related', 'post', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'nutritional', 'deficiencies', 'psychological', 'issues', 'have', 'been', 'reported', 'oher', 'psychologicalimpacts', 'covid', 'include', 'growing', 'fear', 'leaving', 'home', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'onsustainable', 'developmentimpact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'economicconditionsthe', 'interdependency', 'overall', 'prosperity', 'integrity', 'healthemphasizes', 'human', 'dependence', 'state', 'economy', 'econometric', 'analysis', 'world', 'economic', 'growth', 'rate', 'showsthat', 'current', 'pandemic', 'widespread', 'health', 'crisesand', 'economic', 'damage', 'according', 'haider', '2020', 'theeconomic', 'situation', 'depends', 'rate', 'helping', 'affecteconomic', 'recovery', 'measures', 'global', 'economic', 'crises', 'tocovid', 'reveal', 'economic', 'decline', 'moreover', 'report', 'byallcott', '2020', 'highlights', 'declining', 'economy', 'relatedto', 'fluctuations', 'rates', 'current', 'scenario', 'gdprate', 'shrunk', 'approximately', 'first', 'time', 'apandemic', 'fetzer', '2020', 'another', 'report', 'estimated', 'that', 'adifference', 'projected', 'coming', 'period', 'sameconditions', 'continue', 'blog', '2020', 'additionally', 'there', 'will', 'considerable', 'number', 'further', 'crises', 'faces', 'losses', 'overall', 'rates', 'advanced', 'economies', 'like', 'those', 'europeand', 'america', 'have', 'declined', 'same', 'emerging', 'economies', 'kang', '2019', 'covid', 'impacts', 'global', 'trade', 'investment', 'infernandes', 'view', '2020', 'changing', 'global', 'trading', 'volumescan', 'observed', 'industries', 'eventually', 'affected', 'bythe', 'pandemic', 'world', 'trade', 'organization', 'supportsthis', 'view', '2020', 'graphs', 'represent', 'changes', 'inthe', 'average', 'value', 'trade', 'which', 'includes', 'contribution', 'theimf', 'change', 'economic', 'outlook', 'which', 'turn', 'relates', 'togrowing', 'global', 'poverty', 'declining', 'living', 'standards', 'bastolaet', '2020', 'growth', 'projections', 'make', 'apparent', 'that', 'livingstandards', 'heading', 'extreme', 'poverty', 'increased', 'rate', 'subsequently', 'this', 'negatively', 'affects', 'economy', 'leads', 'toeconomic', 'crises', 'chandler', '2020', 'reports', 'that', 'covid', 'impacted', 'laborby', 'just', 'weeks', 'which', 'signifies', 'loss', 'many', 'jobsand', 'directly', 'increases', 'stress', 'levels', 'highest', 'unemploymentrates', 'asia', 'europe', 'america', 'asia', 'pacificregions', 'unemployment', 'rates', 'have', 'headed', 'toward', 'decrease', 'america', 'europe', 'central', 'asia', 'apartfrom', 'this', 'fluctuations', 'trading', 'sectors', 'have', 'declinein', 'manufacturing', 'textile', 'cosmetics', 'many', 'more', 'industries', 'according', 'iacus', '2020', 'covid', 'enormouslyimpacted', 'income', 'ratios', 'developed', 'developingfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemiccountries', 'shift', 'fiscal', 'policy', 'packages', 'been', 'assessedacross', 'countries', 'distributed', 'austria', 'ofgdp', 'france', 'qatar', 'united', 'states', 'australia', 'ofgdp', 'monetary', 'stimulus', 'packages', 'across', 'these', 'countrieswere', 'distributed', 'bahrain', 'china', 'ofgdp', 'germany', 'united', 'kingdom9', 'sarkodie', 'owusu', '2020', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'environmentalissuesalong', 'with', 'impact', 'covid', 'economic', 'conditions', 'there', 'environmental', 'impact', 'which', 'cartwright', '2020', 'discuss', 'covid', 'situation', 'impacts', 'global', 'emissions', 'especially', 'relation', 'release', 'emissions', 'into', 'theatmosphere', 'lessening', 'emissions', 'relates', 'theeffect', 'covid', 'human', 'development', 'which', 'viewof', 'bastola', '2020', '2020', 'financial', 'crisis', 'therestrictions', 'human', 'development', 'declining', 'rates', 'changeevolved', 'along', 'with', 'loss', 'environmental', 'degradation', 'itwas', 'observed', 'that', 'asian', 'european', 'countries', 'extentof', 'ambient', 'particulate', 'matter', 'declined', 'significantly', 'gautam', 'trivedi', '2020', 'kasha', '2020', 'urban', 'industrialareas', 'have', 'less', 'carbon', 'monoxide', 'aerosol', 'presentsituation', 'gautam', 'trivedi', '2020', 'holthaus', '2020', 'theseenvironmental', 'gains', 'mirror', 'losses', 'fields', 'health', 'education', 'income', 'trade', '2020', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'political', 'issuesthe', 'coronavirus', 'impact', 'observed', 'politically', 'whenlockdown', 'self', 'isolation', 'result', 'reduced', 'export', 'importrates', 'current', 'situation', 'difficult', 'carry', 'activitiesdesigned', 'economic', 'wheel', 'haider', '2020', 'furthermore', 'there', 'been', 'considerable', 'shift', 'policiesand', 'strategies', 'related', 'economic', 'policies', 'industriallevel', 'there', 'been', 'decline', 'line', 'with', 'industrial', 'restriction', 'even', 'though', 'support', 'being', 'provided', 'business', 'opportunitiesto', 'deal', 'with', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'there', 'still', 'restrictionson', 'mobilizing', 'current', 'development', 'according', 'bastola', '2020', 'political', 'parties', 'have', 'provided', 'funds', 'highlightedfinancial', 'support', 'ensure', 'people', 'survival', 'during', 'covid', 'moreover', 'impact', 'lockdown', 'isolation', 'rescheduling', 'well', 'spread', 'fear', 'virus', 'have', 'resulted', 'newpolitical', 'perceptions', 'impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'theglobal', 'economyaccording', 'moti', 'goon', '2020', 'global', 'economicintegration', 'required', 'deal', 'with', 'implications', 'thecoronavirus', 'pandemic', 'balanced', 'partnership', 'between', 'thepublic', 'private', 'sector', 'which', 'takes', 'into', 'account', 'contextualeconomy', 'health', 'system', 'specific', 'each', 'country', 'ssituation', 'will', 'help', 'national', 'well', 'international', 'healthand', 'economic', 'recovery', 'world', 'total', 'depends', 'onthe', 'economies', 'separate', 'countries', 'china', 'economy', 'thelargest', 'contributing', 'economy', 'united', 'states', 'secondlargest', 'covid', 'most', 'factories', 'moving', 'towardclosure', 'stopping', 'production', 'goods', 'this', 'lack', 'ofproduction', 'goods', 'services', 'great', 'impact', 'theconsumers', 'significant', 'purchasing', 'practices', 'have', 'beenrecorded', 'since', 'spread', 'covid', 'same', 'context', 'declining', 'sales', 'forcing', 'international', 'market', 'face', 'thesituation', 'brands', 'like', 'apple', 'toyota', 'jaguar', 'land', 'rover', 'andmany', 'more', 'facing', 'loss', 'investors', 'consumers', 'ahmad', '2020', 'according', '2020', 'hyundaihas', 'shut', 'down', 'business', 'services', 'supply', 'operations', 'dueto', 'lack', 'consumer', 'purchases', 'starbucks', 'shut', 'outlets', 'asconsumers', 'cannot', 'purchase', 'reduction', 'import', 'rate', 'ofoil', 'china', 'resulted', 'decline', 'international', 'prices', 'multiple', 'uncertainties', 'have', 'been', 'observed', 'consumptionof', 'smartphones', 'both', 'demand', 'supplies', 'worsening', 'production', 'company', 'faced', 'declining', 'purchases', 'ahmad', '2020', 'aftermath', 'covid', 'will', 'thusimpact', 'global', 'economy', 'according', 'report', '2020', 'issues', 'related', 'current', 'pandemic', 'will', 'restrictthe', 'global', 'economy', 'overall', 'sustainable', 'development', 'criteria', 'areexpected', 'collapse', 'distribution', 'economic', 'policy', 'globallyin', 'response', 'covid', 'conducted', 'across', 'countries', 'demonstrated', 'that', 'united', 'states', 'followedby', 'sweden', 'there', 'countries', 'with', 'economic', 'policysuch', 'kazakhstan', 'ukraine', 'yemen', 'liberia', 'denmark', 'sarkodie', 'owusu', '2020', 'organizational', 'survival', 'envisioned', 'byhuman', 'resources', 'during', 'pandemicduring', 'outbreak', 'coronavirus', 'management', 'stylesneed', 'changed', 'tackle', 'operations', 'reduce', 'chancesof', 'crisis', 'according', 'ågerfalk', '2020', 'this', 'includesconsideration', 'online', 'management', 'online', 'networks', 'canhelp', 'organizations', 'survive', 'donald', 'view', '2020', 'there', 'aretwo', 'major', 'types', 'organizational', 'arrangements', 'traditional', 'anda', 'post', 'pandemic', 'system', 'traditional', 'structure', 'pandemic', 'model', 'existed', 'during', 'past', 'five', 'decades', 'however', 'demerits', 'were', 'clearly', 'evident', 'during', 'this', 'pandemic', 'lacks', 'clarity', 'when', 'defining', 'roles', 'responsibilities', 'thereis', 'disparity', 'outcome', 'attainment', 'system', 'working', 'conditions', 'less', 'efficient', 'although', 'power', 'allocation', 'partof', 'matrix', 'structure', 'crisis', 'lead', 'instabilityand', 'loss', 'control', 'roome', '2011', 'resulting', 'inadequateorganizational', 'structure', 'model', 'post', 'pandemic', 'focuses', 'innovation', 'knowledge', 'better', 'requiredskillsets', 'guan', 'huang', '2014', 'organizations', 'that', 'quicklyadaptive', 'build', 'creativity', 'possess', 'sharing', 'attitude', 'will', 'abetter', 'situation', 'manage', 'employees', 'post', 'pandemic', 'oldmodels', 'based', 'power', 'control', 'need', 'shift', 'more', 'open', 'flexible', 'modernized', 'culture', 'current', 'situation', 'typical', 'hierarchical', 'organizationswill', 'result', 'better', 'outcomes', 'approach', 'allocatepower', 'authority', 'specific', 'group', 'will', 'restrict', 'workingconditions', 'human', 'resources', 'envisioned', 'model', 'using', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'innovation', 'continuous', 'trainingto', 'adapt', 'changing', 'times', '2014', 'obtain', 'effectiveresults', 'according', 'mcconnell', '2020', 'study', 'organizationsfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicwith', 'networked', 'hierarchical', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'styles', 'cross', 'training', 'practices', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'using', 'survivaltechniques', 'tackle', 'covid', 'conditions', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmentalinfrastructure', 'tackle', 'covid', '19the', 'impact', 'covid', 'limited', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'there', 'challenges', 'associated', 'with', 'global', 'trademanagement', 'according', 'united', 'nations', 'environmentprogram', 'united', 'nations', 'environment', 'programme', 'unep', '2020', 'trade', 'essential', 'saving', 'livelihoods', 'increasingeconomic', 'cooperation', 'whether', 'related', 'covid', 'ortypical', 'situations', 'trade', 'infrastructure', 'boosts', 'confidencelevel', 'operations', 'allows', 'improvement', 'transparencyof', 'environmental', 'trade', 'infrastructure', 'deshmukh', 'haleem', '2020', 'other', 'than', 'this', 'multiple', 'actions', 'proceduresneed', 'followed', 'management', 'covid', '19situation', 'hishan', '2020', 'with', 'support', 'from', 'world', 'trade', 'senvironment', 'infrastructure', 'there', 'opportunity', 'supplyfood', 'health', 'products', 'this', 'help', 'organizations', 'avoidunnecessary', 'export', 'import', 'practices', 'development', 'worldtrade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure', 'helps', 'ensure', 'public', 'interestand', 'government', 'support', 'effectively', 'analyze', 'developmentchoices', 'gilbert', '2020', 'confirm', 'importance', 'worldtrade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure', 'boost', 'confidence', 'leveland', 'increase', 'transparency', 'economies', 'deshmukh', 'andhaleem', '2020', 'consider', 'that', 'transparency', 'shared', 'strongdata', 'collections', 'information', 'contributes', 'supporting', 'themanaged', 'infrastructure', 'required', 'covid', 'when', 'west', 'africa', 'suffered', 'from', 'massive', 'outbreak', 'theebola', 'virus', 'high', 'death', 'rate', 'affected', 'country', 'atnumerous', 'levels', 'smith', '2019', 'socio', 'economic', 'disparity', 'slow', 'growth', 'rates', 'shortage', 'food', 'loss', 'businesses', 'andjobs', 'resulted', 'facing', 'similar', 'situation', 'presently', 'whichdemands', 'that', 'health', 'economic', 'environmental', 'policiesshould', 'modified', 'recover', 'from', 'this', 'crisis', 'andcollaborate', 'future', 'efficiently', 'smith', '2019', 'research', 'findingsthe', 'analysis', 'helped', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'onthe', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'globaleconomy', 'initial', 'search', 'found', 'articles', 'including', '78duplicate', 'articles', 'after', 'title', 'abstract', 'screening', 'were', 'leftwith', 'articles', 'these', 'were', 'assessed', 'eligibility', 'andonly', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'after', 'extraction', 'relevantarticles', 'were', 'categorized', 'into', 'following', 'subheadings', 'toprovide', 'clear', 'description', 'author', 'year', 'publishedarticle', 'assessment', 'findings', 'covid', 'present', 'implications', 'caused', 'pandemic', 'futureperspective', 'that', 'will', 'help', 'recovery', 'from', 'this', 'crisis', 'situation', 'table', 'focus', 'this', 'work', 'review', 'research', 'workpublished', 'specifically', 'response', 'covid', 'interestingto', 'observe', 'that', 'majority', 'studies', 'were', 'from', '2019', 'to2020', 'this', 'justified', 'pandemic', 'occurred', 'very', 'recenttimes', 'hence', 'research', 'mainly', 'highlighted', 'current', 'impactglobally', 'lessons', 'learned', 'from', 'current', 'scenarios', 'amongthese', 'majority', 'review', 'articles', 'only', 'themwere', 'randomized', 'controlled', 'clinical', 'trials', 'which', 'assessed', 'theeconomic', 'environmental', 'health', 'sustainability', 'impacts', 'covid', 'caused', 'greater', 'chaos', 'than', 'previous', 'pandemics', 'itis', 'represented', 'studies', 'global', 'spread', 'implications', 'ruined', 'sectors', 'small', 'large', 'even', 'though', 'theassessment', 'various', 'factors', 'been', 'done', 'studies', 'clear', 'conclusive', 'steps', 'followed', 'included', 'many', 'them', 'research', 'shown', 'that', 'developing', 'countries', 'farworse', 'situation', 'managing', 'their', 'health', 'systems', 'economythan', 'developed', 'countries', 'additionally', 'people', 'rural', 'areas', 'elderly', 'women', 'children', 'undergoing', 'major', 'stressesand', 'life', 'changes', 'pandemic', 'even', 'though', 'pollutionhas', 'decreased', 'tremendously', 'countries', 'post', 'pandemic', 'therewill', 'piles', 'medical', 'waste', 'which', 'will', 'impact', 'entireenvironment', 'these', 'research', 'projects', 'show', 'that', 'managementand', 'leadership', 'systems', 'based', 'power', 'control', 'asustainable', 'option', 'future', 'long', 'lack', 'creativity', 'technological', 'usage', 'strict', 'policies', 'cannot', 'continued', 'table', 'clearly', 'shows', 'that', 'pandemic', 'disrupted', 'thebalance', 'among', 'nations', 'though', 'impact', 'mainlyseen', 'health', 'sector', 'economy', 'deeper', 'level', 'everything', 'affected', 'there', 'struggle', 'smes', 'socialdistancing', 'norms', 'working', 'from', 'home', 'onlineteaching', 'suffering', 'daily', 'wage', 'workers', 'crisis', 'situationfor', 'restaurants', 'hotels', 'aviation', 'department', 'changes', 'infiscal', 'monetary', 'policies', 'psychological', 'impact', 'healthprofessionals', 'health', 'workers', 'extra', 'workload', 'onthe', 'sanitation', 'department', 'terms', 'analyzing', 'researchfindings', 'included', 'studies', 'very', 'clear', 'that', 'theimpact', 'pandemic', 'been', 'assessed', 'moreof', 'factors', 'health', 'economy', 'environment', 'sustainability', 'ormanagement', 'however', 'clear', 'that', 'conclusive', 'result', 'basedon', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'overall', 'well', 'being', 'globaleconomic', 'implications', 'lacking', 'thus', 'this', 'contributed', 'tothe', 'goal', 'present', 'study', 'learn', 'from', 'thesechallenges', 'faced', 'humans', 'globally', 'discussionanalysis', 'impact', 'covid', 'global', 'economyhighlights', 'that', 'various', 'elements', 'affect', 'economic', 'conditions', 'thestudy', 'pirouz', '2020', 'observes', 'that', 'current', 'pandemichurts', 'directly', 'weakens', 'region', 'overall', 'economy', 'thisis', 'supported', 'view', 'that', 'loss', 'consumer', 'consumptionaffects', 'economy', 'regional', 'economies', 'fetzer', '2020', 'other', 'words', 'multiple', 'socio', 'economic', 'factors', 'lessen', 'theeconomic', 'rate', 'decelerate', 'global', 'economy', 'collected', 'data', 'also', 'discusses', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'information', 'gatheredrevealed', 'that', 'humans', 'experience', 'increasing', 'rate', 'uncertaintywhen', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'continually', 'increasing', 'unaids', '2020', 'according', 'zandifar', 'badrfam', '2020', 'there', 'various', 'ways', 'which', 'covid', 'affect', 'sustainabledevelopment', 'psychologically', 'evaluation', 'elements', 'related', 'tofrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'table', 'impact', 'covid', 'future', 'perspective', 'improve', 'health', 'economy', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'author', 'year', 'assessment', 'implications', 'future', 'perspective', 'moti', 'goon', '2020', 'impact', 'health', 'economy', 'compared', 'developed', 'countries', 'developing', 'nations', 'poor', 'nations', 'such', 'african', 'countries', 'with', 'compromised', 'health', 'structure', 'have', 'been', 'greatly', 'affected', 'policies', 'should', 'implemented', 'that', 'focus', 'economic', 'recovery', 'there', 'been', 'inflation', 'essential', 'goods', 'services', 'government', 'should', 'strategically', 'execute', 'revised', 'norms', 'combat', 'pandemic', 'should', 'implement', 'mitigation', 'policy', 'post', 'pandemic', 'policy', 'mitigation', 'policy', 'should', 'target', 'nation', 'health', 'sector', 'will', 'include', 'various', 'changes', 'deal', 'with', 'pandemic', 'such', 'defined', 'containment', 'measures', 'protection', 'health', 'workers', 'with', 'additional', 'benefits', 'increased', 'supply', 'sanitizers', 'other', 'personal', 'protection', 'equipment', 'regional', 'opening', 'testing', 'centers', 'online', 'education', 'aimed', 'improving', 'awareness', 'regarding', 'risks', 'associated', 'with', 'covid', 'successfully', 'manage', 'them', 'post', 'pandemic', 'recovery', 'policy', 'will', 'ensure', 'that', 'individual', 'follow', 'social', 'distancing', 'properly', 'also', 'abide', 'lockdown', 'rules', 'people', 'sustain', 'they', 'allowed', 'work', 'specific', 'hours', 'offices', 'avoiding', 'gatherings', 'that', 'businesses', 'well', 'citizens', 'loss', 'sarkodie', 'owusu', '2020', 'assessed', 'impact', 'environment', 'health', 'economy', 'pollution', 'declined', 'however', 'amount', 'medical', 'waste', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'several', 'fiscal', 'measures', 'changes', 'monetary', 'policies', 'economy', 'recovery', 'have', 'been', 'shared', 'private', 'sectors', 'across', 'numerous', 'countries', 'countries', 'united', 'kingdom', 'ranks', 'with', 'highest', 'level', 'uncertainty', 'assessment', 'pandemic', 'uncertainty', 'among', 'countries', 'united', 'states', 'implemented', 'greatest', 'policy', 'cuts', 'crisis', 'many', 'developing', 'developed', 'countries', 'will', 'face', 'recession', 'they', 'have', 'introduced', 'several', 'policies', 'such', 'fiscal', 'monetary', 'measures', 'additional', 'welfare', 'costs', 'with', 'health', 'policies', 'this', 'impacted', 'developing', 'weaker', 'nations', 'badly', 'deal', 'with', 'economic', 'slowdown', 'these', 'countries', 'will', 'adapt', 'scaled', 'effect', 'priority', 'will', 'given', 'resource', 'depletion', 'over', 'sustainable', 'utilization', 'governments', 'across', 'nations', 'should', 'achieve', 'outcome', 'ensuring', 'that', 'health', 'economy', 'sustainable', 'development', 'compromised', 'once', 'recover', 'from', 'pandemic', 'berchin', 'andrade', 'guerra', '2020', 'impact', 'sustainable', 'development', 'sectors', 'covid', 'increased', 'demand', 'healthier', 'organic', 'food', 'making', 'various', 'food', 'systems', 'susceptible', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'observed', 'among', 'women', 'children', 'elderly', 'wage', 'workers', 'small', 'medium', 'enterprises', 'smes', 'several', 'measures', 'should', 'taken', 'achieve', 'balance', 'among', 'sectors', 'regional', 'mobilization', 'policies', 'ensure', 'trade', 'continued', 'involves', 'private', 'firms', 'help', 'small', 'medium', 'enterprises', 'global', 'support', 'combat', 'risk', 'associated', 'with', 'cross', 'border', 'transactions', 'enhanced', 'accessibility', 'technology', 'with', 'changing', 'world', 'innovation', 'occurring', 'faster', 'pace', 'technology', 'should', 'provided', 'rural', 'areas', 'people', 'access', 'kinds', 'information', 'post', 'pandemic', 'revised', 'policy', 'policies', 'strengthen', 'overall', 'system', 'only', 'focus', 'solely', 'financial', 'growth', 'education', 'encourage', 'technologies', 'distance', 'learning', 'irrespective', 'region', 'nationality', 'continued', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'table', 'continued', 'author', 'year', 'assessment', 'implications', 'future', 'perspective', 'donald', '2020', 'impact', 'management', 'leaders', 'business', 'decision', 'models', 'design', 'models', 'many', 'organizations', 'were', 'based', 'lack', 'creativity', 'flexibility', 'which', 'were', 'favorable', 'years', 'importance', 'decision', 'making', 'risk', 'management', 'involvement', 'stakeholders', 'that', 'worked', 'previously', 'needs', 'modification', 'present', 'situation', 'organizational', 'structures', 'required', 'based', 'innovation', 'confidence', 'risk', 'taking', 'attitude', 'flexibility', 'newly', 'designed', 'organizations', 'there', 'should', 'restricted', 'roles', 'responsibilities', 'structure', 'training', 'should', 'conducted', 'everyone', 'adaptive', 'modify', 'their', 'needs', 'requirements', 'kottika', '2020', 'impact', 'smes', 'involving', 'business', 'consumer', 'markets', 'there', 'been', 'economic', 'breakdown', 'growth', 'united', 'states', 'decreased', 'first', 'quarter', '2020', 'european', 'nations', 'shrunk', 'same', 'period', 'important', 'develop', 'entrepreneurial', 'personality', 'traits', 'clearly', 'shown', 'that', 'their', 'attitude', 'plays', 'significant', 'role', 'orientation', 'smes', 'high', 'quality', 'service', 'should', 'provided', 'consumers', 'following', 'specific', 'protocols', 'that', 'open', 'change', 'depending', 'market', 'situation', 'etemad', '2020', 'impact', 'quality', 'life', 'economy', 'well', 'organization', 'various', 'institutions', 'there', 'been', 'slowdown', 'functioning', 'sectors', 'whether', 'large', 'small', 'city', 'rural', 'area', 'urban', 'place', 'however', 'smes', 'ones', 'that', 'have', 'been', 'impacted', 'most', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'prior', 'crisis', 'should', 'assessed', 'closely', 'processes', 'followed', 'regarding', 'entrepreneurial', 'internationalization', 'perspectives', 'review', 'reevaluation', 'sectors', 'should', 'done', 'maximize', 'financial', 'support', 'those', 'cannot', 'recover', 'their', 'sustainability', 'reveals', 'that', 'associations', 'social', 'environmental', 'economic', 'factors', 'lead', 'psychological', 'sustainabilitypractices', 'collected', 'data', 'reveals', 'impact', 'covid', '19on', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'current', 'situation', 'hasa', 'consistent', 'impact', 'people', 'mind', 'sets', 'result', 'thereis', 'need', 'adapt', 'services', 'tackle', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'toallow', 'people', 'survive', 'with', 'improved', 'quality', 'life', 'liet', '2020', 'with', 'declining', 'economy', 'contributionof', 'covid', 'observed', 'global', 'emission', 'system', 'labor', 'expect', 'decline', 'future', 'there', 'highchance', 'individual', 'facing', 'loss', 'this', 'overall', 'situationleads', 'stress', 'restricts', 'people', 'developing', 'economysustainably', 'chandler', '2020', 'these', 'employment', 'issues', 'alsolinked', 'with', 'psychological', 'factors', 'they', 'leading', 'causeof', 'stress', 'depression', 'ultimately', 'hurt', 'quality', 'life', 'banerjee', '2020', 'collected', 'data', 'shows', 'that', 'departments', 'nowchanging', 'working', 'criteria', 'focusing', 'alternative', 'workingsolutions', 'organizations', 'allcott', '2020', 'observe', 'thatcovid', 'forces', 'shift', 'management', 'from', 'close', 'endedto', 'open', 'ended', 'leadership', 'styles', 'dispersed', 'workforce', 'itsinterdependency', 'loose', 'criteria', 'considered', 'necessary', 'fororganizational', 'survival', 'pandemic', 'apart', 'from', 'this', 'hrprefers', 'adopt', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'cross', 'training', 'practicesto', 'provide', 'practices', 'services', 'manage', 'pandemic', 'sresult', 'these', 'sorts', 'instructions', 'guidelines', 'help', 'ensurethe', 'survival', 'organization', 'save', 'corporations', 'from', 'thecalamities', 'experienced', 'covid', 'fernandes', '2020', 'similarly', 'most', 'organizations', 'reacting', 'managedmanner', 'increase', 'their', 'productive', 'outcomes', 'been', 'clearthat', 'declining', 'projection', 'rate', 'observed', 'globally', 'noimprovement', 'projected', 'rates', 'expected', 'pratt', 'frost', '2020', 'according', 'report', 'published', '2020', 'loss', 'capital', 'flows', 'decline', 'annual', 'charges', 'isdecelerating', 'economic', 'conditions', 'furthermore', 'there', 'alsoconsiderable', 'covid', 'effects', 'form', 'losses', 'faced', 'byglobal', 'trade', 'investment', 'practices', 'analysis', 'impact', 'ofcovid', 'economy', 'reveals', 'that', 'world', 'economy', 'isexpected', 'face', 'further', 'decreases', 'volumes', 'global', 'tradeprojections', 'because', 'current', 'situation', 'worsening', 'along', 'with', 'this', 'there', 'impact', 'covid', 'politically', 'which', 'results', 'reduced', 'exports', 'imports', 'politically', 'highlevel', 'funds', 'required', 'support', 'country', 'regulation', 'bowen', '2017', 'spread', 'virus', 'endangers', 'theoverall', 'sustainability', 'development', 'situation', 'duringcovid', 'been', 'managed', 'support', 'trade', 'senvironmental', 'infrastructure', 'various', 'macro', 'level', 'elementshelp', 'ensure', 'sustainable', 'development', 'with', 'help', 'ofimproved', 'access', 'advanced', 'technologies', 'anticipatedthat', 'production', 'processes', 'make', 'development', 'more', 'efficient', 'haider', '2020', 'there', 'shortage', 'supply', 'ofdrugs', 'medicine', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'this', 'according', 'topharmacists', 'significant', 'issue', 'hinders', 'developmentof', 'health', 'services', 'makes', 'difficult', 'practitioners', 'toimprove', 'their', 'patients', 'quality', 'life', 'unaids', '2020', 'thereis', 'opportunity', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmentalinfrastructure', 'this', 'allows', 'corporations', 'work', 'with', 'advancedfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicinfrastructures', 'increased', 'interest', 'levels', 'moreover', 'worldtrade', 'support', 'systems', 'enhance', 'efficient', 'supply', 'offood', 'medicines', 'with', 'this', 'there', 'clear', 'avoidance', 'ofimport', 'export', 'practices', 'without', 'advanced', 'infrastructures', 'herbert', '2020', 'with', 'infrastructure', 'support', 'there', 'highchance', 'transparency', 'management', 'economies', 'whenthese', 'companies', 'support', 'developed', 'infrastructure', 'ardenand', 'chilcot', '2020', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental', 'infrastructuresupport', 'includes', 'focus', 'planting', 'trees', 'promotingsustainable', 'practices', 'provide', 'useful', 'opportunities', 'increasehealthy', 'regional', 'recovery', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'canbe', 'examined', 'observing', 'changes', 'people', 'behavior', 'fabio', '2017', 'shared', 'thoughts', 'people', 'quitting', 'theworkplace', 'because', 'pandemic', 'this', 'also', 'affectededucational', 'institutions', 'along', 'with', 'this', 'lack', 'healthcare', 'related', 'facilities', 'contributed', 'negative', 'psychological', 'impacton', 'sustainability', 'balkhi', '2020', 'found', 'that', 'variouspsychological', 'factors', 'affect', 'people', 'behavior', 'ultimately', 'changingglobal', 'lifestyles', 'more', 'than', 'people', 'worldwide', 'showmore', 'concern', 'about', 'safety', 'they', 'prefer', 'reduce', 'physicalcontact', 'with', 'others', 'wang', '2020', 'around', 'peopleface', 'extremely', 'anxious', 'conditions', 'mental', 'well', 'being', 'unaids', '2020', 'other', 'than', 'this', 'peoples', 'behavioral', 'changesinclude', 'increasing', 'exhaustion', 'fatigue', 'that', 'directly', 'restrictthem', 'from', 'working', 'toward', 'development', 'there', 'link', 'between', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'sustainable', 'development', 'economic', 'crises', 'because', 'thesedepend', 'quality', 'life', 'related', 'improvement', 'rothanand', 'byrareddy', '2020', 'zenker', 'kock', '2020', 'mention', 'thatthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'changes', 'people', 'lifestyles', 'globally', 'byaffecting', 'their', 'social', 'economic', 'environmental', 'contexts', 'multiple', 'reasons', 'drag', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'towardlosses', 'profit', 'margins', 'revenue', 'generated', 'kang', '2019', 'highlighted', 'crisis', 'rate', 'covid', 'reflectingon', 'crises', 'consumption', 'rates', 'consumers', 'increasingunemployment', 'rates', 'covid', 'impact', 'individualwell', 'being', 'that', 'compromised', 'work', 'policies', 'make', 'difficultfor', 'employees', 'survive', 'peacefully', 'same', 'context', 'multiple', 'changes', 'observed', 'situation', 'experiencedglobally', 'condition', 'self', 'isolation', 'makes', 'people', 'lessinterested', 'harming', 'economy', 'some', 'destructiverealities', 'associated', 'with', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'include', 'illness', 'unemployment', 'bereavement', 'long', 'lasting', 'hardship', 'strugglein', 'handling', 'situation', 'fetzer', '2020', 'other', 'than', 'this', 'there', 'diverse', 'effects', 'covid', 'economically', 'socially', 'andenvironmentally', 'rothan', 'byrareddy', '2020', 'used', 'survey', 'toexplore', 'psychological', 'impact', 'ongoing', 'pandemic', 'andfound', 'that', 'people', 'suffer', 'from', 'lack', 'confidence', 'fromthe', 'infection', 'itself', 'there', 'less', 'concern', 'about', 'maintenanceof', 'health', 'most', 'people', 'have', 'access', 'infectioncontrol', 'measures', 'along', 'with', 'this', 'there', 'realization', 'thesituation', 'gravity', 'people', 'only', 'understand', 'terms', 'oftheir', 'situations', 'multiple', 'uncertainties', 'result', 'from', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'this', 'affects', 'individual', 'humanity', 'large', 'covid', '19has', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'natureof', 'thought', 'attitudes', 'expressed', 'within', 'this', 'context', 'continual', 'stresses', 'imposed', 'people', 'from', 'restrictionsthat', 'negatively', 'affect', 'their', 'minds', 'along', 'with', 'this', 'covid', 'stresses', 'employees', 'others', 'creates', 'uncomfortablerelationship', 'with', 'peaceful', 'life', 'directly', 'indirectly', 'affectingpsychological', 'sustainability', 'people', 'psychologies', 'have', 'changed', 'they', 'dependent', 'onthe', 'global', 'situation', 'currently', 'negatively', 'affected', 'covid', 'result', 'that', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'criseshave', 'traumatized', 'people', 'psychological', 'well', 'being', 'disturbingtheir', 'social', 'economic', 'environmental', 'peace', 'lack', 'ofwork', 'policies', 'leads', 'stress', 'criteria', 'managing', 'situationare', 'undeveloped', 'data', 'involving', 'regional', 'gdprates', 'economic', 'efficiencies', 'sales', 'rates', 'trade', 'rates', 'reveal', 'aneconomic', 'impact', 'covid', 'these', 'aspects', 'directly', 'andindirectly', 'associated', 'with', 'pandemic', 'fall', 'gdphas', 'been', 'observed', 'economies', 'however', 'learn', 'from', 'past', 'crises', 'survive', 'presentglobal', 'economic', 'loss', 'greek', 'financial', 'breakdown', '000jobs', 'were', 'lost', 'between', '2008', '2014', 'kepe', '2015', 'morethan', 'medium', 'sized', 'businesses', 'were', 'largely', 'impacted', 'ascompared', 'small', 'businesses', 'entrepreneurs', 'managed', 'comeout', 'crisis', 'providing', 'some', 'findings', 'that', 'canhelp', 'better', 'deal', 'with', 'covid', 'they', 'ensured', 'that', 'theirproducts', 'their', 'consumers', 'needs', 'lowered', 'their', 'prices', 'bourletidis', 'triantafyllopoulos', '2014', 'utilized', 'advancedtools', 'technologies', 'provide', 'something', 'meaningful', 'giannacourou', '2015', 'additionally', 'entrepreneurial', 'ormanagerial', 'personality', 'traits', 'played', 'significant', 'role', 'definingcompany', 'successes', 'elenurm', '2014', 'espíritu', 'olmos', 'andsastre', 'castillo', '2015', 'various', 'findings', 'reveal', 'that', 'fluctuations', 'regarding', 'tradingsystem', 'volumes', 'when', 'this', 'relates', 'losses', 'improvements', 'inindustries', 'worldwide', 'they', 'also', 'reveal', 'increased', 'proportionof', 'living', 'standards', 'worldwide', 'heading', 'toward', 'extreme', 'poverty', 'crises', 'facing', 'energy', 'production', 'there', 'lower', 'co2emissions', 'which', 'mirrors', 'fact', 'that', 'human', 'developmentand', 'progress', 'declining', 'changes', 'management', 'styles', 'arerequired', 'deal', 'with', 'society', 'operates', 'reduce', 'thechance', 'further', 'crises', 'however', 'adoption', 'networked', 'hierarchical', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'style', 'cross', 'training', 'practices', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'will', 'benefit', 'corporations', 'tacklingthe', 'covid', 'crises', 'finally', 'impact', 'covid', 'canbe', 'tackled', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmentalinfrastructure', 'which', 'known', 'boost', 'confidence', 'levelsof', 'corporations', 'operations', 'improve', 'transparencyof', 'global', 'trade', 'implications', 'futureperspectiveshumans', 'have', 'witnessed', 'several', 'previous', 'crises', 'differentregions', 'countries', 'humanity', 'emerged', 'from', 'them', 'weshould', 'think', 'about', 'creating', 'global', 'change', 'prevent', 'furthersuffering', 'caused', 'covid', 'crisis', 'highly', 'probable', 'that', 'afrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time', '10el', 'keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemicrecurrence', 'present', 'crisis', 'will', 'strike', 'global', 'populationmore', 'severely', 'therefore', 'desirable', 'that', 'government', 'proactive', 'implement', 'plannedprecautions', 'before', 'situation', 'worsens', 'management', 'institutions', 'organizations', 'developtheir', 'skill', 'sets', 'demonstrate', 'sustainability', 'resilience', 'andinnovation', 'covid', 'compromised', 'traditionalbusiness', 'management', 'systems', 'globally', 'nations', 'plan', 'sanction', 'policies', 'thecollective', 'good', 'instead', 'their', 'self', 'interests', 'educational', 'institutions', 'provide', 'necessary', 'guidanceand', 'professional', 'help', 'deepen', 'understanding', 'crisismanagement', 'this', 'will', 'help', 'individuals', 'become', 'aware', 'protect', 'themselves', 'avoid', 'risks', 'harm', 'caused', 'bytheir', 'negligence', 'important', 'health', 'organizations', 'healthprofessionals', 'scientists', 'researchers', 'provideda', 'targeted', 'fund', 'that', 'provides', 'sufficient', 'training', 'andunderstanding', 'regarding', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'publichealth', 'next', 'crisis', 'dealt', 'with', 'more', 'effectively', 'humanity', 'take', 'collective', 'approach', 'avoid', 'unnecessaryharm', 'environment', 'earth', 'saved', 'eachone', 'becomes', 'more', 'responsible', 'provides', 'support', 'andcare', 'another', 'learn', 'from', 'this', 'pandemic', 'become', 'morecapable', 'dealing', 'with', 'future', 'crisis', 'conclusionthis', 'pandemic', 'taught', 'that', 'entire', 'world', 'connected', 'work', 'together', 'cooperate', 'humanity', 'will', 'sufferdrastically', 'need', 'implement', 'changes', 'that', 'notonly', 'emerge', 'from', 'this', 'crisis', 'also', 'able', 'continue', 'with', 'ourlives', 'healthy', 'sustainable', 'firstly', 'important', 'thatmarketing', 'processes', 'modified', 'instead', 'blindly', 'followingbrands', 'getting', 'attracted', 'logos', 'companies', 'shouldtry', 'meet', 'their', 'customers', 'requirements', 'there', 'should', 'ashift', 'business', 'approaches', 'from', 'financial', 'targets', 'what', 'bestfor', 'customers', 'unnecessary', 'plastic', 'products', 'should', 'bestrictly', 'prohibited', 'secondly', 'health', 'related', 'issue', 'should', 'behandled', 'global', 'level', 'limit', 'ourselves', 'specificrace', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'nationality', 'background', 'humanitywill', 'able', 'sustain', 'this', 'pandemic', 'broader', 'view', 'andunderstanding', 'public', 'health', 'need', 'drivers', 'forall', 'political', 'parties', 'thirdly', 'globally', 'oriented', 'with', 'specific', 'goals', 'should', 'decision', 'maker', 'health', 'well', 'being', 'guaranteed', 'budgets', 'should', 'allocated', 'policiesprioritizing', 'health', 'different', 'regions', 'cultures', 'should', 'beplanned', 'fourthly', 'people', 'from', 'cultures', 'interests', 'suchas', 'health', 'professionals', 'scientists', 'environmentalists', 'researchers', 'politicians', 'sociologists', 'ethicists', 'should', 'cooperate', 'workto', 'improve', 'current', 'situation', 'additionally', 'policiesrelated', 'functioning', 'society', 'taxation', 'fiscal', 'policy', 'environmental', 'issues', 'economy', 'health', 'should', 'changed', 'sohumans', 'survive', 'planet', 'earth', 'harmoniously', 'author', 'contributionsall', 'authors', 'have', 'made', 'substantial', 'direct', 'intellectualcontribution', 'work', 'approved', 'publication', 'fundingthe', 'authors', 'would', 'like', 'thank', 'deanship', 'scientificresearch', 'qura', 'university', 'supporting', 'this', 'workby', 'grant', 'code', '0002', 'paper'] ['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'high', 'performance', 'athletesduring', 'covid', '19these', 'trying', 'times', 'covid', 'altered', 'lives', 'citizens', 'changes', 'associ', 'ated', 'with', 'current', 'pandemic', 'have', 'presented', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychologists', 'with', 'manychallenges', 'opportunities', 'related', 'sport', 'performance', 'physical', 'activity', 'health', 'here', 'focus', 'what', 'presently', 'being', 'encountered', 'mental', 'performance', 'sultants', 'relation', 'aspiring', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'they', 'supporting', 'within', 'recent', 'weeks', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'working', 'with', 'olympic', 'aspirants', 'haveevidenced', 'growing', 'number', 'suggestions', 'aspiring', 'athletes', 'might', 'proceed', 'theirsports', 'their', 'broader', 'lives', 'based', 'their', 'national', 'conditions', 'regional', 'responsesto', 'pandemic', 'each', 'national', 'funding', 'agency', 'olympic', 'committee', 'federal', 'government', 'sport', 'organisation', 'rolling', 'strategies', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'canwork', 'effectively', 'with', 'clients', 'what', 'many', 'socially', 'distanced', 'world', 'discussions', 'have', 'varied', 'from', 'challenges', 'that', 'athletes', 'encountering', 'issues', 'associ', 'ated', 'with', 'social', 'isolation', 'career', 'disruption', 'qualification', 'process', 'uncertainty', 'unconven', 'tional', 'limited', 'access', 'effective', 'training', 'environments', 'training', 'partners', 'underpinning', 'these', 'considerations', 'health', 'wellbeing', 'athletes', 'their', 'pursuitstoward', 'excellence', 'historically', 'editorials', 'within', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'werepaired', 'with', 'special', 'issues', 'such', 'focused', 'international', 'approaches', 'olympicathlete', 'performance', 'published', '2016', 'within', 'current', 'editorial', 'however', 'there', 'devi', 'ation', 'approach', 'caused', 'global', 'circumstance', 'sport', 'being', 'experienced', 'usual', 'challenges', 'posed', 'those', 'engaging', 'sport', 'region', 'region', 'uncharted', 'focus', 'have', 'what', 'should', 'have', 'been', '2020', 'olympic', 'year', 'placed', 'theshared', 'challenges', 'emergence', 'solutions', 'that', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'arepresently', 'undertaking', 'their', 'work', 'with', 'athletes', 'authors', 'this', 'editorial', 'fromasia', 'europe', 'north', 'america', 'have', 'published', 'topic', 'olympic', 'performanceand', 'currently', 'immersed', 'work', 'with', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'respective', 'countries', 'what', 'follows', 'synthesised', 'commentary', 'reader', 'might', 'posit', 'that', 'embedded', 'each', 'author', 'work', 'approaches', 'idiosyncraticand', 'driven', 'partly', 'culture', 'context', 'which', 'correct', 'assumption', 'example', 'some', 'ofus', 'working', 'from', 'distance', 'where', 'others', 'consulting', 'face', 'face', 'however', 'what', 'weshare', 'common', 'astounding', 'despite', 'respective', 'locations', 'circumstances', 'wepresent', 'this', 'editorial', 'structured', 'into', 'three', 'temporal', 'stages', 'before', '2020', 'olympicswere', 'postponed', 'once', 'olympics', 'were', 'postponed', 'path', 'being', 'settoward', 'tokyo', '2021', 'before', 'olympic', 'postponementlife', 'tends', 'normal', 'before', 'crisis', 'transitions', 'experienced', 'within', 'outside', 'high', 'performance', 'sport', 'within', 'high', 'performance', 'sport', 'there', 'were', 'initial', 'murmurings', 'potential', '2020', 'international', 'society', 'sport', 'psychologyinternational', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology2020', '272https', '1080', '1612197x', '2020', '1754616virus', 'several', 'countries', 'contributing', 'authors', 'helped', 'prepare', 'accompany', 'aspirantsto', 'qualification', 'events', 'progressively', 'there', 'were', 'increasing', 'numbers', 'people', 'identified', 'withcovid', 'these', 'heightening', 'numbers', 'were', 'found', 'across', 'continents', 'point', 'where', 'letes', 'experienced', 'cancellations', 'olympic', 'qualification', 'events', 'initial', 'postponements', 'became', 'indefinite', 'postponements', 'athletes', 'were', 'puzzled', 'near', 'centre', 'these', 'discussions', 'their', 'mental', 'performanceconsultants', 'were', 'seeking', 'support', 'agile', 'mindsets', 'their', 'clients', 'calendars', 'were', 'changingand', 'some', 'countries', 'centralised', 'programmes', 'began', 'experience', 'positive', 'cases', 'athleteswith', 'covid', 'within', 'some', 'countries', 'programmes', 'were', 'temporarily', 'closed', 'within', 'othercases', 'athletes', 'were', 'experiencing', 'much', 'tighter', 'world', 'comprised', 'their', 'centralisedlives', 'though', 'diminishing', 'direct', 'contact', 'with', 'world', 'outside', 'their', 'national', 'sport', 'centres', 'what', 'athletes', 'from', 'these', 'particular', 'nations', 'shared', 'reality', 'being', 'stifled', 'andapart', 'from', 'their', 'local', 'communities', 'including', 'their', 'cities', 'with', 'limited', 'physical', 'access', 'tofamily', 'members', 'friends', 'what', 'became', 'apparent', 'such', 'athletes', 'through', 'social', 'mediawas', 'that', 'while', 'they', 'were', 'distancing', 'competitors', 'from', 'some', 'foreign', 'countries', 'were', 'still', 'ableto', 'train', 'more', 'normal', 'formats', 'serving', 'advantage', 'some', 'disadvantage', 'others', 'national', 'sport', 'organisations', 'olympic', 'committees', 'then', 'began', 'express', 'concernsregarding', 'scheduling', 'olympics', 'within', 'fluid', 'global', 'environment', 'practitionerswere', 'contact', 'with', 'athletes', 'many', 'whom', 'made', 'plans', 'only', 'olympics', 'butalso', 'after', 'olympics', 'some', 'planned', 'continuation', 'into', 'next', 'olympic', 'cycle', 'especiallythose', 'earlier', 'stages', 'their', 'national', 'team', 'careers', 'where', 'others', 'planned', 'beginfamilies', 'return', 'universities', 'colleges', 'enter', 'into', 'professional', 'career', 'life', 'plans', 'werein', 'flux', 'these', 'extended', 'beyond', 'sport', 'broader', 'holistic', 'existence', 'stress', 'responsesin', 'moment', 'included', 'decreased', 'sleep', 'decreased', 'appetite', 'increased', 'rumination', 'loneliness', 'fear', 'that', 'present', 'uncertainty', 'could', 'parlay', 'into', 'loss', 'their', 'olympic', 'moment', 'altogether', 'underpinning', 'collective', 'approaches', 'were', 'strategies', 'that', 'fostered', 'openness', 'terms', 'ofthe', 'concerns', 'athletes', 'were', 'thinking', 'feeling', 'some', 'this', 'work', 'varied', 'from', 'person', 'tosocially', 'distanced', 'consulting', 'though', 'approaches', 'often', 'converged', 'openness', 'part', 'amatter', 'encouraging', 'athletes', 'express', 'their', 'challenges', 'fears', 'frustrations', 'uncertain', 'ties', 'first', 'vent', 'these', 'then', 'begin', 'prepare', 'problem', 'solving', 'more', 'informationemerged', 'openness', 'also', 'meant', 'encouraging', 'clear', 'flow', 'communication', 'among', 'letes', 'those', 'worked', 'with', 'them', 'their', 'sport', 'organisations', 'belief', 'thatmoments', 'challenge', 'served', 'fortify', 'relationships', 'unify', 'each', 'team', 'membership', 'open', 'ness', 'especially', 'cathartic', 'when', 'discussions', 'were', 'constructive', 'this', 'openness', 'encour', 'aged', 'beyond', 'work', 'with', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'onward', 'support', 'seeking', 'fromclose', 'friends', 'family', 'members', 'openness', 'meant', 'much', 'more', 'than', 'sport', 'focused', 'discus', 'sions', 'onward', 'those', 'about', 'basic', 'human', 'conditions', 'such', 'healthy', 'living', 'eating', 'sleep', 'thinking', 'general', 'life', 'formal', 'olympic', 'postponementwithin', 'only', 'weeks', 'olympic', 'committees', 'were', 'withdrawing', 'from', 'games', 'dominoeffect', 'these', 'decisions', 'part', 'nations', 'then', 'transitioned', 'international', 'olympiccommittee', 'host', 'nation', 'decision', 'cancel', 'existing', 'date', '2020', 'olympics', 'athletes', 'emotional', 'responses', 'varied', 'from', 'relief', 'questioning', 'whether', 'sched', 'uled', 'event', 'would', 'take', 'place', 'aspiring', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'known', 'their', 'fortitude', 'resi', 'lience', 'their', 'visions', 'well', 'advance', 'whilst', 'technical', 'tactical', 'physiological', 'andpsychological', 'gaps', 'filled', 'athletes', 'then', 'seek', 'their', 'prime', 'compete', 'the270', 'editorialworld', 'stage', 'during', 'their', 'olympic', 'moment', 'however', 'suddenly', 'years', 'hard', 'work', 'diligence', 'commitment', 'were', 'placed', 'question', 'immediate', 'unknown', 'whether', 'therewould', 'tangible', 'olympic', 'games', 'equivalent', 'culmination', 'olympic', 'quadren', 'further', 'questions', 'followed', 'what', 'about', 'athletes', 'were', 'already', 'nearly', 'qualified', 'for2020', 'would', 'their', 'qualifications', 'remain', 'valid', 'into', 'future', 'should', 'date', 'calendared', 'what', 'should', 'they', 'meantime', 'while', 'event', 'being', 'scheduled', 'couldthey', 'fill', 'their', 'days', 'typically', 'consumed', 'training', 'that', 'built', 'around', 'time', 'based', 'goalof', 'either', 'qualification', 'olympic', 'engagement', 'responses', 'were', 'negative', 'some', 'athletes', 'recognised', 'gaps', 'their', 'developmenttoward', 'their', 'olympic', 'birth', 'their', 'potential', 'olympic', 'performance', 'when', 'athletes', 'train', 'athigh', 'intensity', 'there', 'particular', 'time', 'quadrennia', 'during', 'final', 'year', 'cycleand', 'associated', 'qualification', 'where', 'they', 'those', 'support', 'them', 'commit', 'capitalisingon', 'existing', 'strengths', 'minimising', 'existing', 'limitations', 'gaps', 'always', 'exist', 'every', 'athlete', 'spreparation', 'many', 'athletes', 'began', 'reflect', 'upon', 'their', 'current', 'status', 'ponderedabout', 'their', 'existing', 'gaps', 'several', 'posed', 'question', 'these', 'athletes', 'that', 'time', 'wereallowed', 'slow', 'down', 'during', 'olympic', 'year', 'what', 'would', 'they', 'focus', 'seek', 'toenhance', 'these', 'gaps', 'were', 'technical', 'tactical', 'analytical', 'psychological', 'physiological', 'several', 'athletes', 'also', 'lingering', 'injuries', 'that', 'compromised', 'their', 'ability', 'performat', 'their', 'best', 'such', 'always', 'been', 'nature', 'pushing', 'physical', 'limits', 'when', 'athletes', 'began', 'compile', 'list', 'gaps', 'their', 'current', 'developmental', 'status', 'openings', 'were', 'created', 'explore', 'opportunities', 'previously', 'available', 'athletes', 'theseopportunities', 'necessitated', 'creativity', 'typical', 'training', 'access', 'some', 'athletes', 'notimmediately', 'available', 'athletes', 'remained', 'centralised', 'more', 'time', 'became', 'availableto', 'delve', 'into', 'gaps', 'begin', 'explore', 'these', 'with', 'their', 'coaches', 'with', 'support', 'from', 'mentalperformance', 'consultants', 'shift', 'these', 'athletes', 'from', 'feeling', 'being', 'halted', 'intheir', 'progress', 'undefined', 'period', 'time', 'where', 'constructive', 'problem', 'solving', 'couldensue', 'athletes', 'those', 'worked', 'with', 'them', 'could', 'channel', 'energy', 'strengthenexisting', 'weaknesses', 'that', 'could', 'turn', 'reinforce', 'existing', 'strengths', 'when', 'competition', 'activitiesresumed', 'hence', 'there', 'were', 'ever', 'moments', 'interventions', 'such', 'mindfulness', 'goal', 'setting', 'framing', 'regardless', 'whether', 'these', 'were', 'from', 'video', 'tele', 'consulting', 'person', 'that', 'moment', 'arrived', 'scenarios', 'focused', 'searches', 'above', 'exemplified', 'effective', 'responses', 'tryingmoment', 'time', 'athletes', 'would', 'have', 'capitalised', 'without', 'constructive', 'guidanceand', 'support', 'athletes', 'finding', 'themselves', 'unforeseeably', 'inactive', 'without', 'direction', 'tend', 'tosuffer', 'from', 'substantive', 'psychological', 'stress', 'potential', 'mental', 'health', 'what', 'knownabout', 'athletes', 'during', 'crisis', 'transitions', 'from', 'both', 'mental', 'health', 'career', 'transition', 'scholar', 'ship', 'relation', 'latter', 'particularly', 'injury', 'retirement', 'scholarship', 'suggeststhat', 'lacking', 'career', 'direction', 'after', 'years', 'immersing', 'oneself', 'intrinsic', 'high', 'performancegoal', 'places', 'athletes', 'peril', 'some', 'these', 'athletes', 'have', 'also', 'been', 'challenged', 'burnout', 'drome', 'personal', 'feelings', 'alienation', 'poor', 'coping', 'responses', 'this', 'case', 'compounded', 'bysocial', 'isolation', 'have', 'resulted', 'some', 'compromised', 'mental', 'health', 'never', 'there', 'been', 'amore', 'important', 'moment', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'accessible', 'their', 'clients', 'validate', 'multitude', 'mixed', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'experienced', 'olympic', 'aspir', 'ants', 'access', 'needed', 'transcend', 'availability', 'type', 'encouragement', 'that', 'could', 'bestserve', 'each', 'high', 'performance', 'athlete', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', '271paths', 'ahead', 'tokyo', '2021as', 'schedules', 'begin', 'shift', 'readjust', 'toward', 'recently', 'scheduled', 'olympics', '2021', 'there', 'remains', 'much', 'uncertainty', 'terms', 'what', 'olympic', 'pathways', 'will', 'look', 'like', 'sport', 'willevents', 'become', 'viable', 'latter', 'months', '2020', 'will', 'formal', 'competitions', 'qualifica', 'tions', 'resume', 'early', '2021', 'without', 'crystal', 'ball', 'become', 'nearly', 'impossible', 'predictintermediate', 'steps', 'visible', 'culmination', 'current', 'olympic', 'quadrennia', 'there', 'never', 'been', 'time', 'when', 'athletes', 'those', 'worked', 'with', 'them', 'needed', 'bemore', 'flexible', 'creative', 'current', 'pandemic', 'offers', 'opportunities', 'that', 'athletes', 'theirproviders', 'must', 'find', 'they', 'right', 'under', 'noses', 'lessons', 'gained', 'through', 'autonomy', 'inge', 'nuity', 'resilience', 'life', 'balance', 'mindfulness', 'many', 'more', 'possible', 'skillsets', 'will', 'forgemodified', 'strengthened', 'athletes', 'enhanced', 'service', 'provisions', 'moments', 'quietnesspresent', 'openings', 'reflect', 'evaluate', 'revise', 'reform', 'plans', 'these', 'plans', 'will', 'undoubtedlybe', 'roads', 'less', 'travelled', 'highly', 'valued', 'pervasiveness', 'these', 'life', 'lessons', 'serve', 'letes', 'extremely', 'well', 'lives', 'never', 'linear', 'paths', 'often', 'meandering', 'even', 'circuitous', 'retrospectively', 'agree', 'that', 'even', 'when', 'believes', 'standing', 'still', 'uncer', 'tainties', 'never', 'human', 'condition', 'such', 'that', 'people', 'learn', 'from', 'their', 'circumstances', 'they', 'adapt', 'days', 'ahead', 'will', 'provide', 'fascinating', 'data', 'dialogues', 'interventions', 'built', 'result', 'what', 'could', 'easily', 'dismissed', 'isolated', 'unfortunate', 'moment', 'inhuman', 'also', 'olympic', 'history', 'however', 'cannot', 'underestimate', 'strength', 'thehuman', 'spirit', 'olympians', 'they', 'will', 'continue', 'forged', 'through', 'aversities', 'paper'] ['covid', 'school', 'psychology', 'adaptations', 'directions', 'fieldsamuel', 'songa', 'cixin', 'wangb', 'dorothy', 'espelagec', 'fenningd', 'shane', 'jimersoneauniversity', 'nevada', 'vegas', 'buniversity', 'maryland', 'cuniversity', 'north', 'carolina', 'chapel', 'hill', 'dloyola', 'university', 'chicago', 'euniversity', 'ofcalifornia', 'santa', 'barbaraabstractthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'beginning', 'january', '2020', 'already', 'unprecedented', 'impact', 'onchildren', 'families', 'schools', 'around', 'world', 'context', 'impact', 'variedconsiderably', 'over', 'time', 'including', 'tremendous', 'variation', 'schools', 'providing', 'education', 'servicesin', 'person', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'various', 'hybrid', 'configurations', 'involving', 'bothin', 'person', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'configurations', 'this', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'schoolpsychology', 'review', 'aims', 'disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'research', 'training', 'andpractice', 'that', 'help', 'inform', 'advance', 'field', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'this', 'introductoryarticle', 'offers', 'brief', 'acknowledgement', 'pervasive', 'impact', 'communities', 'around', 'world', 'provides', 'succinct', 'synthesis', 'several', 'recent', 'research', 'developments', 'focused', 'issuesrelated', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'well', 'pervasive', 'impact', 'onsociety', 'then', 'highlights', 'first', 'three', 'articles', 'featured', 'this', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'focusedon', 'adaptations', 'directions', 'field', 'impact', 'statementthe', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'massive', 'impact', 'education', 'children', 'communitiesaround', 'world', 'contemporary', 'research', 'highlights', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'research', 'training', 'practice', 'that', 'help', 'inform', 'advance', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'during', 'andfollowing', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'recent', 'scholarship', 'provides', 'important', 'guidance', 'related', 'toimportant', 'ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'technology', 'considerations', 'related', 'conducting', 'psychoeducationalassessments', 'additionally', 'recommendations', 'regarding', 'consultation', 'parents', 'support', 'youngchildren', 'facing', 'challenges', 'with', 'inattention', 'hyperactivity', 'discussed', '2020', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'described', 'once', 'century', 'pandemic', 'gates', '2020', 'disruptedessential', 'aspects', 'public', 'economic', 'education', 'vate', 'life', 'around', 'globe', 'world', 'health', 'organization', '2020a', 'around', 'world', 'november', '2020', 'therewere', 'over', 'million', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases', 'over1', 'million', 'deaths', 'associated', 'with', 'covid', 'worldhealth', 'organization', '2020b', 'november', '2020', 'there', 'were', 'over', 'million', 'confirmed', 'covid', '19cases', 'over', 'deaths', 'associated', 'with', 'covid', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', '2020a', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'unprecedentedimpact', 'children', 'families', 'schools', 'around', 'theworld', 'including', 'john', 'hopkins', 'university', '2020', 'world', 'health', 'organization', '2020a', 'presently', 'there', 'aremany', 'unknowns', 'regarding', 'when', 'increasing', 'numberof', 'cases', 'will', 'reduced', 'spread', 'covid', 'willbe', 'controlled', 'around', 'world', 'scudellari', '2020', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'most', 'schools', 'theu', 'have', 'been', 'closed', 'period', 'time', 'while', 'someschools', 'continue', 'remain', 'closed', 'person', 'instruc', 'tion', 'education', 'week', '2020', 'variety', 'strategies', 'haveemerged', 'attempt', 'continue', 'educate', 'supportchildren', 'including', 'providing', 'education', 'services', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'various', 'hybrid', 'config', 'urations', 'involving', 'both', 'person', 'remote', 'distancestrategies', 'education', 'professionals', 'adapt', 'meet', 'theeducation', 'social', 'emotional', 'needs', 'students', 'thereare', 'range', 'services', 'students', 'that', 'continue', 'bedisrupted', 'example', 'food', 'nutrition', 'healthcare', 'extra', 'curricular', 'activities', 'family', 'community', 'collaboration', 'andmental', 'health', 'services', 'thus', 'reducing', 'scope', 'dent', 'support', 'services', 'additional', 'challenges', 'childrenduring', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'include', 'disruption', 'inacademic', 'learning', 'social', 'isolation', 'family', 'financial', 'cerns', 'greater', 'childhood', 'adverse', 'experiences', 'trauma', 'grief', 'increased', 'screen', 'time', 'golberstein', '2020', 'notably', 'impact', 'even', 'greater', 'students', 'with', 'abilities', 'brandenburg', '2020', 'students', 'from', 'minori', 'tized', 'communities', 'including', 'black', 'indigeneous', 'culturally', '2020', 'national', 'association', 'school', 'psychologistscontact', 'samuel', 'song', 'song', 'unlv', 'university', 'nevada', 'vegas', 'santa', 'barbarahttps', '1080', '2372966x', '2020', '1852852keywordscovid', 'pandemic', 'syndemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'practice', 'educationarticle', 'historyreceived', 'january', '2020accepted', 'october', '2020introduction432', 'school', 'psychology', 'review', '2020', 'volume', '1080', '2372966x', '2020', '1852852and', 'linguistically', 'diverse', 'students', 'from', 'families', 'withlow', 'income', 'economic', 'marginalization', 'liem', 'sexual', 'minoritized', 'youth', 'salerno', '2020', 'students', 'experiencing', 'intersection', 'oppressivesystems', 'vanlancker', 'parolin', '2020', '2020', 'this', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'school', 'psychology', 'reviewaims', 'disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'inresearch', 'training', 'practice', 'that', 'contribute', 'advanc', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'continuingcourse', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'addressingthis', 'special', 'topic', 'will', 'published', 'across', 'several', 'volumesto', 'feature', 'information', 'throughout', 'course', 'demic', 'current', 'research', 'developments', 'issuesrelated', 'pandemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'cussed', 'next', 'pervasiveness', 'covid', 'impact', 'onsociety', 'requires', 'selective', 'review', 'finally', 'three', 'arti', 'cles', 'pertaining', 'covid', 'school', 'psychology', 'thatare', 'featured', 'this', 'issue', 'briefly', 'described', 'recognizing', 'disproportionatedeleterious', 'impact', 'minoritizedcommunitieswhile', 'covid', 'virus', 'indiscriminately', 'affects', 'allhumans', 'known', 'that', 'individuals', 'from', 'racially', 'andethnically', 'minoritized', 'communities', 'increased', 'riskof', 'contracting', 'virus', 'dying', 'from', 'centers', 'fordisease', 'control', 'prevention', '2020b', '2020', 'compared', 'white', 'persons', 'covid', 'cases', 'hospital', 'izations', 'deaths', 'disproportionately', 'higher', 'amongamerican', 'indian', 'alaska', 'native', 'black', 'latinx', 'sons', 'while', 'asian', 'persons', 'have', 'disparate', 'numbers', 'casesand', 'hospitalizations', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'andprevention', '2020b', 'excess', 'death', 'statistics', 'collected', 'fromjanuary', '26th', '2020', 'october', '2020', 'compared', 'withsame', 'week', 'deaths', '2015', '2019', 'show', 'tragic', 'loss', 'oflife', 'happening', 'most', 'markedly', 'among', 'latinx', 'persons', 'lowed', 'american', 'indian', 'alaska', 'native', 'black', 'asianpersons', 'rossen', '2020', 'rossen', 'colleagues', 'defineexcess', 'deaths', 'number', 'persons', 'have', 'diedfrom', 'causes', 'excess', 'expected', 'number', 'deathsfor', 'given', 'place', 'time', '1522', 'factors', 'identified', 'that', 'increasing', 'covid', 'riskand', 'loss', 'life', 'structural', 'systemic', 'racism', 'discrim', 'ination', 'healthcare', 'access', 'occupation', 'opportu', 'nity', 'gaps', 'education', 'income', 'wealth', 'andovercrowded', 'housing', 'webb', 'napoles', 'perez', 'stable', '2020', 'students', 'from', 'minoritized', 'communities', 'includingblack', 'indigenous', 'latinx', 'asian', 'lesbian', 'bisex', 'transgender', 'questioning', 'lgbtq', 'prone', 'toadditional', 'bias', 'trauma', 'discriminatory', 'treatmentduring', 'covid', 'beyond', 'that', 'which', 'they', 'already', 'beardue', 'unjust', 'societal', 'inequities', 'which', 'across', 'allsystems', 'including', 'employment', 'insurance', 'income', 'andaccess', 'health', 'care', 'including', 'mental', 'health', 'treatment', 'gaylord', 'harden', '2020', 'lopez', '2020', 'poteatet', '2020', 'salerno', '2020', 'tsethlikai', '2020', 'wakabayashi', '2020', '2020', 'fueled', 'racist', 'andxenophobic', 'language', 'united', 'states', 'including', 'placed', 'blame', 'spreading', 'covid', 'asian', 'americansare', 'being', 'unjustly', 'scapegoated', 'targets', 'covid', 'related', 'racist', 'discrimination', 'gruber', '2020', 'further', 'covid', 'related', 'school', 'closures', 'particularlyharmful', 'persons', 'identify', 'lgbtq', 'whohave', 'intersected', 'minoritized', 'identities', 'racial', 'ethnicminorities', 'because', 'schools', 'frequently', 'places', 'wheremental', 'health', 'services', 'provided', 'those', 'experiencinghomelessness', 'having', 'undocumented', 'immigrationstatus', 'zhang', '2020', 'cited', 'salerno', '2020', 'interlocking', 'systems', 'oppression', 'syndemic', 'theorythe', 'tragic', 'reality', 'health', 'disparities', 'surprisingconsidering', 'history', 'systemic', 'oppression', 'ineq', 'uities', 'that', 'have', 'plagued', 'have', 'targeted', 'thesecommunities', 'since', 'beginnings', 'importantscholarship', 'black', 'females', 'including', 'crenshaw', '1989', '1991', 'combahee', 'river', 'collective', '1986', 'inter', 'sectionality', 'theory', 'understand', 'that', 'these', 'factors', 'arepart', 'inequitable', 'conditions', 'stemming', 'from', 'interlockingsystems', 'oppression', 'velez', 'spencer', '2018', 'indeed', 'these', 'complex', 'cultural', 'ecological', 'systems', 'have', 'interactedwith', 'covid', 'existing', 'health', 'conditions', 'syndemic', 'that', 'clusters', 'around', 'particularminoritized', 'populations', 'complex', 'unjust', 'ways', 'mendenhall', '2016', '2020', 'singer', '2017', 'while', 'covid', 'global', 'pandemic', 'disparatepatterns', 'documented', 'global', 'they', 'arelocalized', 'country', 'unique', 'cultural', 'andsocio', 'political', 'context', 'mendenhall', '2020', 'many', 'othercountries', 'have', 'experienced', 'syndemic', 'outcomes', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'mendenhall', '2016', '2020', 'wilson', '2020', 'reason', 'mendenhall', '2020', 'explains', 'because', 'existing', 'conditions', 'such', 'hypertension', 'diabetes', 'respiratory', 'disorders', 'systemic', 'racism', 'mistrust', 'ence', 'leadership', 'fragmented', 'health', 'care', 'have', 'driven', 'spread', 'interacted', 'with', 'virus', 'these', 'synergistic', 'failures', 'have', 'caused', 'more', 'death', 'anddevastation', 'than', 'many', 'other', 'contexts', 'psychosocial', 'mental', 'health', 'toll', 'ofthe', 'pandemicrecent', 'research', 'pointed', 'impact', 'demic', 'children', 'adolescents', 'psychological', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'school', 'climate', '433functioning', 'much', 'this', 'research', 'focused', 'theimpact', 'lockdowns', 'school', 'closure', 'quarantineon', 'adjustment', 'largely', 'countries', 'were', 'hardesthit', 'early', 'such', 'china', 'italy', 'spain', 'india', 'forexample', 'jiao', '2020', 'reported', 'results', 'apreliminary', 'study', 'conducted', 'china', 'china', 'epaunepsa', 'working', 'group', 'understand', 'emotionaldistress', 'among', 'children', 'aged', 'years', 'years', 'ratesof', 'fear', 'anxiety', 'were', 'found', 'youth', 'residing', 'areasthat', 'high', 'rates', 'infection', 'while', 'distress', 'miti', 'gated', 'media', 'entertainment', 'reading', 'physicalexercise', 'duan', '2020', 'surveyed', 'children', 'and3', 'adolescents', 'china', 'found', 'that', 'were', 'fering', 'from', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'further', 'greaterdepression', 'symptoms', 'were', 'associated', 'with', 'emotion', 'cused', 'coping', 'being', 'female', 'residing', 'urban', 'areas', 'whereas', 'less', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'were', 'associated', 'withproblem', 'focused', 'coping', 'study', 'impact', 'being', 'quarantined', 'india', 'saurabh', 'ranjan', '2020', 'found', 'that', 'among', 'quaran', 'tined', 'children', 'adolescents', 'worry', 'helpless', 'ness', 'fear', 'were', 'most', 'commonfeelings', 'experienced', 'quarantined', 'youth', 'spain', 'parents', 'indicated', 'changes', 'their', 'children', 'tional', 'state', 'behaviors', 'during', 'quarantine', 'includ', 'difficulty', 'concentrating', 'boredom', 'irritability', 'loneliness', 'worries', 'orgilés', '2020', 'study', 'italian', 'children', 'foundthat', 'four', 'children', 'showed', 'regressive', 'symp', 'toms', 'demanding', 'physical', 'proximity', 'parents', 'duringthe', 'night', 'over', 'showed', 'increased', 'agitation', 'intolerance', 'rules', 'excessive', 'demands', 'pisano', 'galimi', 'cerniglia', '2020', 'sharma', '2020', 'identi', 'fied', 'risk', 'protective', 'factors', 'adolescent', 'andemerging', 'adult', 'mental', 'health', 'nepal', 'country', 'whoselockdown', 'happened', 'with', 'little', 'warning', 'preparation', 'risk', 'factors', 'mental', 'health', 'challenges', 'included', 'lackof', 'mental', 'health', 'services', 'social', 'media', 'lack', 'ofunderstanding', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'suddenwork', 'student', 'life', 'changes', 'protective', 'factorsincluded', 'cultural', 'acceptance', 'facemasks', 'school', 'spacerepurposing', 'free', 'counseling', 'school', 'closures', 'maylead', 'disruption', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'servicesfor', 'students', 'resulting', 'increase', 'mental', 'healthdifficulties', 'among', 'children', 'adolescents', 'there', 'also', 'increased', 'concern', 'that', 'abuse', 'lence', 'rates', 'increase', 'among', 'children', 'adolescentsas', 'result', 'being', 'quarantined', 'humphreys', '2020', 'argue', 'that', 'parental', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'about', 'financial', 'logistical', 'existential', 'concerns', 'result', 'parentsmanaging', 'this', 'anxiety', 'directing', 'verbal', 'physicalabuse', 'toward', 'their', 'children', 'school', 'closures', 'also', 'meanthat', 'there', 'fewer', 'mandatory', 'reporters', 'interactingwith', 'potentially', 'abused', 'children', 'thus', 'this', 'pandemichas', 'potential', 'lead', 'reduced', 'detection', 'ofmaltreatment', 'research', 'training', 'practice', 'inschool', 'psychologyschool', 'psychology', 'adapt', 'across', 'aspects', 'ofresearch', 'training', 'practice', 'remain', 'throesof', 'consequences', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'assessment', 'intervention', 'consultation', 'other', 'forms', 'servicedelivery', 'have', 'begun', 'adapted', 'will', 'likely', 'lookmarkedly', 'different', 'foreseeable', 'future', 'themost', 'monumental', 'covid', 'related', 'changes', 'beenthe', 'sudden', 'shift', 'telepsychology', 'following', 'closureof', 'schools', 'clinics', 'community', 'mental', 'health', 'agenciesacross', 'united', 'states', 'world', 'callahan', '2020', 'telepsychology', 'while', 'relatively', 'school', 'psychology', 'been', 'focus', 'research', 'clinical', 'practice', 'manyyears', 'abbott', '2008', 'cited', 'drum', 'littleton', '2014', '2013', 'hilty', '2003', 'maheu', '2020', 'mccord', '2020', 'offer', 'empirical', 'research', 'showingequivalent', 'telepsychology', 'behavioral', 'mental', 'healthoutcomes', 'compared', 'with', 'face', 'face', 'services', 'mccordet', '2020', 'specifically', 'highlight', 'separate', 'meta', 'anal', 'yses', 'backhaus', '2012', 'hilty', '2013', 'which', 'lendsupport', 'telepsychology', 'benefits', 'backhaus', '2012', 'reported', 'positive', 'results', 'efficacy', 'feasibility', 'andclient', 'satisfaction', 'video', 'psychotherapy', 'based', '65studies', 'there', 'were', 'four', 'studies', 'meta', 'analysis', 'thatincluded', 'children', 'adolescents', 'three', 'incorporatingfamily', 'therapy', 'only', 'reported', 'race', 'ethnicity', 'dataand', 'only', 'three', 'studies', 'evaluated', 'video', 'psychotherapy', 'witha', 'sample', 'that', 'mostly', 'racial', 'minority', 'clients', 'hiltyet', '2013', 'meta', 'analysis', 'included', 'telepsychiatry', 'mental', 'health', 'keywords', 'along', 'with', 'others', 'resultingin', 'studies', 'evaluating', 'telemental', 'health', 'publishedbetween', '1996', '2013', 'there', 'were', 'seven', 'studies', 'specificto', 'children', 'adolescents', 'while', 'focused', 'popula', 'tions', 'that', 'culturally', 'linguistically', 'diverse', 'hiltyand', 'colleagues', 'concluded', 'that', 'their', 'meta', 'analysis', 'showedthat', 'telemental', 'health', 'outcomes', 'were', 'equivalent', 'face', 'face', 'services', 'provided', 'with', 'different', 'client', 'populationsand', 'concerns', 'including', 'children', 'adolescents', 'acrossmultiple', 'settings', 'home', 'emergency', 'settings', 'hiltyand', 'colleagues', 'stressed', 'importance', 'providing', 'treat', 'ment', 'client', 'primary', 'language', 'they', 'also', 'stressedmore', 'rigorous', 'study', 'designs', 'research', 'policy', 'ques', 'tions', 'centered', 'race', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'language', 'along', 'with', 'other', 'considerations', 'geography', 'chological', 'diagnosis', 'school', 'psychology', 'review', '2020', 'volume', '1080', '2372966x', '2020', '1852852school', 'psychology', 'contextualconsiderationsthe', 'existing', 'literature', 'reveals', 'efficacy', 'telepsychologyin', 'service', 'provision', 'backhaus', '2012', 'hilty', '2013', 'mccord', '2020', 'professional', 'psychology', 'field', 'ingeneral', 'rapidly', 'advancing', 'developing', 'measurabletelepsychology', 'competencies', 'deemed', 'necessary', 'ethicaland', 'legal', 'telepsychology', 'practice', '2013', 'developedguidelines', 'telepsychology', '2013', 'more', 'recently', 'professional', 'competency', 'framework', 'been', 'forthto', 'guide', 'telebehavioral', 'health', 'across', 'multiple', 'behavioralhealth', 'specialties', 'addition', 'professional', 'psychologyreferred', 'ctibs', 'framework', 'maheu', '2020', 'relatedly', 'consolidated', 'model', 'telepsychologypractice', 'compiled', 'from', 'multiple', 'state', 'ohio', 'psychologicalassociation', 'national', 'international', 'australianpsychological', 'society', 'zealand', 'psychologists', 'board', 'ontario', 'psychological', 'association', 'guidelines', 'beenrecently', 'created', 'mccord', '2020', 'with', 'these', 'advancescome', 'call', 'consider', 'telepsychology', 'apply', 'toschool', 'psychology', 'practice', 'mccord', '2020', 'argue', 'thatmore', 'understanding', 'telepsychology', 'needed', 'with', 'ferent', 'developmental', 'ages', 'school', 'settings', 'giventhat', 'most', 'school', 'psychologists', 'work', 'schools', 'tele', 'psychology', 'works', 'with', 'children', 'adolescents', 'schoolsis', 'particularly', 'germane', 'example', 'school', 'psychologistsmust', 'contend', 'with', 'ethical', 'legal', 'practice', 'issues', 'thatmay', 'similar', 'those', 'related', 'applied', 'psychology', 'fieldsand', 'perhaps', 'different', 'given', 'that', 'many', 'school', 'psychologistswork', 'schools', 'where', 'there', 'provisions', 'such', 'ferpaand', 'federal', 'laws', 'driven', 'united', 'states', 'further', 'school', 'psychologists', 'spend', 'substantive', 'time', 'doing', 'assess', 'ment', 'using', 'data', 'make', 'special', 'education', 'eligibilitydetermination', 'that', 'might', 'more', 'difficult', 'transition', 'toin', 'virtual', 'environment', 'compared', 'teletherapy', 'wrightet', '2020', 'testing', 'assessment', 'conditions', 'onlineenvironment', 'equivalent', 'standardization', 'cedures', 'calling', 'into', 'question', 'utility', 'some', 'findings', 'farmer', 'press', 'wright', '2020', 'highlight', 'need', 'further', 'research', 'inform', 'interpreta', 'tion', 'these', 'measures', 'most', 'salient', 'issues', 'that', 'maintainingclient', 'privacy', 'when', 'delivering', 'remote', 'services', 'such', 'asconcerns', 'about', 'room', 'during', 'sessions', 'secu', 'rity', 'electronic', 'communications', 'handling', 'patientrecords', 'consistent', 'with', 'hipaa', 'regulations', 'mccord', '2020', 'covid', 'being', 'declared', 'national', 'healthemergency', 'office', 'civil', 'rights', 'thedepartment', 'health', 'human', 'services', '2020', 'relaxed', 'hipaa', 'compliance', 'guidelines', 'health', 'careproviders', 'including', 'psychologists', 'still', 'issues', 'privacyand', 'confidentiality', 'remain', 'such', 'when', 'services', 'arebeing', 'delivered', 'child', 'adolescents', 'home', 'setting', 'where', 'family', 'members', 'siblings', 'others', 'present', 'legal', 'ethical', 'issues', 'related', 'telepsychology', 'vices', 'such', 'practicing', 'across', 'state', 'lines', 'having', 'proto', 'when', 'there', 'concerns', 'about', 'suicide', 'risk', 'andensuring', 'that', 'comprehensive', 'intake', 'assessment', 'beconducted', 'when', 'there', 'access', 'traditional', 'paperand', 'pencil', 'tools', 'issues', 'that', 'have', 'been', 'raised', 'over', 'theyears', 'remain', 'today', 'hilty', '2018', 'school', 'psychologists', 'ethically', 'required', 'serve', 'allchildren', 'adolescents', 'take', 'social', 'justice', 'lens', 'indoing', 'nasp', '2020', 'abrupt', 'change', 'online', 'learn', 'illuminated', 'vast', 'inequities', 'access', 'technology', 'correia', '2020', 'therefore', 'school', 'psychologists', 'must', 'care', 'fully', 'consider', 'advocate', 'students', 'have', 'equitableaccess', 'telepsychology', 'resources', 'have', 'adequate', 'tech', 'nology', 'tools', 'such', 'computers', 'laptops', 'bandwidth', 'andother', 'forms', 'technology', 'access', 'instruction', 'unfortunately', 'discussed', 'previously', 'structural', 'racismand', 'other', 'forms', 'interlocking', 'oppression', 'precludes', 'equi', 'table', 'access', 'students', 'families', 'hold', 'minoritizedidentities', 'salerno', '2020', 'webb', '2020', 'school', 'psychologists', 'must', 'help', 'promote', 'equity', 'withrespect', 'access', 'adequate', 'mental', 'health', 'social', 'tional', 'support', 'proper', 'diagnosis', 'assessment', 'whichis', 'occurring', 'presently', 'influenced', 'long', 'stand', 'racism', 'bias', 'related', 'inequities', 'combaheeriver', 'collective', '2015', 'crenshaw', '1989', 'sullivan', '2020', 'special', 'topic', 'contributionsdespite', 'abrupt', 'changes', 'described', 'above', 'school', 'chology', 'well', 'equipped', 'address', 'changing', 'natureof', 'research', 'training', 'practice', 'this', 'special', 'topic', 'aimsto', 'disseminate', 'such', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'inresearch', 'training', 'practice', 'that', 'will', 'inform', 'andadvance', 'field', 'nature', 'pandemic', 'thisspecial', 'topic', 'section', 'will', 'published', 'across', 'several', 'umes', 'disseminate', 'projects', 'various', 'stages', 'over', 'thecourse', 'pandemic', 'this', 'issue', 'three', 'articles', 'addressvarious', 'facets', 'assessment', 'mental', 'health', 'outcomes', 'articles', 'address', 'assessment', 'issues', 'during', 'demic', 'first', 'stifel', '2020', 'assessment', 'during', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'considerationsmoving', 'forward', 'delineate', 'important', 'ethical', 'legal', 'andsafety', 'considerations', 'when', 'conducting', 'assessments', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'authors', 'first', 'elucidate', 'complex', 'issuesfor', 'school', 'psychologists', 'consider', 'when', 'conducting', 'assess', 'ments', 'based', 'extant', 'literature', 'farmer', 'press', 'which', 'includes', 'international', 'literature', 'next', 'they', 'vide', 'recommended', 'protocol', 'conducting', 'assessmentsduring', 'pandemic', 'ethically', 'legally', 'safely', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'school', 'climate', '435next', 'research', 'brief', 'aspiranti', '2020', 'comparing', 'paper', 'tablet', 'modalities', 'math', 'assessmentfor', 'multiplication', 'addition', 'examined', 'technology', 'versus', 'paper', 'based', 'curriculum', 'based', 'measurement', 'modalities', 'math', 'across', 'single', 'case', 'tielement', 'studies', 'findings', 'from', 'this', 'study', 'suggestthat', 'modalities', 'cannot', 'used', 'interchangeably', 'andbegin', 'document', 'disparities', 'between', 'paper', 'andtablet', 'based', 'assessment', 'tools', 'notably', 'paper', 'based', 'benefited', 'students', 'from', 'income', 'economi', 'cally', 'marginalized', 'contexts', 'thus', 'raising', 'interestingconsiderations', 'future', 'research', 'practice', 'third', 'article', 'wendel', '2020', 'theassociation', 'between', 'child', 'adhd', 'symptoms', 'changesin', 'parental', 'involvement', 'kindergarten', 'children', 'slearning', 'during', 'covid', 'examined', 'changes', 'parentinvolvement', 'child', 'behavior', 'adhd', 'symptoms', 'among', 'four', 'five', 'year', 'children', 'their', 'parentsbefore', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'data', 'were', 'lected', 'prior', 'covid', 'december', '2019', 'january2020', 'again', 'several', 'months', 'into', 'remote', 'learning', 'inmay', 'june', '2020', 'results', 'indicated', 'that', 'parents', 'ratingsof', 'their', 'children', 'adhd', 'symptoms', 'increased', 'from', 'priorto', 'covid', 'during', 'covid', 'there', 'were', 'fewchanges', 'parents', 'educational', 'involvement', 'however', 'parents', 'beliefs', 'about', 'their', 'responsibility', 'involvedin', 'their', 'children', 'learning', 'changed', 'varied', 'boysand', 'girls', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'that', 'covid', 'havea', 'deleterious', 'effect', 'children', 'inattention', 'hyper', 'activity', 'while', 'there', 'limitations', 'study', 'theresults', 'suggest', 'that', 'school', 'psychologists', 'supportparents', 'providing', 'specific', 'strategies', 'increase', 'struc', 'ture', 'incorporate', 'healthy', 'routines', 'physicalactivity', 'into', 'overall', 'these', 'three', 'articles', 'highlight', 'importantinformation', 'school', 'psychologists', 'consider', 'wecontinue', 'adapt', 'adjust', 'meet', 'needs', 'chil', 'dren', 'staff', 'families', 'within', 'context', 'thecovid', 'pandemic', 'psychoeducational', 'assessmentshould', 'conducted', 'after', 'careful', 'consideration', 'ofethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'issues', 'stifel', '2020', 'similarly', 'math', 'cbms', 'conducted', 'with', 'technologyshould', 'assumed', 'equivalent', 'paper', 'meth', 'aspiranti', '2020', 'children', 'inattention', 'andhyperactivity', 'appears', 'negatively', 'affected', 'duringthe', 'pandemic', 'suggesting', 'that', 'additional', 'parent', 'consul', 'tation', 'likely', 'warranted', 'wendel', '2020', 'whilefurther', 'scholarship', 'needed', 'address', 'many', 'topicsrelated', 'covid', 'supporting', 'education', 'learning', 'adjustment', 'well', 'being', 'students', 'thesearticles', 'contribute', 'school', 'psychology', 'emerging', 'logue', 'covid', 'global', 'pandemic', 'nationalsyndemicnew', 'paper'] ['ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202035covid', 'state', 'research', 'from', 'perspective', 'psychologykalsoom', 'nawaz', 'hafiza', 'anum', 'saeed', 'tanveer', 'aslam', 'sajeel', 'riphah', 'international', 'university', 'lahore', 'pakistan', 'riphah', 'international', 'university', 'lahore', 'pakistan', 'clinical', 'psychologist', 'amina', 'abdullah', 'hospital', 'deplapur', 'okara', 'pakistancorresponding', 'author', 'email', 'kalsoombutt35', 'gmail', 'comabstractthis', 'study', 'aims', 'identify', 'current', 'psychological', 'research', 'status', 'from', 'perspective', 'ofcovid', 'doing', 'extracted', 'data', 'from', 'scopus', 'database', 'order', 'outlinethe', 'trends', 'terms', 'number', 'publications', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'authorships', 'used', 'constructed', 'intellectual', 'structure', 'research', 'with', 'help', 'ofvos', 'viewer', 'software', 'besides', 'based', 'understating', 'content', 'publishedliterature', 'also', 'presented', 'some', 'suggestions', 'practitioners', 'future', 'researchers', 'keywords', 'covid', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'psychologicalinterventionsto', 'cite', 'this', 'documentnawaz', 'saeed', 'sajeel', '2020', 'covid', 'state', 'research', 'from', 'perspectiveof', 'psychology', 'international', 'journal', 'business', 'psychology', 'introductioncovid', 'originated', 'from', 'wuhan', 'china', 'december', '2019', 'become', 'mostsignificant', 'health', 'economic', 'challenges', 'governments', 'around', 'world', 'world', 'healthorganizations', 'have', 'confirmed', 'that', 'global', 'epidemic', 'january', '2020', 'deterrent', 'spreadof', 'covid', 'most', 'countries', 'have', 'already', 'announced', 'complete', 'lockdown', 'jiloha', '2020', 'besides', 'government', 'research', 'institutes', 'funding', 'agencies', 'spending', 'huge', 'some', 'find', 'curefor', 'covid', 'connection', 'this', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'february', '2020', 'assessed', 'theexisting', 'level', 'research', 'information', 'covid', 'resultantly', 'issued', 'call', 'toglobal', 'research', 'communities', 'prioritize', 'funding', 'covid', 'that', 'help', 'cure', 'thispandemic', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'meeting', 'organization', '2020', 'held', 'headquarter', 'infebruary', '2020', 'identified', 'following', 'area', 'focus', 'research', 'mobilize', 'study', 'rapid', 'evaluation', 'treatment', 'community', 'levelinternational', 'journal', 'business', 'psychologyvol', 'issue', '1ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020362', 'evaluate', 'available', 'data', 'immediately', 'find', 'what', 'level', 'treatment', 'strategies', 'aremost', 'effective', 'from', 'china', 'elsewhere3', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'adjunctive', 'supportive', 'therapies', 'fast', 'possible4', 'optimize', 'protective', 'equipment', 'other', 'interventions', 'avoid', 'manageinfections', 'healthcare', 'community', 'environments5', 'review', 'current', 'information', 'classify', 'animal', 'host', 'avoid', 'continued', 'spillover', 'andbetter', 'understand', 'transmissibility', 'virus', 'various', 'contexts', 'over', 'time', 'diseasefrequency', 'more', 'vulnerable', 'infection6', 'review', 'evidence', 'available', 'identify', 'animal', 'host', 'prevent', 'continued', 'spillover', 'andto', 'better', 'understand', 'virus', 'transmissibility', 'different', 'contexts', 'over', 'time', 'severity', 'ofdisease', 'more', 'susceptible', 'infection7', 'accelerate', 'evaluation', 'investigational', 'therapeutics', 'vaccines', 'using', 'masterprotocols8', 'maintain', 'high', 'degree', 'communication', 'interaction', 'among', 'funders', 'that', 'criticalresearch', 'implemented9', 'broadly', 'rapidly', 'share', 'virus', 'materials', 'clinical', 'samples', 'data', 'immediate', 'publichealth', 'purposes', 'study', 'aims', 'supporting', 'research', 'agenda', 'regarding', 'sharing', 'current', 'andemerging', 'trends', 'research', 'covid', 'numerous', 'studies', 'have', 'been', 'published', 'covid', '19covering', 'different', 'aspects', 'such', 'medications', 'immunology', 'microbiology', 'biochemistry', 'genetics', 'molecular', 'biology', 'pharmacology', 'toxicology', 'pharmaceutics', 'however', 'veryless', 'research', 'about', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'consequences', 'covid', 'early', 'basiscovid', 'data', 'conclude', 'that', 'connects', 'psychiatric', 'neuropsychiatric', 'conditions', 'suchas', 'fatigue', 'stress', 'feeling', 'loneliness', 'sleep', 'disorders', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'psychological', 'distress', 'mazza', '2020', 'post', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'cognitive', 'impairment', 'altered', 'consciousness', 'delirium', 'rogers', '2020', 'therefore', 'this', 'study', 'aims', 'review', 'analyze', 'bibliometricdata', 'research', 'related', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'support', 'initiative', 'curb', 'andcure', 'aftermath', 'this', 'pandemic', 'bibliometric', 'quantitative', 'study', 'investigating', 'trends', 'trajectories', 'scientificcommunication', 'believe', 'analysis', 'research', 'covid', 'help', 'researchers', 'toappreciate', 'existing', 'research', 'prepare', 'future', 'research', 'design', 'directions', 'first', 'work', 'presents', 'trend', 'publication', 'citation', 'relating', 'december', '2019', 'may2020', 'secondly', 'analyze', 'worldwide', 'perception', 'countries', 'with', 'maximum', 'number', 'ofarticles', 'citations', 'third', 'productive', 'universities', 'institutes', 'enlisted', 'fourth', 'theleading', 'journals', 'identified', 'fifth', 'most', 'prolific', 'authors', 'identified', 'based', 'numeralpublications', 'citations', 'terms', 'covid', 'research', 'study', 'bibliometric', 'coupling', 'andco', 'citation', 'analysis', 'these', 'journals', 'countries', 'authors', 'related', 'each', 'other', 'lastly', 'based', 'reviews', 'data', 'obtained', 'also', 'suggest', 'some', 'future', 'research', 'agenda', 'covid', 'research', 'from', 'perspective', 'psychology', 'critical', 'participation', 'this', 'research', 'that', 'offers', 'general', 'idea', 'famouscountries', 'journals', 'most', 'occurring', 'keywords', 'future', 'research', 'agendas', 'covid', 'researchfrom', 'perspective', 'psychology', 'this', 'study', 'assist', 'editorial', 'team', 'journals', 'torecognize', 'probable', 'area', 'growth', 'future', 'research', 'methodscopus', 'database', 'used', 'search', 'research', 'publications', 'covid', 'scopus', 'databaseis', 'most', 'extensive', 'peer', 'reviewed', 'research', 'repositories', 'social', 'sciences', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202037repository', 'also', 'accessed', 'acknowledged', 'empirical', 'quantitative', 'research', 'donthu', '2020', 'following', 'criteria', 'research', 'consist', 'these', 'entitle', 'covid', 'sars', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', '2019', 'ncov', '2019', 'coronavirus', 'andsearched', 'title', 'abstract', 'keywords', 'option', 'search', 'results', 'showed', 'publicationssince', 'december', '2019', 'bibliometric', 'technique', 'used', 'evaluate', 'collected', 'statistics', 'bibliometric', 'aresearch', 'field', 'library', 'information', 'science', 'ilan', '2008', 'that', 'studies', 'bibliometric', 'stuffwith', 'quantitative', 'method', 'broadus', '1987', 'this', 'technique', 'instrumental', 'classifying', 'andanalyzing', 'general', 'trend', 'specific', 'issue', 'such', 'journal', 'research', 'area', 'country', 'bonillaet', '2015', 'martínez', 'lópez', '2018', 'literature', 'bibliometric', 'studies', 'have', 'been', 'used', 'todetermine', 'significance', 'subject', 'laengle', '2017', 'role', 'journals', 'amiguet', '2017', 'educational', 'institutes', 'martínez', 'lópez', '2018', 'country', 'bonilla', '2015', 'this', 'work', 'uses', 'viewer', 'bibliographical', 'material', 'graphically', 'eckand', 'waltman', '2010', 'viewer', 'takes', 'bibliographic', 'data', 'input', 'converts', 'outputinto', 'form', 'graphs', 'research', 'uses', 'other', 'bibliometric', 'methods', 'including', 'citingof', 'author', 'keywords', 'kessler', '1963', 'happens', 'when', 'documents', 'discuss', 'same', 'thirddocument', 'studies', 'usually', 'known', 'studies', 'citation', 'takes', 'place', 'when', 'thesame', 'three', 'texts', 'cite', 'publications', 'studies', 'study', 'moreover', 'concurrence', 'keywords', 'analyses', 'keywords', 'that', 'appear', 'more', 'frequentlyin', 'same', 'papers', 'following', 'prominent', 'bibliographic', 'studies', 'donthu', '2020', 'thisstudy', 'uses', 'authors', 'institutions', 'citation', 'documents', 'journals', 'occurrence', 'keywords', 'used', 'classify', 'keywords', 'under', 'general', 'topics', 'resultsthe', 'search', 'scopus', 'database', 'showed', 'that', 'there', 'total', 'documents', 'related', 'tocovid', 'psychology', 'brief', 'content', 'analysis', 'these', 'articles', 'revealed', 'that', 'most', 'thepublications', 'were', 'focused', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'issues', 'however', 'very', 'rarestudies', 'have', 'discussed', 'suggestions', 'interventions', 'cope', 'with', 'this', 'pandemic', 'thus', 'thisstudy', 'endeavor', 'address', 'this', 'issue', 'while', 'providing', 'holistic', 'view', 'psychological', 'researchtill', '26th', 'july', '2020', 'leading', 'countries', 'covid', '19since', 'covid', 'affected', 'almost', 'countries', 'world', 'thus', 'cope', 'withthis', 'pandemic', 'several', 'countries', 'from', 'around', 'globe', 'contributed', 'spread', 'awareness', 'throughpublication', 'their', 'research', 'work', 'following', 'table', 'categorized', 'countries', 'with', 'thegreatest', 'number', 'these', 'results', 'might', 'help', 'future', 'researchers', 'what', 'most', 'productiveand', 'impactful', 'countries', 'terms', 'psychological', 'research', 'perspective', 'covid', 'following', 'table', 'presents', 'results', 'countries', 'that', 'have', 'contributed', 'more', 'than', 'publicationstill', 'july', '2020', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202038table', 'most', 'productive', 'countriesrank', 'country', 'publications1', 'united', 'states', '1962', 'united', 'kingdom', 'china', 'canada', 'australia', 'italy', 'ireland', 'spain', 'france', '2510', 'india', '22it', 'great', 'interest', 'understand', 'what', 'networking', 'connection', 'among', 'thecountries', 'publishing', 'research', 'covid', 'doing', 'utilized', 'viewer', 'ofsoftware', 'constructed', 'networking', 'structure', 'terms', 'bibliometric', 'coupling', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'occurs', 'when', 'documents', 'cite', 'third', 'study', 'commonly', 'regardingcountries', 'bibliometric', 'coupling', 'occurs', 'when', 'document', 'from', 'different', 'countries', 'citethe', 'third', 'document', 'their', 'publications', 'this', 'shows', 'other', 'countries', 'similarliterature', 'their', 'publications', 'figure', 'countriesijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202039figure', 'represents', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'among', 'countries', 'based', 'fiveclusters', 'represented', 'with', 'different', 'colors', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow', 'purple', 'hasstrong', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'bigger', 'circle', 'size', 'shows', 'stronger', 'bibliographiccoupling', 'countries', 'green', 'color', 'clusters', 'tend', 'have', 'strong', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'same', 'case', 'with', 'other', 'color', 'clusters', 'while', 'having', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'country', 'level', 'this', 'question', 'might', 'loomaround', 'authors', 'from', 'different', 'countries', 'networked', 'terms', 'authorship', 'address', 'this', 'issue', 'developing', 'networking', 'diagram', 'authorship', 'countrylevelwhile', 'having', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'country', 'level', 'this', 'question', 'mightloom', 'around', 'authors', 'from', 'different', 'countries', 'networked', 'terms', 'authorshipare', 'address', 'this', 'issue', 'developing', 'networking', 'diagram', 'authorship', 'thecountry', 'level', 'table', 'authorship', 'among', 'countriesno', 'country', 'documents', 'citations', 'total', 'link', 'strength1', 'united', 'states', '145572', 'united', 'kingdom', '121663', 'china', '73964', 'canada', '76305', 'australia', '63696', 'italy', '44107', 'ireland', '19278', 'spain', '36239', 'france', '163210', 'india', '1299table', 'shows', 'authorship', 'among', 'countries', 'indicates', 'that', 'similardocuments', 'bibliographically', 'coupled', 'common', 'more', 'documents', 'thereare', 'twelve', 'clusters', 'found', 'different', 'colors', 'biggest', 'circle', 'size', 'showed', 'strongestco', 'authorship', 'with', 'respective', 'countries', 'cluster', 'represented', 'with', 'blue', 'color', 'shows', 'strong', 'authorship', 'amongargentina', 'botswana', 'brazil', 'chile', 'colombia', 'cuba', 'dominican', 'republic', 'guatemala', 'mexico', 'panama', 'paraguay', 'peru', 'puerto', 'rico', 'uruguay', 'cluster', 'represented', 'withmaroon', 'color', 'comprises', 'india', 'indonesia', 'iran', 'lebanon', 'news', 'zeeland', 'nigeria', 'pakistan', 'portugal', 'serbia', 'singapore', 'tunisia', 'blue', 'color', 'cluster', 'encompassesaustralia', 'bangladesh', 'canada', 'china', 'finland', 'hong', 'kong', 'japan', 'macau', 'philippines', 'russia', 'federation', 'countries', 'present', 'similar', 'clusters', 'tend', 'have', 'strong', 'authorships', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202040figure', 'authorship', 'among', 'countriestop', 'journalsone', 'other', 'important', 'aspects', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'find', 'thejournals', 'that', 'publish', 'most', 'frequently', 'psychology', 'research', 'from', 'perspective', 'ofcovid', 'following', 'table', 'represented', 'journal', 'that', 'published', 'more', 'than', '10papers', 'covid', 'first', 'seven', 'months', '26hjuly', '2020', 'psychological', 'traumatheory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', 'remains', 'most', 'productive', 'journal', 'terms', 'anumber', 'publications', 'covid', 'aspects', 'psychology', 'while', 'irishjournal', 'psychological', 'medicine', 'remains', 'most', 'productive', 'with', 'publications', 'suggest', 'from', 'these', 'facts', 'that', 'future', 'researchers', 'should', 'consult', 'these', 'journals', 'fortheir', 'seminal', 'work', 'table', 'journalsno', 'journal', 'title', 'publication1', 'psychological', 'trauma', 'theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', '1392', 'irish', 'journal', 'psychological', 'medicine', 'social', 'anthropology', 'asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry', 'counselling', 'psychology', 'quarterly', 'journal', 'loss', 'trauma', 'journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology', 'journal', 'affective', 'disorders', 'nature', 'human', 'behaviour', '1410', 'journal', 'psychotherapy', 'integration', '13ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202041figure', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'journalsco', 'occurrence', 'keywordstable', 'figure', 'display', 'most', 'occurring', 'keywords', 'using', 'till', 'july', '2020', 'inpublished', 'documents', 'occurrence', 'keywords', 'that', 'frequently', 'occur', 'studieddocuments', 'given', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'infectious', 'covid', 'virus', 'causes', 'mentalhealth', 'problems', 'such', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'post', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'thefuture', 'research', 'trends', 'around', 'these', 'most', 'occurring', 'words', 'explore', 'more', 'about', 'thisphenomenon', 'table', 'most', 'occurring', 'keywordsno', 'keywords', 'occurrences', 'total', 'link', 'strength1', 'covid', '4752', 'pandemic', '1873', 'coronavirus', '1634', 'mental', 'health', '1555', 'anxiety', '1096', 'trauma', 'depression', 'stress', 'covid', 'pandemic', '1610', 'ptsd', '30ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202042', 'figure', 'occurrence', 'keywordsdiscussion', 'psychological', 'interventionsevidence', 'suggests', 'that', 'covid', 'consequences', 'patient', 'families', 'andsociety', 'scientist', 'biologist', 'continuing', 'their', 'efforts', 'find', 'cure', 'thispandemic', 'social', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'should', 'also', 'ignored', 'however', 'sincemost', 'resources', 'devoted', 'occupied', 'biomedical', 'research', 'hence', 'currentstate', 'psychology', 'research', 'mark', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'thepsychological', 'research', 'first', 'seven', 'months', 'this', 'pandemic', 'substantiated', 'this', 'claim', 'this', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'showed', 'that', 'there', 'very', 'studies', 'psychologicalconsequences', 'covid', 'keeping', 'this', 'view', 'researchers', 'should', 'come', 'forward', 'helpformulate', 'interventions', 'practical', 'theoretical', 'research', 'should', 'initiated', 'copewith', 'crisis', 'strengthen', 'mental', 'psychological', 'health', 'psychological', 'criesshould', 'taken', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'cooperation', 'between', 'community', 'healthservices', 'mental', 'health', 'care', 'institutions', 'should', 'decoupled', 'some', 'studies', 'from', 'thepast', 'sars', 'have', 'confirmed', 'that', 'individuals', 'have', 'experienced', 'public', 'healthemergencies', 'still', 'have', 'varying', 'degrees', 'stress', 'disorders', 'even', 'after', 'event', 'over', 'orthey', 'have', 'been', 'cured', 'discharged', 'from', 'hospital', 'indicating', 'these', 'individuals', 'should', 'notbe', 'ignored', 'cheng', '2004', 'there', 'dire', 'need', 'systematic', 'studies', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202043interventions', 'cope', 'psychological', 'problems', 'hence', 'here', 'present', 'somesuggestions', 'practitioners', 'researchers', 'consider', 'formulating', 'psychologicalintervention', 'conducting', 'psychological', 'research', 'immediate', 'support', 'system', 'should', 'established', 'early', 'weeks', 'novelcoronavirus', 'awareness', 'programs', 'should', 'conducted', 'through', 'devices', 'such', 'television', 'radio', 'mobile', 'phone', 'internet', 'resources', 'there', 'should', 'audio', 'video', 'highlightedmessage', 'that', 'attracts', 'attention', 'community', 'programs', 'based', 'psycho', 'educationof', 'covid', 'disease', 'course', 'precautionary', 'measures', 'symptoms', 'management', 'allprograms', 'telecast', 'with', 'healthcare', 'mental', 'health', 'professionals', 'team', 'expert', 'sinterviews', 'messages', 'regarding', 'disease', 'course', 'severity', 'clinical', 'symptoms', 'placeof', 'treatment', 'other', 'factors', 'classify', 'individuals', 'need', 'management', 'interventionsshould', 'addressed', 'most', 'venerable', 'groups', 'communities', 'such', 'children', 'elderly', 'andimmigrant', 'workers', 'universities', 'institutes', 'should', 'have', 'some', 'online', 'courses', 'platforms', 'providecounseling', 'services', 'patients', 'their', 'family', 'members', 'people', 'with', 'suspectedinfection', 'disease', 'underneath', 'isolation', 'home', 'community', 'psychological', 'healthservices', 'should', 'give', 'primary', 'mental', 'health', 'concerned', 'although', 'case', 'since', 'ofcomplicated', 'work', 'strategies', 'heavy', 'burden', 'workloads', 'insufficient', 'training', 'inpsychiatry', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'community', 'health', 'services', 'always', 'know', 'todiminish', 'psychological', 'distress', 'patients', 'specialized', 'team', 'comprising', 'mentalhealth', 'services', 'dealing', 'with', 'emotional', 'distress', 'other', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'causedby', 'epidemics', 'further', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'experience', 'that', 'some', 'covid', 'survivors', 'will', 'prone', 'bearnegative', 'behavioral', 'emotional', 'responses', 'such', 'grievance', 'bitterness', 'anger', 'fearthat', 'needed', 'dealt', 'sensitive', 'instance', 'tailor', 'made', 'psychological', 'screening', 'such', 'personal', 'inquiry', 'invitation', 'need', 'psychological', 'consultation', 'ratherthan', 'arbitrarily', 'distributing', 'postal', 'questionnaires', 'would', 'much', 'appropriate', 'andreceptive', 'counseling', 'addition', 'when', 'facing', 'possible', 'future', 'outbreak', 'psychologicalpreparation', 'such', 'stress', 'inoculation', 'meichenbaum', '1993', 'needed', 'strengthenthe', 'sense', 'social', 'support', 'reduce', 'associated', 'social', 'discrimination', 'facilitate', 'ofsocially', 'endorsed', 'communication', 'channels', 'without', 'reducing', 'amount', 'contact', 'brainstorm', 'share', 'possible', 'coping', 'educate', 'adopt', 'some', 'realistic', 'threat', 'appraisaland', 'booster', 'morale', 'among', 'staff', 'second', 'psychological', 'assessment', 'covid', 'survivors', 'cliniciansshould', 'include', 'social', 'support', 'negative', 'appraisal', 'perceived', 'impacts', 'positive', 'appraisal', 'post', 'traumatic', 'growth', 'self', 'efficacy', 'which', 'essential', 'parameters', 'formonitoring', 'ongoing', 'psychological', 'perceived', 'physical', 'health', 'covid', '19survivors', 'third', 'these', 'significant', 'psychosocial', 'correlates', 'embed', 'essential', 'values', 'theclinical', 'intervention', 'covid', 'survivors', 'instance', 'given', 'significant', 'role', 'ofnegative', 'appraisal', 'outcomes', 'cognitive', 'techniques', 'such', 'comparing', 'with', 'thedisadvantages', 'reappraising', 'disastrous', 'fears', 'might', 'appropriate', 'when', 'particular', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '202044maladaptive', 'thinking', 'beliefs', 'elicited', 'further', 'clinicians', 'should', 'only', 'activelyinquire', 'about', 'impacts', 'covid', 'also', 'elicit', 'educate', 'various', 'coping', 'effortsthat', 'booster', 'coping', 'confidence', 'reinforce', 'their', 'perceived', 'ability', 'cope', 'withthe', 'impacts', 'also', 'allowing', 'survivors', 'review', 'reiterate', 'personal', 'gain', 'growthfrom', 'traumatic', 'experience', 'create', 'positive', 'meaning', 'reframe', 'impacts', 'andpossibly', 'alleviate', 'their', 'distressnew', 'paper'] ['fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '1original', 'researchpublished', 'september', '2020doi', '3389', 'fpsyg', '2020', '01924edited', 'ilhan', 'ozturk', 'university', 'turkey', 'reviewed', 'jasim', 'tariq', 'iqra', 'university', 'pakistanmuhammad', 'usman', 'jiangsu', 'university', 'china', 'correspondence', 'khurram', 'shehzadkhurramscholar64', 'hotmail', 'comspecialty', 'section', 'this', 'article', 'submitted', 'toorganizational', 'psychology', 'section', 'journalfrontiers', 'psychologyreceived', '2020accepted', 'july', '2020published', 'september', '2020citation', 'shehzad', 'xiaoxing', 'arif', 'rehman', 'ilyas', '2020', 'investigating', 'psychologyof', 'financial', 'markets', 'during', 'covid', '19era', 'case', 'study', 'usand', 'european', 'markets', 'front', 'psychol', '1924', '3389', 'fpsyg', '2020', '01924investigating', 'psychology', 'offinancial', 'markets', 'during', 'covid', '19era', 'case', 'study', 'andeuropean', 'marketskhurram', 'shehzad1', 'xiaoxing1', 'muhammad', 'arif2', 'khaliq', 'rehman3', 'andmuhammad', 'ilyas21', 'school', 'economics', 'management', 'southeast', 'university', 'nanjing', 'china', 'school', 'economics', 'finance', 'anjiaotong', 'university', 'china', 'school', 'management', 'wuhan', 'university', 'technology', 'wuhan', 'chinathe', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'imperatively', 'shaken', 'behavior', 'globalfinancial', 'markets', 'this', 'study', 'estimated', 'impact', 'covid', 'behavior', 'thefinancial', 'markets', 'europe', 'results', 'revealed', 'that', 'returns', 'thes', 'index', 'have', 'been', 'greatly', 'affected', 'lockdown', 'owing', 'covid', 'however', 'health', 'crisis', 'generated', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'significantly', 'decreasedthe', 'stock', 'returns', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'results', 'also', 'showed', 'that', 'theeconomic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'from', 'pandemic', 'spain', 'more', 'impact', 'theibex', 'compared', 'health', 'crisis', 'itself', 'other', 'hand', 'long', 'italy', 'sstock', 'markets', 'more', 'affected', 'health', 'crisis', 'contrasted', 'with', 'economiccrisis', 'while', 'short', 'both', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'economic', 'instability', 'lowerthe', 'stock', 'returns', 'ftse', 'stock', 'markets', 'witnessed', 'that', 'short', 'deficiency', 'health', 'management', 'systems', 'imperatively', 'damaged', 'stock', 'returns', 'thelondon', 'stock', 'exchange', 'investigation', 'revealed', 'that', 'deficiency', 'health', 'systemsand', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'have', 'imperatively', 'damaged', 'structure', 'financial', 'markets', 'inferring', 'that', 'sustainable', 'development', 'these', 'nations', 'risk', 'covid', 'thestudy', 'suggested', 'that', 'governments', 'should', 'allocate', 'more', 'their', 'budget', 'healthsector', 'overcome', 'health', 'crisis', 'future', 'keywords', 'covid', 'financial', 'stability', 'financial', 'markets', 'psychology', 'sustainable', 'development', 'globaldevelopment', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'crisisintroductionhistorically', 'countries', 'affected', 'pandemic', 'epidemic', 'that', 'have', 'seen', 'large', 'loss', 'oflife', 'also', 'impact', 'within', 'economy', 'their', 'financial', 'markets', 'specificexample', 'would', 'spread', 'ebola', 'disease', '2013', '2016', 'which', 'caused', 'loss', '53billion', 'dollars', 'fernandes', '2020', 'however', 'potential', 'damages', 'currentvirus', 'still', 'largely', 'unknown', 'significantly', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'infection', 'diseasewas', 'first', 'reported', 'wuhan', 'december', '2019', 'spread', 'rapidly', 'almost', 'thewhole', 'world', 'within', 'next', 'months', 'albulescu', '2020', 'compared', 'severe', 'acuterespiratory', 'syndrome', 'sars', 'covid', 'more', 'contagious', 'which', 'been', 'indicated', 'byfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '2shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', 'different', 'fatality', 'rate1', 'covid', 'infected', '413individuals', 'deaths', 'been', 'documentedthroughout', 'globe', 'until', 'april', '2020', 'financial', 'times', '2020', 'order', 'eradicate', 'this', 'pandemic', 'world', 'healthorganization', 'recommended', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distance', 'which', 'generated', 'severe', 'lockdown', 'situation', 'globe', '2020', 'accordingly', 'economic', 'circle', 'wholeworld', 'been', 'disturbed', 'notably', 'sale', 'online', 'travelagencies', 'otas', 'airlines', 'hotels', 'unexpectedly', 'declined', 'world', 'economic', 'forum', '2020', 'even', 'prices', 'have', 'nosediveddue', 'sudden', 'outbreak', 'this', 'pandemic', '2020', 'dueto', 'globalization', 'current', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'will', 'aggravatethe', 'economic', 'condition', 'which', 'pave', 'toward', 'financialmeltdown', 'huang', '2020', 'this', 'pandemic', 'caused', 'asevere', 'psychological', 'impact', 'economy', 'while', 'agitatingservice', 'industries', 'financial', 'markets', 'moreover', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'severely', 'affected', 'thefinancial', 'markets', 'while', 'declining', 'value', 'stock', 'index', 'to10', 'daube', '2020', 'surprisingly', 'news', 'specific', 'eventscan', 'fluctuate', 'stock', 'values', 'shehzad', 'sohail', '2018', 'figure', '1revealed', 'market', 'value', 'european', 'american', 'chinese', 'hong', 'kong', 'markets', 'from', 'january', '2020', 'march', '2020', 'period', 'divided', 'into', 'three', 'rounds', 'comparison', 'purposes', 'first', 'time', 'lagged', 'from', 'january', '2020', 'january', '2020', 'second', 'time', 'lagged', 'from', 'january', 'march', 'thethird', 'time', 'lagged', 'denoted', 'period', 'march', '2020', 'march18', '2020', 'results', 'showed', 'that', 'market', 'values', 'theseindices', 'significantly', 'declined', 'third', 'time', 'lagged', 'covid', 'approached', 'peak', 'western', 'countries', 'spain', 'stock', 'marketshare', 'value', 'decreased', 'third', 'time', 'lagged', 'covid', 'tremendously', 'shrank', 'greece', 'stock', 'markets', 'moreover', 'figure', 'illustrates', 'volatility', 'index', 'fromjanuary', '2005', 'march', '2020', 'denotes', 'that', 'world', 'facedsevere', 'financial', 'crises', '2007', '2009', 'stock', 'markets', 'collapsed', 'economies', 'went', 'through', 'enormous', 'pressure', 'similarscenario', 'been', 'built', 'during', 'global', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'stock', 'market', 'variance', 'highest', 'second', 'timeafter', 'global', 'financial', 'crises', 'this', 'regard', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'impact', 'alsodetrimental', 'pandemic', 'behavior', 'unknown', 'effecton', 'stock', 'return', 'last', 'longer', 'relevant', 'this', 'usstock', 'volatility', 'been', 'agitated', 'enormous', 'spreadof', 'this', 'pandemic', 'resulting', 'severe', 'economic', 'crisis', 'sharifet', '2020', 'such', 'circumstances', 'quite', 'significant', 'toanalyze', 'coronavirus', 'short', 'term', 'long', 'term', 'impacts', 'theadvanced', 'countries', 'stock', 'return', 'this', 'investigation', 'arguedthat', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'increase', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'becomes', 'stricter', 'which', 'lead', 'asignificant', 'economic', 'crisis', 'shocked', 'economic', 'stabilityof', 'nations', 'moreover', 'deaths', 'that', 'befell', 'result', 'novelcoronavirus', 'specified', 'deficiency', 'health', 'facilities', 'which', 'hadcaused', 'substantial', 'health', 'crisis', 'particularly', 'this', 'examinationanalyzed', 'effects', 'economic', 'health', 'crisis', 'thenovel', 'coronavirus', 'behavior', 'financial', 'markets', 'the1the', 'sars', 'fatality', 'rate', 'while', 'fatality', 'rate', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'around', 'globe', 'united', 'states', 'germany', 'united', 'kingdom', 'italy', 'andspain', 'period', 'february', '2020', 'april', '2020', 'this', 'study', 'elucidates', 'effects', 'executing', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'lagged', 'nardl', 'model', 'thisinvestigation', 'provides', 'remarkable', 'policies', 'handlethe', 'impacts', 'covid', 'financial', 'market', 'andanswers', 'momentous', 'queries', 'researchers', 'policymakers', 'government', 'officials', 'academicians', 'firstly', 'doescovid', 'have', 'linear', 'impact', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'secondly', 'does', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'instabilitygenerated', 'covid', 'have', 'more', 'significant', 'impact', 'thes', 'index', 'thirdly', 'does', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'index', 'respond', 'more', 'critically', 'covid', 'crisis', 'fourthly', 'does', 'economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'covid', 'orthe', 'health', 'crisis', 'have', 'more', 'significant', 'impact', 'stock', 'returns', 'fifthly', 'does', 'this', 'suspended', 'circle', 'economy', 'tolockdown', 'begin', 'again', 'according', 'author', 'best', 'knowledge', 'this', 'first', 'study', 'that', 'examines', 'asymmetrical', 'impactof', 'covid', 'psychology', 'stock', 'markets', 'mostlyinfected', 'nations', 'world', 'firstly', 'this', 'project', 'ascertainedthe', 'stationary', 'level', 'study', 'variables', 'discovered', 'that', 'thevariables', 'stationary', 'stationaryat', 'hence', 'linear', 'version', 'autoregressivedistributed', 'ardl', 'model', 'applied', 'data', 'methodologydatathis', 'study', 'utilized', 'daily', 'data', 'number', 'confirmedpatients', 'deaths', 'covid', 'stock', 'markets', 'ofthe', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'from', 'period', 'offebruary', '2020', 'april', '2020', 'this', 'study', 'taken', 'datafrom', 'database', 'yahoo', 'finance', 'european', 'centerfor', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'further', 'this', 'investigationanalyzed', 'daily', 'returns', 'ibex', 'ftse', 'andlondon', 'stock', 'exchange', 'nomination', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'however', 'nasdaq', 'compositeindex', 'represents', 'methodologythis', 'investigation', 'utilized', 'each', 'stock', 'market', 'daily', 'returns', 'asthe', 'dependent', 'variable', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths', 'theindependent', 'variable', 'daily', 'returns', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'arecomputed', 'follows', 'syllignakis', 'kouretas', '2011', 'shehzadand', 'sohail', '2018', 'csti', 'here', 'denote', 'return', 'value', 'time', 'closingprice', 'time', 'previous', 'closing', 'price', 'time', 'astock', 'market', 'respectively', 'linear', 'association', 'between', 'thesevariables', 'defined', '1sprt', 'β1usct', 'β2usdt', '1nsrt', 'β1usct', 'β2usdt', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '3shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19figure', 'deterioration', 'stock', 'markets', 'owing', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '4shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19figure', 'variations', 'global', 'financial', 'crisis', '2007', '2009', 'andcovid', 'crisis', '1ibert', 'β1spct', 'β2spdt', '1ftmrt', 'β1itlct', 'β2itldt', '1daxrt', 'β1gerct', 'β2gerdt', '1lsert', 'β1ukct', 'β2ukdt', 'where', 'signifies', 'first', 'difference', 'β0β1β2', 'theindependent', 'parameters', 'however', 'iber', 'ftmr', 'daxr', 'lser', 'defines', 'return', 'values', 'nasdaqcomposite', 'index', 'ibex', 'ftse', 'london', 'stock', 'exchange', 'respectively', 'moreover', 'itlc', 'gerc', 'indicate', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'respectively', 'further', 'itld', 'gerd', 'refer', 'confirmeddeaths', 'covid', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'andthe', 'respectively', 'ascertain', 'short', 'long', 'asymmetries', 'thisstudy', 'employed', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'nardl', 'model', 'introduced', 'shin', '2014', 'this', 'modelperforms', 'best', 'with', 'small', 'number', 'observations', 'beapplied', 'mixed', 'level', 'stationary', 'data', 'itevaluates', 'linearity', 'cointegration', 'between', 'variablesin', 'equation', 'shared', 'short', 'variations', 'long', 'runasymmetries', 'after', 'taking', 'long', 'parameters', 'into', 'account', 'shin', '2014', 'nardl', 'model', 'extended', 'form', 'ofthe', 'ardl', 'pesaran', '2001', 'model', 'hence', 'full', 'form', 'ofnardl', 'model', 'each', 'stock', 'market', 'specified', '1sprt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11sprt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11usc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11usc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11usd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11usd', 'γ1sprt', 'γ2ausc', 'γ2busc', 'γ3ausd', 'γ3busd', '1nsrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11nsrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11usc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11usc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11usd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11usd', 'γ1nsrt', 'γ2ausc', 'γ2busc', 'γ3ausd', 'γ3busd', '1ibert', 'ϑ1xpi', '11ibert', 'ϑ2axpi', '11spc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11spc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11spd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11spd', 'γ1ibert', 'γ2aspc', 'γ2bspc', 'γ3aspd', 'γ3bspd', '1ftmrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11ftmrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11itlc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11itlc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11itld', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11itld', 'γ1ftmrt', 'γ2aitlc', 'γ2bitlc', 'γ3aitld', 'γ3bitld', '1daxrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11daxrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11gerc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11gerc', 'ϑ3axpi', '11gerd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11gerd', 'γ1daxrt', 'γ2agerc', 'γ2bgerc', 'γ3agerd', 'γ3bgerd', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '5shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '191lsert', 'ϑ1xpi', '11lsert', 'ϑ2axpi', '11ukc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11ukc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11ukd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11ukd', 'γ1lsert', 'γ2aukc', 'γ2bukc', 'γ3aukd', 'γ3bukd', 'here', 'ϑ0ϑ1', 'ϑ2bϑ3aand', 'short', 'factors', 'whileγ1', 'γ3bindicates', 'long', 'parameters', 'whereas', 'symbolizes', 'number', 'used', 'modelbased', 'akaik', 'information', 'criterion', 'schwarz', 'informationcriterion', 'above', 'stated', 'equations', 'assumed', 'thatconfirmed', 'number', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'haveasymmetrical', 'impact', 'stock', 'returns', 'thus', 'itlc', 'itld', 'gerc', 'gerd', '1designates', 'positive', 'shock', 'though', 'itlc', 'itld', 'gerc', 'gerd', 'andukd', '1implies', 'negative', 'shock', 'each', 'variable', 'iscomputed', 'follows', '1max', '1min', 'here', 'delineates', 'positive', 'shock', 'variable', 'denotesthe', 'asymmetric', 'distributive', 'error', 'correction', 'form', 'forthese', 'factors', 'written', 'follows', '1sprt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11sprt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11usc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11usc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11usd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11usd', 'φ1ectt', '1nsrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11nsrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11usc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11usc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11usd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11usd', 'φ1ectt', '1ibert', 'ϑ1xpi', '11ibert', 'ϑ2axpi', '11spc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11spc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11spd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11spd', 'φ1ectt', '1ftmrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11ftmrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11itlc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11itlc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11itld', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11itld', 'φ1ectt', '1daxrt', 'ϑ1xpi', '11daxrt', 'ϑ2axpi', '11gerc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11gerc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11gerd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11gerd', 'φ1ectt', '1lsert', 'ϑ1xpi', '11lsert', 'ϑ2axpi', '11ukc', 'ϑ2bxpi', '11ukc', '1ϑ3axpi', '11ukd', 'ϑ3bxpi', '11ukd', 'φ1ectt', 'here', 'ectt', 'directs', 'error', 'correction', 'term', 'long', 'runcointegration', 'among', 'variables', 'examined', 'through', 'boundtest', 'approach', 'pesaran', '2001', 'this', 'method', 'relies', 'test', 'evaluate', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'this', 'purpose', 'pesaran', '2001', 'defined', 'bounds', 'upper', 'lower', 'bound', 'estimated', 'statistics', 'thehigher', 'than', 'upper', 'bound', 'limit', 'then', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'nocointegration', 'rejected', 'however', 'projected', 'value', 'test', 'lower', 'than', 'lower', 'bound', 'limit', 'then', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'cannotbe', 'rejected', 'besides', 'value', 'test', 'remains', 'between', 'bothlimits', 'then', 'results', 'conclusive', 'this', 'projectemployed', 'wald', 'test', 'verify', 'asymmetric', 'long', '2aγ1', '2bγ1', '3aγ1', '3bγ1andshort', 'runϑ', '2aϑ1', '2bϑ1', '3aϑ1', '3bϑ1asymmetricrelationship', 'between', 'study', 'variables', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '6shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19study', 'findingsthe', 'descriptive', 'summary', 'showed', 'table', 'during', 'covid', 'mean', 'stock', 'returns', 'negative', 'further', 'skewnessvalues', 'these', 'markets', 'also', 'negative', 'except', 'lser', 'withhigh', 'kurtosis', 'which', 'predicts', 'high', 'chances', 'loss', 'these', 'days', 'table', 'presents', 'results', 'augmented', 'dickey', 'fuller', 'test', 'dickey', 'fuller', '1979', 'phillip', 'perron', 'test', 'phillips', 'perron', '1988', 'showed', 'that', 'study', 'variableshave', 'diverse', 'stationary', 'levels', 'variableis', 'cointegrated', 'bound', 'test', 'cointegration', 'falloutsthe', 'outcomes', 'bound', 'test', 'displayed', 'table', 'disclosedsignificant', 'statistical', 'evidence', 'long', 'term', 'association', 'betweenstudy', 'variables', 'each', 'equation', 'statistics', 'jointsignificance', 'lagged', 'level', 'parameters', 'stated', 'respectively', 'these', 'valuessurpass', 'upper', 'bound', 'limits', 'shin', '2014', 'implyingthat', 'long', 'cointegration', 'exists', 'among', 'economic', 'crisis', 'healthcrisis', 'financial', 'markets', 'each', 'equation', 'long', 'short', 'asymmetriccointegration', 'reckoningtable', 'exhibited', 'upshots', 'wald', 'test', 'statisticsparticularized', 'that', 'have', 'linear', 'associationwith', 'however', 'revealed', 'short', 'asymmetricaffiliation', 'with', 'besides', 'caused', 'asymmetricinfluence', 'iber', 'both', 'long', 'term', 'short', 'term', 'periods', 'while', 'possessed', 'short', 'asymmetry', 'only', 'additionally', 'thetable', 'descriptive', 'statistics', 'iber', 'lser', 'uscmean', '41737', '2222', '1463', '08997', '2083', '70833', '28187', '3658', '956skewness', '68003', '687765', '641313', '027343', '392073', '081854', '35422', '186996kurtosis', '36907', '166164', '206693', '903565', '778953', '75376', '380136', '389965jarque', 'bera', '7798', '26244', '69524', '87966', '1793', '8589', '47298', '76708probability', '00434', '000161', '0usd', 'gerc', 'gerd', 'daxr', 'itld', 'itlc', 'ftmrmean', '3088', '18523', '1446', '54717', '42086', '9577', '1365', '40245skewness', '927378', '53985', '120857', '230936', '65869', '232889', '058817', '31595kurtosis', '43888', '59924', '573906', '120135', '135106', '868864', '472667', '04434jarque', 'bera', '9095', '44518', '49843', '45175', '59309', '03773', '08892', '3192probability', '000013', '003185', '000121', '000872', '0source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'unit', 'root', 'test', 'statistics', 'statisticsvariable', 'level', 'diff', 'level', 'diff', 'daxr', '893713', '54426', '057616', '2059', 'gerc', '293963', '969976', '971366', '51473', 'gerd', '935247', '359161', '147762', '393867', 'ftmr', '631659', '55646', '451458', '1619', 'itld', '127702', '174362', '400067', '35456', 'itlc', '300231', '849862', '488626', '372171', 'iber', '27056', '985616', '446574', '65801', '506727', '32241', '159422', '09496', '552953', '028486', '374729', '97616', 'lser', '775255', '591517', '768878', '87539', '816325', '578091', '746256', '61778', '429147', '36282', '571441', '31254', '89506', '022076', '13962', '8073', '847753', '567572', '310638', '46537', '138569', '097646', '384682', '006879', '66594', '40744', '64235', '28961', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '7shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'results', 'bound', 'test', 'test', 'statistic', 'value', 'signif', 'test', 'statistics', 'value', 'signif', 'ftmr', 'statistic', '02410', 'statistic', '165881', '37nsr', 'daxr', 'statistic', '11238', 'statistic', '23325', '37iber', 'lser', 'statistic', '490181', 'statistic', '03259', '37source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'wald', 'test', 'long', 'asymmetry', 'short', 'asymmetry', 'long', 'asymmetry', 'short', 'asymmetryspr', 'stat', 'stat', 'ftmr', 'stat', 'statusc', '242605', '2916usd', '1767nsr', 'daxrusc', '574046', 'gerc', 'gerc', '589403', '609162', 'gerd', '338933', 'gerd', 'iber', 'lserspc', '569179', '8616', '725822', '640751spd', '61007', '8974', '786146', '718125', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'results', 'ftmr', 'designated', 'that', 'itld', 'long', 'asymmetricrelationship', 'with', 'wald', 'statistics', 'gerc', 'enlightenedthat', 'both', 'long', 'short', 'linear', 'impacts', 'daxr', 'gerd', 'short', 'term', 'linear', 'affiliation', 'with', 'daxr', 'moreover', 'denotes', 'long', 'asymmetric', 'liaison', 'withlser', 'hence', 'existence', 'linearity', 'study', 'variablesled', 'choose', 'nardl', 'model', 'computing', 'long', 'andshort', 'factors', 'modeling', 'nardl', 'parametersthe', 'linear', 'fallouts', 'presented', 'table', 'illustratedthat', 'expansion', 'contraction', 'brings', 'reduction', 'andincrease', 'respectively', 'indicates', 'that', 'strict', 'lockdownsubstantially', 'decreases', 'market', 'returns', 'andvice', 'versa', 'further', 'positive', 'shock', 'caused', 'significantrise', 'short', 'lagged', 'values', 'specified', 'that', 'anegative', 'shock', 'amplified', 'besides', 'laggedterms', 'described', 'that', 'uptick', 'effect', 'improved', 'also', 'negative', 'shock', 'second', 'augmented', 'thespr', 'first', 'third', 'represents', 'reverse', 'impact', 'furthermore', 'negative', 'significant', 'value', 'ectt', 'statedthat', 'disequilibrium', 'occurred', 'today', 'covid', '19will', 'adjust', 'with', 'speed', 'units', 'subsequent', 'squared', 'value', 'indicated', 'that', 'volatility', 'isowing', 'covid', 'model', 'results', 'exhibited', 'table', 'particularizedthat', 'both', 'positive', 'negative', 'shocks', 'escalate', 'thensr', 'while', 'enlargement', 'reduction', 'instigate', 'decrease', 'increase', 'specifies', 'that', 'upsurge', 'health', 'crisisin', 'expressively', 'distressed', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'indexand', 'vice', 'versa', 'nonetheless', 'short', 'negative', 'shockin', 'demonstrated', 'imperative', 'decrease', 'whereas', 'expansion', 'lessens', 'negativeand', 'significant', 'ectt', 'parameter', 'stated', 'that', 'financial', 'instabilitygenerated', 'covid', 'would', 'settled', 'with', 'speed', '5units', 'next', 'square', 'value', 'signified', 'that', 'ofinstability', 'occurring', 'result', 'covid', 'finding', 'parameters', 'iber', 'model', 'table', 'identifiedthat', 'assertive', 'shock', 'encouraging', 'effect', 'iber', 'besides', 'adverse', 'shocks', 'remain', 'insignificant', 'other', 'hand', 'escalation', 'decline', 'negative', 'positive', 'influenceon', 'iber', 'implying', 'that', 'strict', 'lockdown', 'considerably', 'caused', 'thefinancial', 'crisis', 'spain', 'long', 'term', 'period', 'short', 'termperiod', 'intensification', 'decline', 'spdincreased', 'iber', 'negative', 'significant', 'value', 'ectt', '1elucidated', 'that', 'today', 'disequilibrium', 'iber', 'will', 'adjust', 'thenext', 'with', 'speed', 'units', 'coefficient', 'squarestated', 'that', 'variations', 'iber', 'owing', 'covid', 'table', 'displayed', 'fallouts', 'ftse', 'stock', 'market', 'condition', 'covid', 'italy', 'stock', 'markets', 'exposedfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '8shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'usc_neg', '047867', '003539', '52394', 'usc_neg', '061323', '003402', '02596', 'usc_neg', '108895', '005569', '55339', 'usc_neg', '072915', '003619', '14618', 'usd_pos', '713848', '036514', '55011', 'usd_pos', '23431', '014268', '42276', 'usd_pos', '194744', '01369', '22562', 'usd_pos', '334891', '029691', '27907', 'usd_neg', '377433', '055371', '816426', 'usd_neg', '65514', '097958', '89641', 'usd_neg', '074692', '02737', '728986', 'usd_neg', '650475', '235321', '51275', '0ectt', '369525', '066813', '49782', 'squared', '912909adjusted', 'squared', '892007durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '006439variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'usc_pos', '004491', '001667', '694157', '0099usc_neg', '054381', '014406', '774912', '0005usd_pos', '064436', '029631', '174626', '035usd_neg', '290139', '338048', '858278', '3953c', '181416', '264851', '684971', '4969', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'usd_neg', '039324', '019503', '016267', '0487d', 'usc_pos', '002147', '000382', '622014', 'usc_neg', '002319', '00069', '360414', '0014d', 'usc_neg', '008198', '001064', '703282', '0ectt', '501702', '093855', '00026', 'squared', '812596adjusted', 'squared', '800102durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '130245variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'usd_pos', '013042', '004465', '920922', '0051usd_neg', '026413', '030567', '864107', '3913usc_pos', '001013', '00034', '977381', '0043usc_neg', '004258', '001923', '214416', '031c', '525513', '274541', '914153', '0608', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'that', 'rise', 'reduction', 'itld', 'diminished', 'amplified', 'ftmr', 'inferring', 'that', 'heath', 'crisis', 'imperatively', 'contributes', 'italy', 'sfinancial', 'instability', 'long', 'term', 'period', 'addition', 'growthin', 'itlc', 'enlarged', 'ftmr', 'imperatively', 'sort', 'conditionin', 'italy', 'denoted', 'that', 'first', 'second', 'third', 'values', 'ftmrharmed', 'returns', 'also', 'growth', 'itlc', 'negativeimpression', 'ftmr', 'nonetheless', 'negative', 'shock', 'thesecond', 'value', 'itlc', 'indicated', 'encouraging', 'effect', 'onftmr', 'consequences', 'itld', 'symbolized', 'that', 'proliferationin', 'itld', 'possess', 'negative', 'sway', 'ftmer', 'first', 'andsecond', 'value', 'have', 'definite', 'sway', 'furthermore', 'declinein', 'itld', 'direct', 'influence', 'ftmr', 'negative', 'andsignificant', 'figure', 'ectt', 'itemized', 'that', 'ftmr', 'will', 'readjustthe', 'equilibrium', 'with', 'speed', 'units', 'each', 'squared', 'parameter', 'denoted', 'that', 'uncertainty', 'generated', 'inftmr', 'caused', 'covid', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '9shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'iber', 'variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'iber', '368944', '09522', '0003d', 'spd_pos', '018471', '009268', '0512d', 'spd_neg', '026216', '010675', '0172d', 'spc_pos', '001511', '000911', '6591', '1028d', 'spc_neg', '001832', '000966', '0631d', 'spc_neg', '00301', '000996', '0316', '0037d', 'spc_neg', '006948', '00129', '3867', '0ectt', '824331', '137511', 'squared', '726141adjusted', 'squared', '694191durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '154368variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'spd_pos', '053991', '01765', '0589', '0034spd_neg', '023488', '018017', '3037', '1978spc_pos', '006341', '001968', '0021spc_neg', '005173', '001945', '0102c', '636028', '428132', '1431', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'ftmr', 'variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'ftmr', '27947', '138377', '019624', '0493d', 'ftmr', '154875', '136743', '132605', '2632d', 'ftmr', '295127', '113398', '602569', '0124d', 'itlc_pos', '008711', '001397', '235569', 'itlc_pos', '015154', '003264', '642728', 'itlc_pos', '0047', '002589', '573306', '1225d', 'itlc_neg', '001115', '001937', '575378', '5678d', 'itlc_neg', '006885', '00198', '477965', '0011d', 'itlc_neg', '003758', '001782', '109409', '0404d', 'itld_pos', '06983', '014714', '745672', 'itld_pos', '023801', '011962', '989722', '0526d', 'itld_pos', '029575', '010511', '813763', '0072d', 'itld_neg', '002565', '012862', '199404', '8428d', 'itld_neg', '038093', '015194', '507186', '0158d', 'itld_neg', '04502', '013664', '294772', '0019ectt', '959373', '163657', '862111', 'squared', '851016adjusted', 'squared', '807197durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '763297variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'itlc_pos', '013317', '005649', '357295', '0227itlc_neg', '001321', '002682', '492464', '6247itld_pos', '109433', '053273', '054209', '0457itld_neg', '048345', '020559', '351573', '023c', '500777', '455916', '098396', '2777', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'parameters', 'table', 'directed', 'thelong', 'upsurge', 'diminution', 'gerd', 'compacted', 'enlarge', 'daxr', 'moreover', 'decline', 'gerc', 'alsoimproves', 'daxr', 'these', 'findings', 'revealed', 'that', 'both', 'lockdownand', 'health', 'crises', 'harmful', 'stock', 'markets', 'ofgermany', 'short', 'term', 'findings', 'described', 'that', 'second', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '10shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'daxr', 'variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'gerc_pos', '015476', '001209', '80122', 'gerc_pos', '012439', '001923', '467043', 'gerc_pos', '088025', '005402', '29596', 'gerc_pos', '057992', '003854', '04828', 'gerc_pos', '00647', '99249', 'gerc_neg', '05202', '004721', '11903', 'gerc_neg', '067796', '004325', '67443', 'gerc_neg', '044564', '003649', '21376', 'gerc_neg', '01327', '004158', '191441', '0041d', 'gerc_neg', '183056', '01145', '98705', 'gerd_pos', '101477', '313432', '27619', 'gerd_pos', '265597', '35462', '84858', 'gerd_pos', '054459', '100825', '540134', '5943d', 'gerd_pos', '261756', '386781', '18939', 'gerd_neg', '913296', '288936', '54383', 'gerd_neg', '64757', '850055', '56576', 'gerd_neg', '76795', '466544', '20677', 'gerd_neg', '4969', '21192', '08761', '0ectt', '497359', '029762', '71134', 'squared', '945788adjusted', 'squared', '910937durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '667758variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'gerc_pos', '016748', '035958', '465776', '6458gerc_neg', '255912', '1228', '083972', '0485gerd_pos', '28734', '569148', '548151', '018gerd_neg', '49979', '3728', '581496', '0167c', '440744', '93232', '617925', '0154', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'lser', 'variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'ukc_pos', '00127', '001661', '764723', '4475d', 'ukc_pos', '022345', '003248', '878603', 'ukc_neg', '009267', '002137', '337228', '0001d', 'ukd_pos', '03503', '00746', '695883', 'ukd_pos', '090212', '014812', '090388', '0ectt', '100754', '115104', '563147', 'squared', '651816adjusted', 'squared', '624182durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '867108variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob', 'ukc_pos', '003609', '00191', '889866', '0638ukc_neg', '003213', '002112', '521044', '1337ukd_pos', '075038', '02864', '620078', '0112ukd_neg', '086022', '035056', '453823', '0172c', '319529', '353596', '903654', '3699', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'third', 'fourth', 'positive', 'shocks', 'gerc', 'alessening', 'impact', 'daxr', 'however', 'negative', 'shock', 'ingerc', 'other', 'values', 'except', 'first', 'indicatedan', 'indirect', 'association', 'with', 'daxr', 'additionally', 'positiveshocks', 'gerd', 'quantified', 'mixed', 'impact', 'daxr', 'while', 'short', 'term', 'decline', 'gerd', 'negative', 'firstfrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '11shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19lag', 'second', 'third', 'values', 'point', 'positivelinkage', 'with', 'daxr', 'these', 'effects', 'because', 'instabilitygenerated', 'covid', 'squared', 'coefficientdiagnosed', 'that', 'instability', 'daxr', 'becauseof', 'covid', 'table', 'represents', 'results', 'london', 'stockexchange', 'concluding', 'coefficients', 'explored', 'thataugmentation', 'improved', 'lser', 'while', 'diminutionin', 'reduces', 'lser', 'long', 'term', 'period', 'althoughthe', 'growth', 'brought', 'significant', 'decrease', 'lser', 'short', 'term', 'period', 'outlined', 'that', 'positive', 'shocks', 'ukcreduced', 'lser', 'first', 'value', 'positive', 'shockin', 'showed', 'alternate', 'impression', 'additionally', 'anupturn', 'possesses', 'diminishing', 'impact', 'lser', 'these', 'outcomes', 'designated', 'that', 'lockdown', 'health', 'crisesgenerated', 'covid', 'negatively', 'impact', 'financialmarkets', 'short', 'term', 'period', 'value', 'ofectt', 'showed', 'that', 'fluxes', 'occurred', 'today', 'lser', 'will', 'getequilibrium', 'with', 'speed', 'units', 'next', 'square', 'value', 'reported', 'variation', 'lser', 'dueto', 'covid', 'figure', 'depicts', 'adjustment', 'asymmetriceffect', 'existing', 'long', 'equilibrium', 'once', 'moved', 'anew', 'long', 'equilibrium', 'result', 'positive', 'adverseshocks', 'asymmetric', 'plots', 'denote', 'alliance', 'dynamicmultipliers', 'owing', 'positive', 'adverse', 'shocks', 'ftse', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'ibex', 'lsemarkets', 'outcomes', 'revealed', 'that', 'these', 'markets', 'tremendouslyrespond', 'positive', 'negative', 'shocks', 'befallen', 'dueto', 'covid', 'diagnostic', 'parameters', 'evaluationthe', 'examination', 'employed', 'breusch', 'pagan', '2006', 'testto', 'diagnose', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'ineach', 'model', 'residuals', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'technique', 'ascertainfunctional', 'misspecification', 'cusum', 'cusumsq', 'plobergerand', 'kramer', '2006', 'test', 'define', 'reliability', 'parameters', 'conclusions', 'these', 'tests', 'given', 'table', 'nominatedthat', 'there', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'inthe', 'residuals', 'each', 'model', 'besides', 'plots', 'cusum', 'andcusumsq', 'presented', 'figure', 'remain', 'within', 'criticalboundaries', 'inferring', 'that', 'coefficients', 'nardl', 'modelare', 'stable', 'conclusioncovid', 'imperatively', 'shaken', 'economic', 'indicators', 'primarily', 'financial', 'markets', 'globe', 'number', 'ofpatients', 'deaths', 'result', 'covid', 'increasingday', 'economic', 'conditions', 'have', 'become', 'entirelyuncertain', 'moreover', 'financial', 'markets', 'world', 'fronteda', 'sudden', 'crash', 'their', 'market', 'values', 'this', 'investigationutilized', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'nardl', 'approach', 'estimate', 'linear', 'impact', 'economic', 'crisisand', 'health', 'crisis', 'generated', 'result', 'covid', '19pandemic', 'behavior', 'financial', 'markets', 'mostinfected', 'territories', 'europe', 'analysis', 'statedfigure', 'dynamic', 'multiplier', 'plots', 'that', 'returns', 'index', 'greatly', 'affected', 'bythe', 'economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'because', 'covid', 'theus', 'however', 'accession', 'health', 'crisis', 'because', 'ofcovid', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'indexreturns', 'these', 'results', 'confirmed', 'that', 'economic', 'instability', 'andthe', 'health', 'management', 'system', 'have', 'imperative', 'control', 'overthe', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'verdicts', 'elaborated', 'that', 'theeconomic', 'crisis', 'produced', 'result', 'lockdown', 'circumstancesin', 'spain', 'more', 'impact', 'ibex', 'compared', 'thefrontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '12shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19table', 'diagnostic', 'test', 'results', 'heteroskedasticity', 'value', 'serial', 'correlation', 'value', 'heteroskedasticity', 'value', 'serial', 'correlation', 'valuesr', 'ftmrf', 'statistic', 'statistic', '5464', 'statistic', 'statistic', '3644ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '3623', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '7672nsr', 'daxrheteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlationf', 'statistic', 'statistic', '6362', 'statistic', 'statistic', '8397ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '1927', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '2731iber', 'lserheteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlationf', 'statistic', 'statistic', '4019', 'statistic', 'statistic', '9939ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '4698', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '3502', 'denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation', 'figure', 'cusum', 'cusumsq', 'graph', 'health', 'crisis', 'that', 'resulted', 'spain', 'long', 'italy', 'sstock', 'markets', 'more', 'affected', 'health', 'crisis', 'than', 'theeconomic', 'crisis', 'while', 'short', 'economic', 'uncertaintyalso', 'lowered', 'stock', 'returns', 'ftse', 'nevertheless', 'thehealth', 'crisis', 'germany', 'pointing', 'significant', 'upsurge', 'inthe', 'economic', 'crisis', 'intimated', 'unimportant', 'impression', 'theftse', 'index', 'stock', 'markets', 'recorded', 'that', 'short', 'upsurge', 'health', 'crisis', 'imperativelydamages', 'stock', 'returns', 'index', 'thelong', 'this', 'influence', 'left', 'reverse', 'therefore', 'thisresearch', 'authenticated', 'that', 'health', 'crisis', 'begun', 'with', 'covid', 'devised', 'another', 'global', 'financial', 'crisis', 'almostevery', 'nation', 'fighting', 'with', 'these', 'crises', 'today', 'moreover', 'study', 'disclosed', 'that', 'economic', 'uncertainty', 'generated', 'bycovid', 'highest', 'german', 'stock', 'markets', 'whilethe', 'index', 'second', 'ranking', 'italianstock', 'markets', 'third', 'ranking', 'study', 'concludedthat', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'crisis', 'ominously', 'affectedthe', 'stock', 'markets', 'globe', 'consequently', 'significantamount', 'should', 'allocated', 'budget', 'explore', 'andprevent', 'these', 'pandemics', 'future', 'further', 'completelockdown', 'strategy', 'does', 'prove', 'excellent', 'remedyas', 'harms', 'financial', 'markets', 'other', 'strategies', 'should', 'bedeveloped', 'smart', 'partial', 'lockdown', 'these', 'suggestions', 'areessential', 'policymakers', 'government', 'officials', 'researchers', 'andthe', 'general', 'public', 'frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time', '13shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid', '19data', 'availability', 'statementpublicly', 'available', 'datasets', 'were', 'analyzed', 'this', 'study', 'this', 'datacan', 'found', 'here', 'https', 'ecdc', 'europa', 'author', 'contributionsks', 'conceptualization', 'analysis', 'methodology', 'supervision', 'introduction', 'results', 'discussion', 'andconclusion', 'revising', 'work', 'proofreading', 'visualization', 'authors', 'contributed', 'article', 'approved', 'thesubmitted', 'version']
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=10
words=word_count_psy
model_psy=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=words))#dict and encoding matrix values
#top 5 words generated from psychology dataset
dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=5))
{'2020': 0.4097549480231352,
'covid': 0.37354491310215926,
'psycholog': 0.2500233429332007,
'pandem': 0.21749252372444458,
'impact': 0.1958265527003977}
#wordcloud for top 10 words
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph27.png')
# Cosine similarity matrix for top 5 words
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_psychology,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled8.png')
cosine-similarity
2020 covid psycholog pandem impact
2020 1 0.553352 0.15666 0.725075 0.507801
covid 0.553352 1 0.538492 0.428987 0.545456
psycholog 0.15666 0.538492 1 0.418044 0.297771
pandem 0.725075 0.428987 0.418044 1 0.645128
impact 0.507801 0.545456 0.297771 0.645128 1
#generating networkx graph for top 5 words
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='r',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig8.png')
# defining mantel test function
def mantel_test(n):
#all words from corpus
words_science = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=word_count_science))
words_psy = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=word_count_psy))
#top words from the corpus
top_words_science = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=n))
top_words_psy = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=n))
#Finding out the weights of top 5 law words in covid science and updating their weights w.r.t psychology dataset
c={}
for key in top_words_science:
try:
c[key] = words_psy[key]
except KeyError:
c[key] = 0
top_words_psy.update(c)
#Finding out the weights of top 5 law words in covid psychology and updating their weights w.r.t covid science dataset
b={}
for key in top_words_psy:
try:
b[key] = words_science[key]
except KeyError:
b[key] = 0
b.update(top_words_science)
top_words_science=b
#pairwise distance for top 10 words in covid science
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_from_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn=word_count_science))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_from_science,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words_science.keys()),
index = list(top_words_science.keys()))
l = list(top_words_science.keys())
print('Pairwise-distance')
for i in l:
for j in l:
try:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
except KeyError:
matrix=np.zeros((2,3))
n = s.metrics.pairwise.nan_euclidean_distances(matrix, matrix)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
df1 = df.to_numpy()
#pairwise distace of top 10 words in psychology dataset
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_from_psy =dict(model_psy.show_topic(i, topn=word_count_psy))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_from_psy,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words_psy.keys()),
index = list(top_words_psy.keys()))
l = list(top_words_psy.keys())
print('Pairwise-distance')
for i in l:
for j in l:
try:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
except KeyError:
matrix=np.zeros((2,3))
n = s.metrics.pairwise.nan_euclidean_distances(matrix, matrix)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
df2 = df.to_numpy()
dist1 = list(df1[np.triu_indices(len(top_words_science), k = 1)])
dist2 = list(df2[np.triu_indices(len(top_words_psy), k = 1)])
return mantel.test(dist1, dist2, perms=100000, method='pearson', tail='upper')
#mantel test with 10 word network
mantel_test(5)
Pairwise-distance
2020 covid psycholog pandem impact model \
2020 0 0.534783 0.305609 0.363047 0.310612 0.635014
covid 0.534783 0 0.483042 0.494405 0.463392 0.703598
psycholog 0.305609 0.483042 8.23181e-11 0.161631 0.0565689 0.642125
pandem 0.363047 0.494405 0.161631 0 0.186003 0.646317
impact 0.310612 0.463392 0.0565689 0.186003 0 0.649139
model 0.635014 0.703598 0.642125 0.646317 0.649139 0
imag 0.658395 0.487238 0.541685 0.587713 0.545382 0.936326
use 0.321917 0.464427 0.349711 0.377897 0.349062 0.694206
class 0.447607 0.333658 0.383029 0.462755 0.367729 0.761075
imag use class
2020 0.658395 0.321917 0.447607
covid 0.487238 0.464427 0.333658
psycholog 0.541685 0.349711 0.383029
pandem 0.587713 0.377897 0.462755
impact 0.545382 0.349062 0.367729
model 0.936326 0.694206 0.761075
imag 0 0.481729 0.505198
use 0.481729 5.26836e-09 0.452952
class 0.505198 0.452952 0
Pairwise-distance
2020 covid psycholog pandem impact model \
2020 0 0.505063 0.672686 0.432156 0.512852 0.57884
covid 0.505063 0 0.407881 0.401712 0.361303 0.400188
psycholog 0.672686 0.407881 0 0.400096 0.42986 0.433394
pandem 0.432156 0.401712 0.400096 0 0.24077 0.304339
impact 0.512852 0.361303 0.42986 0.24077 0 0.260406
model 0.57884 0.400188 0.433394 0.304339 0.260406 0
imag 0.595126 0.425849 0.426358 0.291066 0.283301 0.0781712
use 0.633227 0.417661 0.295343 0.309249 0.316602 0.177739
class 0.598411 0.425174 0.424199 0.29679 0.281428 0.0757704
imag use class
2020 0.595126 0.633227 0.598411
covid 0.425849 0.417661 0.425174
psycholog 0.426358 0.295343 0.424199
pandem 0.291066 0.309249 0.29679
impact 0.283301 0.316602 0.281428
model 0.0781712 0.177739 0.0757704
imag 0 0.158667 0.0402415
use 0.158667 2.63418e-09 0.154272
class 0.0402415 0.154272 3.29272e-10
(-0.3228753417554325, 0.88872, -1.1434671968358807)
#mantel test with 20 word network
mantel_test(10)
Pairwise-distance
2020 covid psycholog pandem impact health \
2020 0 0.534783 0.305609 0.363047 0.310612 0.308508
covid 0.534783 0 0.483042 0.494405 0.463392 0.455973
psycholog 0.305609 0.483042 8.23181e-11 0.161631 0.0565689 0.0726313
pandem 0.363047 0.494405 0.161631 0 0.186003 0.147486
impact 0.310612 0.463392 0.0565689 0.186003 0 0.0614011
health 0.308508 0.455973 0.0726313 0.147486 0.0614011 0
market 0.298177 0.484587 0.0140432 0.160027 0.0635518 0.0768204
econom 0.308531 0.479701 0.0157494 0.151438 0.0621237 0.0696727
global 0.333443 0.486064 0.0770943 0.110073 0.111356 0.085622
sustain 0.307778 0.48355 0.0104329 0.153619 0.0628686 0.0733919
model 0.635014 0.703598 0.642125 0.646317 0.649139 0.637645
imag 0.658395 0.487238 0.541685 0.587713 0.545382 0.555834
use 0.321917 0.464427 0.349711 0.377897 0.349062 0.335448
class 0.447607 0.333658 0.383029 0.462755 0.367729 0.381243
data 0.480258 0.444024 0.390212 0.342444 0.389558 0.387973
dataset 0.331684 0.323608 0.271015 0.326681 0.266218 0.264145
learn 0.577585 0.585678 0.484239 0.491685 0.444625 0.427751
detect 0.430859 0.482478 0.289782 0.368138 0.295171 0.318517
perform 0.361485 0.540009 0.31652 0.358585 0.334573 0.311642
market econom global sustain model imag \
2020 0.298177 0.308531 0.333443 0.307778 0.635014 0.658395
covid 0.484587 0.479701 0.486064 0.48355 0.703598 0.487238
psycholog 0.0140432 0.0157494 0.0770943 0.0104329 0.642125 0.541685
pandem 0.160027 0.151438 0.110073 0.153619 0.646317 0.587713
impact 0.0635518 0.0621237 0.111356 0.0628686 0.649139 0.545382
health 0.0768204 0.0696727 0.085622 0.0733919 0.637645 0.555834
market 0 0.0213546 0.0773713 0.0162195 0.643042 0.53992
econom 0.0213546 2.32831e-10 0.0702706 0.0125576 0.642047 0.545831
global 0.0773713 0.0702706 0 0.0683874 0.631719 0.549419
sustain 0.0162195 0.0125576 0.0683874 0 0.64075 0.542939
model 0.643042 0.642047 0.631719 0.64075 0 0.936326
imag 0.53992 0.545831 0.549419 0.542939 0.936326 0
use 0.34212 0.353776 0.346131 0.351068 0.694206 0.481729
class 0.385564 0.381112 0.402811 0.384581 0.761075 0.505198
data 0.392224 0.385228 0.38517 0.385959 0.617515 0.663423
dataset 0.271098 0.26479 0.292896 0.271927 0.686945 0.527931
learn 0.488965 0.488098 0.47507 0.485932 0.771095 0.736457
detect 0.294642 0.297331 0.324151 0.292679 0.606783 0.493486
perform 0.31498 0.319565 0.306806 0.316264 0.466261 0.628683
use class data dataset learn detect \
2020 0.321917 0.447607 0.480258 0.331684 0.577585 0.430859
covid 0.464427 0.333658 0.444024 0.323608 0.585678 0.482478
psycholog 0.349711 0.383029 0.390212 0.271015 0.484239 0.289782
pandem 0.377897 0.462755 0.342444 0.326681 0.491685 0.368138
impact 0.349062 0.367729 0.389558 0.266218 0.444625 0.295171
health 0.335448 0.381243 0.387973 0.264145 0.427751 0.318517
market 0.34212 0.385564 0.392224 0.271098 0.488965 0.294642
econom 0.353776 0.381112 0.385228 0.26479 0.488098 0.297331
global 0.346131 0.402811 0.38517 0.292896 0.47507 0.324151
sustain 0.351068 0.384581 0.385959 0.271927 0.485932 0.292679
model 0.694206 0.761075 0.617515 0.686945 0.771095 0.606783
imag 0.481729 0.505198 0.663423 0.527931 0.736457 0.493486
use 5.26836e-09 0.452952 0.561825 0.402095 0.507767 0.466906
class 0.452952 0 0.518334 0.210767 0.609299 0.469057
data 0.561825 0.518334 0 0.408061 0.605955 0.378607
dataset 0.402095 0.210767 0.408061 0 0.582237 0.394169
learn 0.507767 0.609299 0.605955 0.582237 0 0.578129
detect 0.466906 0.469057 0.378607 0.394169 0.578129 5.26836e-09
perform 0.392909 0.507102 0.519989 0.405435 0.536292 0.376051
perform
2020 0.361485
covid 0.540009
psycholog 0.31652
pandem 0.358585
impact 0.334573
health 0.311642
market 0.31498
econom 0.319565
global 0.306806
sustain 0.316264
model 0.466261
imag 0.628683
use 0.392909
class 0.507102
data 0.519989
dataset 0.405435
learn 0.536292
detect 0.376051
perform 5.26836e-09
Pairwise-distance
2020 covid psycholog pandem impact health \
2020 0 0.505063 0.672686 0.432156 0.512852 0.434606
covid 0.505063 0 0.407881 0.401712 0.361303 0.328222
psycholog 0.672686 0.407881 0 0.400096 0.42986 0.472691
pandem 0.432156 0.401712 0.400096 0 0.24077 0.290657
impact 0.512852 0.361303 0.42986 0.24077 0 0.314501
health 0.434606 0.328222 0.472691 0.290657 0.314501 0
market 0.781733 0.645259 0.550981 0.56435 0.596905 0.61346
econom 0.56354 0.392692 0.486385 0.305459 0.107627 0.323205
global 0.56389 0.422285 0.419721 0.208335 0.131422 0.305391
sustain 0.586687 0.464904 0.462563 0.260812 0.122849 0.371079
model 0.57884 0.400188 0.433394 0.304339 0.260406 0.266205
imag 0.595126 0.425849 0.426358 0.291066 0.283301 0.263709
use 0.633227 0.417661 0.295343 0.309249 0.316602 0.333201
class 0.598411 0.425174 0.424199 0.29679 0.281428 0.285821
data 0.604245 0.408811 0.356739 0.288379 0.297193 0.268307
dataset 0.593534 0.425924 0.422955 0.295465 0.277013 0.27701
learn 0.539011 0.420198 0.429224 0.262862 0.28251 0.262265
detect 0.589569 0.425068 0.421899 0.291774 0.279492 0.276831
perform 0.634514 0.486374 0.448863 0.3418 0.347315 0.344419
market econom global sustain model imag \
2020 0.781733 0.56354 0.56389 0.586687 0.57884 0.595126
covid 0.645259 0.392692 0.422285 0.464904 0.400188 0.425849
psycholog 0.550981 0.486385 0.419721 0.462563 0.433394 0.426358
pandem 0.56435 0.305459 0.208335 0.260812 0.304339 0.291066
impact 0.596905 0.107627 0.131422 0.122849 0.260406 0.283301
health 0.61346 0.323205 0.305391 0.371079 0.266205 0.263709
market 1.49012e-08 0.574963 0.556762 0.616914 0.488692 0.524363
econom 0.574963 0 0.150939 0.151382 0.22559 0.264474
global 0.556762 0.150939 0 0.102909 0.210995 0.210523
sustain 0.616914 0.151382 0.102909 5.26836e-09 0.272011 0.275262
model 0.488692 0.22559 0.210995 0.272011 0 0.0781712
imag 0.524363 0.264474 0.210523 0.275262 0.0781712 0
use 0.467781 0.327387 0.253201 0.317553 0.177739 0.158667
class 0.5229 0.263481 0.214048 0.272265 0.0757704 0.0402415
data 0.484607 0.293467 0.223786 0.298096 0.120077 0.0864051
dataset 0.519603 0.257734 0.209978 0.26935 0.0661687 0.0296333
learn 0.538972 0.280966 0.224054 0.282687 0.111026 0.0850276
detect 0.523307 0.263573 0.212188 0.272973 0.0733222 0.0331416
perform 0.561953 0.327319 0.270815 0.325933 0.211688 0.197754
use class data dataset learn \
2020 0.633227 0.598411 0.604245 0.593534 0.539011
covid 0.417661 0.425174 0.408811 0.425924 0.420198
psycholog 0.295343 0.424199 0.356739 0.422955 0.429224
pandem 0.309249 0.29679 0.288379 0.295465 0.262862
impact 0.316602 0.281428 0.297193 0.277013 0.28251
health 0.333201 0.285821 0.268307 0.27701 0.262265
market 0.467781 0.5229 0.484607 0.519603 0.538972
econom 0.327387 0.263481 0.293467 0.257734 0.280966
global 0.253201 0.214048 0.223786 0.209978 0.224054
sustain 0.317553 0.272265 0.298096 0.26935 0.282687
model 0.177739 0.0757704 0.120077 0.0661687 0.111026
imag 0.158667 0.0402415 0.0864051 0.0296333 0.0850276
use 2.63418e-09 0.154272 0.0884848 0.153277 0.179872
class 0.154272 3.29272e-10 0.0988606 0.0226266 0.0745522
data 0.0884848 0.0988606 0 0.0926619 0.12965
dataset 0.153277 0.0226266 0.0926619 1.16415e-10 0.0757401
learn 0.179872 0.0745522 0.12965 0.0757401 1.31709e-09
detect 0.152052 0.022666 0.0934608 0.0147952 0.0659336
perform 0.256703 0.19733 0.217991 0.194789 0.205128
detect perform
2020 0.589569 0.634514
covid 0.425068 0.486374
psycholog 0.421899 0.448863
pandem 0.291774 0.3418
impact 0.279492 0.347315
health 0.276831 0.344419
market 0.523307 0.561953
econom 0.263573 0.327319
global 0.212188 0.270815
sustain 0.272973 0.325933
model 0.0733222 0.211688
imag 0.0331416 0.197754
use 0.152052 0.256703
class 0.022666 0.19733
data 0.0934608 0.217991
dataset 0.0147952 0.194789
learn 0.0659336 0.205128
detect 0 0.196208
perform 0.196208 3.72529e-09
(-0.26948036532583, 0.92241, -1.3543149889229291)
# mantel test for covid science and non science dataset(Not necessary for experimental results of project)
def mantel_test_n(n):
words_science = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=word_count_science))
words_nscience = dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=word_count_nscience))
top_words_science = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=n))
top_words_nscience = dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0,topn=n))
c={}
for key in top_words_science:
try:
c[key] = words_nscience[key]
except KeyError:
c[key] = 0
top_words_nscience.update(c)
b={}
for key in top_words_nscience:
try:
b[key] = words_science[key]
except KeyError:
b[key] = 0
b.update(top_words_science)
top_words_science=b
#pairwise distance
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_from_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn=word_count_science))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_from_science,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words_science.keys()),
index = list(top_words_science.keys()))
l = list(top_words_science.keys())
print('Pairwise-distance')
for i in l:
for j in l:
try:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
except KeyError:
matrix=np.zeros((2,3))
n = s.metrics.pairwise.nan_euclidean_distances(matrix, matrix)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
df1 = df.to_numpy()
#pairwise distace
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_from_nscience =dict(model_nscience.show_topic(i, topn=word_count_nscience))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_from_nscience,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words_nscience.keys()),
index = list(top_words_nscience.keys()))
l = list(top_words_nscience.keys())
print('Pairwise-distance')
for i in l:
for j in l:
try:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
except KeyError:
matrix=np.zeros((2,3))
n = s.metrics.pairwise.nan_euclidean_distances(matrix, matrix)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
df2 = df.to_numpy()
dist1 = list(df1[np.triu_indices(len(top_words_science), k = 1)])
dist2 = list(df2[np.triu_indices(len(top_words_nscience), k = 1)])
return mantel.test(dist1, dist2, perms=100000, method='pearson', tail='upper')
mantel_test_n(5)
Pairwise-distance
test peopl covid symptom case model \
test 0 0.347187 0.598824 0.490315 0.708188 0.817206
peopl 0.347187 2.63418e-09 0.495797 0.170185 0.478369 0.674606
covid 0.598824 0.495797 0 0.48347 0.647243 0.703598
symptom 0.490315 0.170185 0.48347 0 0.462958 0.642135
case 0.708188 0.478369 0.647243 0.462958 0 0.703596
model 0.817206 0.674606 0.703598 0.642135 0.703596 0
imag 0.738193 0.617784 0.487238 0.542373 0.76704 0.936326
use 0.599348 0.38579 0.464427 0.341378 0.423972 0.694206
class 0.644169 0.434128 0.333658 0.379857 0.591853 0.761075
imag use class
test 0.738193 0.599348 0.644169
peopl 0.617784 0.38579 0.434128
covid 0.487238 0.464427 0.333658
symptom 0.542373 0.341378 0.379857
case 0.76704 0.423972 0.591853
model 0.936326 0.694206 0.761075
imag 0 0.481729 0.505198
use 0.481729 5.26836e-09 0.452952
class 0.505198 0.452952 0
Pairwise-distance
test peopl covid symptom case model imag \
test 0 0.420708 0.690423 0.438307 0.623112 0.655078 0
peopl 0.420708 0 0.517606 0.137618 0.441811 0.318337 0
covid 0.690423 0.517606 1.05367e-08 0.531865 0.487958 0.474083 0
symptom 0.438307 0.137618 0.531865 0 0.383702 0.249292 0
case 0.623112 0.441811 0.487958 0.383702 0 0.377843 0
model 0.655078 0.318337 0.474083 0.249292 0.377843 0 0
imag 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
use 0.681963 0.336553 0.459937 0.281959 0.366467 0.119021 0
class 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
use class
test 0.681963 0
peopl 0.336553 0
covid 0.459937 0
symptom 0.281959 0
case 0.366467 0
model 0.119021 0
imag 0 0
use 0 0
class 0 0
(0.04021584263963283, 0.45563, 0.14217850358220085)
mantel_test_n(10)
Pairwise-distance
test peopl covid symptom case fever \
test 0 0.347187 0.598824 0.490315 0.708188 0.489603
peopl 0.347187 2.63418e-09 0.495797 0.170185 0.478369 0.176437
covid 0.598824 0.495797 0 0.48347 0.647243 0.483824
symptom 0.490315 0.170185 0.48347 0 0.462958 0.0202001
case 0.708188 0.478369 0.647243 0.462958 0 0.476708
fever 0.489603 0.176437 0.483824 0.0202001 0.476708 0
travel 0.491367 0.176591 0.480921 0.0255815 0.478376 0.0191061
respiratori 0.490401 0.179602 0.48307 0.0320539 0.469788 0.0291233
contact 0.433678 0.117499 0.482128 0.0598675 0.474281 0.0613826
worker 0.460651 0.147935 0.481982 0.0357449 0.481602 0.0324904
model 0.817206 0.674606 0.703598 0.642135 0.703596 0.644656
imag 0.738193 0.617784 0.487238 0.542373 0.76704 0.535371
use 0.599348 0.38579 0.464427 0.341378 0.423972 0.344298
class 0.644169 0.434128 0.333658 0.379857 0.591853 0.385153
data 0.589202 0.407039 0.444024 0.390682 0.5335 0.393011
dataset 0.474502 0.263405 0.323608 0.265979 0.519083 0.273091
learn 0.733428 0.531913 0.585678 0.488368 0.690083 0.488483
detect 0.551551 0.376064 0.482478 0.293118 0.555888 0.290483
perform 0.584153 0.364401 0.540009 0.313099 0.569409 0.316373
travel respiratori contact worker model \
test 0.491367 0.490401 0.433678 0.460651 0.817206
peopl 0.176591 0.179602 0.117499 0.147935 0.674606
covid 0.480921 0.48307 0.482128 0.481982 0.703598
symptom 0.0255815 0.0320539 0.0598675 0.0357449 0.642135
case 0.478376 0.469788 0.474281 0.481602 0.703596
fever 0.0191061 0.0291233 0.0613826 0.0324904 0.644656
travel 2.32831e-10 0.040499 0.064308 0.0348743 0.641208
respiratori 0.040499 6.58545e-10 0.068371 0.0489126 0.634773
contact 0.064308 0.068371 0 0.0337389 0.649579
worker 0.0348743 0.0489126 0.0337389 0 0.645047
model 0.641208 0.634773 0.649579 0.645047 0
imag 0.543357 0.527665 0.557435 0.548846 0.936326
use 0.35092 0.325985 0.35306 0.355599 0.694206
class 0.38565 0.390128 0.397687 0.388204 0.761075
data 0.384323 0.40137 0.391187 0.389755 0.617515
dataset 0.273946 0.276128 0.258653 0.263886 0.686945
learn 0.474716 0.487677 0.500787 0.492966 0.771095
detect 0.289378 0.286214 0.306398 0.29498 0.606783
perform 0.317177 0.294292 0.323269 0.320012 0.466261
imag use class data dataset learn \
test 0.738193 0.599348 0.644169 0.589202 0.474502 0.733428
peopl 0.617784 0.38579 0.434128 0.407039 0.263405 0.531913
covid 0.487238 0.464427 0.333658 0.444024 0.323608 0.585678
symptom 0.542373 0.341378 0.379857 0.390682 0.265979 0.488368
case 0.76704 0.423972 0.591853 0.5335 0.519083 0.690083
fever 0.535371 0.344298 0.385153 0.393011 0.273091 0.488483
travel 0.543357 0.35092 0.38565 0.384323 0.273946 0.474716
respiratori 0.527665 0.325985 0.390128 0.40137 0.276128 0.487677
contact 0.557435 0.35306 0.397687 0.391187 0.258653 0.500787
worker 0.548846 0.355599 0.388204 0.389755 0.263886 0.492966
model 0.936326 0.694206 0.761075 0.617515 0.686945 0.771095
imag 0 0.481729 0.505198 0.663423 0.527931 0.736457
use 0.481729 5.26836e-09 0.452952 0.561825 0.402095 0.507767
class 0.505198 0.452952 0 0.518334 0.210767 0.609299
data 0.663423 0.561825 0.518334 0 0.408061 0.605955
dataset 0.527931 0.402095 0.210767 0.408061 0 0.582237
learn 0.736457 0.507767 0.609299 0.605955 0.582237 0
detect 0.493486 0.466906 0.469057 0.378607 0.394169 0.578129
perform 0.628683 0.392909 0.507102 0.519989 0.405435 0.536292
detect perform
test 0.551551 0.584153
peopl 0.376064 0.364401
covid 0.482478 0.540009
symptom 0.293118 0.313099
case 0.555888 0.569409
fever 0.290483 0.316373
travel 0.289378 0.317177
respiratori 0.286214 0.294292
contact 0.306398 0.323269
worker 0.29498 0.320012
model 0.606783 0.466261
imag 0.493486 0.628683
use 0.466906 0.392909
class 0.469057 0.507102
data 0.378607 0.519989
dataset 0.394169 0.405435
learn 0.578129 0.536292
detect 5.26836e-09 0.376051
perform 0.376051 5.26836e-09
Pairwise-distance
test peopl covid symptom case fever \
test 0 0.420708 0.690423 0.438307 0.623112 0.482889
peopl 0.420708 0 0.517606 0.137618 0.441811 0.161147
covid 0.690423 0.517606 1.05367e-08 0.531865 0.487958 0.515485
symptom 0.438307 0.137618 0.531865 0 0.383702 0.0571771
case 0.623112 0.441811 0.487958 0.383702 0 0.385108
fever 0.482889 0.161147 0.515485 0.0571771 0.385108 0
travel 0.497285 0.17313 0.509594 0.0728513 0.379556 0.0177872
respiratori 0.497285 0.17313 0.509594 0.0728513 0.379556 0.0177872
contact 0.514832 0.27151 0.390354 0.215006 0.386427 0.183211
worker 0.511895 0.186044 0.504262 0.0893207 0.374767 0.0355745
model 0.655078 0.318337 0.474083 0.249292 0.377843 0.199416
imag 0 0 0 0 0 0
use 0.681963 0.336553 0.459937 0.281959 0.366467 0.235385
class 0 0 0 0 0 0
data 0.687995 0.366696 0.48532 0.305557 0.36574 0.262102
dataset 0 0 0 0 0 0
learn 0 0 0 0 0 0
detect 0.650497 0.329389 0.481471 0.249021 0.348243 0.202921
perform 0 0 0 0 0 0
travel respiratori contact worker model imag \
test 0.497285 0.497285 0.514832 0.511895 0.655078 0
peopl 0.17313 0.17313 0.27151 0.186044 0.318337 0
covid 0.509594 0.509594 0.390354 0.504262 0.474083 0
symptom 0.0728513 0.0728513 0.215006 0.0893207 0.249292 0
case 0.379556 0.379556 0.386427 0.374767 0.377843 0
fever 0.0177872 0.0177872 0.183211 0.0355745 0.199416 0
travel 3.72529e-09 3.72529e-09 0.176522 0.0177872 0.181951 0
respiratori 3.72529e-09 3.72529e-09 0.176522 0.0177872 0.181951 0
contact 0.176522 0.176522 0 0.171425 0.206653 0
worker 0.0177872 0.0177872 0.171425 0 0.164554 0
model 0.181951 0.181951 0.206653 0.164554 0 0
imag 0 0 0 0 0 0
use 0.22021 0.22021 0.216514 0.205455 0.119021 0
class 0 0 0 0 0 0
data 0.248441 0.248441 0.262947 0.235331 0.17412 0
dataset 0 0 0 0 0 0
learn 0 0 0 0 0 0
detect 0.185354 0.185354 0.214518 0.167834 0.0487495 0
perform 0 0 0 0 0 0
use class data dataset learn detect perform
test 0.681963 0 0.687995 0 0 0.650497 0
peopl 0.336553 0 0.366696 0 0 0.329389 0
covid 0.459937 0 0.48532 0 0 0.481471 0
symptom 0.281959 0 0.305557 0 0 0.249021 0
case 0.366467 0 0.36574 0 0 0.348243 0
fever 0.235385 0 0.262102 0 0 0.202921 0
travel 0.22021 0 0.248441 0 0 0.185354 0
respiratori 0.22021 0 0.248441 0 0 0.185354 0
contact 0.216514 0 0.262947 0 0 0.214518 0
worker 0.205455 0 0.235331 0 0 0.167834 0
model 0.119021 0 0.17412 0 0 0.0487495 0
imag 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
use 0 0 0.138263 0 0 0.127233 0
class 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data 0.138263 0 2.63418e-09 0 0 0.170871 0
dataset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
learn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
detect 0.127233 0 0.170871 0 0 0 0
perform 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(0.1288500457983727, 0.25871, 0.6828840309304662)
#loading dataset
def load_data(path,file_name):
"""
Input : path and file_name
Purpose: loading text file
Output : list of paragraphs/documents and
title(initial 100 words considred as title of document)
"""
documents_list = []
titles=[]
document = ''
i=0
with open( os.path.join(path, file_name) ,"r",encoding="utf8") as fin:
data = fin.read()
words = data.split()
fin.seek(0)
print('Number of words in text file :', len(words))
for word in words:
i=i+1
document = document+word+' '
if i == 200:
documents_list.append(document)
document,i = '',0
if len(documents_list) == 2:
break
print("Total Number of Documents:",len(documents_list))
#titles.append( text[0:min(len(text),100)] )
return documents_list,titles,len(words)
document_list,titles,word_count_science=load_data("","covid-science-small.txt")
Number of words in text file : 59691 Total Number of Documents: 2
#data preprocessing/cleaning
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', 'tabik', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'area', 'charte', 'guirado', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova', 'olmedo', 'sánchez', 'herrera', 'abstract', 'currently', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'most', 'infectious', 'diseases', '21st', 'century', 'diagnosed', 'using', 'testing', 'scans', 'chest', 'images', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scanners', 'testing', 'available', 'most', 'medical', 'centers', 'hence', 'many', 'cases', 'images', 'become', 'most', 'time', 'cost', 'effective', 'tool', 'assisting', 'clinicians', 'making', 'decisions', 'deep', 'learning', 'neural', 'networks', 'have', 'great', 'potential', 'building', 'covid', 'triage', 'systems', 'detecting', 'covid', 'patients', 'especially', 'patients', 'with', 'severity', 'unfortunately', 'current', 'databases', 'allow', 'building', 'such', 'systems', 'they', 'highly', 'heterogeneous', 'biased', 'towards', 'severe', 'cases', 'this', 'article', 'threefold', 'demystify', 'high', 'sensitivities', 'achieved', 'most', 'recent', 'covid', 'classification', 'models', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'with', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'cecilio', 'granada', 'spain', 'built', 'covidgr', 'homogeneous', 'balanced', 'database', 'that', 'includes', 'levels', 'manuscript', 'received', 'september', '2020', 'revised', 'october', '2020', 'accepted', 'november', '2020', 'date'] ['publication', 'november', '2020', 'date', 'current', 'version', 'december', '2020', 'this', 'work', 'supported', 'project', 'deepscop', 'ayudas', 'fundación', 'bbva', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'data', '2018', 'covid19_rx', 'ayudas', 'fundación', 'bbva', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'sars', 'covid', '2020', 'spanish', 'ministry', 'science', 'technology', 'under', 'project', 'tin2017', '89517', 'tabik', 'supported', 'ramon', 'cajal', 'programme', '2015', '18136', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu16', '04765', 'charte', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu17', '04069', 'suárez', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu18', '05989', 'supported', 'european', 'research', 'council', 'grant', 'agreement', '647038', 'biodesert', 'this', 'project', 'approved', 'provincial', 'research', 'ethics', 'committee', 'granada', 'corresponding', 'author', 'siham', 'tabik', 'tabik', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'herrera', 'with', 'andalusian', 'research', 'institute', 'data', 'science', 'computational', 'intelligence', 'university', 'granada', '18071', 'granada', 'spain', 'mail', 'siham', 'anabelgrios', 'decsai', 'isega24ivan', 'gmail', 'fdavidcl', 'jlsuarezdiaz', 'julianlm', 'decsai', 'herrera', 'decsai', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova', 'olmedo', 'sánchez', 'with', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'cecilio', 'granada', '36310', 'spain', 'mail', 'joseluismartin', 'hotmail', 'valerogonzalez', 'yahoo', 'pgvillanova', 'gmail', 'euolm', 'yahoo', 'area', 'with', 'atlanttic', 'research', 'center']
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=2
words=word_count_science
model_science=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values
#top words from the corpus
dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=5))
{'support': -0.3038609553429652,
'2020': -0.23522191481735688,
'granada': -0.2303377826106015,
'covid': -0.21722636684891,
'programm': -0.20257397022864343}
#wordcloud for top 5 words
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph8.png')
# Cosine similarity for top 5 words
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_covid_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_covid_science,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_science.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled9.png')
cosine-similarity
support 2020 granada covid programm
support 1 0.524928 0.955931 -0.115612 1
2020 0.524928 1 0.751685 0.784751 0.524928
granada 0.955931 0.751685 1 0.181107 0.955931
covid -0.115612 0.784751 0.181107 1 -0.115612
programm 1 0.524928 0.955931 -0.115612 1
# networkx graph for top 5 words
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='g',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig9.png')
#loading data
document_list,titles,word_count_nscience=load_data("","covid-non-science-small.txt")
Number of words in text file : 5231 Total Number of Documents: 2
# data preprocessing/clenaing
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['covid', 'recovery', 'covid', 'reality', 'reuters', 'published', 'july', '2020', 'updated', 'july', '2020', 'marc', 'jones', 'london', 'july', 'reuters', 'world', 'shares', 'inched', 'towards', 'four', 'month', 'high', 'friday', 'industrial', 'bellwether', 'metal', 'copper', 'longest', 'weekly', 'winning', 'streak', 'nearly', 'three', 'years', 'recovering', 'global', 'data', 'kept', 'nagging', 'coronavirus', 'nerves', 'market', 'rally', 'fuelled', 'record', 'jobs', 'numbers', 'largely', 'blown', 'itself', 'amid', 'spike', 'covid', 'cases', 'though', 'fastest', 'expansion', 'china', 'services', 'sector', 'over', 'decade', 'more', 'stimulus', 'ensured', 'optimism', 'remained', 'chinese', 'shares', 'charged', 'their', 'highest', 'level', 'five', 'years', 'helping', 'asian', 'indexes', 'month', 'peaks', 'sight', 'european', 'markets', 'stalling', 'early', 'took', 'some', 'traders', 'surprise', 'currency', 'commodity', 'markets', 'also', 'subdued', 'feel', 'after', 'otherwise', 'strong', 'week', 'confidence', 'sensitive', 'stalwarts', 'such', 'copper', 'sterling', 'australian', 'dollar', 'which', 'struggled', 'friday', 'think', 'infection', 'rates', 'fears', 'localised', 'lockdowns', 'have', 'doused', 'some', 'enthusiasm', 'said', 'societe', 'generale', 'strategist', 'jukes', 'have', 'three', 'elements', 'vaccine', 'hopes', 'decent', 'data', 'most', 'places', 'also', 'return'] ['infection', 'rates', 'which', 'make', 'nervous', 'against', 'basket', 'currencies', 'dollar', 'rose', 'slightly', 'early', 'london', 'trading', 'less', 'than', 'still', 'firmly', 'track', 'biggest', 'weekly', 'fall', 'since', 'first', 'week', 'june', 'euro', 'down', '1226', 'though', 'gained', 'against', 'safe', 'swiss', 'franc', 'fell', 'versus', 'sometimes', 'commodity', 'driven', 'norwegian', 'crown', 'futures', 'were', 'down', 'volumes', 'were', 'lower', 'than', 'usual', 'markets', 'holiday', 'friday', 'independence', 'nonfarm', 'payrolls', 'surged', 'million', 'jobs', 'june', 'above', 'average', 'forecast', 'million', 'jobs', 'june', 'thanks', 'rises', 'hard', 'hospitality', 'sectors', 'economists', 'noted', 'there', 'were', 'caveats', 'upbeat', 'headline', 'figures', 'number', 'permanent', 'losers', 'continued', 'rise', 'increasing', 'million', 'june', 'while', 'unemployment', 'rate', 'remains', 'chunky', 'percentage', 'points', 'above', 'february', 'level', 'deutsche', 'bank', 'analysis', 'unemployment', 'rate', 'behind', 'developed', 'market', 'peers', 'barring', 'canada', 'recovery', 'also', 'faces', 'more', 'headwinds', 'surge', 'coronavirus', 'infections', 'prompts', 'states', 'delay', 'some', 'cases']
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=2
words=word_count_nscience
model_nscience=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_non_science =dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values
#dictionary of top 5 words
dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=5))
{'market': 0.2643530403063791,
'rate': 0.1875484784084695,
'juli': 0.1791266417580849,
'covid': 0.1791266417580845,
'june': 0.1704527970965883}
#wordcloud of top 5 words
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph9.png')
# Cosine similarity matrix of top 5 words
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_covid_non_science =dict(model_nscience.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_covid_non_science,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled10.png')
cosine-similarity
market rate juli covid june
market 1 0.711061 0.771166 0.771166 0.459512
rate 0.711061 1 0.10071 0.10071 0.951241
juli 0.771166 0.10071 1 1 -0.21108
covid 0.771166 0.10071 1 1 -0.21108
june 0.459512 0.951241 -0.21108 -0.21108 1
#networkx graph of top 5 words
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='y',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig10.png')
#loading data
document_list,titles,word_count_psy=load_data("","covid-psychology-small.txt")
Number of words in text file : 39735 Total Number of Documents: 2
#data preprocessing/cleaning
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['international', 'sociology', '2021', 'author', '2020', 'article', 'reuse', 'guidelines', 'sagepub', 'journals', 'permissions', '1177', '0268580920948807', 'journals', 'sagepub', 'home', 'psychology', 'politics', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'people', 'believe', 'misinfodemics', 'sonia', 'mukhtar', 'university', 'management', 'technology', 'lahore', 'pakistan', 'abstract', 'misinfodemics', 'related', 'covid', 'have', 'negatively', 'impacted', 'people', 'lives', 'with', 'adverse', 'health', 'psycho', 'sociopolitical', 'outcomes', 'scientific', 'community', 'seeks', 'communicate', 'evidence', 'based', 'information', 'regarding', 'misplaced', 'preventive', 'strategies', 'misinformed', 'helpseeking', 'behaviors', 'global', 'multifaceted', 'systems', 'secondary', 'risk', 'emerged', 'effects', 'misinfodemics', 'public', 'published', 'articles', 'pubmed', 'embase', 'google', 'scholar', 'elsevier', 'about', 'covid', 'related', 'misinfodemics', 'have', 'been', 'considered', 'reviewed', 'this', 'article', 'this', 'review', 'examines', 'mechanisms', 'operational', 'structure', 'prevalence', 'predictive', 'factors', 'effects', 'responses', 'potential', 'curtailing', 'strategies', 'misinfodemics', 'covid', 'present', 'article', 'shows', 'that', 'popular', 'variants', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'could', 'joint', 'product', 'psychological', 'predisposition', 'which', 'either', 'reject', 'information', 'from', 'experts', 'perceive', 'crisis', 'situation', 'product', 'misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations', 'psychological', 'foundations', 'political', 'disposition', 'misinfodemics', 'have', 'implications', 'development', 'strategies', 'designed', 'curtail', 'negative', 'consequences', 'public', 'health', 'keywords', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'covid'] ['health', 'communication', 'misinformation', 'mistrust', 'science', 'mechanisms', 'misinfodemics', 'this', 'modern', 'mainstream', 'social', 'media', 'have', 'become', 'primary', 'source', 'information', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'thus', 'risk', 'misinfodemics', 'surrounding', 'corresponding', 'author', 'sonia', 'mukhtar', 'university', 'management', 'technology', 'block', 'phase', 'johar', 'town', 'lahore', 'punjab', '54770', 'pakistan', 'email', 'sonia', 'mukhtar12', 'gmail', '948807iss0010', '1177', '0268580920948807international', 'sociologymukhtar', 'research', 'article2020', 'article', 'international', 'sociology', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'even', 'more', 'challenging', 'curb', 'ongoing', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'highlighted', 'interconnectedness', 'modern', 'globalized', 'world', 'where', 'public', 'health', 'threats', 'extend', 'beyond', 'their', 'point', 'origin', 'unvarying', 'reliance', 'misplaced', 'confidence', 'media', 'platforms', 'during', 'lockdown', 'quarantine', 'self', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'virtual', 'communication', 'become', 'major', 'source', 'interaction', 'holman', '2020', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'only', 'escalated', 'challenges', 'healthcare', 'social', 'educational', 'economic', 'political', 'environmental', 'cultural', 'socioeconomic', 'systems', 'over', 'world', 'also', 'gained', 'momentum', 'innumerable', 'misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'rumors', 'myths', 'superstitions', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'claims', 'hoaxes', 'false', 'misinformation', 'fake', 'news', 'polarization', 'mistrust', 'science', 'times', 'crisis', 'absence', 'fact', 'checking', 'misinformation', 'misleading', 'content', 'false', 'context', 'manipulated', 'data']
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=2
words=word_count_psy
model_psy=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values
#top 5 words from documents
dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=5))
{'misinfodem': 0.4936266655941649,
'covid': 0.3571916107745936,
'articl': 0.21002057347124484,
'commun': 0.14717103730334816,
'health': 0.1471710373033479}
#wordcloud of top 5 words
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph28.png')
# Cosine similarity matrix of top 5 words
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_psychology,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled11.png')
cosine-similarity
misinfodem covid articl commun health
misinfodem 1 0.977431 0.994116 0.761706 0.761706
covid 0.977431 1 0.948797 0.881393 0.881393
articl 0.994116 0.948797 1 0.687043 0.687043
commun 0.761706 0.881393 0.687043 1 1
health 0.761706 0.881393 0.687043 1 1
#NetworkX graph for top 5 words
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='r',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig11.png')
#mantel test for 10 word network
mantel_test(5)
Pairwise-distance
misinfodem covid articl commun health support 2020 \
misinfodem 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0 0 0.360337 0 0 0.608033 0.282616
articl 0 0.360337 0 0 0 0.404283 0.208896
commun 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
health 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 0 0.608033 0.404283 0 0 0 0.327071
2020 0 0.282616 0.208896 0 0 0.327071 0
granada 0 0.457677 0.252649 0 0 0.161988 0.175514
programm 0 0.526543 0.280864 0 0 0.126325 0.246469
granada programm
misinfodem 0 0
covid 0.457677 0.526543
articl 0.252649 0.280864
commun 0 0
health 0 0
support 0.161988 0.126325
2020 0.175514 0.246469
granada 0 0.0742376
programm 0.0742376 0
Pairwise-distance
misinfodem covid articl commun health support \
misinfodem 0 0.1894 0.293937 0.419015 0.419015 0
covid 0.1894 0 0.156809 0.234496 0.234496 0
articl 0.293937 0.156809 0 0.170443 0.170443 0
commun 0.419015 0.234496 0.170443 0 0 0
health 0.419015 0.234496 0.170443 0 0 0
support 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0.468991 0.293937 0.1894 0.0784044 0.0784044 0
granada 0 0 0 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 granada programm
misinfodem 0.468991 0 0
covid 0.293937 0 0
articl 0.1894 0 0
commun 0.0784044 0 0
health 0.0784044 0 0
support 0 0 0
2020 0 0 0
granada 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0
(-0.2789157231857564, 0.87744, -1.1428059907158423)
#mantel test for 20 word network
mantel_test(10)
Pairwise-distance
misinfodem covid articl commun health mechan psycholog \
misinfodem 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0 0 0.360337 0 0 0 0
articl 0 0.360337 0 0 0 0 0
commun 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
health 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mechan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
psycholog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
strategi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
misinform 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
inform 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 0 0.608033 0.404283 0 0 0 0
2020 0 0.282616 0.208896 0 0 0 0
granada 0 0.457677 0.252649 0 0 0 0
research 0 0.526543 0.280864 0 0 0 0
programm 0 0.526543 0.280864 0 0 0 0
tabik 0 0.421418 0.189487 0 0 0 0
garcía 0 0.318922 0.129222 0 0 0 0
decsai 0 0.492938 0.220392 0 0 0 0
project 0 0.492938 0.220392 0 0 0 0
strategi misinform inform support 2020 granada \
misinfodem 0 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0 0 0 0.608033 0.282616 0.457677
articl 0 0 0 0.404283 0.208896 0.252649
commun 0 0 0 0 0 0
health 0 0 0 0 0 0
mechan 0 0 0 0 0 0
psycholog 0 0 0 0 0 0
strategi 0 0 0 0 0 0
misinform 0 0 0 0 0 0
inform 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 0 0 0 0 0.327071 0.161988
2020 0 0 0 0.327071 0 0.175514
granada 0 0 0 0.161988 0.175514 0
research 0 0 0 0.126325 0.246469 0.0742376
programm 0 0 0 0.126325 0.246469 0.0742376
tabik 0 0 0 0.220392 0.148475 0.0631623
garcía 0 0 0 0.323975 0.0843519 0.161988
decsai 0 0 0 0.189487 0.222713 0.0843519
project 0 0 0 0.189487 0.222713 0.0843519
research programm tabik garcía decsai project
misinfodem 0 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0.526543 0.526543 0.421418 0.318922 0.492938 0.492938
articl 0.280864 0.280864 0.189487 0.129222 0.220392 0.220392
commun 0 0 0 0 0 0
health 0 0 0 0 0 0
mechan 0 0 0 0 0 0
psycholog 0 0 0 0 0 0
strategi 0 0 0 0 0 0
misinform 0 0 0 0 0 0
inform 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 0.126325 0.126325 0.220392 0.323975 0.189487 0.189487
2020 0.246469 0.246469 0.148475 0.0843519 0.222713 0.222713
granada 0.0742376 0.0742376 0.0631623 0.161988 0.0843519 0.0843519
research 0 0 0.109024 0.218047 0.0631623 0.0631623
programm 0 0 0.109024 0.218047 0.0631623 0.0631623
tabik 0.109024 0.109024 3.72529e-09 0.109024 0.0742376 0.0742376
garcía 0.218047 0.218047 0.109024 0 0.175514 0.175514
decsai 0.0631623 0.0631623 0.0742376 0.175514 0 0
project 0.0631623 0.0631623 0.0742376 0.175514 0 0
Pairwise-distance
misinfodem covid articl commun health mechan \
misinfodem 0 0.1894 0.293937 0.419015 0.419015 0.419015
covid 0.1894 0 0.156809 0.234496 0.234496 0.234496
articl 0.293937 0.156809 0 0.170443 0.170443 0.170443
commun 0.419015 0.234496 0.170443 0 0 0
health 0.419015 0.234496 0.170443 0 0 0
mechan 0.419015 0.234496 0.170443 0 0 0
psycholog 0.360699 0.235213 0.0784044 0.185806 0.185806 0.185806
strategi 0.360699 0.235213 0.0784044 0.185806 0.185806 0.185806
misinform 0.505066 0.315666 0.284614 0.115951 0.115951 0.115951
inform 0.409223 0.240466 0.126266 0.0762243 0.0762243 0.0762243
support 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0.468991 0.293937 0.1894 0.0784044 0.0784044 0.0784044
granada 0 0 0 0 0 0
research 0.529541 0.350635 0.252533 0.120233 0.120233 0.120233
programm 0 0 0 0 0 0
tabik 0 0 0 0 0 0
garcía 0 0 0 0 0 0
decsai 0 0 0 0 0 0
project 0 0 0 0 0 0
psycholog strategi misinform inform support 2020 \
misinfodem 0.360699 0.360699 0.505066 0.409223 0 0.468991
covid 0.235213 0.235213 0.315666 0.240466 0 0.293937
articl 0.0784044 0.0784044 0.284614 0.126266 0 0.1894
commun 0.185806 0.185806 0.115951 0.0762243 0 0.0784044
health 0.185806 0.185806 0.115951 0.0762243 0 0.0784044
mechan 0.185806 0.185806 0.115951 0.0762243 0 0.0784044
psycholog 0 0 0.300211 0.115951 0 0.170443
strategi 0 0 0.300211 0.115951 0 0.170443
misinform 0.300211 0.300211 3.72529e-09 0.185806 0 0.152449
inform 0.115951 0.115951 0.185806 0 0 0.0631332
support 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0.170443 0.170443 0.152449 0.0631332 0 0
granada 0 0 0 0 0 0
research 0.229409 0.229409 0.14117 0.126266 0 0.0631332
programm 0 0 0 0 0 0
tabik 0 0 0 0 0 0
garcía 0 0 0 0 0 0
decsai 0 0 0 0 0 0
project 0 0 0 0 0 0
granada research programm tabik garcía decsai project
misinfodem 0 0.529541 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0 0.350635 0 0 0 0 0
articl 0 0.252533 0 0 0 0 0
commun 0 0.120233 0 0 0 0 0
health 0 0.120233 0 0 0 0 0
mechan 0 0.120233 0 0 0 0 0
psycholog 0 0.229409 0 0 0 0 0
strategi 0 0.229409 0 0 0 0 0
misinform 0 0.14117 0 0 0 0 0
inform 0 0.126266 0 0 0 0 0
support 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0 0.0631332 0 0 0 0 0
granada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tabik 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
garcía 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
decsai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
project 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(-0.16544931052577935, 0.87239, -1.119178592676496)
mantel_test_n(5)
Pairwise-distance
market rate juli covid june support 2020 granada \
market 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
juli 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0 0 0 0 0 0.608033 0.282616 0.457677
june 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 0 0 0 0.608033 0 0 0.327071 0.161988
2020 0 0 0 0.282616 0 0.327071 0 0.175514
granada 0 0 0 0.457677 0 0.161988 0.175514 0
programm 0 0 0 0.526543 0 0.126325 0.246469 0.0742376
programm
market 0
rate 0
juli 0
covid 0.526543
june 0
support 0.126325
2020 0.246469
granada 0.0742376
programm 0
Pairwise-distance
market rate juli covid june support \
market 0 0.197323 0.172313 0.172313 0.323988 0
rate 0.197323 0 0.331629 0.331629 0.129455 0
juli 0.172313 0.331629 0 0 0.459925 0
covid 0.172313 0.331629 0 0 0.459925 0
june 0.323988 0.129455 0.459925 0.459925 0 0
support 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0.174022 0.286306 0.0801315 0.0801315 0.409594 0
granada 0 0 0 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 granada programm
market 0.174022 0 0
rate 0.286306 0 0
juli 0.0801315 0 0
covid 0.0801315 0 0
june 0.409594 0 0
support 0 0 0
2020 0 0 0
granada 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0
(-0.32116363224774647, 0.97195, -1.4419752809078545)
mantel_test_n(10)
Pairwise-distance
market rate juli covid june friday also infect job million \
market 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
juli 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
june 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
friday 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
also 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
infect 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
job 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
million 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 0 0 0 0.608033 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0 0 0 0.282616 0 0 0 0 0 0
granada 0 0 0 0.457677 0 0 0 0 0 0
research 0 0 0 0.526543 0 0 0 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0 0.526543 0 0 0 0 0 0
tabik 0 0 0 0.421418 0 0 0 0 0 0
garcía 0 0 0 0.318922 0 0 0 0 0 0
decsai 0 0 0 0.492938 0 0 0 0 0 0
project 0 0 0 0.492938 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 2020 granada research programm tabik \
market 0 0 0 0 0 0
rate 0 0 0 0 0 0
juli 0 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0.608033 0.282616 0.457677 0.526543 0.526543 0.421418
june 0 0 0 0 0 0
friday 0 0 0 0 0 0
also 0 0 0 0 0 0
infect 0 0 0 0 0 0
job 0 0 0 0 0 0
million 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 0 0.327071 0.161988 0.126325 0.126325 0.220392
2020 0.327071 0 0.175514 0.246469 0.246469 0.148475
granada 0.161988 0.175514 0 0.0742376 0.0742376 0.0631623
research 0.126325 0.246469 0.0742376 0 0 0.109024
programm 0.126325 0.246469 0.0742376 0 0 0.109024
tabik 0.220392 0.148475 0.0631623 0.109024 0.109024 3.72529e-09
garcía 0.323975 0.0843519 0.161988 0.218047 0.218047 0.109024
decsai 0.189487 0.222713 0.0843519 0.0631623 0.0631623 0.0742376
project 0.189487 0.222713 0.0843519 0.0631623 0.0631623 0.0742376
garcía decsai project
market 0 0 0
rate 0 0 0
juli 0 0 0
covid 0.318922 0.492938 0.492938
june 0 0 0
friday 0 0 0
also 0 0 0
infect 0 0 0
job 0 0 0
million 0 0 0
support 0.323975 0.189487 0.189487
2020 0.0843519 0.222713 0.222713
granada 0.161988 0.0843519 0.0843519
research 0.218047 0.0631623 0.0631623
programm 0.218047 0.0631623 0.0631623
tabik 0.109024 0.0742376 0.0742376
garcía 0 0.175514 0.175514
decsai 0.175514 0 0
project 0.175514 0 0
Pairwise-distance
market rate juli covid june friday \
market 0 0.197323 0.172313 0.172313 0.323988 0.104544
rate 0.197323 0 0.331629 0.331629 0.129455 0.204797
juli 0.172313 0.331629 0 0 0.459925 0.129455
covid 0.172313 0.331629 0 0 0.459925 0.129455
june 0.323988 0.129455 0.459925 0.459925 0 0.331629
friday 0.104544 0.204797 0.129455 0.129455 0.331629 0
also 0.104544 0.204797 0.129455 0.129455 0.331629 0
infect 0.160263 0.0861564 0.258909 0.258909 0.204797 0.129455
job 0.160263 0.0861564 0.258909 0.258909 0.204797 0.129455
million 0.271949 0.0801315 0.388364 0.388364 0.0861564 0.258909
support 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0.174022 0.286306 0.0801315 0.0801315 0.409594 0.0861564
granada 0 0 0 0 0 0
research 0 0 0 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0 0 0 0
tabik 0 0 0 0 0 0
garcía 0 0 0 0 0 0
decsai 0 0 0 0 0 0
project 0 0 0 0 0 0
also infect job million support 2020 \
market 0.104544 0.160263 0.160263 0.271949 0 0.174022
rate 0.204797 0.0861564 0.0861564 0.0801315 0 0.286306
juli 0.129455 0.258909 0.258909 0.388364 0 0.0801315
covid 0.129455 0.258909 0.258909 0.388364 0 0.0801315
june 0.331629 0.204797 0.204797 0.0861564 0 0.409594
friday 0 0.129455 0.129455 0.258909 0 0.0861564
also 0 0.129455 0.129455 0.258909 0 0.0861564
infect 0.129455 0 0 0.129455 0 0.204797
job 0.129455 0 0 0.129455 0 0.204797
million 0.258909 0.129455 0.129455 0 0 0.331629
support 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0.0861564 0.204797 0.204797 0.331629 0 0
granada 0 0 0 0 0 0
research 0 0 0 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0 0 0 0
tabik 0 0 0 0 0 0
garcía 0 0 0 0 0 0
decsai 0 0 0 0 0 0
project 0 0 0 0 0 0
granada research programm tabik garcía decsai project
market 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
juli 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
covid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
june 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
friday 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
also 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
infect 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
job 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
million 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
support 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
granada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
programm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tabik 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
garcía 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
decsai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
project 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(-0.245133288012048, 0.9991, -1.8229540903621335)
#data loading
def load_data(path,file_name):
"""
Input : path and file_name
Purpose: loading text file
Output : list of paragraphs/documents and
title(initial 100 words considred as title of document)
"""
documents_list = []
titles=[]
with open( os.path.join(path, file_name) ,"r",encoding='UTF8') as fin:
data = fin.read()
words = data.split()
fin.seek(0)
print('Number of words in text file :', len(words))
for line in fin.readlines():
text = line.strip()
if text !='':
documents_list.append(text)
print("Total Number of Documents:",len(documents_list))
titles.append( text[0:min(len(text),100)] )
return documents_list,titles,len(words)
document_list,titles,word_count_science=load_data("","covid-science-small.txt")
Number of words in text file : 59691 Total Number of Documents: 7401
#data preprocessing
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet'] ['methodology', 'predicting', 'covid'] ['based', 'chest', 'images'] ['tabik', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'martín', 'rodríguez', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'area', 'charte'] ['guirado', 'suárez', 'luengo', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova'] ['olmedo', 'sánchez', 'herrera'] ['abstract', 'currently', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid'] ['most', 'infectious', 'diseases', '21st', 'century', 'diagnosed', 'using', 'testing', 'scans'] ['chest', 'images', 'computed', 'tomography'] ['scanners', 'testing', 'available', 'most'] ['medical', 'centers', 'hence', 'many', 'cases', 'images'] ['become', 'most', 'time', 'cost', 'effective', 'tool', 'assisting', 'clinicians', 'making', 'decisions', 'deep', 'learning', 'neural', 'networks'] ['have', 'great', 'potential', 'building', 'covid', 'triage', 'systems'] ['detecting', 'covid', 'patients', 'especially', 'patients', 'with'] ['severity', 'unfortunately', 'current', 'databases', 'allow'] ['building', 'such', 'systems', 'they', 'highly', 'heterogeneous'] ['biased', 'towards', 'severe', 'cases', 'this', 'article', 'threefold', 'demystify', 'high', 'sensitivities', 'achieved'] ['most', 'recent', 'covid', 'classification', 'models', 'under'] ['close', 'collaboration', 'with', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico'] ['cecilio', 'granada', 'spain', 'built', 'covidgr', 'homogeneous', 'balanced', 'database', 'that', 'includes', 'levels'] ['manuscript', 'received', 'september', '2020', 'revised', 'october', '2020'] ['accepted', 'november', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'november', '2020'] ['date', 'current', 'version', 'december', '2020', 'this', 'work', 'supported'] ['project', 'deepscop', 'ayudas', 'fundación', 'bbva', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'data', '2018', 'covid19_rx', 'ayudas', 'fundación'] ['bbva', 'equipos', 'investigación', 'científica', 'sars', 'covid'] ['2020', 'spanish', 'ministry', 'science', 'technology', 'under'] ['project', 'tin2017', '89517', 'tabik', 'supported', 'ramon', 'cajal'] ['programme', '2015', '18136', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'supported'] ['programme', 'fpu16', '04765', 'charte', 'supported'] ['programme', 'fpu17', '04069', 'suárez', 'supported', 'programme', 'fpu18', '05989', 'supported', 'european', 'research'] ['council', 'grant', 'agreement', '647038', 'biodesert', 'this', 'project'] ['approved', 'provincial', 'research', 'ethics', 'committee', 'granada'] ['corresponding', 'author', 'siham', 'tabik'] ['tabik', 'gómez', 'ríos', 'sevillano', 'garcía', 'charte', 'suárez'] ['luengo', 'herrera', 'with', 'andalusian', 'research', 'institute'] ['data', 'science', 'computational', 'intelligence', 'university', 'granada'] ['18071', 'granada', 'spain', 'mail', 'siham', 'anabelgrios', 'decsai'] ['isega24ivan', 'gmail', 'fdavidcl', 'jlsuarezdiaz'] ['julianlm', 'decsai', 'herrera', 'decsai'] ['martín', 'rodríguez', 'valero', 'gonzález', 'garcía', 'villanova'] ['olmedo', 'sánchez', 'with', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico'] ['cecilio', 'granada', '36310', 'spain', 'mail', 'joseluismartin'] ['hotmail', 'valerogonzalez', 'yahoo', 'pgvillanova', 'gmail'] ['euolm', 'yahoo'] ['area', 'with', 'atlanttic', 'research', 'center', 'telecommunication', 'technologies', 'university', 'vigo', 'galicia', 'spain', 'mail'] ['mreyarea', 'gmail'] ['guirado', 'with', 'multidisciplinary', 'institute', 'environment'] ['studies', 'ramón', 'margalef', 'university', 'alicante', '03690', 'spain', 'mail'] ['geesecillo', 'gmail'] ['digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'jbhi', '2020', '3037127'] ['severity', 'from', 'normal', 'with', 'positive', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe', 'covidgr', 'contains', 'positive'] ['negative', 'posteroanterior', 'views'] ['propose', 'covid', 'smart', 'data', 'based', 'network', 'covid', 'sdnet'] ['methodology', 'improving', 'generalization', 'capacity'] ['covid', 'classification', 'models', 'approach', 'reaches', 'good'] ['stable', 'results', 'with', 'accuracy'] ['severe', 'moderate'] ['mild', 'covid', 'severity', 'levels', 'approach', 'could', 'help'] ['early', 'detection', 'covid', 'covidgr', 'along', 'with'] ['severity', 'level', 'labels', 'available', 'scientific', 'community', 'through', 'this', 'link', 'https', 'dasci', 'transferencia'] ['open', 'data', 'covidgr'] ['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'networks'] ['smart', 'data'] ['introduction'] [] ['last', 'months', 'world', 'been', 'witnessing'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'increasingly', 'infecting', 'large', 'mass'] ['people', 'very', 'fast', 'everywhere', 'world', 'trends'] ['clear', 'some', 'research', 'confirm', 'that', 'this', 'problem'] ['persist', 'until', '2024', 'besides', 'prevalence', 'studies', 'conducted'] ['several', 'countries', 'reveal', 'that', 'tiny', 'proportion', 'population'] ['have', 'developed', 'antibodies', 'after', 'exposure', 'virus'] ['spain', 'this', 'means', 'that', 'frequently', 'large', 'number', 'patients'] ['will', 'need', 'assessed', 'small', 'time', 'intervals', 'number'] ['clinicians', 'with', 'very', 'resources'] ['general', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'carried', 'using', 'least'] ['these', 'three', 'tests', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'based', 'assessment'] ['consists', 'analyzing', 'radiographic', 'images', 'from', 'different', 'angles', 'needed', 'equipment', 'this', 'assessment'] ['available', 'most', 'hospitals', 'takes', 'more', 'than'] ['minutes', 'patient', 'addition', 'time', 'required'] ['decontamination'] ['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'rtpcr', 'test', 'detects', 'viral', 'from', 'sputum'] ['online', 'available', 'https', 'english', 'elpais', 'society', '2020'] ['antibody', 'study', 'shows', 'just', 'spaniards', 'have', 'contracted', 'coronavirus'] ['html', 'online', 'available', 'advocacy', 'economics', 'acrposition', 'statements', 'recommendations', 'chest', 'radiography', 'forsuspected', 'covid19', 'infection'] ['ieee', '2020', 'this', 'article', 'free', 'access', 'download', 'along', 'with', 'rights', 'full', 'text', 'data', 'mining', 'analysis'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['3596', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020'] ['stratification', 'radiological', 'severity', 'covid', 'examples', 'rale', 'index', 'calculated'] ['nasopharyngeal', 'swab', 'requires', 'specific', 'material'] ['equipment', 'which', 'easily', 'accessible', 'takes'] ['least', 'hours', 'which', 'desirable', 'positive', 'covid19', 'patients', 'should', 'identified', 'tracked', 'soon', 'possible', 'some', 'studies', 'found', 'that', 'results', 'from', 'several'] ['tests', 'different', 'points', 'from', 'same', 'patients', 'were', 'variable', 'during', 'course', 'illness', 'producing', 'high', 'falsenegative', 'rate', 'authors', 'suggested', 'that', 'test'] ['should', 'combined', 'with', 'other', 'clinical', 'tests', 'such'] ['chest', 'required', 'equipment', 'this'] ['assessment', 'less', 'cumbersome', 'lightweight'] ['transportable', 'general', 'this', 'type', 'resources', 'more'] ['available', 'than', 'required', 'scan', 'tests'] ['addition', 'test', 'takes', 'about', 'seconds', 'patient'] ['which', 'makes', 'most', 'time', 'cost', 'effective'] ['assessment', 'tools'] ['recent', 'studies', 'provide', 'estimates', 'expert', 'radiologists'] ['sensitivity', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'based', 'scans'] ['study', 'patients', 'with', 'chest'] ['essay', 'performed', 'within', 'days', 'reported'] ['sensitivity', 'compared', 'with', 'sensitivity'] ['different', 'study', 'patients', 'mean'] ['years', 'reported', 'sensitivity', 'compared'] ['with', 'initial', 'according', 'analysis'] ['ambulatory', 'patients', 'most', 'patients', 'presenting', 'urgent', 'care'] ['centers', 'with', 'confirmed', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'have', 'normal'] ['mildly', 'abnormal', 'findings', 'only', 'these', 'patients'] ['correctly', 'diagnosed', 'expert'] ['recent', 'study', 'authors', 'proposed', 'simplifying', 'quantification', 'level', 'severity', 'adapting', 'previously', 'defined'] ['radiographic', 'assessment', 'lung', 'edema', 'rale', 'score'] ['covid', 'this', 'score', 'calculated', 'assigning', 'value'] ['between', 'each', 'lung', 'depending', 'extent', 'visual'] ['features', 'such', 'consolidation', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities'] ['four', 'parts', 'each', 'lung', 'depicted', 'based', 'this', 'score'] ['experts', 'identify', 'level', 'severity', 'infection', 'among'] ['four', 'severity', 'stages', 'normal', 'mild', 'moderate'] ['severe', 'practice', 'patient', 'classified', 'expert', 'radiologist'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3597'] ['normal', 'have', 'positive', 'refer', 'these', 'cases'] ['normal', 'expert', 'annotation', 'adopted', 'this', 'work', 'based'] ['this', 'score'] ['automated', 'image', 'analysis', 'deep', 'learning', 'models'] ['have', 'great', 'potential', 'optimize', 'role', 'images'] ['fast', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'robust', 'accurate'] ['model', 'could', 'serve', 'triage', 'method', 'support'] ['medical', 'decision', 'making', 'increasing', 'number', 'recent', 'works'] ['claim', 'achieving', 'impressive', 'sensitivities', 'higher', 'than'] ['expert', 'radiologists', 'these', 'high', 'sensitivities', 'bias'] ['most', 'used', 'covid', 'dataset', 'covid', 'image', 'data'] ['collection', 'this', 'dataset', 'includes', 'very', 'small', 'number'] ['covid', 'positive', 'cases', 'coming', 'from', 'highly', 'heterogeneous'] ['sources', 'least', 'countries', 'most', 'cases', 'severe', 'patients'] ['issue', 'that', 'drastically', 'reduces', 'clinical', 'value', 'populate'] ['covid', 'healthy', 'classes', 'researchers', 'using'] ['images', 'from', 'diverse', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'repositories'] ['obtained', 'models', 'will', 'have', 'clinical', 'value', 'well', 'since', 'they'] ['will', 'unable', 'detect', 'patients', 'with', 'moderate', 'severity'] ['which', 'target', 'clinical', 'triage', 'system', 'view', 'this'] ['situation', 'there', 'still', 'huge', 'need', 'higher', 'quality', 'datasets', 'built'] ['under', 'same', 'clinical', 'protocol', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration'] ['with', 'expert', 'radiologists'] ['multiple', 'studies', 'have', 'proven', 'that', 'higher', 'quality', 'data', 'ensures'] ['higher', 'quality', 'models', 'concept', 'smart', 'data', 'refers'] ['process', 'converting', 'data', 'into', 'higher', 'quality', 'data'] ['with', 'higher', 'concentration', 'useful', 'information', 'smart', 'data'] ['includes', 'processing', 'methods', 'that', 'improve', 'value'] ['veracity', 'data', 'examples', 'these', 'methods', 'include', 'noise'] ['elimination', 'data', 'augmentation', 'data', 'transformation'] ['among', 'other', 'techniques'] ['this', 'work', 'designed', 'high', 'clinical', 'quality', 'dataset'] ['named', 'covidgr', 'that', 'includes', 'four', 'levels', 'severity'] ['normal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe', 'identified', 'these'] ['four', 'severity', 'levels', 'from', 'recent', 'covid', 'radiological', 'study'] ['also', 'propose', 'covid', 'smart', 'data', 'based', 'network'] ['covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'combines', 'segmentation', 'dataaugmentation', 'data', 'transformations', 'together', 'with', 'appropriate', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'inference'] ['contributions', 'this', 'paper', 'summarized', 'follows'] ['analyze', 'reliability', 'potential', 'limitations', 'most'] ['used', 'covid', 'datasets', 'models'] ['from', 'data', 'perspective', 'provide', 'first', 'public', 'dataset'] ['called', 'covidgr', 'that', 'quantifies', 'covid', 'terms'] ['severity', 'levels', 'normal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe'] ['with', 'building', 'triage', 'systems', 'with', 'high', 'clinical'] ['value'] ['from', 'processing', 'perspective', 'combined', 'several'] ['methods', 'eliminate', 'irrelevant', 'information', 'from'] ['input', 'images', 'used', 'processing', 'method'] ['called', 'segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'increase', 'discrimination', 'capacity', 'classification', 'model', 'used'] ['class', 'inherent', 'transformation', 'method', 'inspired', 'gans'] ['from', 'post', 'processing', 'perspective', 'proposed'] ['inference', 'process', 'that', 'fuses', 'predictions', 'four'] ['transformed', 'classes', 'obtained', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformation', 'method', 'calculate', 'final', 'prediction'] ['from', 'global', 'perspective', 'designed', 'novel', 'methodology', 'named', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'with', 'high', 'generalization', 'capacity', 'covid', 'classification', 'based'] ['images', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'combines', 'segmentation', 'datatransformation', 'data', 'augmentation', 'suitable'] ['model', 'together', 'with', 'inference', 'approach', 'final'] ['prediction'] ['experiments', 'demonstrate', 'that', 'approach', 'reaches', 'good'] ['stable', 'results', 'especially', 'moderate', 'severe', 'levels', 'with'] ['respectively', 'lower', 'accuracies', 'were', 'obtained', 'mild', 'normal', 'severity', 'levels'] ['with', 'respectively'] ['this', 'article', 'organized', 'follows', 'review', 'most', 'used'] ['datasets', 'covid', 'classification', 'approaches', 'provided'] ['section', 'section', 'describes', 'covidgr', 'built'] ['organized', 'approach', 'presented', 'section', 'experiments', 'comparisons', 'results', 'provided', 'section'] ['inspection', 'model', 'decision', 'using', 'heatmaps', 'provided'] ['section', 'conclusions', 'pointed', 'section'] ['related', 'works'] ['last', 'months', 'have', 'known', 'increasing', 'number', 'works'] ['exploring', 'potential', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'automating'] ['covid', 'diagnosis', 'based', 'images', 'results'] ['promising', 'still', 'much', 'work', 'needs', 'done', 'level'] ['data', 'models', 'design', 'given', 'potential', 'bias', 'this', 'type'] ['problems', 'several', 'studies', 'include', 'explication', 'methods', 'their'] ['models', 'this', 'section', 'analyzes', 'advantages', 'limitations'] ['current', 'datasets', 'models', 'building', 'automatic', 'covid'] ['diagnosis', 'systems', 'with', 'without', 'decision', 'explication'] ['datasets'] ['there', 'does', 'exist', 'high', 'quality', 'collection'] ['images', 'building', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'systems', 'high', 'clinical', 'value', 'currently', 'main', 'source', 'covid', 'class'] ['covid', 'image', 'data', 'collection', 'contains', 'positive'] ['negative', 'views', 'these', 'images', 'were', 'obtained', 'from', 'highly'] ['heterogeneous', 'equipment', 'from', 'around', 'world', 'another'] ['example', 'covid', 'dataset', 'figure', 'covid', 'chest'] ['dataset', 'initiative', 'build', 'covid', 'classes', 'most'] ['studies', 'using', 'from', 'multiple', 'public', 'pulmonary'] ['disease', 'data', 'sets', 'examples', 'these', 'repositories', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'kaggle'] ['chestx', 'ray8', 'dataset'] ['mimic', 'dataset'] ['padchest', 'dataset'] ['instance', 'covidx', 'built', 'combining', 'three'] ['public', 'datasets', 'covid', 'image', 'data', 'collection'] ['figure', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative'] ['rsna', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset', 'covidx'] ['built', 'organizing', 'covidx', 'into', 'three', 'classes'] ['normal', 'healthy', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'using'] ['images', 'covid', 'class', 'including', 'posteroanterior'] ['anteroposterior', 'views', 'seetable', 'notice', 'that', 'correct'] ['learning', 'front', 'view', 'back', 'view', 'cannot', 'mixed'] ['same', 'class'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['3598', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020'] ['table'] ['brief', 'description', 'covidx', 'dataset', 'only', 'views'] ['counted'] ['although', 'value', 'these', 'datasets', 'unquestionable', 'they'] ['being', 'useful', 'carrying', 'first', 'studies', 'reformulations'] ['they', 'guarantee', 'useful', 'triage', 'systems', 'next', 'reasons'] ['clear', 'what', 'annotation', 'protocol', 'been', 'followed'] ['constructing', 'positive', 'class', 'covid', 'image', 'data'] ['collection', 'included', 'data', 'highly', 'heterogeneous', 'hence'] ['models', 'rely', 'other', 'aspects', 'than', 'covid', 'visual', 'features'] ['differentiate', 'between', 'involved', 'classes', 'this', 'dataset', 'does'] ['provide', 'representative', 'spectrum', 'covid', 'severity'] ['levels', 'most', 'positive', 'cases', 'severe', 'patients', 'addition'] ['interesting', 'critical', 'analysis', 'these', 'datasets', 'shown', 'that'] ['models', 'obtain', 'similar', 'results', 'with', 'without', 'eliminating'] ['most', 'lungs', 'input', 'images', 'which', 'confirms'] ['again', 'that', 'there', 'huge', 'need', 'covid', 'datasets', 'with', 'high'] ['clinical', 'value'] ['claim', 'that', 'design', 'high', 'quality', 'dataset', 'must'] ['done', 'under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'between', 'expert', 'radiologists'] ['experts', 'annotations', 'must', 'follow', 'same', 'protocol'] ['representative', 'numbers', 'levels', 'severity', 'especially'] ['mild', 'moderate', 'levels', 'must', 'included'] ['classification', 'models'] ['existing', 'related', 'works', 'directly', 'comparable', 'they'] ['consider', 'different', 'combinations', 'public', 'data', 'sets', 'different'] ['experimental', 'setup', 'brief', 'summary', 'these', 'works', 'provided'] ['table'] ['most', 'related', 'studies', 'ours', 'they', 'proposed', 'different'] ['models', 'typical', 'ones', 'authors'] ['designed', 'deep', 'network', 'called', 'covidnet', 'they', 'affirmed'] ['that', 'covidnet', 'reaches', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'with'] ['sensitivity', 'normal', 'class', 'covid'] ['covid', 'authors', 'smaller', 'network'] ['called', 'covid', 'caps', 'also', 'claim', 'that', 'their', 'model', 'achieved'] ['accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'specificity'] ['these', 'results', 'look', 'impressive', 'when', 'compared'] ['expert', 'radiologist', 'sensitivity', 'this', 'explained'] ['fact', 'that', 'used', 'dataset', 'biased', 'severe', 'covid', 'cases'] ['addition', 'performed', 'experiments', 'both', 'cited', 'works'] ['statistically', 'reliable', 'they', 'were', 'evaluated', 'single'] ['partition', 'stability', 'these', 'models', 'terms', 'standard'] ['deviation', 'been', 'reported'] ['classification', 'models', 'with', 'explanation'] ['approaches'] ['several', 'interesting', 'explanations', 'were', 'proposed', 'help', 'inspect', 'predictions', 'models', 'although', 'their'] ['classification', 'models', 'were', 'trained', 'validated', 'variations'] ['covidx', 'authors', 'first', 'ensemble'] ['networks', 'predict', 'class', 'input', 'image', 'normal'] ['pneumonia', 'covid', 'then', 'highlight', 'class', 'discriminating', 'regions', 'input', 'image', 'using', 'gradient', 'guided', 'class', 'activation', 'maps', 'grad', 'layer', 'wise', 'relevance', 'propagation'] ['authors', 'proposed', 'explaining', 'decision'] ['classification', 'model', 'radiologists', 'using', 'different', 'saliency'] ['types', 'together', 'with', 'uncertainty', 'estimations', 'certain', 'model', 'prediction'] ['covidgr', 'data', 'acquisition'] ['annotation', 'organization'] ['instead', 'starting', 'with', 'extremely', 'large', 'noisy', 'dataset'] ['build', 'small', 'smart', 'dataset', 'then', 'augment'] ['increases', 'performance', 'model', 'this', 'approach'] ['proven', 'effective', 'multiple', 'studies', 'this', 'particularly', 'true'] ['medical', 'field', 'where', 'access', 'data', 'heavily', 'protected'] ['privacy', 'concerns', 'costly', 'expert', 'annotation'] ['under', 'close', 'collaboration', 'with', 'four', 'highly', 'trained', 'radiologists', 'from', 'hospital', 'universitario', 'clínico', 'cecilio', 'granada'] ['spain', 'first', 'established', 'protocol', 'images'] ['selected', 'annotated', 'included', 'dataset'] ['image', 'annotated', 'covid', 'positive', 'both', 'test'] ['expert', 'radiologist', 'confirm', 'that', 'decision', 'within', 'less', 'than'] ['hours', 'with', 'positive', 'that', 'were', 'annotated', 'expert'] ['radiologists', 'normal', 'labeled', 'normal', 'involved', 'radiologists', 'annotated', 'level', 'severity', 'positive'] ['cases', 'based', 'rale', 'score', 'normal', 'mild', 'moderate'] ['severe'] ['covidgr', 'organized', 'into', 'classes', 'positive'] ['negative', 'contains', 'images', 'distributed', 'into', 'positive'] ['negative', 'cases', 'more', 'details', 'provided', 'table'] ['images', 'were', 'obtained', 'from', 'same', 'equipment', 'under'] ['same', 'regime', 'only', 'posterioranterior', 'view'] ['considered', 'covidgr', 'along', 'with', 'severity', 'level', 'labels'] ['available', 'scientific', 'community', 'through', 'this', 'link'] ['https', 'dasci', 'transferencia', 'open', 'data', 'covidgr'] ['covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology'] ['this', 'section', 'describe', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology'] ['detail', 'covering', 'processing', 'produce', 'smart', 'data', 'including'] ['segmentation', 'data', 'transformation', 'increasing', 'discrimination', 'between', 'positive', 'negative', 'classes', 'combined', 'with'] ['deep', 'classification'] ['pieces', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'based', 'classifier', 'have', 'selected', 'resnet', 'initialized', 'with', 'imagenet'] ['weights', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'adapt', 'this'] ['problem', 'have', 'removed', 'last', 'layer', 'added'] ['neurons', 'layer', 'with', 'relu', 'activation', 'four'] ['neurons', 'layer', 'according', 'considered', 'number', 'classes'] ['with', 'softmax', 'activation'] ['images', 'total', 'number', 'classes'] ['each', 'image', 'true', 'label', 'with'] ['softmax', 'function', 'computes', 'probability', 'that', 'image'] ['belongs', 'class', 'with'] ['output', 'last', 'fully', 'connected', 'layer', 'before', 'softmax', 'activation', 'applied', 'then', 'this', 'function', 'defined'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3599'] ['table'] ['summary', 'related', 'works', 'that', 'analyze', 'variations', 'covidx', 'with'] ['table'] ['brief', 'summary', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'samples', 'covidgr', 'segmented', 'images', 'considering', 'only', 'view'] ['softmax'] ['softmax'] [] [] ['class', 'prediction', 'network', 'image'] ['then', 'argmax', 'softmax', 'where', 'output', 'vector'] ['last', 'layer', 'before', 'softmax', 'applied', 'input'] ['layers', 'network', 'were', 'fine', 'tuned', 'used', 'batch'] ['size', 'optimizer'] ['main', 'stages', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'three', 'associated'] ['processing', 'producing', 'quality', 'data', 'smart', 'data', 'stages'] ['learning', 'inference', 'process', 'flowchart', 'covidsdnet', 'depicted'] ['segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'unnecessary', 'information'] ['elimination', 'different', 'equipment', 'brands', 'include', 'different'] ['extra', 'information', 'about', 'patient', 'sides', 'contour'] ['images', 'position', 'size', 'patient', 'also', 'imply'] ['inclusion', 'more', 'parts', 'body', 'arms', 'neck', 'stomach'] ['this', 'information', 'alter', 'learning', 'classification'] ['model', 'first', 'segment', 'lungs', 'using', 'segmentation'] ['model', 'provided', 'trained', 'tuberculosis', 'chest'] ['image', 'datasets', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'challenge'] ['dataset', 'then', 'calculate', 'smallest', 'rectangle', 'that'] ['delimits', 'left', 'right', 'segmented', 'lungs', 'finally', 'avoid'] ['eliminating', 'useful', 'information', 'pixels', 'left'] ['right', 'down', 'sides', 'rectangle', 'resulting', 'rectangle'] ['cropped', 'illustration', 'with', 'example', 'this', 'processing'] ['shown'] ['class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'network', 'increase'] ['discrimination', 'capacity', 'classification', 'model', 'used'] ['fucitnet', 'class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'network'] ['inspired', 'gans', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'networks', 'this'] ['transformation', 'method', 'actually', 'array', 'generators'] ['where', 'refers', 'positive', 'class', 'refers'] ['negative', 'class', 'learns', 'inherent', 'class', 'transformations'] ['positive', 'class', 'learns', 'inherent', 'class', 'transformations', 'negative', 'class', 'other', 'words', 'learns'] ['transformations', 'that', 'bring', 'input', 'image', 'from', 'domain'] ['with', 'class', 'domain', 'similarly', 'learns'] ['transformations', 'that', 'bring', 'input', 'image', 'from', 'space'] ['with', 'class', 'space', 'classification', 'loss'] ['introduced', 'generators', 'drive', 'learning', 'each', 'specific'] ['class', 'transformations', 'that', 'each', 'generator', 'optimized'] ['based', 'following', 'loss', 'function'] ['lgenk', 'lmse', 'lperceptual'] ['where', 'lmse', 'pixel', 'wise', 'mean', 'square', 'error', 'lperceptual'] ['perception', 'mean', 'square', 'error', 'classifier', 'loss'] ['weighted', 'factor', 'indicates', 'much', 'generator', 'must'] ['change', 'outcome', 'suit', 'classifier', 'more', 'details', 'about', 'these'] ['transformation', 'networks', 'found'] ['architecture', 'generators', 'consists', 'identical', 'residual', 'blocks', 'each', 'block', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'with'] ['kernels', 'feature', 'maps', 'followed', 'batch', 'normalization'] ['layers', 'parametric', 'relu', 'activation', 'function', 'last'] ['residual', 'block', 'followed', 'final', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'which'] ['reduces', 'output', 'image', 'channels', 'match', 'input'] ['dimensions', 'classifier', 'resnet', 'which', 'consists'] ['initial', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'with', 'kernels', 'feature'] ['maps', 'followed', 'pool', 'layer', 'then', 'blocks'] ['convolutional', 'layers', 'with', 'kernels', 'with'] ['feature', 'maps', 'respectively', 'followed', 'average'] ['pooling', 'fully', 'connected', 'layer', 'which', 'outputs', 'vector'] ['elements', 'relu', 'used', 'activation', 'function'] ['once', 'generators', 'learn', 'corresponding', 'transformations'] ['dataset', 'processed', 'using', 'pair', 'images'] [] ['will', 'obtained', 'from', 'each', 'input', 'image'] ['where'] [] ['respectively', 'positively'] ['negatively', 'transformed', 'images', 'note', 'that', 'once', 'entire'] ['dataset', 'processed', 'have', 'four', 'classes'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['3600', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020'] ['flowchart', 'proposed', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology'] ['instead', 'original', 'classes', 'class'] ['will', 'produce', 'positive'] ['transformation'] ['with'] ['negative', 'transformation'] ['with'] ['respectively'] ['will', 'produce', 'positive', 'transformation'] ['with'] [] ['negative', 'transformation'] ['with'] ['respectively'] ['illustrates', 'with', 'example', 'transformations', 'applied'] ['andgp', 'notice', 'that', 'these', 'transformations', 'meant'] ['interpretable', 'human', 'rather', 'help', 'classification'] ['model', 'better', 'distinguish', 'between', 'different', 'classes'] ['learning', 'inference', 'based', 'fusion'] ['twins', 'classification', 'model', 'described', 'above'] ['this', 'section', 'resnet', 'trained', 'predict', 'four'] ['classes', 'output', 'network', 'after', 'softmax', 'applied', 'each', 'transformed', 'image', 'associated', 'original', 'vector'] ['where', 'probability', 'transformed', 'image'] ['belong', 'class', 'herein', 'propose', 'inference', 'process', 'fuse', 'output'] ['transformed', 'images'] [] ['predict', 'label'] ['original', 'image', 'this', 'each', 'pair'] [] [] ['prediction', 'original', 'image', 'will', 'either'] [] [] ['argmax', 'argmax'] [] [] ['argmax', 'argmax'] ['resnet', 'predictions'] [] ['respectively', 'then'] [] [] [] [] ['then'] [] [] [] [] ['then'] ['none', 'above', 'applies', 'then'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['otherwise'] ['experimentally', 'used', 'batch', 'size'] ['optimizer'] ['experiments', 'results'] ['this', 'section', 'provide', 'information', 'about'] ['used', 'experimental', 'setup', 'evaluate', 'state'] ['covid', 'classification', 'models', 'fucitnet', 'alone'] ['dataset', 'then', 'analyze', 'impact', 'data', 'processing'] ['normal', 'severity', 'level', 'approach'] ['experimental', 'setup'] ['high', 'variations', 'between', 'different', 'executions'] ['performed', 'different', 'fold', 'cross', 'validations', 'experiments', 'each', 'experiment', 'uses', 'covidgr'] ['training', 'remaining', 'testing', 'choose', 'when'] ['stop', 'training', 'process', 'used', 'random', 'each'] ['training', 'validation', 'each', 'experiment', 'proper'] ['data', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'carefully', 'selected', 'results'] ['terms', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'precision', 'accuracy'] ['presented', 'using', 'average', 'values', 'standard', 'deviation'] ['executions', 'used', 'metrics', 'calculated', 'follows'] ['recall', 'positive', 'class', 'sensitivity'] ['actual', 'positives'] ['recall', 'negative', 'class', 'specificity'] ['actual', 'negatives'] ['precision', 'positive', 'class'] ['predicted', 'positives'] ['precision', 'negative', 'class'] ['predicted', 'negatives'] ['accuracy'] ['total', 'predictions'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3601'] ['segmentation', 'based', 'cropping', 'processing', 'applied', 'input', 'image'] ['class', 'inherent', 'transformations', 'applied', 'negative', 'sample', 'original', 'negative', 'sample', 'negative', 'transformation', 'positive'] ['transformation'] [] ['precision', 'recall'] ['precision', 'recall'] ['refers', 'respectively', 'number', 'true', 'positives'] ['true', 'negatives'] ['analysis', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'caps'] ['compare', 'approach', 'with', 'most', 'related', 'approaches', 'ours', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'caps', 'covidnet', 'currently', 'authors', 'this', 'network', 'provide'] ['three', 'versions', 'namely', 'available'] ['largest', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'followed'] ['performed', 'evaluations', 'each', 'network'] ['such', 'that', 'results', 'will', 'comparable'] ['ours'] ['first', 'tested', 'covidnet', 'covidnet'] ['covidnet', 'trained', 'covidx', 'directly'] ['dataset', 'considering', 'only', 'classes', 'normal', 'negative', 'covid', 'positive', 'whole', 'dataset'] ['positive', 'images', 'negative', 'images', 'evaluated', 'report', 'intable', 'recall', 'precision', 'results'] ['normal', 'covid', 'classes'] ['second', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'dataset'] ['important', 'note', 'that', 'only', 'checkpoint', 'each'] ['model', 'available', 'could', 'remove', 'last', 'layer'] ['these', 'networks', 'which', 'three', 'neurons', 'used'] ['different', 'fold', 'cross', 'validations', 'order'] ['able', 'retrain', 'covidnet', 'models'] ['third', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'into', 'dataset', 'randomly'] ['selected', 'images', 'from', 'pneumonia', 'class'] ['covidx', 'dataset', 'used', 'same', 'hyper', 'parameters'] ['ones', 'indicated', 'their', 'training', 'script', 'that'] ['epochs', 'batch', 'size', 'learning', 'rate', '0002'] ['changed', 'covid_weight', 'covid_percent'] ['since', 'same', 'number', 'images'] ['classes', 'similarly', 'report', 'table', 'recall'] ['precision', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid'] ['omit', 'recall', 'precision', 'pneumonia', 'class'] ['accuracy', 'reported', 'same', 'table', 'only', 'takes', 'into'] ['account', 'images', 'from', 'classes', 'with'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['3602', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020'] ['table'] ['covidnet', 'covid', 'caps', 'results', 'dataset'] ['table'] ['results', 'covid', 'prediction', 'using', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'retrained', 'covid', 'caps', 'resnet', 'with', 'without', 'segmentation'] ['fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'four', 'levels', 'severity', 'positive', 'class', 'taken', 'into', 'account'] ['models', 'report', 'here', 'mean', 'standard', 'deviation'] ['metrics'] ['although', 'analyzed', 'three', 'variations'] ['covidnet', 'simplicity', 'only', 'report', 'results'] ['best'] ['covid', 'caps', 'this', 'capsule', 'network', 'based', 'model'] ['proposed', 'architecture', 'notably', 'smaller', 'than'] ['covidnet', 'which', 'implies', 'dramatically', 'lower', 'number'] ['trainable', 'parameters', 'since', 'authors', 'also', 'provide'] ['checkpoint', 'with', 'weights', 'trained', 'covidx', 'dataset'] ['were', 'able', 'follow', 'similar', 'procedure', 'than', 'with'] ['covidnet'] ['first', 'tested', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'using', 'covidx'] ['covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'caps', 'designed'] ['predict', 'classes', 'reused', 'same', 'architecture', 'with', 'dataset', 'compute', 'evaluation'] ['metrics', 'shown', 'table', 'second', 'covid', 'caps', 'architecture', 'retrained', 'over'] ['covidgr', 'dataset', 'this', 'process', 'finetunes'] ['weights', 'improve', 'class', 'separation', 'retraining'] ['process', 'performed', 'using', 'same', 'setup', 'hyperparameters', 'reported', 'authors', 'adam', 'optimizer'] ['used', 'across', 'epochs', 'with', 'batch', 'size', 'class'] ['weights', 'were', 'omitted', 'with', 'covidnet', 'since', 'this'] ['dataset', 'contains', 'balanced', 'classes', 'training', 'well'] ['test', 'evaluation', 'metrics', 'computed', 'five', 'sets'] ['fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'test', 'subsets', 'summarized'] ['table'] ['results', 'from', 'table', 'show', 'that', 'covidnet', 'covidcaps', 'trained', 'covidx', 'overestimate', 'covid', 'class'] ['dataset', 'most', 'images', 'classified', 'positive', 'resulting'] ['very', 'high', 'sensitivities', 'cost', 'positive', 'predictive'] ['value', 'however', 'when', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'caps', 'retrained', 'covidgr', 'they', 'achieve', 'slightly', 'better', 'overall'] ['accuracy', 'higher', 'balance', 'between', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'although', 'they', 'seem', 'acquire', 'bias', 'favoring', 'negative'] ['class', 'general', 'none', 'these', 'models', 'perform', 'adequately'] ['detection', 'disease', 'from', 'images', 'dataset'] ['results', 'analysis', 'covid', 'prediction'] ['results', 'baseline', 'covid', 'classification', 'model', 'considering', 'levels', 'severity', 'with', 'without', 'segmentation'] ['fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'shown', 'table'] ['general', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'achieves', 'better', 'more', 'stable'] ['results', 'than', 'rest', 'approaches', 'particular', 'covid', 'sdnet'] ['achieved', 'highest', 'balance', 'between', 'specificity', 'sensitivity'] ['with', 'negative', 'class'] ['positive', 'class', 'most', 'importantly', 'covid', 'sdnet'] ['achieved', 'best', 'sensitivity', 'accuracy', 'with'] ['fucitnet', 'provides', 'general', 'good', 'lower'] ['less', 'stable', 'results', 'than', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'when', 'comparing'] ['results', 'baseline', 'classification', 'model', 'with', 'without'] ['segmentation', 'observe', 'that', 'segmentation', 'improves', 'substantially', 'sensitivity', 'which', 'most', 'important'] ['criteria', 'triage', 'system', 'this', 'explained', 'fact'] ['that', 'segmentation', 'allows', 'model', 'focus', 'most', 'important'] ['parts', 'image'] ['analysis', 'severity', 'level'] ['determine', 'which', 'levels', 'hardest', 'distinguish'] ['best', 'approach', 'have', 'analyzed', 'accuracy', 'severity', 'level', 'with', 'accuracy', 'correct', 'predictions'] ['total', 'number', 'where'] ['normal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe', 'results'] ['shown', 'table'] ['seen', 'from', 'these', 'results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'correctly'] ['distinguish', 'moderate', 'severe', 'levels', 'with', 'accuracy'] ['respectively', 'this', 'fact', 'that'] ['moderate', 'severe', 'images', 'contain', 'more', 'important'] ['visual', 'features', 'than', 'mild', 'normal', 'which', 'ease'] ['classification', 'task', 'normal', 'mild', 'cases', 'much', 'more'] ['difficult', 'identify', 'they', 'contain', 'none', 'visual', 'features'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3603'] ['table'] ['results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'severity', 'level'] ['table'] ['results', 'baseline', 'classification', 'model', 'with', 'segmentation', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'retrained', 'covidnet', 'retrained'] ['covid', 'caps', 'only', 'three', 'levels', 'severity', 'considered', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe'] ['table', 'viii'] ['results', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'severity', 'level', 'without', 'considering'] ['normal'] ['these', 'results', 'coherent', 'with', 'clinical', 'studies', 'provided'] ['which', 'report', 'that', 'expert', 'sensitivity', 'very'] ['normal', 'mild', 'infection', 'levels', 'recall', 'that', 'expert'] ['does', 'visual', 'signs', 'normal', 'although'] ['positive', 'those', 'cases', 'actually', 'considered'] ['asymptomatic', 'patients'] ['analysis', 'impact', 'normal'] ['analyze', 'impact', 'normal', 'class', 'covid'] ['classification', 'trained', 'evaluated', 'baseline', 'model'] ['fucitnet', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'classification', 'stage', 'covidnetcxr', 'covid', 'caps', 'covidgr', 'eliminating'] ['normal', 'results', 'summarized', 'table'] ['overall', 'approaches', 'systematically', 'provide', 'better', 'results', 'when', 'eliminating', 'normal', 'from', 'training', 'test'] ['processes', 'including', 'covidnet', 'covid', 'caps'] ['particular', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'still', 'represents', 'best', 'most'] ['stable', 'approach'] ['analysis', 'severity', 'level'] ['further', 'analysis', 'accuracy', 'level', 'each', 'severity'] ['degree', 'table', 'viii', 'demonstrates', 'that', 'eliminating', 'normalpcr', 'decreases', 'accuracy', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severity'] ['levels', 'respectively'] ['these', 'results', 'show', 'that', 'although', 'normal', 'hardest'] ['level', 'predict', 'presence', 'improves', 'accuracy', 'lower'] ['severity', 'levels', 'especially', 'mild', 'level'] ['inspection', 'model', 'decision'] ['automatic', 'diagnosis', 'systems', 'alone', 'mature'] ['replace', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'help', 'clinician', 'making', 'decisions'] ['these', 'tools', 'must', 'interpretable', 'that', 'clinicians', 'decide'] ['whether', 'trust', 'model', 'inspect', 'what'] ['model', 'make', 'decision', 'showing', 'regions', 'input'] ['image', 'that', 'triggered', 'that', 'decision', 'along', 'with', 'counterfactual'] ['explanation', 'showing', 'parts', 'that', 'explain', 'opposite', 'class'] ['adapted', 'grad', 'method', 'explain', 'decision'] ['negative', 'positive', 'class'] ['figs', 'show', 'original', 'image', 'visual'] ['explanation', 'means', 'heat', 'that', 'highlights', 'regions', 'pixels', 'which', 'model', 'output', 'actual', 'prediction'] ['counterfactual', 'explanation', 'using', 'heat', 'that'] ['highlights', 'regions', 'pixels', 'which', 'highest', 'impact'] ['predicting', 'opposite', 'class', 'higher', 'intensity', 'heat'] ['indicates', 'higher', 'importance', 'corresponding', 'pixel'] ['decision', 'larger', 'higher', 'intensity', 'areas', 'heat'] ['determine', 'final', 'class', 'however', 'represents', 'first'] ['counterfactual', 'explanation', 'represents', 'explanation', 'actual', 'decision'] ['expected', 'negative', 'positive', 'interpretations', 'complementary', 'areas', 'which', 'triggered', 'correct', 'decision'] ['opposite', 'most', 'cases', 'areas', 'that', 'triggered', 'decision', 'towards', 'negative', 'images', 'with', 'different', 'severity', 'levels', 'heat', 'maps', 'correctly', 'point', 'opaque', 'regions'] ['different', 'levels', 'infiltrates', 'consolidations', 'also'] ['osteoarthritis'] ['particular', 'areas', 'right', 'lung', 'points'] ['region', 'with', 'infiltrates', 'also', 'osteoarthritis', 'spine'] ['region', 'correctly', 'shows', 'moderate', 'infiltrates', 'right'] ['lower', 'lower', 'middle', 'lung', 'fields', 'addition', 'dilation'] ['ascending', 'aorta', 'aortic', 'arch', 'color', 'center'] ['shows', 'normal', 'upper', 'middle', 'fields', 'both', 'lungs', 'less', 'important'] ['left', 'aortic', 'dilation', 'indicates', 'important'] ['bilateral', 'pulmonary', 'involvement', 'with', 'consolidations'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['3604', 'ieee', 'journal', 'biomedical', 'health', 'informatics', 'december', '2020'] ['heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'that', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation'] ['heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'that', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation'] ['heatmap', 'showing', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'that', 'triggered', 'positive', 'prediction', 'counterfactual', 'explanation'] ['heatmap', 'that', 'explains', 'parts', 'input', 'image', 'that', 'triggered', 'counterfactual', 'explanation', 'negative', 'actual', 'prediction'] ['authorized', 'licensed', 'limited', 'university', 'hertfordshire', 'downloaded', 'july', '2021', 'from', 'ieee', 'xplore', 'restrictions', 'apply'] ['tabik', 'covidgr', 'dataset', 'covid', 'sdnet', 'methodology', 'predicting', 'covid', 'based', 'chest', 'images', '3605'] ['observed', 'explanation'] ['negative', 'class', 'correctly', 'highlights', 'symmetric', 'bilateral', 'pattern'] ['that', 'occupies', 'larger', 'lung', 'volume', 'especially', 'regions', 'with'] ['high', 'density', 'fact', 'very', 'similar', 'pattern', 'shown'] ['counterfactual', 'explanation', 'positive', 'class'] [] ['new_paper'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics'] ['issn', '2096', '0654', 'pp116'] ['volume', 'number', 'june', '2021'] ['26599', 'bdma', '2020', '9020016'] ['author', '2021', 'articles', 'published', 'this', 'open', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms'] ['creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'http', 'creativecommons', 'licenses'] ['prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases'] ['india', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'model'] ['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta'] ['avdhesh', 'gupta', 'dinesh', 'kumar', 'anjali', 'sardana'] ['abstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'unusual', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'first', 'found', 'late', 'december'] ['2019', 'latter', 'declared', 'pandemic', 'world', 'health', 'organizations', 'because', 'fatal', 'effects', 'public', 'health', 'this'] ['present', 'cases', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'exponentially', 'increasing', 'whole', 'world', 'here'] ['detecting', 'covid', 'cases', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'only', 'performing', 'this', 'analysis'] ['based', 'cases', 'occurring', 'different', 'states', 'india', 'chronological', 'dates', 'dataset', 'contains', 'multiple', 'classes'] ['performing', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'this', 'dataset', 'first', 'performed', 'data', 'cleansing', 'feature'] ['selection', 'then', 'performed', 'forecasting', 'classes', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'linear', 'model', 'support', 'vector', 'machine'] ['decision', 'tree', 'neural', 'network', 'where', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'others', 'therefore', 'random'] ['forest', 'used', 'prediction', 'analysis', 'results', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'performed', 'measure'] ['consistency', 'model'] ['words', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'random', 'forest'] ['introduction'] ['virus', 'coronaviruses', 'special', 'kind'] ['virus', 'that', 'itself', 'disease', 'enhances'] ['existing', 'disease', 'humans', 'body', 'which', 'makes'] ['very', 'dangerous', 'virus', 'this', 'virus', 'results', 'wheezing'] ['hard', 'breathe', 'digestive', 'system', 'liverwort'] ['effects', 'badly', 'human', 'nervous', 'system', 'center', 'also'] ['harms', 'animals', 'like', 'cows', 'horses', 'pigs', 'that', 'kept'] ['raised', 'used', 'people', 'different', 'wild', 'animals'] ['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'with', 'department', 'computer'] ['science', 'engineering', 'graphic', 'deemed'] ['university', 'dehradun', '248002', 'india', 'mail'] ['vishangupta', 'gmail'] ['avdhesh', 'gupta', 'anjali', 'sardana', 'with', 'department'] ['engineering', 'college', 'ghaziabad', '201009'] ['india', 'mail', 'avdhesh', 'gupta', 'imsec', 'anju', 'sardana'] ['gmail'] ['dinesh', 'kumar', 'with', 'department', 'kiet'] ['group', 'institutions', 'ghaziabad', '201206', 'india', 'mail'] ['dineshvashist', 'gmail'] ['whom', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed'] ['manuscript', 'received', '2020', 'revised', '2020'] ['accepted', '2020'] ['2002', '2003', 'epidemic', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory'] ['syndrome', 'sars', '2012', 'burst', 'middle'] ['east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mers', 'have', 'illustrated'] ['probability', 'transferrable', 'newly', 'arrived', 'covid'] ['human', 'human', 'animal', 'human', 'vice', 'versa'] ['though', 'there', 'very', 'fewer', 'cases', 'this', 'kind', 'they'] ['exists', 'late', 'december', '2019', 'effect', 'secret'] ['pneumonia', 'whole', 'world', 'noticeable', 'topic'] ['study'] [] ['india', 'first', 'case', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019'] ['covid', 'announced', '30th', 'january', '2020', 'this'] ['virus', 'extends', 'whole', 'india', 'their', 'different'] ['districts', 'till', 'april', '2020', 'india', 'total', 'cases'] ['announced', 'were', '5734', 'which', 'were', 'recovered'] ['people', 'were', 'dead', 'till', 'april', '2020', 'india'] ['total', 'cases', 'announced', 'were', 'which'] ['were', 'recovered', '6649', 'people', 'were', 'dead', 'till', 'june'] ['2020', 'after', 'this', 'date', 'fresh', 'cases', 'still', 'coming', 'into'] ['light', 'daily', 'which', 'around', 'india', 'infection'] ['rate', 'covid', 'lesser', 'than', 'that', 'some', 'other'] ['countries', 'till', 'date', 'website', 'worldometers', 'gives'] ['these', 'details', 'precise', 'manner', 'figure'] ['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using'] ['structure', 'coronavirus'] ['showing', 'structure', 'covid', 'this', 'structure', 'looks'] ['like', 'crown', 'different', 'parts', 'this', 'virus', 'also'] ['introduced', 'this', 'diagram'] [] ['objectives', 'this', 'surveillance', 'following'] ['monitor', 'trends', 'covid', 'disease', 'national'] ['levels'] ['rapidly', 'detect', 'cases', 'countries', 'where'] ['virus', 'started', 'circulate', 'monitor', 'cases'] ['countries', 'where', 'virus', 'circulating'] ['provide', 'epidemiological', 'information', 'conduct'] ['risk', 'assessments', 'national', 'state', 'level'] ['provide', 'epidemiological', 'information', 'guide'] ['preparedness', 'response', 'measures'] ['transmission'] ['china', 'covid', 'first', 'case', 'reported', 'huanan'] ['seafood', 'wholesale', 'market', 'wuhan', 'main', 'reason'] ['which', 'supposed', 'spread', 'this', 'virus'] ['transmission', 'from', 'animal', 'human', 'even'] ['upcoming', 'covid', 'cases', 'were', 'related'] ['subjection', 'method', 'hence', 'conclusion', 'that', 'virus'] ['transmission', 'from', 'humans', 'humans', 'people', 'with'] ['viruses', 'indicative', 'main', 'recurrent', 'reason'] ['spread', 'covid', 'before', 'symptoms', 'progress'] ['transmission', 'probability', 'covid', 'appears'] ['very', 'rare', 'even', 'though', 'this', 'virus', 'transmission'] ['prohibited', 'besides', 'these', 'advice', 'every', 'person'] ['that', 'people', 'symptomless', 'asymptomatic'] ['could', 'pass', 'virus', 'social', 'distancing', 'only'] ['secure', 'from', 'this', 'virus'] [] ['including', 'rhinovirus', 'additional', 'wheezing'] ['bacterium', 'believed', 'that', 'droplets', 'sneeze'] ['cough', 'person', 'main', 'reason', 'virus'] ['imparting', 'closed', 'places', 'aerosol', 'transmission', 'also'] ['possible', 'case', 'long', 'exposure', 'deep', 'mouthed'] ['aerosol', 'concentrations', 'china', 'result', 'data'] ['analysis', 'sars', 'spread', 'that', 'close', 'contact'] ['people', 'demanded', 'condition', 'spread'] ['virus', 'virus', 'extension', 'mainly', 'restricted'] ['person', 'family', 'members', 'other', 'nearly', 'contacted', 'people'] ['healthcare', 'experts'] [] ['treatment', 'prevention'] ['currently', 'there', 'isolated', 'particular', 'antiviral'] ['treatment', 'covid', 'virus', 'their', 'treatments'] ['reassuring', 'effects', 'recombination', 'with'] ['ribavirin', 'very', 'less', 'against', 'infection', 'covid'] ['after', 'sars', 'mers', 'pandemic', 'several', 'valuable'] ['efforts', 'have', 'been', 'provided', 'development'] ['antivirals', 'targeting', 'proteases', 'polymerases'] ['entry', 'proteins', 'nevertheless', 'none', 'them', 'been'] ['proven', 'worthwhile', 'clinical', 'trials', 'nevertheless'] ['them', 'been', 'proven', 'worthwhile', 'clinical', 'trials'] ['patient', 'already', 'recovered', 'from', 'covid19', 'donate', 'their', 'plasma', 'antibodies', 'because'] ['been', 'proved', 'beneficial', 'treatment', 'covid'] [] ['well', 'diverse', 'vaccine', 'schemes', 'like'] ['disabling', 'viruses', 'live', 'attenuated', 'viruses', 'vaccine', 'based'] ['viral', 'vector', 'subunit', 'injection', 'recombinant', 'proteins'] ['vaccines', 'have', 'been', 'evolved', 'they'] ['tested', 'only', 'animals'] ['till', 'there', 'effective', 'injection', 'therapy'] ['available', 'covid', 'only', 'finest', 'measures'] ['control', 'source', 'infection', 'early', 'diagnosis'] ['reporting', 'isolation', 'supportive', 'treatments', 'time'] ['producing', 'outbreak', 'details', 'keep', 'away', 'from', 'inessential'] ['anxiety', 'every', 'person', 'fine', 'exclusive', 'hygiene'] ['wearing', 'shaped', 'suitable', 'mask', 'ventilation'] ['keeping', 'away', 'from', 'massed', 'areas', 'will', 'assist', 'block'] ['covid', 'virus', 'inflammation'] [] ['guidance', 'directions', 'issued', 'world'] ['health', 'organization', 'other', 'corporations'] ['follows'] ['keep', 'away', 'from', 'adjacent', 'correspondence', 'with'] ['people', 'suffering', 'from', 'serious', 'inflammation'] ['clean', 'your', 'hands', 'regularly', 'mainly', 'when', 'come'] ['close', 'contact', 'with', 'infected', 'people', 'place'] ['where', 'they', 'live'] ['keep', 'away', 'from', 'unsafe', 'connections', 'with', 'wild'] ['farm', 'animals'] ['persons', 'having', 'symptoms', 'critical', 'shaft'] ['inflammation', 'should', 'maintain', 'distance', 'from', 'other'] ['peoples', 'enfold', 'wheeze', 'sneezes', 'with', 'throwaway'] ['paper', 'napkin', 'material', 'clean', 'their', 'hands', 'from'] ['time', 'time'] ['specifically', 'department', 'medical'] ['emergency', 'proper', 'arrangement', 'strict', 'hygiene'] ['measures', 'required', 'prevention', 'control'] ['infections'] ['individuals', 'that', 'immunocompromised', 'should'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['avoid', 'public', 'gatherings'] ['this', 'paper', 'proposes', 'machine', 'learning', 'schemes', 'based'] ['data', 'driven', 'approach', 'this', 'approach', 'gives'] ['prediction', 'about', 'number', 'infected', 'people', 'with'] ['covid', 'upcoming', 'days', 'using', 'available'] ['data', 'this', 'paper', 'proposes', 'model', 'which', 'easily'] ['forecast', 'count', 'fresh', 'covid', 'cases', 'that'] ['management', 'make', 'preparation', 'handle', 'these'] ['cases'] ['figure', 'shows', 'general', 'diagram', 'prediction'] ['model', 'where', 'various', 'features', 'taken', 'their'] ['multiple', 'cases', 'classes', 'predicted', 'through', 'random'] ['forest', 'prediction', 'model'] ['this', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section'] ['explains', 'methodology', 'materials', 'prediction'] ['covid', 'where', 'present', 'dataset', 'features'] ['feature', 'selection', 'classes', 'procedure'] ['prediction', 'model', 'clarified', 'section'] ['description', 'various', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'used'] ['this', 'work', 'their', 'performance', 'metric', 'presented'] ['section', 'sections', 'present', 'result', 'analysis'] ['comparison', 'reported', 'estimated', 'cases', 'long'] ['last', 'conclusion', 'exhibited', 'section'] ['methodology', 'material'] ['dataset', 'features'] ['coronaviruses', 'large', 'family', 'viruses', 'that'] ['cause', 'illness', 'animals', 'humans', 'humans'] ['several', 'coronaviruses', 'known', 'cause', 'respiratory'] ['infections', 'ranging', 'from', 'common', 'cold', 'more', 'severe'] ['diseases', 'such', 'mers', 'sars', 'most', 'recently'] ['discovered', 'coronavirus', 'causes', 'coronavirus', 'disease'] ['2019', 'covid'] [] ['number', 'cases', 'increasing'] ['around', 'world', 'this', 'dataset', 'information', 'from'] ['confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases'] ['confirmed', 'indian', 'national'] ['dataset', 'features'] ['observation', 'date', 'time'] ['state', 'union', 'territory'] ['prediction', 'model'] ['confirmed', 'foreign', 'national'] ['state'] ['time'] ['observation', 'date'] ['prediction', 'method'] ['states', 'union', 'territories', 'india', 'daily', 'effect'] ['preventing', 'measures', 'like', 'social', 'distancing', 'face', 'mask'] ['lockdown', 'also', 'been', 'considered'] ['dataset', 'consists', 'features', 'covid'] ['data', 'which', 'taken', 'from', 'https', 'kaggle'] ['sudalairajkumar', 'covid19', 'india', 'also', 'from'] ['ministry', 'health', 'family', 'welfare', 'dataset'] ['consists', 'only', '2342', 'samples', 'covid', 'cases'] ['india', 'from', 'january', '2020', '2020', 'table'] ['shows', 'attributes', 'features', 'used', 'this', 'study'] ['glimpse', 'dataset', 'presented', 'table'] ['feature', 'selection'] ['during', 'process', 'model', 'building', 'feature', 'selection'] ['used', 'select', 'most', 'relevant', 'features'] ['features', 'reduces', 'complexity', 'prediction'] ['model', 'here', 'performed', 'feature', 'selection', 'using'] ['random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'programming'] ['language', 'classification', 'model', 'features'] ['calculated', 'using', 'above', 'algorithm', 'whose', 'input'] ['parameters', 'features', 'dataset', 'covid'] ['cases', 'india'] ['three', 'features', 'which', 'were', 'used'] ['building', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'model', 'using'] ['random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm', 'these'] ['obervation', 'date', 'time', 'state', 'union', 'territory'] ['five', 'only', 'features', 'have', 'been', 'discarded'] ['that', 'confirmed', 'indian', 'national', 'confirmed'] ['foreign', 'national', 'these', 'features', 'discarded', 'because'] ['they', 'impact', 'only', 'beginning', 'covid'] ['infection', 'when', 'patients', 'were', 'coming', 'from', 'abroad', 'later'] ['table', 'feature', 'prediction', 'covid', 'cases'] ['india'] ['name', 'description'] ['observation', 'date', 'date', 'which', 'many'] ['covid', 'positive', 'cases', 'have'] ['occurred'] ['time', 'time', 'that', 'particular', 'date'] ['which', 'mang', 'covid'] ['positive', 'cases', 'have', 'occurred'] ['state', 'union', 'territory', 'name', 'state', 'union'] ['territory', 'india', 'where', 'covid'] ['cases', 'were', 'found'] ['confirmed', 'indian', 'national', 'total', 'number', 'confirmed'] ['covid', 'cases', 'found', 'india'] ['itself', 'starting', 'sars'] ['india'] ['confirmed', 'foreign', 'national', 'total', 'number', 'confirmed'] ['covid', 'cases', 'found', 'india'] ['which', 'came', 'from', 'foreign'] ['countries', 'beginning', 'sarscov', 'cases', 'india'] ['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using'] ['table', 'dataset', 'sars', 'india'] ['date', 'time', 'state', 'union'] ['territory'] ['confirmed', 'indian'] ['national', 'case'] ['confirmed', 'foreign'] ['national', 'case'] ['cured'] ['case'] ['death'] ['case'] ['confirmed', 'case'] ['2020', 'kerala'] ['2020', 'rajasthan'] ['2020', 'telengana'] ['2020', 'tamil', 'nadu'] ['2020', 'ladakh'] ['2020', 'telengana'] ['2020', 'jammu', 'kashmir'] ['2020', 'maharashtra'] ['2020', 'delhi'] ['2020', 'andhra', 'pradesh'] ['2020', 'maharashtra', '1364'] ['2020', 'gujarat', '3774'] ['2020', 'madhya', 'pradesh', '2719'] ['2020', 'west', 'bengal', '1414', '3816'] ['cases', 'arisen', 'only', 'based', 'internal', 'infection'] ['covid', 'communicable', 'property', 'therefore'] ['values', 'these', 'fields', 'considered'] ['target', 'classes', 'used', 'prediction', 'dataset'] ['dataset', 'contains', 'three', 'target', 'classes', 'which', 'have'] ['multiple', 'discrete', 'instances', 'these', 'target', 'classes'] ['following'] ['confirmed', 'cases', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases'] ['particular', 'date', 'increased', 'decreased'] ['according', 'next', 'date', 'time', 'location', 'specific'] ['indian', 'states', 'only'] ['death', 'cases', 'number', 'death', 'cases'] ['particular', 'date', 'increased', 'decreased'] ['according', 'next', 'date', 'time', 'location', 'specific'] ['indian', 'states', 'only'] ['cured', 'cases', 'number', 'cured', 'cases'] ['particular', 'date', 'increased', 'decreased'] ['according', 'next', 'date', 'time', 'location', 'specific'] ['indian', 'states', 'only'] ['procedure', 'prediction', 'model'] ['developing', 'machine', 'learning', 'based'] ['methodology', 'which', 'following', 'four', 'steps'] ['this', 'methodology', 'also', 'depicted'] ['step', 'building', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'model'] ['using', 'training', 'testing', 'concept', 'dataset'] ['covid', 'features', 'date', 'wise', 'time', 'wise', 'statewise', 'were', 'taken', 'from', 'kaggle', 'then', 'trained', 'tested'] ['respectively'] ['step', 'feature', 'selection', 'before', 'going', 'model'] ['formation', 'selected', 'only', 'important', 'features'] ['reduction', 'complexity', 'model', 'same'] ['data', 'collection', 'from', 'kaggle'] ['data', 'cleansing'] ['feature', 'selection'] ['model', 'building'] ['result', 'analysis'] ['methodology', 'work'] ['applied', 'random', 'forest', 'importance', 'algorithm'] ['section', 'describes', 'detail', 'formulas'] ['prediction', 'model', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured'] ['cases', 'following'] ['confirmed', 'observation', 'date', 'timec'] ['state', 'union', 'territory'] ['death', 'observation', 'date', 'timec'] ['state', 'union', 'territory'] ['cured', 'observation', 'date', 'timec'] ['state', 'union', 'territory'] ['step', 'training', 'dataset', 'using', 'multi', 'class'] ['classification', 'dataset', 'then', 'modeled', 'using', 'random'] ['forest', 'support', 'vector', 'machine', 'decision', 'tree'] ['multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'neural', 'network'] ['training', 'dataset'] ['step', 'testing', 'dataset', 'using', 'multi', 'class'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['classification', 'data', 'tested', 'using', 'these', 'five'] ['models', 'results', 'from', 'five', 'models', 'collected'] ['found', 'that', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed'] ['other', 'models', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death'] ['cured', 'cases', 'individually', 'therefore', 'have', 'considered'] ['random', 'forest', 'model', 'prediction', 'this', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'model'] ['machine', 'learning', 'models', 'used', 'this'] ['study', 'their', 'performance', 'metrics'] ['these', 'following', 'models', 'used', 'prediction'] ['cases', 'covid', 'using', 'multi', 'class', 'classification'] ['decision', 'tree', 'rpart', 'build', 'decision', 'trees'] ['used', 'rpart', 'method', 'programming', 'language'] [] ['random', 'forest', 'randomforest'] ['ensemble', 'tree', 'based', 'learning', 'algorithm', 'random'] ['forest', 'classifier', 'decision', 'trees', 'from', 'randomly'] ['selected', 'subset', 'training', 'aggregates', 'votes'] ['from', 'different', 'decision', 'trees', 'decide', 'final', 'class'] ['test', 'object', 'used', 'randomforest', 'method'] ['programming', 'language', 'this', 'algorithm'] [] ['multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression', 'multinome'] ['statistics', 'multinomial', 'logistic', 'regression'] ['classification', 'method', 'that', 'generalizes', 'logistic', 'regression'] ['multi', 'class', 'problems', 'with', 'more', 'than', 'possible'] ['discrete', 'outcomes', 'used', 'multinome', 'method'] ['nnet', 'package', 'programming', 'language', 'this'] ['algorithm'] [] ['neural', 'networks', 'nnet', 'neural', 'networks'] ['used', 'just', 'classification', 'well', 'regression'] ['using', 'here', 'feed', 'forward', 'neural', 'networks', 'with'] ['single', 'hidden', 'layer', 'possibly', 'with', 'skip', 'layer', 'connections'] ['used', 'nnet', 'method', 'programming', 'language'] ['this', 'algorithm'] [] ['support', 'vector', 'machine'] ['used', 'classification', 'regression', 'represents'] ['input', 'features', 'vectors', 'which', 'projected', 'onto'] ['higher', 'dimensional', 'space', 'optimal', 'hyperplane'] ['then', 'constructed', 'separating', 'different', 'instances'] ['confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'have', 'used'] ['method', 'e1071', 'package', 'programming', 'language'] ['this', 'algorithm'] [] ['performance', 'tuning', 'prediction', 'models'] ['table', 'shows', 'popular', 'prediction', 'models', 'which'] ['used', 'study', 'packages', 'used', 'these', 'models'] ['open', 'source', 'libraries', 'programming', 'language'] ['licensed', 'under', 'packages', 'used', 'here'] ['having', 'some', 'appropriate', 'method', 'model', 'formation'] ['table', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'their', 'tuning'] ['parameters'] ['model', 'method', 'required'] ['package'] ['tuning'] ['parameter'] ['random', 'forest', 'randomforest', 'randomforest', 'mtry'] ['ntree'] ['e1071', 'kernal', 'radial'] ['degree'] ['decision', 'tree', 'rpart', 'rpart', 'usesurrogate'] ['neural'] ['network', 'nnet', 'nnet', 'size'] ['multinomial'] ['logistic'] ['regression'] ['multinome', 'nnet', 'maxit', '1000'] ['which', 'tuned', 'better', 'results'] [] ['accuracy'] ['accuracy', 'computed', 'percentage', 'deviation'] ['predicted', 'target', 'concerning', 'actual', 'target'] ['with', 'some', 'acceptable', 'error', 'main', 'performance'] ['evaluation', 'parameter', 'machine', 'learning'] ['model'] [] ['accuracy'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['otherwise'] [] ['where'] ['predicted', 'target'] ['actual', 'target'] [] ['arbitrary', 'variable', 'which', 'contains', 'absolute'] ['difference', 'predicted', 'target', 'value', 'actual', 'target'] ['value'] ['result', 'analysis', 'comparison'] ['reported', 'estimated', 'cases'] ['number', 'total', 'sample', 'training', 'testing'] ['2342', 'according', 'different', 'date', 'time', 'states', 'which'] ['taken', 'from', 'website', 'kaggle', 'this', 'dataset'] ['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'foresee', 'confirmed', 'death'] ['recovered', 'cured', 'cases', 'calculated', 'through', 'various'] ['decision', 'models', 'like', 'decision', 'tree', 'multinomial', 'logistic'] ['regression', 'neural', 'network', 'random', 'forest'] ['distribution', 'data', 'training', 'testing'] ['experiments', 'been', 'respectively'] ['methods', 'used', 'comparative', 'performance'] ['methods', 'prediction', 'confirmed', 'death'] ['cured', 'cases', 'accuracy', 'been', 'highlighted', 'accuracy'] ['computed', 'percent', 'deviation', 'predicted'] ['target', 'concerning', 'actual', 'target', 'accuracy'] ['been', 'calculated', 'using', 'table', 'lists'] ['accuracy', 'models', 'results', 'show'] ['vishan', 'kumar', 'gupta', 'prediction', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases', 'india', 'using'] ['table', 'multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'calculated'] ['various', 'machine', 'learning', 'models'] ['model', 'name', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'cases'] ['random', 'forest'] ['decision', 'tree'] ['multinomial', 'logistic'] ['regression'] ['neural', 'network'] [] ['random', 'forest', 'method', 'outperforms', 'other', 'machine'] ['learning', 'models', 'random', 'forest', 'ensemble', 'model'] ['that', 'uses', 'bagging', 'sampling', 'therefore', 'found'] ['overwhelming', 'performance', 'comparison', 'other'] ['models'] ['prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases'] ['testing', 'dataset', 'random', 'forest', 'highest'] ['accuracy', 'confirmed'] ['death', 'cured', 'cases', 'respectively'] ['figures', 'show', 'histogram'] ['comparison', 'accuracy', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured'] ['cases', 'respectively', 'using', 'random', 'forest', 'model'] ['well', 'some', 'other', 'models', 'these', 'results', 'show', 'that'] ['random', 'forest', 'model', 'outperformed', 'other'] ['machine', 'learning', 'models'] ['performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'model'] ['with', 'other', 'models', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'prediction'] ['performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'model'] ['with', 'other', 'models', 'death', 'cases', 'prediction'] ['performance', 'comparison', 'random', 'forest', 'model'] ['with', 'other', 'models', 'cured', 'cases', 'prediction'] ['fold', 'cross', 'validation'] ['fold', 'cross', 'validation', 'technique', 'shows', 'robust'] ['performance', 'accuracy', 'machine', 'learning'] ['model', 'here', 'have', 'used', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation'] ['prediction', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases'] ['this', 'case', 'time', 'data', 'frames', 'used', 'training'] ['data', 'frame', 'used', 'testing', 'table', 'describes'] ['accuracy', 'random', 'forest', 'model', 'different'] ['folds', 'dataset', 'shows', 'accuracy'] ['random', 'forest', 'model', 'form', 'line', 'graph'] ['prediction', 'target', 'classes', 'which', 'depicts'] ['consistent', 'performances', 'random', 'forest', 'model'] [] ['comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated'] ['confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases'] ['this', 'data', 'driven', 'estimations', 'data', 'been', 'taken'] ['from', 'january', '2020', '2020', 'from', 'different'] ['states', 'india', 'comparison', 'also', 'been', 'made'] ['daily', 'reported', 'positive', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'with'] ['estimated', 'cases', 'data', 'driven', 'model', 'some', 'dates'] ['states', 'tables', 'showing', 'comparison'] ['made', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cured', 'cases'] ['respectively'] ['conclusion'] ['tend', 'explore', 'five', 'machine', 'learning', 'models', 'with'] ['three', 'important', 'features', 'estimating', 'confirmed'] ['table', 'accuracy', 'provided', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation'] [] ['fold', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'death', 'cases', 'cured', 'cases'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['confirmed', 'cases'] ['death', 'cases'] ['cured', 'cases'] ['results', 'fold', 'cross', 'validation'] ['table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated'] ['confirmed', 'cases'] ['date', 'state', 'official', 'data', 'estimation', 'error'] ['2020', 'rajasthan', '1596', '1520'] ['2020', 'bihar'] ['2020', 'maharashtra'] ['2020', 'gujarat', '5488', '5403'] ['2020', 'delhi', '5897', '5912'] ['table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated', 'death'] ['cases'] ['date', 'state', 'official', 'data', 'estimation', 'error'] ['2020', 'rajasthan'] ['2020', 'bihar'] ['2020', 'maharashtra', '1390', '1376'] ['2020', 'gujarat'] ['2020', 'delhi'] ['death', 'cured', 'cases', 'covid', 'various', 'states'] ['india', 'qualitative', 'measures', 'confirmed'] ['death', 'cured', 'cases', 'here', 'machine', 'learning', 'methods'] ['embody', 'additional', 'information', 'from', 'different'] ['models', 'different', 'templet', 'structures', 'models'] ['evaluated', 'accuracy', 'through', 'intensive'] ['experiments', 'found', 'that', 'random', 'forest', 'method'] ['table', 'comparison', 'total', 'reported', 'estimated', 'cured'] ['cases'] ['date', 'state', 'official', 'data', 'estimation', 'error'] ['2020', 'rajasthan', '3427', '3514'] ['2020', 'bihar'] ['2020', 'maharashtra'] ['2020', 'gujarat', '5488', '5403'] ['2020', 'delhi'] ['outperforms', 'other', 'machine', 'learning', 'methods', 'therefore'] ['considered', 'final', 'prediction', 'model'] ['prediction', 'various', 'cases', 'fold', 'crossvalidation', 'used', 'measure', 'consistency', 'random'] ['forest', 'model', 'which', 'provided', 'nearly', 'linear', 'performance'] ['prediction', 'these', 'cases'] ['acknowledgment'] ['very', 'much', 'thankful', 'indian', 'ministry'] ['health', 'family', 'welfare', 'mohfw', 'making', 'data'] ['available', 'general', 'public', 'thanks', 'covid19india'] ['providing', 'individual', 'states', 'level', 'details'] ['general', 'public', 'also', 'thankful', 'kaggle'] ['worldometer', 'website', 'which', 'provide', 'huge', 'data', 'datewise', 'perform', 'data', 'analytics'] ['new_paper'] ['predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'data'] ['adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach'] ['vasilis', 'marmarelis', 'fellow', 'ieee'] ['abstract', 'there', 'currently', 'intensified', 'efforts'] ['scientific', 'community', 'world', 'wide', 'analyze', 'dynamics'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'order', 'predict', 'epidemiological', 'effects', 'assist', 'proper', 'planning'] ['clinical', 'management', 'well', 'guide', 'sociopolitical'] ['decision', 'making', 'regarding', 'proper', 'mitigation', 'measures'] ['most', 'efforts', 'follow', 'variants', 'established'] ['methodological', 'framework', 'that', 'divides', 'population', 'into'] ['susceptible', 'infectious', 'recovered', 'removed'] ['fractions', 'defines', 'their', 'dynamic', 'inter', 'relationships', 'with'] ['first', 'order', 'differential', 'equations', 'goal', 'this', 'paper', 'proposes'] ['novel', 'approach', 'based', 'data', 'guided', 'detection'] ['concatenation', 'infection', 'waves', 'each', 'them', 'described'] ['riccati', 'equation', 'with', 'adaptively', 'estimated', 'parameters'] ['methods', 'this', 'approach', 'applied', 'covid', 'daily'] ['time', 'series', 'data', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'resulting'] ['decomposition', 'epidemic', 'time', 'course', 'into', 'five'] ['riccati', 'modules', 'representing', 'major', 'infection', 'waves'] ['date', 'june', '18th', 'results', 'four', 'waves', 'have', 'passed'] ['time', 'point', 'peak', 'infection', 'rate', 'with', 'fifth', 'expected'] ['peak', 'july', '20th', 'obtained', 'parameter', 'estimates'] ['indicate', 'gradual', 'reduction', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'although'] ['latest', 'wave', 'expected', 'largest', 'conclusions'] ['this', 'analysis', 'suggests', 'that', 'waves', 'infection'] ['emerge', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'will', 'controlled'] ['5000', 'daily', 'cases', 'september', '26th'] ['maximum', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'will', 'reach'] ['importantly', 'this', 'approach', 'used', 'detect'] ['rigorous', 'statistical', 'methods', 'emergence', 'possible'] ['waves', 'infections', 'future', 'analysis', 'data', 'from'] ['individual', 'states', 'countries', 'quantify', 'distinct'] ['effects', 'different', 'mitigation', 'measures'] ['index', 'terms', 'adaptive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'time', 'series'] ['data', 'epidemiological', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'riccati', 'based'] ['phase', 'space', 'modeling', 'statistical', 'detection', 'covid', 'infection', 'waves'] ['impact', 'statement', 'analysis', 'covid', 'data', 'yielded'] ['five', 'representing', 'dynamics', 'five', 'infection', 'waves'] ['further', 'application', 'this', 'approach', 'could', 'allow', 'interregional', 'comparison', 'obtained', 'decompositions'] ['manuscript', 'received', '2020', 'revised', 'june', '2020', 'accepted'] ['july', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'july', '2020', 'date', 'current', 'version', 'july'] ['2020', 'this', 'work', 'supported', 'under', 'grant', 'ag058162'] ['awarded', 'biomedical', 'modeling', 'simulations', 'center', 'university', 'southern', 'california'] ['author', 'with', 'department', 'biomedical', 'engineering', 'university', 'southern', 'california', 'angeles', '90089', 'mail'] [] ['digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'ojemb', '2020', '3008313'] ['introduction'] ['many', 'efforts', 'have', 'been', 'made', 'recently', 'analyze'] ['time', 'course', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'daily', 'data'] ['various', 'countries', 'regions', 'predict', 'aspects', 'eventual', 'growth', 'order', 'assist', 'proper', 'planning', 'healthcare'] ['resources', 'related', 'socioeconomic', 'decision', 'making', 'among'] ['them', 'dominant', 'role', 'played', 'class', 'compartmental'] ['epidemiological', 'models', 'introduced', 'about', 'century'] ['kermack', 'mckendrick', 'many', 'variants', 'over'] ['years', 'that', 'generally', 'utilize', 'compartments'] ['susceptible', 'infectious', 'removed', 'fractions'] ['population', 'which', 'interconnected', 'with', 'dynamic', 'relationships', 'described', 'nonlinear', 'ordinary', 'differential', 'equations', 'another', 'commonly', 'used', 'approach', 'employs', 'linear', 'auto', 'regressive'] ['integrated', 'moving', 'average', 'arima', 'models', 'that', 'have', 'been'] ['popular', 'econometrics', 'from', 'policy', 'planning', 'point'] ['view', 'practical', 'importance', 'attained', 'predictive', 'modeling'] ['methods', 'that', 'provide', 'reliable', 'estimates', 'parameters'] ['unfolding', 'infectious', 'process', 'each', 'point', 'time'] ['adaptive', 'basis', 'well', 'offer', 'useful', 'insights', 'into', 'dynamic'] ['structure', 'infectious', 'process', 'example', 'such', 'adaptive'] ['methods', 'offer', 'useful', 'predictions', 'maximum', 'number'] ['total', 'infections', 'upper', 'bound', 'daily', 'confirmed'] ['cases', 'purpose', 'planning', 'proper', 'clinical', 'management'] ['epidemic', 'furthermore', 'obtained', 'model', 'should'] ['interpretable', 'terms', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'epidemic', 'process', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'order', 'assist', 'policy'] ['planning', 'operational', 'implementation', 'from', 'these', 'observations', 'arise', 'aspects', 'desirable', 'modeling', 'approach'] ['suitable', 'model', 'form', 'employed', 'model', 'form', 'must'] ['capture', 'essential', 'dynamic', 'characteristics', 'epidemic', 'process', 'each', 'time', 'point', 'manner', 'that'] ['scientifically', 'interpretable', 'operationally', 'useful'] ['robust', 'estimation', 'adaptive', 'modeling', 'robust', 'estimation', 'model', 'parameters', 'each', 'time', 'point', 'must'] ['feasible', 'using', 'tested', 'statistical', 'methods', 'manner', 'that'] ['detect', 'possible', 'changes', 'underlying', 'modeling'] ['assumptions', 'over', 'time', 'offer', 'means', 'model'] ['adaptation'] ['these', 'aspects', 'secured', 'then', 'would'] ['possible', 'predict', 'maximum', 'spread', 'anticipated', 'infections'] ['maximum', 'rate', 'infections', 'well', 'their', 'respective'] ['timing', 'order', 'assist', 'rational', 'decision', 'making'] ['this', 'paper', 'presents', 'such', 'approach', 'that', 'employs'] ['adaptive', 'modeling', 'estimation', 'strategy', 'based'] ['this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'http', 'creativecommons', 'licenses'] ['volume', '2020'] ['ieee', 'open', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', 'july', '2020'] ['concatenated', 'riccati', 'type', 'modules', 'each', 'described'] ['parabolic', 'phase', 'space', 'representation', 'suitable', 'adaptive', 'statistical', 'estimation', 'methods', 'potential', 'utility', 'this', 'approach'] ['initially', 'demonstrated', 'with', 'adaptive', 'analysis', 'daily', 'data'] ['reported', 'covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'present'] ['time', 'june', '2020'] ['extensive', 'literature', 'subject', 'epidemiological'] ['modeling', 'reviewed', 'here', 'interest', 'space'] ['some', 'basic', 'comparisons', 'proposed', 'approach', 'with'] ['most', 'widely', 'used', 'class', 'models', 'will', 'discussed', 'some'] ['representative', 'recent', 'modeling', 'applications', 'covid', 'data'] ['that', 'interest', 'readers', 'include', 'simulation', 'study'] ['seir', 'model', 'variant', 'model', 'that', 'includes'] ['compartment', 'exposed', 'individuals', 'covid', 'northern', 'italy', 'model', 'that', 'seeks', 'estimate', 'transmission', 'risk'] ['epidemic', 'model', 'spread', 'epidemic'] ['china', 'there', 'many', 'covid', 'related', 'modeling', 'studies'] ['that', 'have', 'been', 'posted', 'preprints', 'under', 'review', 'thus', 'more'] ['citations', 'will', 'soon', 'available'] ['materials', 'methods'] ['modeling', 'element', 'proposed', 'approach'] ['riccati', 'module', 'that', 'defined', 'riccati', 'equation'] ['with', 'constant', 'coefficients', 'defining', 'quadratic', 'relation', 'between', 'rate', 'change', 'number', 'infectionsx'] ['each', 'time', 'additive', 'stochastic', 'term', 'represents'] ['unknown', 'random', 'influences', 'unknown', 'external', 'factors'] ['errors', 'noise', 'affecting', 'reported', 'time', 'series', 'data'] [] ['this', 'equation', 'captures', 'essential', 'self', 'limiting', 'aspect'] ['infectious', 'process', 'gradually', 'acquired', 'herd', 'immunity', 'countervailing', 'factors', 'relatively', 'simple', 'manner'] ['considering', 'effective', 'rate', 'which', 'relates', 'derivative'] ['function', 'being', 'reduced', 'linearly', 'with', 'rising'] ['instead', 'being', 'constant', 'conventional', 'rate'] ['processes', 'form'] ['thus', 'parameter', 'initial', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'constant'] ['that', 'dominant', 'initial', 'exponential', 'like', 'growth'] ['infection', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'contagiousness'] ['infectious', 'agent', 'along', 'with', 'level', 'contagious', 'interactions'] ['given', 'infection', 'pool', 'other', 'hand', 'parameter'] ['depends', 'size', 'susceptible', 'population'] ['also', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'which', 'aforementioned', 'acquired'] ['herd', 'immunity', 'countervailing', 'factors', 'both', 'natural'] ['socially', 'administratively', 'imposed', 'infected', 'community', 'constrain', 'initial', 'rapid', 'growth', 'infection'] ['eventually', 'achieve', 'control', 'this', 'process', 'described'] ['sigmoidal', 'curve', 'defined', 'equation', 'which', 'general'] ['solution', 'riccati', 'equation', 'absence', 'random'] ['perturbations', 'where', 'maximum', 'number', 'xmax', 'total'] ['infections', 'anticipated', 'riccati', 'model', 'plateau'] ['sigmoidal', 'curve', 'given', 'ratio', 'parameters'] ['xmax'] ['xmax'] ['where', 'xmax', 'with', 'being', 'initial', 'value'] ['start', 'respective', 'single', 'pool', 'infection'] ['parameters', 'each', 'attain', 'useful', 'interpretations', 'that', 'offer', 'insights', 'into', 'dynamic', 'characteristics'] ['infectious', 'process', 'which', 'generally', 'decomposed', 'into', 'cascade', 'estimated', 'proposed', 'adaptive', 'methodology'] ['representing', 'ongoing', 'recruitment', 'distinct', 'major'] ['this', 'model', 'derived', 'knowledge', 'assist', 'effective'] ['management', 'epidemic', 'describable', 'model', 'composed'] ['such', 'concatenated', 'latent'] ['clearly', 'desirable', 'obtain', 'reliable', 'running', 'estimates'] ['these', 'parameters', 'from', 'time', 'series', 'data', 'daily', 'covid', 'data'] ['given', 'point', 'time', 'riccati', 'equation', 'model', 'been'] ['shown', 'previously', 'represent', 'self', 'limiting', 'infectious', 'processes'] ['that', 'confined', 'within', 'single', 'isolated', 'infection', 'pools'] ['challenge', 'study', 'covid', 'epidemic'] ['that', 'highly', 'contagious', 'nature', 'there', 'multiple'] ['communicating', 'that', 'recruited', 'during', 'course'] ['epidemic', 'contribute', 'reported', 'data', 'respective', 'national', 'international', 'multi', 'community', 'level', 'this', 'presents'] ['with', 'daunting', 'task', 'separating', 'superimposed', 'sigmoidal'] ['time', 'courses', 'multiple', 'corresponding', 'various'] ['without', 'benefit', 'separate', 'data', 'from', 'individual'] ['perform', 'this', 'task', 'propose', 'methodology', 'that', 'utilizes'] ['adaptive', 'estimation', 'procedure', 'detect', 'running', 'statistical', 'hypothesis', 'test', 'separate', 'concatenated', 'parabolic'] ['phase', 'space', 'representations', 'that', 'present'] ['data', 'given', 'time', 'point'] ['phase', 'space', 'representation', 'dynamic', 'process'] ['pertains', 'relation', 'between', 'derivative', 'over', 'time'] ['absence', 'random', 'perturbations', 'riccati', 'equation'] ['indicates', 'that', 'this', 'relation', 'parabolic', 'discrete', 'time', 'data'] ['covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'time', 'step', 'cascade'] ['parabolic', 'phase', 'plots', 'fitted', 'available', 'phase', 'space'] ['data', 'estimates', 'parameters', 'each', 'timestep', 'obtained', 'these', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'used'] ['predict', 'multi', 'sigmoidal', 'time', 'course', 'infectious', 'process'] ['according', 'superposition', 'cascaded', 'sigmoidal', 'curves'] ['each', 'described', 'equation', 'with', 'distinct', 'parameters'] ['this', 'estimation', 'task', 'begins', 'with', 'statistical', 'detection'] ['estimation', 'first', 'that', 'described', 'discretized'] ['riccati', 'model'] [] ['where', 'denotes', 'fixed'] ['time', 'step', 'this', 'case', 'following', 'adaptive', 'estimation'] ['first', 'below', 'perform', 'statistical', 'hypothesis'] ['testing', 'using', 'properly', 'constructed', 'statistic', 'each', 'timestep', 'detect', 'possible', 'emergence', 'another'] ['such', 'detected', 'then', 'estimate', 'distinct', 'parameters'] ['separate', 'contributions', 'total', 'reported', 'cases'] ['below', 'this', 'procedure', 'repeated', 'each', 'time', 'step', 'until'] ['daily', 'data', 'have', 'been', 'analyzed', 'obtain', 'adaptive', 'estimates'] ['distinct', 'parameters', 'that', 'correspond'] ['detected'] ['regarding', 'robust', 'estimation', 'parameters'] ['initial', 'analysis', 'indicated', 'that', 'standard', 'deviation'] ['marmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'data', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach'] ['residual', 'valuesr', 'depends', 'roughly', 'linearly', 'this', 'nonstationary', 'residual', 'variance', 'implies', 'that', 'least', 'squares', 'fitting'] ['model', 'equation', 'would', 'yield', 'unreliable', 'parameter'] ['estimates', 'however', 'reliable', 'estimates'] ['obtained', 'least', 'squares', 'regression', 'normalized', 'rate'] ['change', 'equivalent', 'logarithmic', 'derivative'] ['upon', 'according', 'equation'] [] ['when', 'equation', 'since', 'residual'] ['term', 'expected', 'have', 'approximately', 'stationary'] ['standard', 'deviation', 'reliable', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'obtained'] ['each', 'time', 'step', 'furthermore', 'slope', 'parameter'] ['equation', 'evaluated', 'statistical', 'significance'] ['each', 'time', 'step', 'testing', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'that', 'slope'] ['parameter', 'significantly', 'different', 'from', 'zero', 'specified'] ['confidence', 'level', 'assess', 'whether', 'equation', 'remains'] ['appropriate', 'representation', 'data', 'when', 'this', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'gets', 'rejected', 'some', 'time', 'step', 'then', 'adaptive', 'parameter'] ['estimates', 'begin', 'used', 'adaptive', 'prediction'] ['sigmoidal', 'course', 'infection', 'accounted', 'respective'] [] ['this', 'adaptive', 'estimation', 'procedure', 'repeated', 'each'] ['time', 'point', 'until', 'linear', 'relationship', 'expressed', 'equation'] ['ceases', 'represent', 'time', 'evolution', 'data', 'event'] ['identified', 'adaptively', 'examining', 'statistical', 'significance'] ['reduction', 'residual', 'variance', 'using', 'hypothesis', 'testing'] ['with', 'statistic', 'regression', 'normalized', 'rate'] ['change', 'values', 'upon', 'linear', 'relationship'] ['equation', 'versus', 'second', 'degree', 'polynomial', 'expression'] ['that', 'would', 'indicate', 'emergence', 'note', 'that'] ['second', 'degree', 'polynomial', 'expression', 'like', 'equation'] ['starting', 'with', 'positive', 'value', 'since', 'must'] ['positive', 'have', 'zero', 'crossing', 'phase', 'plot'] ['normalized', 'rate', 'change', 'this', 'necessary', 'because'] ['simply', 'quantifies', 'divergence', 'from', 'null', 'hypothesis'] ['alternative', 'hypothesis', 'does', 'seek', 'represent'] ['dynamic', 'characterisitcs', 'infectious', 'process', 'thus'] ['construct', 'adaptive', 'statistical', 'test', 'using', 'alternative'] ['hypothesis', 'that', 'normalized', 'rate', 'change', 'follows'] ['quadratic', 'model', 'equation'] [] [] ['tested', 'each', 'time', 'point', 'against', 'null', 'hypothesis'] ['linear', 'model', 'equation', 'this', 'statistical', 'hypothesis'] ['testing', 'following', 'statistic', 'with', 'degrees'] ['freedom', 'that', 'represents', 'normalized', 'reduction', 'residual'] ['variance', 'between', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'expressions'] [] [] ['where', 'q1and', 'q2denote', 'computed', 'residual', 'variances'] ['linear', 'quadratic', 'expression', 'respectively'] ['number', 'data', 'points', 'used', 'regression'] ['table'] ['estimated', 'parameters', 'model', 'components'] ['computed', 'compared', 'each', 'time', 'point'] ['proper', 'critical', 'value', 'fcrit', 'significance', 'level'] ['when', 'fcrit', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'rejected'] ['confidence', 'level', 'deemed', 'emerging'] ['included', 'model', 'separating', 'contributions'] ['parameters', 'from', 'those', 'other', 'previous', 'contributions', 'concatenated', 'model', 'components', 'included'] ['total', 'model', 'prediction', 'application', 'this', 'approach'] ['demonstrated', 'following', 'section', 'using', 'daily', 'reported', 'data'] ['covid', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'from', 'march', 'until', 'june'] ['completion', 'date', 'this', 'manuscript', 'while', 'epidemic'] ['still', 'ongoing'] ['results'] ['analyzed', 'publicly', 'reported', 'data', 'daily', 'covid'] ['confirmed', 'cases', 'database', 'curated', 'johns', 'hopkins'] ['university', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'since'] ['march', '11th', '2020', 'cumulative', 'cases', 'first', 'exceeded'] ['1000', 'until', 'june', '18th', '2020', 'completion', 'date', 'this'] ['manuscript', 'period', 'that', 'covers', 'total', 'days', 'application'] ['aforementioned', 'methodology', 'identified', 'five', 'latent', 'riccati'] ['modules', 'with', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'that', 'given'] ['table', 'along', 'with', 'parameters', 'equation'] ['respective', 'predictions', 'maximum', 'number', 'anticipated'] ['cumulative', 'cases', 'each', 'model', 'component', 'some', 'other'] ['parameters', 'five', 'component', 'size'] ['timing', 'peak', 'infection', 'rate', 'each', 'also', 'reported'] ['table', 'timing', 'peak', 'infection', 'rate', 'each'] ['given', 'expression'] [] ['corresponding', 'determined'] [] ['equation', 'indicates', 'strong', 'dependence'] ['since', 'value', 'critical', 'planning', 'clinical'] ['management', 'pandemic', 'lest', 'finite', 'resources'] ['healthcare', 'system', 'temporarily', 'overwhelmed', 'equation'] ['underlines', 'importance', 'minimizing', 'controlling'] ['given', 'size', 'xmax', 'these', 'parameter', 'estimates'] ['given', 'table', 'five', 'along', 'with', 'time', 'their'] ['earliest', 'detection', 'proposed', 'algorithm', 'units'] ['these', 'parameter', 'values', 'following', 'days', 'days'] ['ieee', 'open', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', 'july', '2020'] ['cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'from', 'march', '11th'] ['present', 'time', 'june', '18th', 'blue', 'with', 'circles', 'total', 'concatenated'] ['model', 'prediction', 'along', 'with', 'predictions', 'five', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'blue', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted'] ['black', 'dashed'] ['cases', 'unitless', 'xmax', 'cases', 'cases'] ['days', 'since', 'march', '11th', '2020'] ['declining', 'values', 'estimated', 'parametersafor', 'five'] ['indicate', 'that', 'there', 'gradual', 'reduction', 'infectivity'] ['rate', 'which', 'partially', 'effect', 'imposed'] ['social', 'distancing', 'other', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'discussion', 'these', 'parameter', 'values', 'updated', 'daily', 'basis'] ['were', 'shown', 'rather', 'stable', 'away', 'from', 'days', 'introduction', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'five'] ['depend', 'inversely', 'size', 'susceptible', 'exposed'] ['population', 'respective', 'infection', 'pool', 'combination'] ['with', 'effect', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'discussion', 'this'] ['consistent', 'with', 'model', 'predicted', 'maximum', 'numbers'] ['confirmed', 'cases', 'five', 'total', 'maximum', 'number'] ['cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'that', 'predicted', 'these', 'five'] ['components', 'model', 'substantially', 'higher'] ['than', 'current', 'cumulative', 'total', 'cases', 'course'] ['this', 'prediction', 'contingent', 'upon', 'assumption', 'that'] ['infection', 'waves', 'will', 'occur', 'detected', 'algorithm'] ['future', 'connection', 'with', 'this', 'assumption', 'note', 'that'] ['statistic', 'rising', 'recently', 'approaching', 'critical', 'value'] ['that', 'trigger', 'detection', 'emergent', 'infection', 'wave'] ['shows', 'cumulative', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases'] ['since', 'march', '11th', '2020', 'along', 'with', 'total', 'model', 'prediction'] ['predictions', 'five', 'components', 'depicted'] ['decomposition', 'time', 'course', 'cumulative', 'number'] ['confirmed', 'cases', 'offers', 'useful', 'insight', 'into', 'time', 'course'] ['epidemic', 'unfolding', 'over', 'five', 'major', 'defined', 'source'] ['statistically', 'significant', 'between', 'march', '11th'] ['present', 'time', 'june', '18th', 'consistent', 'with', 'estimates'] ['shown', 'table', 'indicates', 'that', 'last', 'model'] ['component', 'expected', 'make', 'largest', 'contribution'] ['total', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'relative', 'previous', 'four'] ['discussion'] ['analysis', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'offers'] ['informative', 'decomposition', 'that', 'shown', 'along'] ['with', 'actual', 'time', 'series', 'data', 'total', 'model', 'prediction'] ['this', 'result', 'demonstrates', 'ability', 'proposed', 'approach'] ['daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'from', 'march', '11th'] ['present', 'time', 'june', '18th', 'blue', 'with', 'circles', 'total', 'concatenatedrm', 'model', 'prediction', 'along', 'with', 'predictions', 'five'] ['components', 'green', 'dashed', 'blue', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'browndotted', 'black', 'dashed'] ['model', 'multi', 'modal', 'patterns', 'dynamic', 'changes', 'infectious'] ['process', 'merging', 'distinct', 'infection', 'pools', 'unlike'] ['unimodal', 'patterns', 'widely', 'used', 'models', 'this'] ['also', 'allows', 'timely', 'detection', 'emerging', 'distinct', 'waves'] ['infection', 'discussion'] ['number', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'each'] ['given', 'expression'] [] [] ['that', 'exhibits', 'single', 'peak', 'time', 'point'] ['equations', 'which', 'corresponds', 'inflection', 'point'] ['respective', 'sigmoidal', 'curve', 'half', 'level'] ['sigmoidal', 'plateau', 'foretells', 'maximum', 'value'] ['cumulative', 'cases', 'reached', 'each'] ['evident', 'that', 'first', 'four', 'have', 'passed', 'their'] ['time', 'points', 'table', 'last', 'expected', 'reach'] ['time', 'point', 'july', '20th', 'this', 'based'] ['model', 'predicts', 'that', 'unless', 'recruited', 'near', 'future'] ['covid', 'infection', 'will', 'below', 'daily'] ['confirmed', 'cases', 'september', '20th', 'marked'] ['with', 'arrow', 'that', 'shows', 'simulated', 'prediction'] ['five', 'model', 'components', 'over', 'next', 'days', 'until'] ['september', '26th', 'evident', 'that', 'infection', 'wave'] ['last', 'expected', 'larger', 'than', 'combined', 'total'] ['other', 'four', 'discussion'] ['forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'over', 'next', 'days'] ['provided', 'that', 'infection', 'wave', 'emerges', 'shown'] ['illustrates', 'dominant', 'contribution', 'last', 'infection'] ['wave', 'that', 'reached', 'inflection', 'point', 'that'] ['expected', 'days', 'july', '20th'] ['cyclical', 'ripple', 'evident', 'actual', 'data', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'that', 'accounted', 'based'] ['model', 'probably', 'time', 'varying', 'influences', 'related'] ['weekly', 'cycle', 'social', 'life', 'based', 'model', 'expected'] ['account', 'such', 'time', 'varying', 'influences', 'although'] ['fundamental', 'riccati', 'equation', 'extended'] ['marmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'data', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach'] ['forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'daily'] ['confirmed', 'cases', 'over', 'next', 'days', 'september', '26th'] ['made', 'june', '18th', 'line', 'along', 'with', 'actual', 'time', 'series', 'data'] ['date', 'blue', 'with', 'circles', 'predictions', 'five', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'blue', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted'] ['black', 'dashed'] ['forward', 'prediction', 'based', 'model', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'over', 'next', 'days', 'september', '26th', 'made', 'june', '18th', 'line', 'along', 'with', 'actual', 'data'] ['date', 'blue', 'with', 'circles', 'predictions', 'five', 'components', 'green', 'dashed', 'blue', 'dotted', 'purple', 'dashed', 'brown', 'dotted'] ['black', 'dashed'] ['future', 'work', 'time', 'varying', 'coefficientsain', 'order', 'account'] ['these', 'weekly', 'variations', 'examine', 'dominant', 'frequencies'] ['these', 'variations', 'shows', 'frequency', 'spectrum'] ['residuals', 'model', 'prediction', 'daily', 'confirmed'] ['cases', 'that', 'clearly', 'depicts', 'spectral', 'peak', 'located'] ['cycles'] ['finally', 'since', 'some', 'take', 'view', 'that', 'simple', 'curve', 'fitting'] ['cumulative', 'cases', 'data', 'sigmoidal', 'expression'] ['adequate', 'examine', 'whether', 'direct', 'least', 'squares', 'fitting'] ['sigmoidal', 'expression', 'equation', 'time', 'series'] ['data', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'able', 'yield'] ['reasonable', 'approximation', 'time', 'course', 'data'] ['result', 'shown', 'demonstrates', 'inferiority'] ['simple', 'curve', 'fitting', 'both', 'terms', 'approximation', 'accuracy'] ['comparing', 'with', 'model', 'approximation'] ['terms', 'misleading', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'infectivity'] ['rate', 'estimate', 'asig', 'prediction', 'maximum'] ['number', 'confirmed', 'cases'] ['frequency', 'spectrum', 'residuals', 'model'] ['prediction', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'that', 'depicts'] ['spectral', 'peak', 'millicycles'] ['direct', 'least', 'squares', 'line', 'cumulative', 'cases'] ['confirmed', 'covid', 'patients', 'from', 'march', '11th', 'june', '18th'] ['blue', 'line', 'with', 'circles', 'results', 'inferior', 'their', 'counterparts', 'from'] ['proposed', 'based', 'modeling', 'methodology', 'that', 'shown'] ['direct', 'least', 'squares', 'line', 'daily', 'cases', 'confirmed'] ['covid', 'patients', 'from', 'march', '11th', 'june', '18th', 'blue', 'line', 'with'] ['circles', 'results', 'inferior', 'their', 'counterparts', 'from', 'proposed'] ['based', 'modeling', 'methodology', 'that', 'shown'] ['data', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'direct', 'least', 'squares'] ['approximation', 'shown', 'demonstrates', 'inferiority', 'curve', 'fitting', 'terms', 'approximation', 'accuracy'] ['comparing', 'with', 'model', 'approximation'] ['fundamental', 'inability', 'direct', 'sigmoidal', 'fitting', 'approximate'] ['ieee', 'open', 'journal', 'engineering', 'medicine', 'biology', 'july', '2020'] ['multi', 'modal', 'phase', 'plots', 'that', 'detect', 'emergence'] ['major', 'infection', 'waves'] ['discussion', 'conclusion'] ['novel', 'adaptive', 'methodology', 'predictive', 'modeling'] ['time', 'course', 'daily', 'cumulative', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid19', 'been', 'presented', 'application', 'reported', 'data'] ['been', 'demonstrated', 'this', 'methodology', 'achieves'] ['decomposition', 'time', 'course', 'covid', 'data'] ['terms', 'concatenated', 'riccati', 'modules', 'provides'] ['potentially', 'useful', 'predictions', 'well', 'valuable', 'insights', 'into'] ['dynamic', 'characteristics', 'infectious', 'process'] ['specifically', 'advocated', 'approach', 'detects', 'presence'] ['multiple', 'overlapping', 'infection', 'waves', 'that', 'correspond', 'major'] ['infection', 'pools', 'described', 'distinct', 'concatenated'] ['that', 'defined', 'fundamental', 'riccati', 'equation'] ['each', 'with', 'distinct', 'parameters', 'that', 'quantify', 'critical'] ['dynamic', 'aspects', 'infectious', 'time', 'course', 'respective', 'parameter', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'constant', 'that'] ['determines', 'initial', 'exponential', 'like', 'growth', 'infection'] ['depends', 'degree', 'contagiousness', 'level'] ['contagious', 'interactions', 'given', 'this', 'sense', 'akin'] ['reproduction', 'rate', 'conventional', 'models'] ['parameter', 'depends', 'size', 'susceptible', 'exposed'] ['population', 'each', 'also', 'quantifies', 'degree', 'which'] ['gradually', 'acquired', 'herd', 'immunity', 'mitigating', 'factors', 'measures', 'constrain', 'initial', 'rapid', 'growth', 'infection'] ['eventually', 'achieve', 'control', 'according', 'sigmoidal'] ['time', 'course', 'defined', 'equation', 'reaching', 'plateau'] ['maximum', 'number', 'infections', 'xmax'] ['achieve', 'this', 'decomposition', 'time', 'series', 'data'] ['proposed', 'approach', 'employs', 'regression', 'analysis', 'phasespace', 'statistical', 'hypothesis', 'testing', 'using', 'statistic'] ['methods', 'detect', 'emergence', 'infection', 'waves'] ['specified', 'level', 'statistical', 'significance', 'running', 'adaptive'] ['estimates', 'parameters', 'obtained', 'each', 'time', 'point'] ['they', 'were', 'found', 'rather', 'stable', 'away', 'from', 'points', 'where'] ['introduced', 'into', 'model'] ['analysis', 'covid', 'daily', 'data', 'from', 'march', '11th'] ['june', '18th', 'when', 'this', 'manuscript', 'completed', 'yielded', 'five'] ['that', 'concatenated', 'shown', 'figs', 'they'] ['deemed', 'represent', 'distinct', 'dynamics', 'five', 'infection'] ['waves', 'major', 'that', 'have', 'characteristics', 'defined'] ['their', 'respective', 'parameters', 'given', 'table', 'small', 'initial'] ['possibly', 'corresponding', 'initial', 'infection'] ['seattle', 'area', 'followed', 'larger', 'possibly', 'corresponding', 'rapid', 'urban', 'surge', 'york', 'city'] ['subsequently', 'other', 'urban', 'centers', 'northeast'] ['respectively', 'broader', 'epidemic', 'spread', 'across', 'smaller', 'towns'] ['rural', 'areas', 'under', 'local', 'mitigation', 'measures'] ['correspond', 'slower', 'growth', 'moderate', 'size'] ['emergence', 'last', 'largest', 'infection', 'wave', 'described'] ['detected', 'proposed', 'algorithm'] ['appears', 'coincide', 'with', 'relaxation'] ['some', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'across', 'total', 'number'] ['infections', 'anticipated', 'model', 'about'] ['table'] ['units', 'magnetic', 'properties'] ['vertical', 'lines', 'optional', 'tables', 'statements', 'that', 'serve', 'captions', 'entire', 'table'] ['need', 'footnote', 'letters'] ['agaussian', 'units', 'same', 'magnetostatics', 'maxwell', 'gauss'] ['oersted', 'weber', 'volt', 'second', 'tesla', 'meter', 'ampere'] ['joule', 'kilogram', 'henry'] ['double', 'current', 'cumulative', 'number', 'provided', 'that', 'there'] ['will', 'added', 'model', 'because', 'covid'] ['spreading', 'into', 'caused', 'significant', 'change'] ['current', 'mitigation', 'measures', 'under', 'same', 'assumptions'] ['current', 'model', 'predicts', 'that', 'number', 'confirmed'] ['cases', 'will', 'drop', 'below', 'september', '20th'] [] ['results', 'shown', 'table', 'indicate', 'early'] ['rapid', 'reduction', 'parameter', 'successive', 'which'] ['plays', 'role', 'determining', 'critical', 'stressor'] ['healthcare', 'system', 'peak', 'infection', 'rate'] ['provided', 'that', 'parameter', 'drastically', 'reduced', 'last'] ['anticipates', 'occur', 'days', 'july', '20th', 'without'] ['exceeding', 'previous', 'peaks', 'worth'] ['noting', 'that', 'time', 'between', 'detection', 'infection', 'wave'] ['increases', 'with', 'decreasing'] ['analysis', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'shows', 'individual'] ['contributions', 'five', 'components'] ['demonstrates', 'versatility', 'proposed', 'approach', 'detect'] ['statistically', 'rigorous', 'manner', 'emerging', 'waves', 'infection'] ['applicable', 'cases', 'where', 'pattern', 'daily', 'changes'] ['unimodal', 'this', 'constitutes', 'important', 'advantage'] ['proposed', 'approach', 'over', 'widely', 'used', 'models'] ['other', 'unimodal', 'approaches', 'another', 'difference', 'proposed'] ['approach', 'from', 'popular', 'model', 'that', 'does', 'take', 'into'] ['account', 'number', 'recovered', 'cases', 'does', 'require', 'full'] ['immunity', 'latter', 'further', 'explore', 'this', 'comparison'] ['three', 'equations', 'classic', 'model', 'combined'] ['single', 'nonlinear', 'differential', 'equation', 'that', 'takes', 'second', 'order'] ['marmarelis', 'predictive', 'modeling', 'covid', 'data', 'adaptive', 'phase', 'space', 'approach'] ['form'] [] ['where', 'integral', 'from', 'infected', 'fraction'] ['population', 'recovery', 'rate', 'infection', 'rate'] ['s0is', 'initial', 'size', 'susceptible', 'population', 'equation'] ['indicates', 'that', 'estimation', 'unknown', 'parameter', 'must'] ['rely', 'iterative', 'methods', 'which', 'less', 'robust', 'reliable'] ['than', 'regression', 'utilized', 'proposed', 'approach', 'that', 'this'] ['differential', 'equation', 'only', 'stable', 'equilibrium', 'point', 'when'] ['tends', 'infinity', 'less', 'flexible', 'notion', 'than', 'multiple', 'finite'] ['stable', 'equilibrium', 'points', 'concatenated', 'riccati', 'equations'] ['that', 'achieved', 'each', 'when', 'each', 'reaches', 'individual'] ['plateau', 'respective', 'xmax', 'these', 'comparisons'] ['must', 'explored', 'further', 'future'] ['regarding', 'cyclical', 'variations', 'that', 'evident', 'timeseries', 'data', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'accounted'] ['based', 'model', 'noted', 'that', 'fundamental'] ['riccati', 'equation', 'extended', 'future', 'work', 'timevarying', 'coefficients', 'that', 'account', 'observed'] ['cycle', 'revealed', 'spectrum', 'residuals', 'model'] ['prediction', 'cycle', 'peaks', 'each'] ['week', 'increased', 'social', 'interactions', 'during'] ['previous', 'weekend', 'noting', 'average', 'covid', 'incubation', 'period'] ['days'] ['must', 'emphasized', 'that', 'based', 'predictive', 'modeling'] ['distinct', 'from', 'simple', 'curve', 'fitting', 'methods', 'this', 'demonstrated', 'above', 'contrasting', 'with', 'results', 'direct', 'sigmoidal'] ['least', 'squares', 'fitting', 'figs', 'showing', 'that', 'latter'] ['lead', 'serious', 'estimation', 'parameters'] ['infectious', 'process', 'much', 'smaller', 'infectivity', 'rate', 'estimate'] ['smaller', 'predicted', 'maximum', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases'] ['addition', 'misconceptions', 'regarding', 'dynamic', 'structure'] ['process', 'unimodal', 'versus', 'multi', 'modal', 'phase', 'space'] ['representation'] ['interesting', 'question', 'arises', 'with', 'respect', 'effect'] ['changing', 'testing', 'rates', 'upon', 'obtained', 'parameter', 'estimates'] ['true', 'incidence', 'then', 'apparent', 'incidence'] ['time', 'varying', 'testing', 'rate', 'function'] ['shown', 'that', 'true', 'parameters'] ['corresponding', 'unknown', 'values', 'related'] ['apparent', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'obtained', 'from'] ['available', 'data', 'according', 'expressions'] ['where', 'since'] ['ought', 'positive', 'times', 'then', 'always'] ['overestimation', 'overestimates', 'only', 'when'] ['testing', 'rate', 'increasing', 'constant', 'testing', 'rate'] ['estimated', 'maximum', 'number', 'cases', 'have'] ['relation', 'xmax'] ['this', 'work', 'like', 'others', 'covid', 'predictive', 'modeling'] ['published', 'under', 'unique', 'unprecedented', 'circumstances'] ['ongoing', 'pandemic', 'which', 'render', 'validation', 'open', 'future'] ['data', 'that', 'publicly', 'reported', 'predictions', 'made', 'this'] ['paper', 'will', 'hold', 'only', 'wave', 'infections', 'occurs'] ['proposed', 'approach', 'applied', 'near', 'future'] ['additional', 'covid', 'data', 'from', 'other', 'countries', 'from', 'various', 'regions', 'order', 'compare', 'obtained', 'rmdecompositions', 'revealing', 'dynamic', 'structure', 'infection'] ['waves', 'these', 'infectious', 'processes', 'associated', 'parameter', 'estimates', 'each', 'distinct', 'rmdecompositions', 'various', 'countries', 'regions', 'respective'] ['parameter', 'estimates', 'reveal', 'valuable', 'correlations', 'with'] ['mitigation', 'policies', 'followed', 'each', 'case', 'examine', 'their', 'effectiveness', 'within', 'each', 'specific', 'socio', 'cultural', 'context', 'order'] ['guide', 'future', 'decision', 'making', 'examining', 'much'] ['respective', 'policies', 'socio', 'cultural', 'conditions', 'influence', 'estimated', 'parameters', 'consequently', 'xmax'] [] ['new_paper'] ['diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using'] ['wavelets', 'based', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'network'] ['krishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'akansha', 'singh'] ['abstract', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'also', 'known', 'covid', 'become', 'pandemic', 'disease', 'caused'] ['beta', 'coronavirus', 'called', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'severity'] ['disease', 'understood', 'massive', 'number', 'deaths', 'affected', 'patients', 'globally', 'diagnosis'] ['fast', 'paced', 'disease', 'controlled', 'better', 'manner', 'laboratory', 'tests', 'available', 'diagnosis'] ['they', 'bounded', 'available', 'testing', 'kits', 'time', 'radiological', 'examinations', 'that', 'comprise', 'computed'] ['tomography', 'used', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'specifically', 'chest', 'images', 'analysed'] ['identify', 'presence', 'covid', 'patient', 'this', 'paper', 'automated', 'method', 'diagnosis', 'covid'] ['from', 'chest', 'images', 'proposed', 'method', 'presents', 'improved', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'neural', 'network'] ['analysing', 'chest', 'images', 'wavelet', 'decomposition', 'applied', 'integrate', 'multiresolution', 'analysis'] ['network', 'frequency', 'bands', 'obtained', 'from', 'input', 'images', 'network', 'identifying', 'disease'] ['network', 'designed', 'predict', 'class', 'input', 'image', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid'] ['predicted', 'output', 'from', 'model', 'combined', 'with', 'grad', 'visualization', 'diagnosis', 'comparative', 'study', 'with'] ['existing', 'methods', 'also', 'performed', 'metrics', 'like', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity', 'measure', 'calculated'] ['performance', 'evaluation', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method', 'better', 'than', 'existing', 'methodologies'] ['thus', 'used', 'effective', 'diagnosis', 'disease'] ['words', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'deep', 'learning', 'convolution', 'neural', 'network', 'images'] ['introduction'] ['pandemic', 'outbreak', 'disease', 'globally'] ['affecting', 'many', 'populations', 'world', 'witnessed'] ['many', 'pandemics', '20th', 'century', 'viruses'] ['major', 'cause', 'pandemics', 'these', 'viruses'] ['show', 'changing', 'behaviour', 'with', 'changing', 'seasons'] ['thus', 'their', 'behaviour', 'needs', 'predicted'] ['krishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'with', 'department', 'kiet', 'group'] ['institutions', 'delhi', 'ghaziabad', '201206', 'india', 'mail'] ['krishnaiitr2011', 'gmail'] ['akansha', 'singh', 'with', 'department', 'aset', 'amity'] ['university', 'uttar', 'pradesh', 'noida', '201310', 'india', 'mail'] ['akanshasing', 'gmail'] ['whom', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed'] ['manuscript', 'received', '2020', 'revised', '2020'] ['accepted', '2020'] ['prevention', 'health', 'professionals', 'generally', 'make'] ['correct', 'predictions', 'about', 'most', 'viruses', 'some'] ['viruses', 'have', 'exceptional', 'behaviour', 'difficult'] ['predict', 'such', 'viruses', 'cause', 'pandemics', 'humans'] ['have', 'immunity', 'resist', 'such', 'virus'] ['latest', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'known', 'covid'] ['appeared', 'spread', 'extremely', 'fast', 'since'] ['discovery', 'december', '2019', 'wuhan', 'china'] ['disease', 'already', 'spread', 'over', 'countries'] ['territories', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory'] ['syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'causes'] ['covid', 'virus', 'ribonucleic', 'acid'] ['virus', 'from', 'coronavirus', 'family', 'most', 'viruses', 'from'] ['this', 'family', 'cause', 'common', 'cold', 'more', 'severe'] ['variety', 'coronaviruses', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory'] ['syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'middle', 'east'] ['krishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using'] ['respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'mers'] ['covid', 'causes', 'respiratory', 'ailments', 'ranging', 'from'] ['common', 'cold', 'serious', 'diseases', 'like', 'pneumonia'] ['number', 'cases', 'worldwide', 'reached'] ['causing', 'deaths', 'individuals'] ['2020', 'situation', 'report', 'published'] ['world', 'health', 'organization', 'accurate'] ['information', 'about', 'emergence', 'covid'] ['still', 'unknown', 'initial', 'cases', 'have', 'established'] ['links', 'with', 'huanan', 'southern', 'china', 'seafood'] ['wholesale', 'market', 'disease', 'contagious'] ['virus', 'gets', 'spread', 'amongst', 'humans', 'respiratory'] ['droplets', 'physical', 'contact', 'also', 'through', 'fecal', 'oral'] ['transmission', 'numerous', 'cases', 'pneumonia'] ['unknown', 'cause', 'were', 'reported', 'wuhan', 'china'] ['december', '2019', 'cases', 'showed', 'similar', 'clinical'] ['characteristics', 'with', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients'] ['suffering', 'from', 'covid', 'infection', 'observed'] ['have', 'serious', 'pneumonia', 'with', 'abnormal', 'observations'] ['chest', 'computed', 'tomography', 'examination'] [] ['unavailability', 'medicine', 'this', 'disease', 'requires'] ['efficient', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'controlling', 'disease'] ['common', 'cold', 'pneumonia', 'caused', 'group'] ['viruses', 'known', 'these', 'diseases', 'include'] ['respiratory', 'enteric', 'renal', 'neurological', 'diseases'] ['these', 'viruses', 'grouped', 'into', 'four', 'genres', 'namely'] ['alpha', 'beta', 'gamma', 'delta'] [] ['figure', 'gives', 'overview', 'disease'] ['virus', 'affects', 'individuals', 'from', 'groups'] ['genders', 'research', 'study', 'reveals', 'that', 'groups'] ['people', 'specifically', 'affected', 'this', 'disease', 'first'] ['overview', 'covid'] ['group', 'individuals', 'those', 'above', 'years'] ['second', 'group', 'those', 'individuals'] ['have', 'some', 'underlying', 'medical', 'condition', 'like', 'diabetes'] ['cardiovascular', 'disease', 'hypertension', 'common'] ['symptoms', 'covid', 'include', 'fever', 'cough'] ['respiratory', 'problems', 'like', 'shortness', 'breath', 'muscular'] ['soreness', 'fatigue', 'some', 'cases', 'diarrhoea'] ['vomiting', 'also', 'reported', 'severity', 'disease'] ['ranges', 'from', 'mild', 'pneumonia', 'causing', 'respiratory'] ['ailments', 'advance', 'stage', 'disease', 'even'] ['causes', 'organ', 'failures', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'distress'] ['syndrome', 'ards', 'leading', 'deaths', 'patients'] ['fast', 'paced', 'human', 'human', 'transmission'] ['disease', 'matter', 'great', 'concern', 'regulatory'] ['authorities', 'globally', 'control', 'covid', 'largely'] ['depends', 'diagnosis', 'right', 'time', 'available'] ['methods', 'diagnosis', 'comprise', 'laboratory', 'tests'] ['like', 'reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction'] ['real', 'time', 'reverse'] ['transcription', 'loop', 'mediated', 'isothermal', 'amplification'] ['lamp', 'test', 'laboratory', 'tests', 'have', 'some'] ['limitations', 'firstly', 'test', 'requires', 'testing', 'kits', 'which'] ['have', 'limited', 'availability', 'supply', 'chain', 'secondly'] ['test', 'time', 'consuming', 'laboratory'] ['processes', 'involved', 'facilities', 'easily'] ['accessible', 'parts', 'world', 'results'] ['also', 'produced', 'fast', 'pace', 'therefore', 'chest', 'xray', 'images', 'utilized', 'detecting', 'presence'] ['covid', 'development', 'automated'] ['method', 'based', 'chest', 'images', 'support'] ['clinical', 'decision', 'making', 'will', 'significant'] ['disease', 'control', 'according', 'disease'] ['controlled', 'stopping', 'chain', 'transmission'] ['officials', 'have', 'reported', 'that', 'testing', 'isolation'] ['actions', 'that', 'useful', 'breaking', 'chain'] ['transmission', 'therefore', 'accurate', 'diagnosis'] ['significant', 'controlling', 'covid'] ['detection', 'covid', 'done', 'earlier'] ['stage', 'with', 'chest', 'images', 'compared', 'testing'] ['chest', 'images', 'analyzed', 'using'] ['artificial', 'intelligence', 'techniques'] [] ['numerous', 'techniques', 'diagnosis', 'covid'] ['using', 'machine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'radiological'] ['images', 'available', 'literature', 'transfer', 'learning'] ['model', 'diagnosis', 'coronavirus', 'from', 'chest'] ['images', 'presented', 'another', 'method', 'with'] ['improved', 'accuracy', 'presented', 'segmentation', 'based'] ['approach', 'method', 'classified', 'input', 'images'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'deep'] ['learning', 'based', 'model', 'applied', 'images'] ['detection', 'covid', 'some', 'researchers', 'have', 'also'] ['developed', 'public', 'datasets', 'comprising', 'chest'] ['images', 'covid', 'patients', 'method', 'named'] ['covid', 'developed', 'applied', 'these', 'public'] ['datasets', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'deep'] ['learning', 'diagnosis', 'from', 'chest', 'images'] ['provides', 'good', 'results', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'being'] ['widely', 'used', 'medical', 'image', 'processing'] ['detection', 'pneumonia', 'done', 'using', 'convolution'] ['neural', 'networks', 'this', 'paper', 'automated', 'method'] ['diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'deep', 'network'] ['proposed', 'proposed', 'network', 'utilizes', 'feature'] ['generated', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'combination'] ['wavelet', 'transforms', 'along', 'with', 'deep', 'network'] ['brings', 'multiple', 'advantages', 'wavelet', 'decomposition'] ['into', 'network', 'network', 'used'] ['traditional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network'] ['depthwise', 'separable', 'network', 'utilized', 'this', 'work'] ['background'] ['this', 'section', 'wavelet', 'technique', 'depthwise'] ['convolution', 'neural', 'network', 'discussed'] ['wavelet'] ['wavelet', 'theory', 'transform', 'based', 'image', 'processing'] ['technique', 'that', 'makes', 'wavelet', 'transforms'] ['wavelets', 'derived', 'from', 'small', 'waves', 'changing'] ['frequency', 'limited', 'duration', 'these', 'useful'] ['they', 'provide', 'both', 'temporal', 'well', 'frequency'] ['information', 'images'] ['scaling', 'functions', 'including'] [] [] [] ['required'] ['dimensional', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'these'] ['scaling', 'functions', 'obtained', 'multiplying', 'onedimensional', 'functions', 'product', 'these', 'produces'] ['four', 'dimensional', 'separable', 'scaling', 'function'] ['separable', 'directionally', 'sensitive', 'wavelets'] [] [] [] [] [] ['these', 'functions', 'record', 'variance', 'horizontal'] ['vertical', 'diagonal', 'directions', 'separabilty'] ['major', 'cause', 'directional'] ['sensitivity', 'computational', 'complexity'] ['transform', 'remains', 'same', 'scaled', 'translated'] ['basis', 'functions', 'defined'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'image'] ['size'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['where', 'arbitrary', 'starting', 'scale'] ['coefficients', 'define', 'approximation'] ['scale'] ['coefficients'] ['horizontal', 'vertical', 'diagonal', 'details', 'scales'] ['greater', 'than', 'generally', 'selected'] [] [] ['that'] [] ['given'] [] ['obtained', 'performing', 'inverse', 'discrete', 'wavelet'] ['transform'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['jdjo'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'neural'] ['network'] ['standard', 'convolution', 'layer', 'neural', 'network'] ['large', 'number', 'parameters', 'this', 'leads'] ['over', 'fitting', 'network', 'depthwise', 'convolution'] ['depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'layers', 'overcome'] ['this', 'problem', 'these', 'convolution', 'layers', 'reduce'] ['computational', 'cost', 'well', 'number', 'parameters'] ['depthwise', 'convolution', 'layers', 'reduce'] ['computational', 'cost', 'parameter', 'space'] ['reduction', 'parameters', 'reduces', 'efficiency'] ['network', 'standard', 'convolution', 'divided', 'into'] ['depthwise', 'pointwise', 'convolution', 'depthwise'] ['convolution', 'responsible', 'applying', 'convolution'] ['every', 'input', 'output', 'depthwise', 'convolution'] ['merged', 'using', 'pointwise', 'convolution', 'layer'] ['network', 'having', 'input', 'tensor'] [] ['krishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using'] [] [] [] ['where', 'represent'] ['height', 'weight', 'depth', 'input', 'vector'] ['convolution', 'layer', 'output'] ['lc1j'] ['represents'] ['point', 'location', 'channel', 'layer'] ['this', 'computed', 'using'] [] ['lc1j'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['lc1j'] [] [] ['where', 'pointwise', 'filter', 'size'] ['depthwise', 'separable', 'convolution', 'performs'] ['operation', 'steps', 'first', 'step', 'depthwise'] ['convolution', 'applied', 'input', 'thereafter'] ['pointwise', 'convolution', 'applied', 'output'] ['depthwise', 'convolution', 'spatial', 'correlations'] ['obtained', 'from', 'depthwise', 'convolution'] ['channel', 'wise', 'correlations', 'obtained', 'from', 'pointwise'] ['convolution', 'combination', 'these', 'forms'] ['feature'] ['proposed', 'method'] ['proposed', 'method', 'based', 'depthwise', 'separable'] ['convolution', 'network', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'using', 'wavelet'] ['transforms', 'network', 'formulated', 'combining'] ['multiresolution', 'analysis', 'with', 'deep', 'learning'] ['traditional', 'layers', 'suffer', 'from', 'over', 'fitting', 'high'] ['computational', 'cost', 'large', 'number', 'parameters'] ['generated', 'each', 'layer', 'powerful', 'properties'] ['discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'spectral', 'domain'] ['spectral', 'pooling', 'spectral', 'parameterization'] ['convolutional', 'layers', 'utilized', 'means', 'improve'] ['cnns', 'improving', 'training', 'convergence', 'allowing'] ['flexible', 'pooling', 'dimensions', 'retaining', 'improving'] ['competitive', 'classification', 'accuracies'] ['filters', 'network', 'learn', 'from', 'spectral'] ['domain', 'instead', 'spatial', 'domain'] ['frequency', 'spectrum', 'input', 'contains', 'most'] ['details', 'high', 'frequency', 'spectrum', 'contains'] ['noise', 'information', 'this', 'uniformity', 'spectrum'] ['power', 'enables', 'removal', 'high', 'frequencies'] ['minimal', 'damage', 'input', 'information', 'spectral', 'pooling'] ['truncates', 'spectral', 'representation', 'image', 'kernel'] ['product', 'simply', 'spectral', 'pooling', 'simple', 'lowpass', 'filter', 'this', 'technique', 'desirable', 'because'] ['combined', 'with', 'convolution', 'theorem', 'achieve'] ['fast', 'training', 'results', 'convolution', 'theorem', 'states'] ['that', 'convolution', 'used', 'considerably', 'being'] ['performed', 'spectral', 'domain', 'element', 'wise'] ['multiplication', 'details', 'proposed', 'network'] ['discussed', 'following', 'section', 'given', 'image'] ['divided', 'into', 'four', 'subbands'] ['using', 'discrete', 'wavelet', 'transform', 'with'] ['convolution', 'filters', 'these', 'filters'] ['have', 'fixed', 'parameters', 'stride', 'stride'] ['provides', 'down', 'sampling', 'result', 'obtained'] ['from', 'convolution', 'these', 'four', 'bands', 'into'] ['depthwise', 'separable', 'network', 'further', 'processing'] ['flow', 'chart', 'proposed', 'method', 'shown'] [] ['proposed', 'method', 'comprises', 'following'] ['steps'] ['input', 'image', 'covid', 'dataset', 'comprises'] ['chest', 'images', 'these', 'images', 'used'] ['detection', 'images', 'different', 'sizes', 'thus'] ['they', 'resized'] ['image', 'normalization', 'input', 'images'] ['normalized', 'prior', 'further', 'processing', 'normalized'] ['images', 'enhanced', 'images', 'with', 'errors'] ['lightening', 'conditions'] ['image', 'decomposition', 'with', 'wavelet', 'this', 'step'] ['most', 'significant', 'steps', 'that', 'convert', 'spatial'] ['domain', 'input', 'frequency', 'domain', 'input', 'images'] ['decomposed', 'into', 'four', 'bands', 'haar', 'wavelet'] ['transform', 'used', 'decompose', 'image', 'into'] ['bands', 'dataset', 'augmented', 'split', 'into', 'training'] ['testing'] ['convolution', 'layers', 'this', 'step', 'comprises', 'three'] ['standard', 'convolution', 'blocks', 'input', 'convolved'] ['these', 'three', 'blocks'] ['spectral', 'pooling', 'batch', 'normalization'] ['next', 'layer', 'pooling', 'layer', 'which', 'combines'] ['features', 'from', 'output', 'different', 'layers'] ['this', 'paper', 'average', 'pooling', 'performed', 'which'] ['convolution', 'followed', 'down', 'sampling'] ['output', 'layer', 'next', 'layer', 'fully'] ['connected', 'layer', 'softmax', 'optimizer', 'applied'] ['last', 'layer', 'predict', 'output'] ['grad', 'output', 'visualization'] ['prediction', 'output', 'obtained', 'from', 'network', 'needs'] ['visualized', 'building', 'trust', 'network'] ['making', 'diagnosis', 'decision', 'grad', 'utilizes'] ['gradient', 'information', 'from', 'last', 'layer', 'network'] ['visually', 'represent', 'class', 'activation'] ['diagnosis', 'decision', 'finally', 'given', 'input'] ['chest', 'image', 'classified', 'into', 'three', 'classes'] ['normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia'] ['details', 'network', 'architecture', 'discussed'] ['following', 'sections'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['proposed', 'methodology'] ['network', 'architecture'] ['input', 'layer', 'network', 'with', 'chest'] ['images', 'network', 'comprises', 'eighteen', 'convolution'] ['layers', 'network', 'comprises', 'regular'] ['depthwise', 'convolution', 'layers', 'batch', 'size', 'fixed'] ['eight', 'there', 'regular', 'twelve', 'depthwise'] ['layers', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'integrated', 'into'] ['network', 'after', 'first', 'convolution', 'block', 'between'] ['convolution', 'layers', 'pooling', 'layers', 'added'] ['batch', 'normalization', 'layers', 'used', 'solve', 'local'] ['minima', 'problem', 'mapping', 'activations', 'mean'] ['zero', 'unit', 'variance', 'also', 'makes', 'convergence'] ['network', 'fast', 'over', 'fitting', 'problem'] ['solved', 'using', 'dropout', 'specifications'] ['network', 'layers', 'given', 'table'] ['convolution', 'layer'] ['given', 'input', 'vector', 'with', 'components'] [] [] ['output', 'vector'] ['krishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using'] ['table', 'model', 'summary'] ['layer', 'type', 'output', 'shape', 'number', 'parameters', 'kernel', 'size', 'dropout', 'number', 'filters'] ['input'] ['wavelet', 'lambda'] ['separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu', '3436'] ['batch', 'normalization', '1024'] ['maxpooling'] ['separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu'] ['batch', 'normalization'] ['maxpooling'] ['separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu', '1024'] ['batch', 'normalization'] ['maxpooling'] ['separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu'] ['batch', 'normalization', '1024'] ['maxpooling'] ['separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu'] ['batch', 'normalization', '1024'] ['maxpooling'] ['separable', 'conv', '2dx2', 'relu'] ['batch', 'normalization', '2048'] ['maxpooling'] ['relu'] ['relu'] ['relu', '8256'] ['relu', '2080'] ['relu'] [] [] [] [] [] ['j2ni'] [] ['where'] ['indices', 'neighbours'] ['weight', 'computation'] ['equivalent'] ['convolution', 'operation', 'input', 'weight', 'vector'] ['thus', 'written', 'using', 'convolution', 'operator'] [] [] ['where'] [] [] ['pooling', 'layer'] ['after', 'convolution', 'layer', 'pooling', 'layer'] ['this', 'paper', 'average', 'pooling', 'used', 'connection', 'with'] ['multiresolution', 'analysis', 'output', 'pooling', 'layer'] ['vector', 'with', 'fewer', 'number', 'components'] ['compared', 'input', 'vector', 'output', 'pooling'] ['layer', 'defined'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['xpjck'] [] ['where', 'support', 'pooling'] [] [] [] ['value', 'defines', 'value', 'which', 'number'] ['parameters', 'reduced', 'example', 'value'] ['then', 'number', 'parameters', 'reduced'] ['third', 'taking', 'triplets', 'average', 'pooling'] ['written', 'form', 'down', 'sampling', 'follows'] [] ['average', 'pooling', 'performs', 'convolution', 'followed'] ['down', 'sampling'] ['activation', 'function'] ['activation', 'function', 'used', 'relu', 'function'] ['activation', 'function', 'significant', 'convergence'] ['network', 'relu', 'rectified', 'linear', 'activation'] ['function', 'most', 'used', 'activation', 'function'] [] ['this', 'function', 'overcomes', 'vanishing', 'gradient'] ['problem', 'makes', 'model', 'more', 'efficient', 'faster'] ['mathematically', 'expressed'] [] ['thus', 'function', 'brings', 'negative', 'values'] ['zero', 'whereas', 'positive', 'values', 'remain', 'relu'] ['function', 'used', 'hidden', 'layers', 'last'] ['layer', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'used', 'softmax'] ['function'] ['softmax'] [] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['where'] ['observed', 'output', 'divided'] ['possible', 'output'] ['training', 'method'] ['training', 'network', 'most'] ['significant', 'tasks', 'weight', 'vector', 'network'] ['updated', 'minimize', 'value', 'cost', 'function'] ['probabilities', 'over', 'classes', 'classification'] ['computed', 'loss', 'function', 'used', 'this', 'paper'] ['categorical', 'cross', 'entropy', 'other', 'important'] ['task', 'training', 'balance', 'dataset', 'data'] ['balanced', 'with', 'help', 'data', 'augmentation', 'with', 'data'] ['augmentation', 'samples', 'generated', 'rotation'] ['angle', 'degrees', 'degrees', 'used'] ['augmenting', 'dataset', 'optimization', 'method', 'used'] ['here', 'adam', 'optimization', 'with', 'weight', 'decay', 'this'] ['leads', 'faster', 'convergence', 'higher', 'performance'] ['network', 'other', 'parameters', 'number'] ['epochs', 'which', 'chosen', 'batch'] ['size', 'model', 'evaluated', 'using', 'metrics'] ['like', 'score', 'precision', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'sensitivity'] ['specificity', 'which', 'detailed', 'section'] ['dataset'] ['dataset', 'used', 'experiments', 'comprises', 'chest'] ['images', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'patients'] ['healthy', 'individuals', 'annotated', 'post', 'anterior'] ['view', 'chest', 'images', 'used', 'total'] ['1439', 'images', 'from', 'three', 'classes', 'available'] ['dataset', 'number', 'images', 'covid'] ['viral', 'pneumonia', 'number', 'images'] ['normal', 'case', 'images', 'both', 'males'] ['females', 'from', 'over', 'world', 'model', 'building'] ['process', 'split', 'dataset', 'into', 'training', 'test'] ['that', 'training', 'model', 'validation'] ['purpose', 'table', 'presents', 'distribution', 'images'] ['present', 'dataset', 'sample', 'images', 'depicting'] ['normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patients'] ['shown'] [] ['table', 'distribution', 'images', 'train', 'test', 'sets'] ['image', 'type', 'train', 'test'] ['normal'] ['viral', 'pneumonia'] ['covid'] ['total', '1151'] ['experiment', 'result'] ['implementation', 'proposed', 'network', 'done'] ['using', 'keras', 'library', 'python', 'experimental', 'setup'] ['results', 'presented', 'this', 'section', 'model'] ['tuned', 'obtain', 'best', 'results', 'decomposition'] ['image', 'done', 'using', 'haar', 'wavelet', 'transform'] ['total', 'twelve', 'separable', 'convolution', 'layers'] ['used', 'adam', 'optimizer', 'with', 'weighted', 'decay'] ['used', 'optimization', 'network', 'quantitative'] ['analysis', 'results', 'obtained', 'done', 'using', 'sensitivity'] ['precision', 'score', 'these', 'metrics', 'computed'] ['using', 'sensitivity', 'represents'] ['correctness', 'classification', 'computed'] ['sensitivity'] [] [] [] ['misclassifications', 'reported', 'precision'] ['there', 'misclassifications', 'precision', 'will'] ['score', 'harmonic', 'mean', 'precision'] ['sensitivity', 'score', 'value', 'represents', 'perfect'] ['precision', 'sensitivity'] ['precision'] [] [] [] ['score'] ['precision', 'sensitivity'] ['precision', 'sensitivity'] [] ['accuracy'] [] [] [] ['where', 'represent', 'true', 'positive'] ['false', 'positive', 'false', 'negative', 'respectively'] ['confusion', 'matrix', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'covid19', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'shown', 'table', 'values'] ['sample', 'images', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'infected', 'patients'] ['krishna', 'kant', 'singh', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'using'] ['table', 'confusion', 'matrix'] ['disease', 'type', 'predicted', 'result'] ['normal', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia'] ['normal'] ['covid'] ['viral', 'pneumonia'] ['obtained', 'proposed', 'method', 'summarized'] ['table'] ['figure', 'shows', 'grad', 'three', 'classes'] ['grad', 'visualization', 'used', 'along', 'with'] ['classifier', 'predictions', 'diagnosis', 'disease'] ['accurately'] ['performance', 'proposed', 'method'] ['table', 'value', 'proposed', 'method'] ['disease', 'type', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'score'] ['normal'] ['covid'] ['viral', 'pneumonia'] ['grad', 'visualization', 'normal', 'covid19', 'viral', 'pneumonia'] ['compared', 'with', 'other', 'existing', 'methods', 'results'] ['compared', 'with', 'four', 'latest', 'techniques', 'that', 'have', 'used'] ['deep', 'learning', 'models', 'diagnosis', 'covid'] ['using', 'chest', 'images', 'results', 'summarized'] ['table', 'analyses', 'results', 'reveal', 'that'] ['proposed', 'method', 'outperforms', 'existing', 'methods'] ['darkcovidnet', 'uses', 'only', 'look', 'once', 'yolo'] ['network', 'with', 'layers', 'detection', 'covid'] ['from', 'chest', 'images', 'performance'] ['darkcovidnet', 'average', 'with', 'overall', 'accuracy'] ['approximately', 'second', 'third', 'methods'] ['based', 'efficientnet', 'variations', 'method'] ['presented', 'namely', 'flat', 'hierarchical', 'these'] ['methods', 'have', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'approximately'] ['detrac', 'resnet18', 'performs', 'better', 'than', 'these'] ['methods', 'overall', 'accuracy'] ['proposed', 'method', 'further', 'improved', 'overall'] ['accuracy', 'overall', 'accuracy', 'proposed', 'method'] ['graph', 'comparative', 'study'] ['shown'] ['conclusion'] ['paper', 'presented', 'automated', 'method'] ['detection', 'covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images'] ['improved', 'depthwise', 'convolution', 'network', 'designed'] ['that', 'incorporates', 'spectral', 'analysis', 'convolution'] ['pooling', 'layers', 'reformulated', 'generalized', 'case'] ['filtering', 'down', 'sampling', 'with', 'this', 'reformulation'] ['multiresolution', 'analysis', 'integrated', 'with', 'depthwise'] ['table', 'comparative', 'analysis'] ['method', 'accuracy', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'score'] ['darkcovidnet'] ['flat', 'efficientnet'] ['hierarchicalefficientnet'] ['detrac', 'resnet18'] ['proposed'] ['comparative', 'study'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['network', 'input', 'images', 'decomposed', 'using'] ['haar', 'wavelet', 'multiresolution', 'analysis', 'wavelet'] ['applied', 'form', 'fixed', 'weight', 'filters'] ['developed', 'model', 'applied', 'chest', 'images'] ['detection', 'covid', 'disease', 'model', 'classifies'] ['images', 'into', 'three', 'classes', 'normal', 'viral', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'comparative', 'study', 'also', 'performed'] ['evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'method'] ['developed', 'methodology', 'used', 'diagnosis'] ['covid', 'from', 'chest', 'images', 'xray', 'images', 'will', 'help', 'controlling', 'disease'] ['new_paper'] ['effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during'] ['covid', 'lockdown'] ['avani', 'agarwal', 'sahil', 'sharma', 'vijay', 'kumar', 'manjit', 'kaur'] ['abstract', 'learning', 'most', 'promising', 'venture', 'entire', 'world', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'learning'] ['successfully', 'providing', 'potential', 'information', 'students', 'researchers', 'developing', 'nations', 'like', 'india', 'with'] ['limited', 'resources', 'learning', 'tools', 'platforms', 'provide', 'chance', 'make', 'education', 'available', 'middle'] ['income', 'households', 'this', 'paper', 'gives', 'insights', 'about', 'three', 'different', 'online', 'services', 'namely', 'google', 'classroom'] ['zoom', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'being', 'used', 'three', 'different', 'educational', 'institutions', 'analyze', 'efficiency'] ['acceptability', 'learning', 'tools', 'among', 'indian', 'students', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'paper', 'also', 'aims'] ['evaluate', 'impact', 'learning', 'environment', 'public', 'health', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'found', 'that'] ['learning', 'potential', 'reduce', 'carbon', 'emissions', 'which', 'beneficial', 'impact', 'environment', 'however'] ['mental', 'health', 'impacted', 'learning', 'lead', 'self', 'isolation', 'reduction', 'academic', 'achievements', 'that'] ['lead', 'anxiety', 'mental', 'depression', 'usage', 'electronic', 'devices', 'learning', 'eyes', 'neck', 'muscles'] ['strain', 'having', 'deleterious', 'effects', 'physical', 'health'] ['words', 'learning', 'environment', 'health', 'covid'] ['introduction'] ['learning', 'online', 'education', 'provide', 'opportunity'] ['students', 'increase', 'their', 'knowledge', 'base'] ['flexible', 'environment', 'while', 'using', 'limited', 'resources'] ['capital', 'developing', 'country', 'like', 'india'] ['online', 'tools', 'help', 'students', 'achieve', 'productive'] ['diverse', 'education', 'incorporating', 'various', 'themes'] ['different', 'areas', 'interest', 'online', 'platforms'] ['slowly', 'gaining', 'popularity', 'improvements'] ['design', 'visuals', 'ease', 'navigation', 'quality', 'content'] ['avani', 'agarwal', 'sahil', 'sharma', 'with', 'department'] ['computer', 'science', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering'] ['technology', 'patiala', '147001', 'india'] ['vijay', 'kumar', 'with', 'department', 'computer', 'science'] ['engineering', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur'] ['himachal', 'pradesh', '177005', 'india'] ['manjit', 'kaur', 'with', 'department', 'computer', 'science'] ['engineering', 'school', 'engineering', 'applied', 'sciences'] ['bennett', 'university', 'greater', 'noida', '201310', 'india', 'mail'] ['manjit', 'kaur', 'bennett'] ['whom', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed'] ['manuscript', 'received', '2020', 'accepted', '2020'] ['many', 'studies', 'have', 'shown', 'that', 'learning', 'help'] ['improve', 'knowledge', 'base', 'make', 'understanding'] ['concepts', 'easier', 'providing', 'bite', 'sized', 'collaborative'] ['interactive', 'content', 'studies', 'have', 'proven', 'that'] ['personalized', 'assisted', 'learning', 'based', 'curriculum'] ['better', 'than', 'traditional', 'curriculum', 'best', 'quality'] ['education', 'provided', 'through', 'learning', 'tools'] ['personalizing', 'guidance', 'mentorship', 'according'] ['needs', 'students', 'learning', 'platforms', 'give'] ['students', 'flexibility', 'empower', 'students', 'allowing'] ['them', 'learn', 'their', 'pace', 'schedule', 'student'] ['choose', 'time', 'learn', 'consume'] ['content', 'provided', 'these', 'various', 'platforms', 'have'] ['material', 'available', 'disposal', 'which', 'either'] ['free', 'cost', 'paid', 'open', 'lifetime', 'limited'] ['amount', 'time'] ['moreover', 'content', 'consumed', 'online', 'platform'] ['consistent', 'standardized', 'comparison'] ['different', 'teaching', 'styles', 'professors', 'diverse', 'range'] ['options', 'provided', 'users', 'learning', 'open'] ['online', 'course', 'providers', 'udacity', 'coursera'] ['udemy', 'provides', 'both', 'free', 'paid', 'online', 'courses'] ['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['that', 'cover', 'various', 'topics', 'from', 'diverse', 'fields', 'these'] ['online', 'platforms', 'only', 'fulfill', 'current', 'need'] ['educators', 'also', 'create', 'demands', 'which', 'then'] ['help', 'improve', 'current', 'services', 'being', 'provided'] ['students', 'there', 'websites', 'like', 'geeksforgeeks'] ['tutorials', 'point', 'which', 'enjoy', 'popularity', 'among'] ['engineering', 'students', 'youtube', 'also', 'provides', 'content'] ['students', 'pursuing', 'different', 'majors', 'fields'] ['example', 'khan', 'academy', 'such', 'youtube'] ['channels', 'that', 'helped', 'build', 'basic', 'concepts', 'high', 'school'] ['students', 'keeping', 'material', 'easy', 'understanding'] ['participation', 'interaction', 'youtube', 'channel'] ['posts', 'videos', 'after', 'thoroughly', 'researching', 'topics'] ['help', 'students', 'understand', 'even', 'small', 'hidden'] ['concepts', 'mathematics'] [] ['india', 'universities', 'colleges', 'integrate', 'internet'] ['pages', 'into', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'teaching'] ['staff', 'makes', 'lecture', 'slides', 'assignments', 'important'] ['notifications', 'available', 'students', 'course', 'site'] ['study', 'material', 'downloadable', 'file'] ['powerpoint', 'file', 'students', 'participate', 'onlinediscussion', 'forums', 'examinations', 'conducted'] ['using', 'learning', 'tool', 'however', 'despite'] ['advancing', 'technologies', 'higher', 'education', 'institutes'] ['have', 'failed', 'incorporate', 'learning', 'practices'] ['main', 'stream', 'activities', 'benefits', 'online'] ['learning', 'teachers', 'interested', 'adopting'] ['online', 'tools', 'however', 'student', 'attitude', 'aptitude'] ['learning', 'towards', 'online', 'platforms', 'standardization'] ['interactive', 'content', 'online', 'platform', 'play', 'critical'] ['roles', 'determining', 'behavior', 'roles', 'students'] ['towards', 'learning', 'environment'] [] ['usually', 'mode', 'instruction', 'through', 'learning'] ['platforms', 'designed', 'professionals', 'lack'] ['knowledge', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'domain'] ['students', 'quality', 'interactive', 'content', 'needs'] ['controlled', 'updates', 'regularly', 'capture'] ['interests', 'students', 'learning', 'context', 'model', 'helps'] ['realize', 'adaptive', 'technological', 'implementations'] ['personalizing', 'learning', 'environments', 'such', 'environments'] ['improve', 'quality', 'increase', 'quantity', 'learnings'] ['students', 'recent', 'years', 'robots', 'have', 'helped'] ['increase', 'learning', 'science', 'technology', 'engineering'] ['mathematics', 'stem', 'concepts', 'constructionbased', 'approach', 'which', 'collaborates', 'educational', 'robots'] ['used', 'teach', 'complex', 'principles', 'algorithms'] ['like', 'that', 'computer', 'science', 'programming', 'languages'] ['lego', 'multi', 'robots', 'used', 'construction', 'based'] ['approach', 'towards', 'collaborating', 'learning'] [] ['main', 'objective', 'this', 'paper', 'evaluate'] ['impact', 'learning', 'environment', 'this', 'paper'] ['also', 'evaluates', 'effects', 'learning', 'health'] ['students', 'researchers', 'finally', 'case', 'study'] ['learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'india', 'during', 'covid'] ['lockdown', 'also', 'considered'] ['remaining', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section'] ['discusses', 'impact', 'learning', 'environment'] ['section', 'discusses', 'implication', 'learning'] ['social', 'life', 'section', 'presents', 'case', 'study', 'learning'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'section', 'concludes'] ['paper'] ['impact', 'learning', 'environment'] ['learning', 'effectively', 'reduce', 'energy', 'usage'] ['emission', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'according', 'study'] ['netherlands', 'learning', 'only', 'potential', 'reduce'] ['carbon', 'emissions', 'also', 'helps', 'decrease', 'carbon'] ['footprint', 'carbon', 'impact', 'students', 'travel', 'staff'] ['moreover', 'learning', 'only', 'reduces', 'cost', 'time'] ['also', 'helpful', 'restore', 'environment', 'also'] ['helpful', 'eliminate', 'necessity', 'traveling', 'from'] ['place', 'another', 'there', 'some', 'impacts', 'environment'] ['learning'] [] ['impact', 'forest'] ['according', 'national', 'wildlife', 'foundation'] ['schools', 'universities', 'waste', 'paper', 'sixteen', 'trees'] ['needed', 'generate', 'paper', 'recycling'] ['tons', 'paper', 'equivalent', 'barrels'] ['crude', 'learning', 'only', 'reduces', 'cutting'] ['trees', 'paper', 'generation', 'also', 'reduces', 'resource'] ['required', 'recycling', 'paper', 'registration'] ['administration', 'curriculum', 'study', 'materials'] ['digitalized', 'will', 'also', 'reduce', 'students', 'cost'] ['impact'] ['university', 'west', 'georgia', 'studied', 'that', 'hundred'] ['students', 'travel', 'schools', 'universities', 'carbon'] ['dioxide', 'emissions', 'reduced', 'tons'] ['study', 'netherlands', 'reported', 'that', 'learning', 'reduced'] ['percentage', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'emissions', 'carbon'] ['footprint', 'students', 'staff', 'literature'] ['million', 'printer', 'cartridges', 'became', 'dead', 'every', 'year'] ['1000', 'years', 'required', 'decay', 'these', 'cartridges'] ['these', 'materials', 'easily', 'eliminated', 'through'] ['learning'] [] ['implication', 'learning', 'social', 'life'] ['learning', 'contents', 'responsible', 'solving'] ['environmental', 'issues', 'however', 'significantly', 'affect'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['social', 'mental', 'health', 'students'] [] ['impact', 'mental', 'health'] ['excessive', 'exposure', 'electronic', 'device', 'greatly'] ['affected', 'mental', 'health', 'users', 'according'] ['american', 'psychiatric', 'association', 'extreme'] ['learning', 'lead', 'social', 'isolation', 'learning'] ['only', 'reduces', 'academic', 'achievement', 'also'] ['responsible', 'mental', 'depression', 'learning', 'also'] ['responsible', 'sleep', 'deprivation', 'deadline'] ['assignment', 'submissions', 'according', 'harvard', 'analysis'] ['observed', 'that', 'sleep', 'deprivation', 'direct', 'relation'] ['with', 'academic', 'outcomes'] ['impact', 'physical', 'health'] ['study', 'materials', 'completion', 'assignment'] ['digital', 'media', 'require', 'time', 'electronic', 'devices'] ['excessive', 'electronic', 'device', 'great', 'effect'] ['physical', 'health', 'users', 'these', 'responsible'] ['mortality', 'rate', 'over', 'sitting', 'electronic', 'gadgets'] ['eyestrain', 'muscle', 'injuries', 'possible'] ['overuse', 'computers'] ['learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'during'] ['covid', 'lockdown', 'india'] ['march', '25th', '2020', 'india', 'prime', 'minister'] ['narendra', 'modi', 'imposed', 'nationwide', 'lockdown'] ['countermeasure', 'control', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic'] ['lockdown', 'later', 'extended', 'april', '11th', '2020'] ['various', 'states', 'india', 'increase'] ['number', 'coronavirus', 'patients', 'across', 'different', 'regions'] ['country', 'universities', 'schools', 'educational'] ['institutions', 'were', 'closed', 'students', 'went', 'back', 'their'] ['homes', 'hence', 'educational', 'institutions', 'rely'] ['learning', 'online', 'education', 'tools', 'provide'] ['students', 'necessary', 'study', 'material', 'schedule', 'lectures'] ['conduct', 'examinations', 'lockdown', 'acted'] ['catalyst', 'help', 'teachers', 'adopt', 'online', 'tools', 'april'] ['2020', 'according', 'ministry', 'human', 'resource'] ['development', 'india', 'platforms', 'like', 'diksha', 'pathshala'] ['nroer', 'nios', 'yantra', 'fossee', 'endeavors'] ['government', 'help', 'educate', 'masses', 'online'] ['swayam', 'initiative', 'indian', 'government', 'gets'] ['views', 'daily', 'some', 'other', 'online', 'methods', 'adopted'] ['different', 'universities', 'across', 'india', 'video'] ['audio', 'meetings', 'tools', 'like', 'zoom', 'loom', 'gotomeeting'] ['skype', 'bluejeans', 'webex', 'google', 'meet', 'being'] ['used', 'discussion', 'collaboration', 'boards', 'make'] ['slack', 'flock', 'storage', 'sharing', 'files'] ['supported', 'dropbox', 'nextcloud', 'document'] ['presentation', 'spreadsheet', 'videos', 'made', 'using'] ['suite', 'prezi', 'gitbook', 'confluence', 'office365'] ['adobe', 'acrobat', 'with', 'teachers', 'adopting', 'using', 'elearning', 'techniques', 'tools', 'educate', 'students'] ['analyze', 'efficacy', 'acceptability', 'teaching'] ['aids', 'provided', 'adopted', 'among', 'students', 'educational'] ['institutions', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'india'] ['conducting', 'survey', 'three', 'different', 'educational'] ['institutions', 'google', 'classroom', 'zoom', 'microsoft'] ['teams', 'objective', 'analyze', 'students'] ['willing', 'adopt', 'learning', 'practices', 'part', 'their'] ['classroom', 'learning', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'various'] ['educational', 'institutions'] ['while', 'conducting', 'surveys', 'three', 'educational'] ['institutions', 'presumed', 'that', 'students'] ['internet', 'connection', 'access', 'mobile', 'laptop'] ['previous', 'knowledge', 'operate', 'mobile', 'phone'] ['personal', 'digital', 'device', 'understood', 'default', 'language'] ['platform', 'sampling', 'done', 'mapped'] ['larger', 'scales', 'with', 'minimum', 'errors'] ['case', 'study', 'thapar', 'institute', 'engineering'] ['technology', 'tiet', 'patiala', 'india'] ['thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'technology'] ['private', 'engineering', 'college', 'located', 'patiala', 'punjab'] ['india', 'educational', 'institution', 'offers', 'various', 'courses'] ['different', 'fields', 'engineering', 'traditional', 'methods'] ['used', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'whiteboard', 'blackboard'] ['smart', 'board', 'that', 'enable', 'teachers', 'display'] ['presentations', 'write', 'notes', 'laboratories'] ['computers', 'necessary', 'hardware', 'software'] ['provided', 'students', 'experimentation'] ['performing', 'assignments', 'attendance', 'mandatory'] ['pass', 'course', 'each', 'course', 'official', 'website'] ['where', 'course', 'coordinators', 'post', 'important', 'information'] ['syllabus', 'marking', 'scheme', 'lecture', 'slides', 'laboratory'] ['assignments', 'details', 'regarding', 'quizzes', 'tests'] ['notified', 'students', 'group', 'representatives'] ['update', 'course', 'site', 'semester', 'tests'] ['semester', 'tests', 'conducted', 'every', 'semester', 'which'] ['scheduled', 'according', 'date', 'sheet', 'that', 'made'] ['available', 'portal', 'webkiosk', 'which'] ['allocated', 'every', 'student', 'apart', 'from', 'these', 'official'] ['websites', 'students', 'have', 'access', 'myherupa', 'initiative'] ['taken', 'thapar', 'students', 'where', 'updates', 'regarding'] ['coursework', 'each', 'subject', 'made', 'available'] ['first', 'year', 'second', 'year', 'third', 'year', 'engineering'] ['students', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'college'] ['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['temporarily', 'shut', 'down', 'classroom', 'activities'] ['lectures', 'were', 'suspended', 'campus', 'students'] ['teaching', 'faculty', 'members', 'went', 'back', 'their'] ['homes', 'many', 'situated', 'from', 'college', 'teachers'] ['university', 'used', 'learning', 'tools', 'methods'] ['provide', 'education', 'online', 'students', 'lectures', 'were'] ['recorded', 'shared', 'whatsapp', 'google'] ['drive', 'links', 'videos', 'laboratory', 'assignments', 'were', 'prerecorded', 'uploaded', 'course', 'sites', 'many', 'teachers'] ['scheduled', 'live', 'online', 'lectures', 'using', 'zoom', 'application'] ['make', 'material', 'accessible', 'students', 'zoom', 'video'] ['communication', 'provides', 'remote', 'conferencing', 'service'] ['allows', 'video', 'conferencing', 'participants'] ['forty', 'minutes', 'free', 'cost', 'paid', 'subscriptions', 'also'] ['available', 'allow', 'more', 'participants', 'increase'] ['time', 'limit', 'service', 'also', 'allows', 'video'] ['conferencing', 'group', 'conferencing', 'allows', 'users'] ['message', 'members', 'meeting', 'once', 'message'] ['selective', 'group', 'people', 'providing', 'stimuli', 'activate'] ['students', 'auditory', 'visual', 'senses', 'thus', 'enhancing'] ['replicating', 'their', 'person', 'interactions', 'slides', 'were'] ['uploaded', 'course', 'site', 'students', 'were', 'notified'] ['courses', 'image', 'processing', 'ucs615'] ['innovation', 'entrepreneurship', 'uta012', 'thirdyear', 'students', 'pursuing', 'beng', 'degree', 'computer'] ['science', 'submitted', 'their', 'assignments', 'google', 'forums'] ['google', 'form', 'then', 'circulated', 'among', 'students'] ['thapar', 'institute', 'engineering', 'technology'] ['where', 'students', 'answered', 'questions', 'regarding', 'elearning', 'platforms', 'used', 'educators', 'impart', 'education'] ['online', 'figs'] ['case', 'study', 'national', 'institute', 'technology'] ['hamirpur', 'india'] ['national', 'institute', 'technology', 'public', 'college'] ['located', 'hamirpur', 'himachal', 'pradesh', 'india'] ['ministry', 'human', 'resource', 'development', 'india'] ['funds', 'engineering', 'college', 'undergraduate'] ['students', 'various', 'engineering', 'courses', 'campus'] ['practices', 'include', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'using', 'tools', 'such'] ['whiteboards', 'blackboards', 'teachers', 'sometimes'] ['slides', 'deliver', 'their', 'lectures', 'apart', 'from', 'these'] ['tools', 'there', 'portal', 'students', 'which'] ['notifies', 'them', 'about', 'their', 'semester', 'grades', 'relevant'] ['information', 'circulated', 'using', 'messaging', 'applications'] ['like', 'whatsapp', 'smartphones', 'helps', 'make'] ['material', 'accessible', 'students', 'make', 'study'] ['material', 'available', 'conduct', 'tests', 'first', 'year'] ['students', 'pursuing', 'meng', 'degree', 'computer'] ['vision', 'image', 'processing', 'during', 'covid'] ['lockdown', 'google', 'classroom', 'been', 'adopted'] ['most', 'important', 'feature', 'learning', 'thapar', 'institutes'] ['mode', 'preference', 'learning', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['response', 'question', 'whether', 'learning'] ['methods', 'should', 'adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching'] ['institute', 'this', 'platform', 'user', 'sign'] ['into', 'google', 'classroom', 'while', 'using', 'suite'] ['education', 'account', 'user', 'clicks', 'whether', 'they'] ['teacher', 'student', 'suite', 'account'] ['accredited', 'college', 'using', 'google', 'classroom'] ['services', 'slides', 'uploaded', 'assignments'] ['given', 'students', 'this', 'study', 'material', 'available'] ['students', 'google', 'classroom', 'they', 'turn'] ['their', 'assignments', 'submitting', 'them', 'private'] ['electronic', 'mail', 'account', 'video', 'links', 'also', 'provided'] ['using', 'google', 'classroom', 'marks', 'grades'] ['students', 'made', 'available', 'platform', 'timed'] ['scheduled', 'quizzes', 'also', 'being', 'conducted', 'this'] ['platform', 'computer', 'vision', 'image', 'understanding'] ['assignments', 'were', 'submitted', 'google', 'classroom'] ['platform', 'survey', 'conducted', 'circulating'] ['google', 'forum', 'among', 'first', 'year', 'students', 'pursuing'] ['meng', 'degree', 'computer', 'vision', 'gain', 'feedback'] ['viewpoint', 'students', 'learning', 'tools'] ['teaching', 'aids', 'being', 'provided', 'during', 'covid'] ['lockdown', 'figs'] ['case', 'study', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school'] ['mohali', 'india'] ['manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'private', 'school'] ['primary', 'secondary', 'education', 'school'] ['traditional', 'tools', 'like', 'whiteboards', 'blackboards'] ['teach', 'students', 'from', 'class', 'class'] ['school', 'also', 'smart', 'boards', 'smart', 'class', 'projector'] ['which', 'allow', 'teachers', 'display', 'slides', 'play', 'videos'] ['make', 'interactive', 'content', 'students'] ['pupils', 'class', 'make', 'notes', 'their', 'notebooks', 'these'] ['notebooks', 'evaluative', 'checked', 'assigned'] ['teacher', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'online'] ['best', 'feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'according', 'national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirput', 'students'] ['online', 'education', 'tool', 'preferred', 'students'] ['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['response', 'towards', 'learning', 'methods'] ['education', 'tool', 'used', 'office365', 'solution', 'provided'] ['microsoft', 'products', 'provided', 'office365'] ['educators', 'teachers', 'include', 'outlook', 'teams'] ['excel', 'word', 'powerpoint', 'onenote', 'publisher'] ['access', 'according', 'official', 'office365', 'website'] ['school', 'using', 'learning', 'tool', 'teams', 'provided'] ['office365', 'lockdown', 'initiated', 'process'] ['providing', 'official', 'teachers', 'students', 'using'] ['manavrachna', 'teachers', 'make', 'various', 'teams'] ['different', 'classes', 'chat', 'option', 'allows', 'teachers'] ['chat', 'with', 'parents', 'students', 'either'] ['making', 'group', 'students', 'selected'] ['students', 'assignment', 'section', 'provided', 'teams'] ['allows', 'teachers', 'post', 'assignments', 'design', 'notifies'] ['teachers', 'student', 'viewed', 'assignment'] ['turned', 'assignment', 'student'] ['opened', 'assignment', 'displaying', 'view', 'turned'] ['turned', 'respectively', 'students', 'submit'] ['their', 'assignments', 'clicking', 'work', 'button'] ['upload', 'their', 'solved', 'assignments', 'class', 'notebook'] ['section', 'allows', 'students', 'solve', 'mathematics', 'questions'] ['easily', 'user', 'friendly', 'design', 'allows', 'teachers'] ['view', 'notebooks', 'once', 'however', 'students'] ['only', 'view', 'their', 'notebook', 'quizzes', 'tasks', 'assigned'] ['timed', 'time', 'bounds', 'facilitated'] ['class', 'notebook', 'section', 'files', 'allows', 'teachers'] ['post', 'relevant', 'study', 'material', 'reading', 'material'] ['students', 'view', 'along', 'with', 'these', 'tabs', 'options'] ['post', 'used', 'view', 'notifications', 'tasks'] ['assignments', 'uploaded', 'teachers', 'different'] ['subjects', 'team', 'students', 'from', 'class'] ['class', 'nine', 'were', 'surveyed', 'gain', 'insight', 'about'] ['acceptability', 'learning', 'tools', 'being', 'used', 'combat'] ['covid', 'lockdown', 'among', 'young', 'children', 'aged'] ['years'] ['results', 'from', 'case', 'study', 'thapar', 'institute'] ['engineering', 'technology'] ['students', 'pursuing', 'beng', 'degree', 'different'] ['majors', 'thapar', 'institute', 'technology', 'were'] ['surveyed', 'students', 'surveyed', 'were', 'males'] ['females', 'students', 'surveyed', 'were', 'thirdyear', 'students', 'going', 'fourth', 'year', 'while'] ['students', 'surveyed', 'were', 'firstyear', 'second', 'year', 'fourth', 'year', 'students', 'respectively'] ['although', 'number', 'female', 'students', 'surveyed'] ['significantly', 'less', 'than', 'that', 'male', 'students', 'modal'] ['choice', 'preferences', 'every', 'question', 'asked'] ['survey', 'same', 'genders', 'hence'] ['said', 'that', 'gender', 'does', 'influence', 'learning'] ['survey', 'conducted', 'april', '2020', 'questions'] ['included', 'most', 'important', 'feature', 'students'] ['learning', 'platform', 'there', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online'] ['education', 'tools', 'often', 'were', 'users', 'using', 'zoom'] ['application', 'view', 'live', 'college', 'lectures', 'weekly'] ['basis', 'users', 'were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'methods'] ['adopted', 'their', 'institution', 'user', 'thinks', 'that'] ['educational', 'institutions', 'should', 'adopt', 'tools', 'provided'] ['learning', 'platforms', 'daily', 'basis', 'students'] ['students', 'regarded', 'quality', 'services'] ['provided', 'learning', 'platforms', 'important', 'feature'] ['while', 'students', 'students', 'were', 'support'] ['ease', 'accessibility', 'user', 'interface', 'respectively'] ['other', 'students', 'regarded', 'price', 'point', 'learning'] ['tools', 'most', 'important', 'feature', 'learning'] ['platform', 'students', 'surveyed', 'preferred', 'prerecorded', 'video', 'lectures', 'provided', 'youtube', 'links'] ['most', 'convenient', 'learning', 'tool', 'recorder'] ['lectures', 'provided', 'google', 'drive', 'links', 'slides'] ['uploaded', 'course', 'sites', 'enjoyed', 'majority'] ['students', 'students', 'respectively', 'observed'] ['that', 'students', 'satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'tools'] ['however', 'students', 'satisfied', 'with', 'these'] ['tools', 'students', 'agreed', 'using', 'zoom'] ['application', 'view', 'live', 'lectures', 'least', 'three', 'times'] ['week', 'majority', 'students', 'were'] ['satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'methods', 'adopted'] ['institute', 'however', 'students', 'thought', 'that'] ['educators', 'should', 'utilize', 'tools', 'provided', 'online'] ['education', 'platforms', 'daily', 'table'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'thapar', 'institute'] ['engineering', 'technology'] ['item', 'item', 'detail'] ['number'] ['students'] [] ['number'] ['males'] ['nd126'] ['number'] ['females'] ['nd41'] ['model'] ['distribution'] ['students'] ['first', 'year', 'students'] [] ['second', 'year', 'students'] ['third', 'year', 'students'] ['fourth', 'year', 'students'] ['most', 'important'] ['feature', 'elearning', 'platform'] ['multiple', 'choice'] ['correct'] [] ['user', 'interface', 'most', 'important', 'feature'] ['learning', 'platforms'] ['quality', 'service'] ['most', 'important'] ['feature', 'elearning', 'platforms'] [] ['quality', 'service', 'most', 'important', 'feature'] ['learning', 'platforms'] [] ['ease', 'access', 'most', 'important', 'feature'] ['learning', 'platforms'] ['preferred', 'choice'] ['learning', 'tool'] ['during', 'covid'] ['lockdown', 'multiple'] ['choice', 'correct'] [] ['recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'youtube', 'links'] ['preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education', 'tools'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] [] ['recorded'] ['lectures', 'shared'] ['youtube', 'links'] ['preferred'] ['choice', 'online'] ['education', 'tools'] ['during', 'covid'] ['lockdown'] [] ['recorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'google', 'drive'] ['links', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education'] ['tools', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] [] [] ['google', 'slides', 'uploaded', 'official', 'course'] ['site', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education'] ['tools', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] [] [] ['live', 'lectures', 'using', 'zoom', 'application'] ['preferred', 'choice', 'online', 'education', 'tools'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] [] ['frequently'] ['zoom'] ['application', 'used'] ['weekly', 'access'] ['lectures', 'single'] ['choice', 'correct'] [] ['zoom', 'application', 'used', 'least', 'thrice', 'week'] ['access', 'live', 'lectures'] ['zoom', 'application'] ['used', 'least', 'thrice'] ['week', 'access'] ['live', 'lectures'] [] ['zoom', 'application', 'used', 'twice', 'week', 'access'] ['live', 'lectures'] [] ['zoom', 'application', 'used', 'once', 'week', 'access'] ['live', 'lectures'] ['student', 'satisfied'] ['with', 'learning'] ['tools', 'adopted'] ['institute', 'during'] ['covid', 'lockdown'] ['single', 'choice', 'correct'] [] ['satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'methods'] ['adopted', 'institute', 'during', 'covid'] ['lockdown'] [] ['satisfied', 'with'] ['learning'] ['methods', 'adopted'] ['institute'] ['during', 'covid'] ['lockdown'] [] ['satisfied', 'satisfied', 'with', 'elearning', 'methods', 'adopted', 'institute'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] [] ['should', 'learning'] ['tools', 'adopted'] ['daily', 'classroom'] ['teaching', 'single'] ['choice', 'correct'] [] ['learning', 'tools', 'should', 'adopted'] ['daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'learning', 'tools'] ['should'] ['adopted', 'daily'] ['classroom', 'teaching'] ['learning', 'tools', 'should', 'adopted', 'daily'] ['classroom', 'teaching'] ['results', 'from', 'case', 'study', 'national', 'institute'] ['technology', 'hamirpur'] ['sixteen', 'first', 'year', 'students', 'pursuing', 'computer', 'vision'] ['were', 'surveyed', 'april', '2020', 'students'] ['were', 'females', 'were', 'males', 'table', 'shows'] ['survey', 'google', 'classroom', 'services', 'were', 'being', 'used'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'questions', 'included'] ['survey', 'were', 'google', 'classroom', 'helpful'] ['teaching', 'outside', 'classroom', 'what', 'best'] ['feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'according', 'students'] ['students', 'were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'google', 'classroom', 'teaching'] ['submission', 'assignment', 'computer', 'vision'] ['image', 'processing', 'using', 'google', 'classroom'] ['convenient', 'easy', 'conduct', 'quizzes'] ['online', 'platform', 'easy', 'access', 'google', 'classroom'] ['material', 'laptop', 'mobile', 'devices', 'were', 'preferred'] ['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'national'] ['institution', 'technology', 'hamirpur'] ['item', 'item', 'detail'] ['number', 'students'] [] ['number', 'males'] [] ['number', 'females'] [] ['most', 'important'] ['feature', 'elearning', 'platform'] ['multiple', 'choice'] ['correct'] [] ['ease', 'accessibility', 'most'] ['critical', 'feature', 'learning', 'platforms'] [] ['user', 'interface', 'essential', 'feature'] ['learning', 'platforms'] [] ['quality', 'services', 'most', 'crucial'] ['feature', 'learning', 'platforms'] ['preferred', 'choice'] ['learning', 'tool', 'during'] ['covid', 'lockdown'] ['other', 'than', 'google'] ['classroom', 'multiple'] ['choice', 'correct'] [] ['recorded', 'lectures', 'shared'] ['youtube', 'links', 'preferred', 'choice'] ['online', 'education', 'tools', 'during'] ['covid', 'lockdown'] [] [] ['recorded', 'lectures', 'shared'] ['google', 'drive', 'links', 'preferred'] ['choice', 'online', 'education', 'tools'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] [] [] ['live', 'lectures', 'zoom', 'google'] ['meet', 'preferred', 'choice', 'online'] ['education', 'tools', 'during', 'covid'] ['lockdown'] [] ['what', 'benefits'] ['learning'] ['multiple', 'choice'] ['correct'] [] ['with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'ease'] ['access'] [] ['with', 'online', 'learning', 'there'] ['consistency'] [] ['with', 'online', 'learning', 'schedule'] ['flexible'] [] ['with', 'online', 'learning', 'there'] ['limited', 'resources'] ['student', 'satisfied'] ['with', 'learning'] ['tools', 'adopted'] ['institute', 'during'] ['covid', 'lockdown'] ['single', 'choice', 'correct'] [] ['satisfied', 'satisfied', 'with'] ['learning', 'methods', 'adopted'] ['institute', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] [] [] ['satisfied', 'with', 'learning'] ['methods', 'adopted', 'institute'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] [] ['should', 'features'] ['online', 'learning'] ['adopted', 'into', 'daily'] ['classroom', 'teaching'] ['single', 'choice', 'correct'] [] ['some', 'features', 'online', 'learning'] ['should', 'adopted', 'daily'] ['classroom', 'teaching'] [] [] ['some', 'features', 'online', 'learning'] ['should', 'adopted', 'daily'] ['classroom', 'teaching'] [] ['access', 'google', 'classroom', 'what', 'best', 'feature'] ['platform', 'provided', 'according', 'students', 'what'] ['another', 'online', 'educational', 'tool', 'that', 'students', 'preferred'] ['what', 'were', 'advantages', 'online', 'education', 'according'] ['students', 'students', 'were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'online'] ['learning', 'tool', 'adopted', 'university', 'students'] ['wanted', 'incorporate', 'features', 'online', 'education'] ['with', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'questions'] ['responses', 'were', 'recorded', 'scale', 'being'] ['unsatisfactory', 'five', 'being', 'satisfactory'] ['students', 'surveyed', 'thought', 'that', 'ease', 'accessibility'] ['best', 'feature', 'google', 'classroom', 'prerecorded', 'lectures', 'shared', 'youtube', 'links', 'enjoyed'] ['majority', 'students', 'preferred', 'online'] ['education', 'tool', 'table', 'majority', 'students'] ['voted', 'flexibility', 'schedule', 'advantage'] ['online', 'education'] ['results', 'from', 'case', 'study', 'manav', 'rachna'] ['international', 'school'] ['table', 'shows', 'survey', 'conducted', 'manav', 'rachna'] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'google', 'classroom', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'national'] ['institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur', 'scale', 'with', 'five', 'being', 'maximum', 'values', 'averaged'] ['item', 'number', 'students'] [] ['number', 'males'] [] ['number', 'females'] [] [] ['google', 'classroom', 'helped', 'teaching', 'outside'] ['classroom'] [] ['students', 'satisfied', 'with', 'google', 'classroom'] ['learning', 'tool', 'during', 'covid'] ['lockdown'] [] [] ['submission', 'digital', 'image', 'processing'] ['assignments', 'using', 'google', 'classroom'] ['convenient'] [] [] ['convenient', 'answer', 'quizzes', 'google'] ['classroom'] [] ['easy', 'access', 'learning', 'material', 'google'] ['classroom'] [] ['easier', 'google', 'classroom'] ['laptop', 'than', 'mobile'] ['table', 'students', 'response', 'survey', 'conducted', 'regarding', 'learning', 'practices', 'adopted', 'teaching', 'faculty', 'manav', 'rachna'] ['international', 'school', 'mohali'] ['item', 'item', 'detail'] ['number'] ['students'] ['nd91'] ['number'] ['males'] ['nd49'] ['number'] ['females'] ['nd42'] ['students', 'division', 'among'] ['various', 'levels', 'from', 'nursery'] ['class'] ['nursery', 'kindergarten'] ['grades'] ['grades'] ['students', 'satisfied', 'with'] ['microsoft', 'teams', 'tool'] ['being', 'used', 'during', 'covid19', 'lockdown', 'single'] ['answer', 'correct'] [] ['students', 'satisfied', 'satisfied'] ['microsoft', 'team', 'tool', 'being', 'used', 'during', 'covid'] ['lockdown'] [] [] ['students', 'satisfied', 'with', 'microsoft', 'teams'] ['tool', 'being', 'used', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['features', 'microsoft'] ['teams', 'preferred'] ['students', 'multiple', 'answers'] ['correct'] [] ['students', 'like', 'chat', 'call', 'feature', 'supported'] ['teams'] [] ['students', 'like', 'assignment', 'feature'] ['supported', 'teams'] [] ['students', 'like', 'post', 'section', 'feature'] ['supported', 'teams'] [] ['students', 'like', 'files', 'section', 'feature', 'supported'] ['teams'] [] ['students', 'like', 'class', 'notebook', 'feature'] ['supported', 'teams'] ['students', 'able', 'achieve'] ['their', 'learning', 'outcomes'] ['through', 'learning', 'single'] ['choice', 'correct'] [] ['will', 'able', 'achieve', 'required'] ['learning', 'outputs', 'from', 'these', 'sessions'] [] ['will', 'able', 'achieve', 'required'] ['learning', 'outputs', 'from', 'these', 'sessions'] ['what', 'benefits', 'elearning', 'multiple', 'choice'] ['correct'] ['with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'ease', 'access'] ['with', 'online', 'learning', 'schedule', 'flexible'] [] ['with', 'online', 'learning', 'there', 'interactive'] ['content'] [] ['should', 'features', 'online'] ['learning', 'adopted', 'into'] ['daily', 'classroom', 'teaching'] ['single', 'choice', 'correct'] [] ['some', 'features', 'online', 'learning', 'should'] ['adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching'] [] ['some', 'features', 'online', 'learning', 'should'] ['adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching'] ['avani', 'agarwal', 'effect', 'learning', 'public', 'health', 'environment', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['international', 'school', 'mohali', 'india', 'students'] ['surveyed', 'students', 'were', 'males'] ['students', 'were', 'females', 'students'] ['were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'tool', 'being', 'used'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'students', 'preferred'] ['interaction', 'personalization', 'students'] ['favored', 'chat', 'call', 'option', 'microsoft', 'teams'] ['application'] ['students', 'liked', 'assignment', 'post', 'section', 'files'] ['class', 'notebook', 'feature', 'respectively'] ['students', 'felt', 'that', 'they', 'could', 'achieve', 'their', 'learning'] ['outcomes', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'application', 'being', 'used'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['students', 'felt', 'that', 'ease', 'access', 'flexibility'] ['schedule', 'interactive', 'bite', 'sized', 'content'] ['benefits', 'learning', 'platforms', 'students', 'were'] ['favor', 'adoption', 'online', 'learning', 'tools', 'into', 'daily'] ['classroom', 'teaching', 'table'] ['results', 'from', 'three', 'case', 'studies'] ['three', 'institutions', 'majority', 'agreed', 'with'] ['adopting', 'some', 'learning', 'practices', 'with', 'daily', 'classroom'] ['education', 'tiet', 'students', 'mode', 'preference'] ['leaning', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'youtube'] ['links', 'students', 'also', 'gave', 'preference'] ['recorded', 'lectures', 'youtube', 'links', 'apart', 'from'] ['google', 'classroom', 'preferred', 'choice', 'learning'] ['tool', 'majority', 'students', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international'] ['school', 'found', 'ease', 'access', 'best'] ['advantage', 'learning', 'platforms', 'from', 'surveys'] ['seen', 'that', 'students', 'three', 'educations'] ['would', 'like', 'some', 'features', 'learning', 'tools'] ['adopted', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education'] ['conclusion'] ['this', 'paper', 'initially', 'impact', 'covid'] ['lockdown', 'discussed', 'environment', 'thereafter'] ['impact', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'discussed'] ['health', 'students', 'researchers', 'finally', 'elearning', 'environment', 'three', 'educational', 'institutions'] ['during', 'covid', 'lockdown', 'discussed', 'zoom'] ['google', 'classroom', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'were'] ['being', 'previously', 'used', 'tiet', 'manav'] ['rachna', 'international', 'school', 'respectively', 'student'] ['preferences', 'choices', 'were', 'successfully', 'identified'] ['noted', 'three', 'institutions', 'conducting', 'surveys'] ['from', 'surveys', 'seen', 'that', 'students'] ['three', 'educations', 'would', 'like', 'some', 'features'] ['learning', 'tools', 'adopted', 'daily'] ['classroom', 'teaching', 'manav', 'rachna'] ['international', 'school', 'successfully', 'identified', 'that'] ['students', 'enjoyed', 'ease', 'access', 'material'] ['learning', 'tools', 'such', 'tools', 'thought'] ['incorporated', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching', 'tiet'] ['students', 'already', 'have', 'online', 'portals', 'where', 'information'] ['updated', 'regularly', 'apart', 'from', 'tiet', 'students'] ['manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school', 'were', 'satisfied'] ['with', 'learning', 'platforms', 'being', 'used', 'during'] ['covid', 'lockdown', 'from', 'survey', 'conducted'] ['thapar', 'institution', 'engineering', 'technology'] ['came', 'know', 'that', 'even', 'students', 'were'] ['satisfied', 'with', 'learning', 'practices', 'being', 'used'] ['their', 'institution', 'during', 'covid', 'lockdown'] ['students', 'were', 'still', 'willing', 'incorporate', 'learning'] ['practices', 'their', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education', 'from'] ['three', 'surveys', 'conducted', 'seen', 'that'] ['majority', 'students', 'eager', 'adopt', 'learning'] ['platform', 'features', 'their', 'regular', 'classroom', 'teaching'] ['students', 'that', 'students'] ['felt', 'that', 'learning', 'platforms', 'features', 'should'] ['integrated', 'with', 'daily', 'classroom', 'teaching'] ['maximum', 'number', 'students', 'that', 'both'] ['universities', 'preferred', 'recorded', 'lectures', 'being'] ['provided', 'youtube', 'links', 'preferred', 'means'] ['learning', 'practice', 'during', 'covid', 'youtube', 'links'] ['allow', 'students', 'access', 'videos', 'time', 'they', 'like'] ['making', 'material', 'easily', 'accessible', 'providing'] ['flexibility', 'schedule', 'students'] ['answered', 'what', 'they', 'prefer', 'feature', 'online', 'education'] ['supported', 'ease', 'access', 'supported'] ['flexibility', 'schedule', 'students', 'preferred'] ['table', 'students', 'from', 'three', 'institutions', 'respond', 'adoption', 'learning', 'practices', 'daily', 'classroom', 'education'] ['item', 'item', 'detail', 'number', 'students'] [] ['number'] ['males'] ['number'] ['females', 'mode'] ['should', 'features'] ['online', 'learning'] ['adopted', 'into'] ['daily', 'classroom'] ['teaching', 'single'] ['choice', 'correct'] [] ['some', 'features', 'online', 'learning'] ['should', 'adopted'] ['daily', 'classroom', 'teaching'] [] ['some', 'features'] ['online', 'learning'] ['should'] ['adopted'] ['daily', 'classroom'] ['teaching'] [] ['some', 'features', 'online', 'learning'] ['should', 'adopted', 'daily'] ['classroom', 'teaching'] [] ['data', 'mining', 'analytics', 'june', '2021'] ['interaction', 'personalization', 'students'] ['favored', 'chat', 'call', 'option', 'microsoft', 'teams'] ['application', 'manav', 'rachna', 'international', 'school'] ['national', 'institute', 'technology', 'hamirpur'] ['students', 'were', 'satisfied', 'with', 'google', 'classroom'] ['practices', 'adopted', 'their', 'institution', 'manav', 'rachna'] ['international', 'school', 'mohali', 'students', 'were'] ['satisfied', 'with', 'microsoft', 'teams', 'platform', 'adopted'] ['during', 'covid', 'platform'] ['access', 'these', 'platforms', 'mobile', 'device'] ['internet', 'connection', 'required', 'necessary'] ['student', 'proficient', 'english', 'language'] ['which', 'standard', 'default', 'language', 'many'] ['learning', 'platforms', 'there', 'million', 'internet'] ['connections', 'india', 'making', 'second', 'largest', 'online'] ['market', 'world', 'after', 'china', 'during', 'covid19', 'lockdown', 'india', 'institutions', 'have', 'adopted', 'many'] ['learning', 'practices', 'with', 'world', 'moving', 'towards'] ['digitization', 'covid', 'catalyst', 'make'] ['education', 'online', 'with', 'students', 'teachers', 'using'] ['these', 'services', 'educate', 'themselves', 'masses'] ['problems', 'solutions', 'discovered', 'which'] ['help', 'popularize', 'online', 'education', 'india', 'future'] ['studies', 'from', 'three', 'case', 'studies', 'choices'] ['preferences', 'students', 'should', 'implemented'] ['learning', 'platforms', 'depth', 'analysis', 'student'] ['behavior', 'their', 'choices', 'regarding', 'user', 'interface'] ['flexibility', 'should', 'underscored'] ['new_paper'] ['proactive', 'practical', 'covid'] ['testing', 'strategy'] ['kuan', 'song'] ['gago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china'] ['shiqi', 'jiao'] ['gago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china'] ['qiang'] ['gago', 'beijing', '100870', 'china'] ['huitao'] ['zhejiang', 'hangzhou', '311122', 'china'] ['corresponding', 'author', 'kuan', 'song'] ['ieee', '1109', '2020', '3017648'] ['abstract', 'reopen', 'economy', 'safely', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['governments', 'need', 'capability', 'proactively', 'identify', 'often'] ['asymptomatic', 'infections', 'well', 'contact', 'tracing', 'policymakers', 'public'] ['health', 'professionals', 'need', 'sampling', 'testing', 'method', 'that', 'achieve', 'broad'] ['population', 'coverage', 'without', 'overwhelming', 'medical', 'workers', 'observe', 'that'] ['covid', 'high', 'risk', 'groups', 'located', 'hubs', 'cliques', 'social', 'network', 'formed', 'close', 'encounters', 'people', 'during', 'daily', 'life'] ['these', 'individuals', 'facto', 'canary', 'coal', 'mine', 'propose', 'that'] ['nations', 'offer', 'free', 'anonymous', 'testing', 'service', 'them', 'with', 'open', 'source'] ['computer', 'algorithms', 'datasets', 'only', 'small', 'fraction', 'population'] ['selected', 'covid', 'testing', 'cover', 'majority', 'high', 'exposure', 'risk'] ['individuals', 'sampled', 'testing', 'megacity', 'covers', 'entire'] ['population', 'sampled', 'testing', 'rural', 'town', 'covers', 'entire'] ['population', 'with', 'government', 'oversight', 'public', 'consent', 'this', 'approach'] ['serve', 'each', 'province', 'state', 'city', 'township', 'decentralized', 'daily', 'testing'] ['planning', 'however', 'protect', 'privacy', 'recommend', 'constructing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymized', 'cellphones', 'named', 'individuals', 'this'] ['infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled', 'once', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'over', 'this'] ['achieved', 'policymakers', 'health', 'workers', 'engineers', 'together'] ['solidarity'] ['words', 'covid', 'decisions', 'under', 'risk', 'uncertainty', 'social'] ['networks', 'network', 'theory', 'sampling', 'strategy'] ['problem', 'formulation'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'puts'] ['global', 'governments', 'dilemma'] ['before', 'social', 'distancing', 'stay', 'home', 'orders', 'rapid', 'chain', 'infection'] ['happened', 'strict', 'stay', 'home', 'orders'] ['save', 'lives', 'risk', 'economic'] ['recession', 'public', 'opinions'] ['growing', 'increasingly', 'polarized'] ['armed', 'protesting'] ['economy', 'collapses', 'nation'] ['ensuing', 'mass', 'unemployment'] ['social', 'unrest', 'expose', 'most'] ['fragile', 'families', 'pandemic'] ['reopening', 'economy', 'safely'] ['thus', 'necessary', 'public', 'health', 'policy'] ['however', 'recklessly', 'loosening'] ['stay', 'home', 'policies', 'reopening'] ['economy', 'hard', 'nations'] ['risky', 'asymptomatic', 'covid'] ['patients', 'infect', 'others', 'offices'] ['onboard', 'public', 'transportation'] ['droplets', 'aerosols', 'from', 'people'] ['talking', 'carry', 'virus'] ['chain', 'community', 'infection', 'goes'] ['undetected', 'grow', 'like', 'wildfire'] ['hospitals', 'will', 'again', 'overwhelmed'] ['pandemic', 'become'] ['endemic', 'thus', 'prerequisite'] ['reopening', 'economy', 'ability'] ['rapidly', 'identify', 'cases', 'among'] ['asymptomatic', 'population', 'that'] ['enables', 'contact', 'tracing', 'community'] ['infection', 'subsequent', 'containing'] ['local', 'outbreaks', 'there', 'other'] ['prerequisites', 'such', 'declining'] ['number', 'patients', 'universal'] ['availability', 'ppes', 'which'] ['important', 'will', 'discussed'] ['this', 'study'] ['that', 'gates', 'prescribed'] ['drastically', 'increase', 'nucleic', 'testing'] ['capability', 'covid'] ['ieee', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020'] ['this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', 'meanwhile', 'harvard', 'panel', 'report'] ['proposed', 'daily', 'proactive', 'testing'] ['million', 'people', 'united', 'states'] ['alone', 'total', 'population'] ['study', 'specify'] ['they', 'come', 'that', 'estimation'] ['good', 'that', 'estimation'] ['challenge', 'that', 'testing', 'capability', 'lies'] ['only', 'production'] ['distribution', 'test', 'kits', 'more'] ['crucially', 'logistics', 'actual'] ['tests', 'there', 'might', 'enough'] ['medical', 'workers', 'technicians'] ['conduct', 'million', 'tests'] ['peto', 'advocate', 'universal'] ['weekly', 'random', 'testing'] ['population', 'reach'] ['coverage', 'that', 'translates'] ['daily', 'testing', 'entire', 'population'] ['this', 'huge', 'logistic', 'challenge'] ['well', 'similar', 'random'] ['sampling', 'schemes', 'being'] ['developed', 'india', 'however'] ['none', 'these', 'testing', 'schemes'] ['materialized', 'since', 'their', 'conception'] ['this', 'probably', 'because'] ['governments', 'deem', 'them', 'impractical'] ['this', 'logistical', 'challenge'] ['readily', 'solved', 'only', 'selected'] ['sample', 'total'] ['population', 'needed', 'tested'] ['daily', 'weekly', 'megacities'] ['united', 'states', 'europe'] ['china', 'already', 'have', 'that', 'testing'] ['capacity'] ['propose', 'daily', 'testing', 'only'] ['small', 'subset', 'asymptomatic'] ['population', 'specifically', 'targeting'] ['hubs', 'cliques', 'social'] ['network', 'anonymous', 'cellphones'] ['result', 'comes', 'back', 'positive', 'then'] ['people', 'around', 'them', 'need', 'further'] ['testing', 'contact', 'tracing', 'social', 'network', 'anonymous'] ['cellphones', 'given', 'area', 'during'] ['given', 'time', 'period', 'consists', 'vertices'] ['links', 'vertices'] ['cellphones', 'carried', 'their', 'owners'] ['active', 'economy', 'links'] ['among', 'them', 'indicate', 'significant', 'close'] ['encounter', 'such', 'working'] ['same', 'office', 'living', 'same', 'house'] ['sharing', 'same', 'ride'] ['following', 'graph', 'illustrates'] ['simple', 'social', 'network', 'three'] ['young', 'working', 'professionals', 'mary'] ['giuseppe', 'work', 'small'] ['consulting', 'firm', 'mary', 'shares'] ['house', 'with', 'partner', 'jogs', 'with'] ['group', 'people'] ['office', 'daily', 'giuseppe', 'shares', 'house'] ['with', 'parents', 'siblings'] ['drives', 'alone', 'office', 'daily'] ['lives', 'alone', 'condo', 'takes'] ['metro', 'ride', 'office', 'daily'] ['with', 'people', 'train'] ['social', 'network', 'graph'] ['denote', 'family', 'members'] ['denote', 'commuters', 'they', 'meet'] ['daily', 'simplicity', 'assume', 'that'] ['other', 'family', 'members', 'stay', 'strictly'] ['home', 'commuters', 'interact', 'with'] ['else', 'people', 'this'] ['graph', 'asymptomatic'] ['given', 'such', 'social', 'network'] ['should', 'administer', 'covid'] ['tests', 'only', 'have', 'three', 'test', 'kits'] ['available', 'every', 'what', 'about'] ['test', 'kits', 'even', 'just', 'meager'] ['test', 'might', 'want'] ['reserve', 'testing', 'people'] ['most', 'exposed', 'virus'] ['have', 'highest', 'potential', 'infect'] ['others', 'very', 'often', 'same', 'people'] ['meet', 'both', 'criteria', 'naturally'] ['would', 'choose', 'first', 'test', 'mary'] ['giuseppe', 'because', 'they'] ['connect', 'more', 'people', 'than', 'others'] ['highest', 'exposure', 'risk'] ['because', 'packed', 'subway', 'ride'] ['with', 'dozens', 'commuters', 'thus'] ['should', 'test', 'only', 'test'] ['available', 'opinion', 'each'] ['municipality', 'office', 'should'] ['have', 'tools', 'automatically'] ['analyze', 'such', 'social', 'networks'] ['provide', 'testing', 'service'] ['individuals', 'with', 'highest', 'exposure'] ['risks'] ['there', 'exists', 'full', 'scale', 'study'] ['covid', 'exposure', 'individuals'] ['patients', 'with', 'existing', 'medical', 'conditions', 'have'] ['highest', 'death', 'rate', 'once', 'infected'] ['necessarily', 'highest', 'exposure'] ['chances', 'before', 'getting'] ['observed', 'that', 'types', 'people'] ['might', 'most', 'exposed'] ['covid', 'their', 'distinctive', 'social', 'network', 'niches', 'could'] ['focus', 'limited', 'testing', 'capabilities'] ['them'] ['around', 'world', 'senior', 'government'] ['officials', 'have', 'been', 'disproportionately'] ['covid', 'list', 'includes'] ['prime', 'ministers', 'britain', 'russia'] ['first', 'ladies', 'spain', 'canada'] ['first', 'family', 'brazil', 'countless'] ['ministers', 'around', 'world', 'likely', 'this'] ['situation', 'resulted', 'from', 'their', 'busy', 'daily'] ['schedule', 'meet', 'with', 'large', 'number'] ['people', 'often', 'internationally'] ['other', 'words', 'hubs', 'social', 'network', 'most', 'exposed'] ['infection', 'risks', 'sense', 'they'] ['canary', 'coal', 'mine', 'timely'] ['testing', 'them', 'could', 'time'] ['their', 'local', 'communities'] ['people', 'spending', 'long', 'hours'] ['close', 'quarters', 'have', 'seen', 'horrendous'] ['local', 'outbreaks', 'covid'] ['well', 'known', 'cases', 'include'] ['diamond', 'princess', 'theodore'] ['roosevelt', 'kidd', 'many'] ['hospital', 'wards', 'retirement', 'homes'] ['factories', 'prisons', 'around'] ['world', 'social', 'network'] ['these', 'communities', 'known'] ['clique', 'because', 'each', 'member'] ['within', 'close', 'vicinity', 'other'] ['members', 'therefore', 'socially'] ['interconnected', 'such', 'cliques'] ['often', 'exposed', 'airborne', 'droplets'] ['carrying', 'virus', 'which', 'leads'] ['unusually', 'high', 'percentages', 'local'] ['infection'] ['thus', 'goal', 'identify', 'each'] ['social', 'network', 'workforce'] ['embracing', 'economic', 'reopening'] ['clique', 'people', 'daily'] ['covid', 'testing', 'even', 'though', 'they'] ['asymptomatic'] ['clique', 'individual', 'turns', 'positive'] ['covid', 'social', 'network'] ['immediate', 'daily', 'interaction'] ['circle', 'needs', 'tested'] ['patients', 'quarantined', 'argue', 'that'] ['this', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'strategy'] ['ieee', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020for', 'covid', 'testing', 'reopened'] ['economy'] ['each', 'city', 'logistical'] ['constraints', 'testing', 'some', 'cities'] ['afford', 'test', 'daily'] ['workforce', 'others', 'afford', 'test'] ['which', 'testing', 'percentage'] ['sufficient', 'measure'] ['sufficiency', 'each', 'city'] ['perform', 'rapid', 'assessment'] ['daily', 'basis'] ['methodology'] ['experiment'] ['address', 'abovementioned'] ['questions', 'conducted', 'pilot', 'study'] ['using', 'existing', 'social', 'network', 'tools'] ['real', 'world', 'social', 'network'] ['datasets', 'simplest', 'approach'] ['single', 'individuals', 'with', 'most'] ['links', 'social', 'network'] ['testing', 'problem', 'with', 'that'] ['approach', 'that', 'those', 'individuals'] ['often', 'same', 'local', 'community'] ['thus', 'have', 'highly', 'overlapped'] ['social', 'networks', 'example'] ['doctors', 'nurses', 'working'] ['same', 'room', 'congress'] ['members', 'same', 'nation'] ['concentrate', 'testing', 'resources'] ['them', 'will', 'miss'] ['picture', 'population', 'have'] ['social', 'inequality', 'issue'] ['thus', 'find', 'individuals'] ['with', 'most', 'links', 'social'] ['network', 'while', 'individuals', 'directly'] ['linked', 'them', 'cover', 'maximum'] ['percentage', 'population', 'this'] ['achieved', 'dividing', 'social', 'network', 'mega', 'cities', 'like'] ['wuhan', 'into', 'small'] ['communities', 'cliques', 'then'] ['identify', 'each', 'community'] ['unfortunately', 'mathematics'] ['computer', 'science', 'this', 'problem'] ['hard', 'find', 'exact', 'optimal'] ['solution', 'takes', 'exponentially'] ['computation', 'time', 'size'] ['population', 'grows', 'there', 'exist'] ['heuristic', 'solutions', 'that', 'produce'] ['imperfect', 'useable', 'solutions', 'with'] ['limited', 'time', 'budget', 'these', 'solutions'] ['were', 'developed', 'over', 'past'] ['decades', 'just', 'analyze', 'social'] ['networks', 'internet', 'traffic'] ['these', 'algorithms', 'also'] ['workhorses', 'behind', 'internet', 'search'] ['engines', 'such', 'google'] ['microsoft', 'bing'] ['heuristic', 'algorithms', 'examined'] ['here', 'developed', 'academia'] ['open', 'source', 'also', 'share', 'crude'] ['simple', 'python', 'snippets'] ['make', 'these', 'models', 'with'] ['real', 'world', 'datasets', 'hope', 'that'] ['public', 'health', 'sector', 'integrate'] ['these', 'methods', 'without', 'hiccups'] ['pilot', 'study', 'both', 'algorithms'] ['analyze', 'social', 'networks', 'with'] ['millions', 'vertices', 'people', 'several'] ['minutes', 'linux', 'workstation', 'this'] ['indicates', 'feasibility'] ['decentralized', 'operations'] ['each', 'municipality', 'without', 'additional'] ['charges'] ['louvain', 'algorithm', 'created'] ['blondel', 'from'] ['university', 'louvain', 'belgium'] ['bottom', 'clustering', 'algorithm', 'find'] ['communities', 'large', 'small', 'often', 'very'] ['different', 'size', 'metis', 'algorithm'] ['created', 'karypis'] ['kumar', 'from', 'university'] ['minnesota', 'enables', 'parallel', 'processing', 'partition', 'social'] ['networks', 'into', 'communities', 'similar'] ['figure', 'selecting', 'hubs', 'from', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'sizes'] ['figure', 'sample', 'social', 'network', 'small', 'consulting', 'company'] ['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '65the', 'first', 'dataset', 'tested'] ['googleþ', 'social', 'network', 'dataset'] ['including', 'people'] ['links', 'among', 'them', 'average'] ['each', 'person', 'connected'] ['others', 'this', 'number', 'comparable'] ['number', 'people', 'working'] ['professional', 'meets', 'daily', 'busy'] ['metropolis', 'using', 'public'] ['transportation', 'densely'] ['connected', 'network'] ['second', 'dataset', 'tested'] ['internet', 'server', 'topology', 'dataset'] ['originally', 'assembled', 'study'] ['transmission', 'computer', 'viruses'] ['vertices', 'machines'] ['links', 'among', 'them'] ['average', 'each', 'machine', 'connected'] ['others', 'this', 'number'] ['comparable', 'number', 'people'] ['working', 'professional', 'meets', 'daily'] ['small', 'town', 'without', 'using', 'public'] ['transportation', 'sparsely'] ['connected', 'network'] ['clear', 'assume', 'that'] ['covid', 'transmits', 'along', 'with', 'cyber', 'social', 'networks', 'consider'] ['datasets', 'previously', 'because', 'they'] ['have', 'network', 'structures', 'similar'] ['social', 'networks', 'workforce'] ['which', 'close', 'range', 'physical'] ['interactions', 'daily', 'reopened'] ['economy'] ['study', 'designed', 'following'] ['four', 'steps', 'first', 'partition'] ['network', 'datasets', 'into', 'clusters'] ['using', 'metis', 'algorithm'] ['louvain', 'algorithm', 'then', 'each'] ['cluster', 'single', 'individuals'] ['have', 'most', 'connections'] ['within', 'cluster', 'total', 'have'] [] ['individuals', 'chosen', 'covid'] ['testing', 'simpler', 'baseline', 'choice'] ['single'] ['individuals'] ['with', 'most', 'connection', 'links'] ['complete', 'social', 'network'] ['adopted', 'value', 'parameter'] ['total', 'number', 'individuals'] ['divided', '1000', 'this'] ['total', 'amount', 'individuals', 'chosen'] [] ['will', 'percentage', 'total'] ['population', 'evaluation', 'metric'] ['coverage', 'tested', 'individuals'] ['defined', 'number', 'individuals'] ['immediately', 'linked', 'tested'] ['individuals', 'divided', 'total'] ['number', 'individuals', 'four', 'steps'] ['illustrated', 'figure', 'using'] ['sample', 'described', 'figure'] ['findings'] ['following', 'tables', 'list'] ['coverage', 'rates', 'from', 'three', 'different'] ['algorithms', 'real', 'world'] ['datasets', 'they', 'tell', 'extent'] ['well', 'social', 'network'] ['sampling', 'testing', 'cover'] ['population', 'reopened', 'economy'] ['coverage', 'percentages'] ['calculated', 'percentage'] ['people', 'close', 'contacts', 'with'] ['covid', 'test', 'subjects'] ['general', 'population'] ['both', 'datasets', 'sampling'] ['percentages', 'metis', 'algorithm'] ['steadily', 'outperforms', 'other', 'algorithms'] ['terms', 'coverage', 'rate', 'this', 'does'] ['indicate', 'that', 'louvain'] ['algorithm', 'inferior', 'designed'] ['identify', 'natural', 'looking'] ['subcommunities', 'large', 'small'] ['most', 'suitable', 'would'] ['visualize', 'trace', 'local', 'community'] ['transmission'] ['densely', 'connected', 'googleþ'] ['dataset', 'indeed', 'running'] ['simulation', 'busy', 'urban', 'life', 'such'] ['that', 'wuhan', 'results', 'listed'] ['table', 'indicates', 'that', 'metis'] ['algorithm', 'used', 'sample'] ['population', 'effectively', 'represent'] ['table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'sampling'] ['test', 'skitter', 'dataset'] ['table', 'coverage', 'percentage', 'social', 'network', 'sampling'] ['test', 'googleþ', 'dataset'] ['ieee', 'engineering', 'management', 'review', 'third', 'quarter', 'september', '2020an', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage'] ['population', 'sampling'] ['population'] ['effectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage'] ['population', 'beyond', 'sampling'] ['extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'work', 'offer'] ['marginal', 'benefit'] ['sparsely', 'connected', 'skitter'] ['dataset', 'indeed', 'running'] ['simulation', 'quiet', 'small', 'town', 'life'] ['such', 'that', 'ithaca', 'upstate'] ['suifenhe', 'china', 'results', 'listed'] ['table', 'indicates', 'that', 'metis'] ['algorithm', 'used', 'sample'] ['population', 'effectively', 'represent'] ['immediate', 'connection', 'coverage'] ['population', 'sampling'] ['population'] ['effectively', 'represent', 'immediate', 'connection', 'coverage'] ['population', 'beyond', 'sampling'] ['extra', 'sampling', 'testing', 'work', 'offer'] ['marginal', 'benefit'] ['discussions'] ['summary', 'study', 'shows', 'that'] ['highly', 'efficient', 'sampling', 'testing'] ['tracing', 'scheme', 'achieved'] ['constructing', 'social', 'network'] ['city', 'township', 'safeguarding'] ['economy', 'reopening', 'busier'] ['city', 'smaller', 'percentage'] ['need', 'test', 'covid'] ['estimate', 'that', 'monitor'] ['covid', 'transmission', 'covering'] ['majority', 'population', 'this'] ['that', 'sampling', 'keep'] ['covid', 'from', 'happening', 'rather'] ['realistic', 'managed', 'occurrence'] ['live', 'with', 'covid', 'approach', 'also'] ['arguably', 'this', 'also', 'important'] ['universal', 'wearing', 'masks'] [] ['this', 'pilot', 'study', 'assumes', 'that', 'social', 'network', 'dataset', 'each', 'city'] ['township', 'constructed', 'every'] ['indeed', 'only', 'with', 'public'] ['consensus', 'government'] ['oversight', 'cellphones', 'currently'] ['produce', 'multiple', 'location', 'tracking'] ['data', 'streams', 'including'] ['telecommunication', 'tracking'] ['operating', 'system', 'tracking'] ['based', 'tracking', 'each', 'nation'] ['cellphone', 'service', 'providers'] ['acquire', 'coarse', 'resolution', 'tracking'] ['data', 'streams', 'triangulation'] ['base', 'stations', 'operating'] ['system', 'tracking', 'data', 'stream', 'exists'] ['each', 'android', 'phone', 'iphone'] ['essential', 'service', 'integrating'] ['wifi', 'signals', 'addition'] ['most', 'cellphone', 'apps'] ['market', 'call', 'various', 'precision'] ['location', 'service', 'apis', 'from', 'google'] ['amap', 'bing', 'maps', 'baidu', 'maps'] ['here', 'maps', 'tencent', 'maps'] ['location', 'upon', 'that', 'tracking'] ['computes', 'signal', 'along'] ['with', 'wifi', 'current', 'data'] ['records', 'link', 'location', 'each', 'unique'] ['cellphone', 'individual'] ['persons', 'these', 'data', 'records'] ['highly', 'confidential', 'literally'] ['guarded', 'laws', 'like', 'european'] ['gdpr', 'against', 'wanton', 'usage'] ['societies', 'already', 'embraced', 'some'] ['their', 'usages', 'real', 'time', 'such'] ['google', 'traffic', 'alert', 'hence'] ['social', 'network', 'anonymous'] ['cellphones', 'quickly', 'computed'] ['existing', 'data', 'streams', 'with'] ['right', 'permission', 'clearance', 'this'] ['study', 'does', 'advocate', 'collecting'] ['cellphone', 'location', 'data', 'with', 'personal'] [] ['social', 'network', 'could'] ['constructed', 'through', 'another'] ['process', 'arguably', 'less', 'intrusive'] ['google', 'apple', 'developing'] ['bluetooth', 'contact', 'alert', 'service'] ['tell', 'user', 'whether'] ['phone', 'within', 'bluetooth'] ['distance', 'covid', 'patient'] ['phone', 'recently', 'however', 'this'] ['feature', 'only', 'valid', 'everyone'] ['turns', 'bluetooth', 'thus'] ['eventually', 'work'] ['this', 'effort', 'largely', 'died'] ['with', 'location', 'data', 'sitting', 'idle', 'with'] ['telecommunication', 'service', 'providers'] ['tech', 'giants', 'general', 'public'] ['national', 'governments', 'want'] ['discuss', 'decide', 'whether'] ['make', 'during', 'pandemic'] ['people', 'have', 'valid', 'reasons'] ['worry', 'about', 'privacy', 'these'] ['normal', 'times', 'safe'] ['moral', 'usages', 'this', 'data', 'flow', 'require'] ['mandatory', 'erasure'] ['personal', 'details', 'from', 'dataset'] ['render', 'anonymous', 'except'] ['oneself', 'example', 'only', 'citizen'] ['herself', 'know', 'that'] ['social', 'network'] ['wants', 'show', 'work', 'without'] ['endangering', 'coworkers'] ['needs', 'have', 'free', 'covid', 'test'] ['when', 'patient', 'test', 'comes', 'back'] ['positive', 'then', 'people'] ['recent', 'interaction', 'with', 'have'] ['right', 'notified', 'their'] ['phones', 'automatic', 'contact', 'tracing'] ['done', 'with', 'technology', 'instead'] ['spreading', 'thin', 'medical'] ['workforce', 'field', 'when'] ['pandemic', 'about', 'fully'] ['eliminated', 'this', 'time'] ['infrastructure', 'should', 'dismantled'] ['abused', 'peacetime'] ['find', 'logistically', 'feasible'] ['local', 'facilities', 'operate', 'daily'] ['routine', 'first', 'every', 'night', 'local'] ['locational', 'data', 'flows', 'from', 'either'] ['telecommunication', 'providers', 'tech'] ['giants', 'used', 'construct', 'social', 'network', 'previous'] ['residents', 'identified'] ['hubs', 'that', 'network', 'wake'] ['next', 'morning', 'with', 'text'] ['message', 'notification', 'quick', 'test'] ['before', 'showing', 'work', 'testing'] ['capacities', 'vary', 'from', 'region', 'region'] ['some', 'developed', 'nations', 'might', 'afford'] ['test', 'them', 'every', 'developing'] ['nations', 'might', 'afford', 'test', 'once'] ['week', 'either', 'helps'] ['further', 'alleviate', 'pressure'] ['logistics', 'nations', 'consider'] ['recent', 'practice', 'wuhan'] ['china', 'during', '2020'] ['nasal', 'swabs', 'from', 'multiple', 'persons'] ['from', 'same', 'neighborhood'] ['mixed', 'into', 'testing', 'this'] ['known', 'pooled', 'testing', 'reduces'] ['logistics', 'pressure', 'testing'] ['even', 'compared'] ['proactive', 'practical', 'covid', 'testing', 'strategy', '67conducting', 'test', 'each'] ['individual', 'united', 'states'] ['importance', 'pooled', 'testing', 'just'] ['gaining', 'recognition'] ['implemented', 'masse'] ['pooled', 'testing', 'social'] ['network', 'sampling', 'boost', 'each'] ['other', 'many', 'ways', 'first', 'each', 'batch'] ['pooled', 'testing', 'consist'] ['individuals', 'from', 'same', 'clique'] ['social', 'network', 'because', 'they'] ['share', 'similar', 'risks', 'infection'] ['second', 'when', 'testing', 'resources'] ['very', 'scarce', 'pooled', 'testing'] ['selected', 'hubs', 'social'] ['network', 'highly', 'efficient', 'third'] ['tracing', 'infection', 'chains'] ['achieved', 'with', 'social', 'networks'] ['after', 'pooled', 'testing'] ['another', 'possibility', 'improve', 'this'] ['approach', 'integrate', 'infection'] ['rate', 'population', 'groups', 'into', 'social', 'network', 'vanilla', 'social'] ['network', 'measure', 'chance'] ['exposure', 'infection', 'when'] ['multiplied', 'infection', 'rate'] ['groups', 'measure', 'chance'] ['infection'] ['around', 'world', 'pilot', 'experiments'] ['locational', 'tracking', 'fight'] ['pandemic', 'sprouting', 'example'] ['israel', 'south', 'korea'] ['china', 'china', 'alibaba'] ['tencent', 'scrambled', 'work', 'with'] ['government', 'oversight', 'creating'] ['location', 'based', 'health', 'checkup', 'apps'] ['starting', 'late', 'january', '2020'] ['initial', 'version', 'went', 'online', 'february'] ['after', 'weeks', 'intensive'] ['development', 'only', 'trace'] ['location', 'down', 'city', 'blocks', 'tell'] ['user', 'whether', 'they', 'have', 'been'] ['covid', 'zones', 'past'] ['days', 'majority', 'chinese'] ['public', 'chose', 'adopt', 'this'] ['infrastructure', 'along', 'with', 'other'] ['measures', 'such', 'universal', 'mask', 'wearing', 'quarantines'] ['contributed', 'significantly'] ['chinese', 'effort', 'containing'] ['almost', 'total', 'elimination', 'covid'] ['this', 'effort', 'released', 'openly'] ['technical', 'whitepapers'] ['2020', 'however', 'time', 'being'] ['there', 'reported', 'effort'] ['that', 'infrastructure', 'proactive'] ['nucleic', 'antibody', 'testing'] ['general', 'public'] ['april', 'science', 'magazine'] ['recently', 'called', 'utilization'] ['mobile', 'phone', 'data', 'modeling'] ['contact', 'tracing', 'gradually'] ['policymakers', 'scientists'] ['engineers', 'globally', 'coming'] ['realize', 'that', 'data', 'from', 'mobile', 'phones'] ['help', 'them', 'combat', 'covid'] ['important', 'that', 'peoples', 'aware'] ['this', 'option', 'debate', 'about'] ['make', 'decision', 'their', 'nation'] ['know', 'long', 'this'] ['pandemic', 'lasts'] ['therefore', 'options', 'should', 'stay'] ['table', 'epicenters'] ['pandemic', 'government', 'might', 'want'] ['integrate', 'possible', 'measures'] ['together', 'turn', 'tide', 'against'] ['pandemic'] ['this', 'pilot', 'study', 'baby', 'step'] ['introduce', 'field', 'public', 'health'] ['importance', 'social', 'network'] ['analyses', 'have', 'already', 'seen'] ['traditional', 'modeling'] ['infectious', 'diseases', 'since', 'onset'] ['pandemic', 'models'] ['assume', 'equal', 'infection', 'risk'] ['individuals', 'thus', 'insufficient'] ['alone', 'social', 'network', 'analyses'] ['provide', 'insights', 'into', 'exposure', 'risks'] ['each', 'individual', 'thus'] ['integrated', 'into', 'models'] ['modeling', 'assume', 'that'] ['everyone', 'equal', 'immunity'] ['model', 'because', 'limited', 'data'] ['possible', 'collect', 'more', 'detailed'] ['information', 'about', 'individuals'] ['hope', 'improve', 'model'] ['considering', 'covariates', 'affecting'] ['personal', 'immunity', 'battle'] ['pandemic', 'potentially', 'endemic'] ['covid', 'planetary', 'challenge'] ['interdisciplinary', 'teamwork', 'among'] ['epidemiologists', 'computer', 'scientists'] ['data', 'scientists', 'lawmakers'] ['needed', 'hope', 'model'] ['revised', 'applied', 'policies'] ['operations', 'modeling'] ['only', 'tell', 'much', 'politics', 'does'] ['rest', 'bottom', 'line', 'against'] ['dystopian', 'location', 'data'] ['construct', 'social', 'network'] ['anonymous', 'cellphones', 'people'] ['without', 'privacy', 'make', 'this', 'service'] ['instead', 'surveillance', 'this'] ['service', 'should', 'only', 'temporary'] ['during', 'pandemic', 'planet', 'after'] ['pandemic', 'does', 'need'] ['geoslavery'] ['contributors'] ['conceptualization'] ['programming', 'analysis'] ['writing'] ['acknowledgment'] ['authors', 'would', 'like', 'thank'] ['deng', 'jiang'] ['dong', 'many', 'rounds', 'fruitful'] ['discussions', 'open', 'access'] ['this', 'article', 'provided', 'gago'] ['beijing', 'china'] ['new_paper'] ['received', '2020', 'accepted', 'june', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'june', '2020', 'date', 'current', 'version', 'july', '2020'] ['digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'access', '2020', '3003810'] ['iteratively', 'pruned', 'deep', 'learning', 'ensembles'] ['covid', 'detection', 'chest', 'rays'] ['sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman'] ['member', 'ieee', 'jenifer', 'siegelman2'] [] ['philip', 'alderson3'] ['lucas', 'folio4', 'folio6'] [] ['sameer', 'antani'] ['senior', 'member', 'ieee'] ['1lister', 'hill', 'national', 'center', 'biomedical', 'communications', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'bethesda', '20894'] ['2takeda', 'pharmaceuticals', 'cambridge', '02139'] ['3school', 'medicine', 'saint', 'louis', 'university', 'louis', '63104'] ['4functional', 'applied', 'biomechanics', 'section', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20892'] ['5walt', 'whitman', 'high', 'school', 'bethesda', '20817'] ['6radiological', 'imaging', 'sciences', 'clinical', 'center', 'national', 'institutes', 'health', 'bethesda', '20894'] ['corresponding', 'author', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman'] ['this', 'work', 'supported', 'intramural', 'research', 'program', 'national', 'library', 'medicine', 'national', 'institutes'] ['health'] ['abstract', 'demonstrate', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'ensembles', 'detecting'] ['pulmonary', 'manifestations', 'covid', 'with', 'chest', 'rays', 'this', 'disease', 'caused', 'novel', 'severe'] ['acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'virus', 'also', 'known', 'novel', 'coronavirus'] ['2019', 'ncov', 'custom', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models'] ['trained', 'evaluated', 'patient', 'level', 'publicly', 'available', 'collections', 'learn', 'modality', 'specific'] ['feature', 'representations', 'learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'fine', 'tuned', 'improve', 'performance'] ['generalization', 'related', 'task', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'viral', 'abnormalities', 'best', 'performing', 'models', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'reduce', 'complexity'] ['improve', 'memory', 'efficiency', 'predictions', 'best', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'combined', 'through'] ['different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'improve', 'classification', 'performance', 'empirical', 'evaluations', 'demonstrate', 'that'] ['weighted', 'average', 'best', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'significantly', 'improves', 'performance', 'resulting'] ['accuracy', 'area', 'under', 'curve', '9972', 'detecting', 'covid', 'findings', 'cxrs'] ['combined', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learning'] ['resulted', 'improved', 'predictions', 'expect', 'that', 'this', 'model', 'quickly', 'adopted', 'covid', 'screening'] ['using', 'chest', 'radiographs'] ['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'deep', 'learning', 'ensemble', 'iterative', 'pruning'] ['introduction'] ['novel', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'covid', 'caused'] ['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome'] ['coronavirus', 'sars', 'that', 'originated', 'wuhan'] ['hubei', 'province', 'china', 'spread', 'worldwide'] ['world', 'health', 'organization', 'declared', 'break', 'pandemic', 'march', '2020', 'disease'] ['rapidly', 'affecting', 'worldwide', 'population', 'with', 'statistics', 'quickly'] ['falling', 'date', 'april', '2020', 'there', 'over'] ['million', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'reported', 'globally', 'with', 'over'] ['reported', 'deaths', 'lung', 'disease', 'that', 'causes', 'difficulty'] ['breathing', 'been', 'reported', 'early', 'indicator', 'along'] ['with', 'hyperthermia', 'covid', 'infected', 'population'] ['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'this', 'manuscript'] ['approving', 'publication', 'victor', 'hugo', 'albuquerque'] ['lung', 'abnormalities', 'caused', '2019', 'ncov', 'viruses'] ['observed', 'peripheral', 'hilar', 'visually', 'similar'] ['often', 'distinct', 'from', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'other', 'bacterial'] ['pathogens'] ['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction'] ['tests', 'performed', 'detect', 'presence'] ['virus', 'considered', 'gold', 'standard', 'diagnose'] ['covid', 'infection', 'however', 'they', 'reported', 'have'] ['variable', 'sensitivity', 'some', 'geographic', 'regions'] ['widely', 'available', 'while', 'currently', 'recommended'] ['primary', 'diagnostic', 'tools', 'chest', 'rays', 'cxrs', 'puted', 'tomography', 'scans', 'have', 'been', 'used', 'screen'] ['covid', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'disease', 'progression'] ['hospital', 'admitted', 'cases', 'while', 'chest', 'offers', 'greater'] ['sensitivity', 'pulmonary', 'disease', 'there', 'several', 'challenges'] ['these', 'include', 'portability', 'requirement'] ['volume', '2020', 'this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '115041s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['figure', 'graphical', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study'] ['sanitize', 'room', 'equipment', 'between', 'patients', 'followed'] ['delay', 'least', 'hour', 'risk', 'exposing'] ['hospital', 'staff', 'other', 'patients', 'persons', 'under'] ['investigation', 'puis', 'virus', 'although', 'sensitive'] ['portable', 'cxrs', 'considered', 'acceptable', 'alternative'] ['since', 'puis', 'imaged', 'more', 'isolated', 'rooms'] ['limiting', 'personnel', 'exposure', 'because', 'sanitation', 'much'] ['less', 'complex', 'obtain', 'than', 'with'] ['automated', 'computer', 'aided', 'diagnostic', 'cadx', 'tools'] ['driven', 'automated', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'methods'] ['designed', 'detect', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'related', 'racic', 'abnormalities', 'should', 'highly', 'valuable', 'given', 'heavy'] ['burden', 'infected', 'patients', 'this', 'especially', 'important'] ['locations', 'with', 'insufficient', 'availability', 'radiological'] ['expertise', 'cxrs', 'produce', 'fast', 'high', 'throughput', 'triage', 'such'] ['mass', 'casualty', 'automated', 'approaches', 'once', 'vali', 'dated', 'have', 'been', 'shown', 'reduce', 'inter', 'intra', 'observer'] ['variability', 'radiological', 'assessments', 'additionally'] ['cadx', 'tools', 'have', 'gained', 'immense', 'significance', 'clinical'] ['medicine', 'supplementing', 'medical', 'decision', 'making'] ['improving', 'screening', 'diagnostic', 'accuracy', 'these', 'tools'] ['combine', 'elements', 'radiological', 'image', 'processing', 'with'] ['computer', 'vision', 'identifying', 'typical', 'disease', 'manifesta', 'tions', 'localizing', 'suspicious', 'regions', 'interest'] ['present', 'recent', 'advances', 'machine', 'learning', 'particularly'] ['data', 'driven', 'deep', 'learning', 'methods', 'using', 'convolutional'] ['neural', 'networks', 'cnns', 'have', 'shown', 'promising', 'performance'] ['identifying', 'classifying', 'quantifying', 'disease', 'patterns'] ['medical', 'images', 'this', 'particularly', 'true', 'scans'] ['cxrs', 'these', 'models', 'learn', 'hierarchical', 'feature'] ['representations', 'from', 'medical', 'images', 'analyze', 'typical'] ['disease', 'manifestations', 'localize', 'suspicious', 'densities'] ['evaluation'] ['this', 'study', 'highlight', 'benefits', 'offered', 'through'] ['ensemble', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward'] ['distinguishing', 'cxrs', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related'] ['opacities', 'from', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'normals', 'using', 'licly', 'available', 'collections', 'shows', 'graphi', 'abstract', 'proposed', 'study', 'shows', 'instances'] ['cxrs', 'being', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'related', 'pneumonia'] ['custom', 'selection', 'pretrained', 'trained', 'large', 'scale', 'selection', 'cxrs', 'learn'] ['modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'learned'] ['knowledge', 'then', 'transferred', 'fine', 'tuned', 'classify'] ['normal', 'abnormal', 'cxrs', 'leverage', 'benefits'] ['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning'] ['figure', 'cxrs', 'showing', 'clear', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia'] ['manifesting', 'consolidations', 'right', 'upper', 'lobe', 'retro', 'cardiac'] ['left', 'lower', 'lobe', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infection', 'manifesting'] ['peripheral', 'opacities', 'left', 'lung'] ['ensemble', 'strategies', 'reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'improve'] ['robustness', 'generalization', 'inference', 'capability'] ['model'] ['remainder', 'manuscript', 'organized', 'follows'] ['section', 'discusses', 'prior', 'works', 'section', 'discusses'] ['datasets', 'methods', 'used', 'toward', 'modality', 'specific'] ['knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'ensemble', 'learn', 'section', 'elaborates', 'results', 'obtained'] ['section', 'concludes', 'study', 'with', 'discussion', 'merits'] ['limitations', 'proposed', 'approach', 'future', 'work'] ['directions'] ['prior', 'work'] ['covid', 'detection'] ['study', 'literature', 'reveals', 'several', 'efforts'] ['covid', 'screening', 'authors', 'distinguished'] ['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'from', 'that', 'other'] ['viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'scans', 'with', 'high', 'specificity'] ['observed', 'that', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'found'] ['peripherally', 'distributed', 'with', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities'] ['vascular', 'thickening', 'authors', 'established'] ['publicly', 'available', 'collection', 'scans', 'showing'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'manifestations', 'trained', 'deep'] ['achieve', 'score', 'classifying', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities'] ['authors', 'used', 'customized', 'pretrained'] ['alexnet', 'model', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'showing'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'with', 'accuracy', 'respec', 'tively', 'authors', 'used', 'resnet'] ['classify', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumo', 'manifestations', 'cxrs', 'achieved', 'accuracy'] ['score', 'cxrs', 'also', 'commonly'] ['analyzed', 'diagnose', 'differentiate', 'other', 'types', 'pneumo', 'including', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia'] ['authors', 'proposed', 'custom', 'model'] ['that', 'designed', 'combining', 'manual', 'design', 'prototyp', 'with', 'machine', 'driven', 'designing', 'approach', 'classify'] ['cxrs', 'normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'covid'] ['pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'with', 'accuracy'] ['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer'] ['with', 'limited', 'amounts', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'data'] ['traditional', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategies', 'offer', 'promise'] ['where', 'learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'fine', 'tuned'] ['115042', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['improve', 'performance', 'however', 'unique', 'challenges', 'posed'] ['appearance', 'medical', 'images', 'including', 'high'] ['inter', 'class', 'similarity', 'intra', 'class', 'variance', 'lead'] ['model', 'bias', 'overfitting', 'resulting', 'reduced', 'perfor', 'mance', 'generalization', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviated'] ['through', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'retraining'] ['models', 'large', 'image', 'collection', 'learn'] ['modality', 'specific', 'feature', 'representations', 'modality', 'specific'] ['model', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'ensembles', 'have'] ['demonstrated', 'superior', 'disease', 'localization', 'compared'] ['individual', 'constituent', 'models'] ['model', 'pruning'] ['alleviate', 'burdens', 'from', 'computing', 'resources', 'models'] ['pruned', 'reduce', 'inference', 'cost', 'facilitate'] ['deployment', 'resource', 'conditions', 'with', 'loss', 'even'] ['improvement', 'performance', 'reed', 'performed', 'model', 'pruning', 'decrease', 'computational', 'complexity'] ['hassibi', 'deleted', 'network', 'parameters', 'leveraging'] ['second', 'derivative', 'term', 'taylor', 'series', 'improved'] ['model', 'generalization', 'authors', 'found', 'that'] ['earlier', 'layers', 'neural', 'networks', 'have', 'activations'] ['that', 'effectively', 'excluded', 'from', 'network', 'without'] ['affecting', 'model', 'performance', 'they', 'proposed', 'iterative'] ['optimization', 'method', 'gradually', 'eliminate', 'neurons', 'with'] ['least', 'activations', 'toward', 'reducing', 'memory', 'power'] ['requirements', 'promoting', 'faster', 'model', 'inference', 'when'] ['applied', 'medical', 'imaging', 'authors', 'proposed'] ['genetic', 'algorithm', 'based', 'pathway', 'evolution', 'strategy', 'prune'] ['models', 'this', 'resulted', 'reduction', 'network'] ['parameters', 'improved', 'mass', 'classification', 'performance'] ['breast', 'mammograms', 'systematic', 'weight', 'pruning', 'strat', 'used', 'prune', 'yolo', 'model', 'based', 'pneu', 'monia', 'detector', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'showing'] ['pneumonia', 'like', 'manifestations', 'using', 'radiological', 'soci', 'north', 'america', 'rsna', 'collection', 'however'] ['there', 'room', 'further', 'research', 'this', 'area'] ['ensemble', 'classification'] ['cnns', 'linear', 'models', 'that', 'learn', 'complex', 'relationships'] ['from', 'data', 'through', 'error', 'backpropagation', 'stochastic'] ['optimization', 'making', 'them', 'highly', 'sensitive', 'random', 'weight'] ['initializations', 'statistical', 'noise', 'present', 'training'] ['data', 'these', 'issues', 'alleviated', 'ensemble', 'learning'] ['training', 'multiple', 'models', 'combining', 'their', 'predictions'] ['where', 'individual', 'model', 'weaknesses', 'offset'] ['predictions', 'other', 'models', 'combined', 'predictions', 'shown'] ['superior', 'individual', 'models', 'there', 'several'] ['ensemble', 'strategies', 'reported', 'literature', 'including'] ['voting', 'simple', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'boosting'] ['blending', 'others', 'that', 'shown', 'minimize', 'variance'] ['error', 'improve', 'generalization', 'performance'] ['models', 'applied', 'cxrs', 'authors'] ['leveraged', 'ensemble', 'models', 'toward'] ['improving', 'detection', 'cxrs', 'averaging', 'ensemble'] ['pretrained', 'cnns', 'used', 'authors', 'toward'] ['improving', 'cardiomegaly', 'detection', 'using', 'cxrs'] ['table', 'dataset', 'characteristics', 'numerator', 'denominator', 'denotes'] ['number', 'train', 'test', 'data', 'respectively', 'normal'] ['pneumonia', 'unknown', 'type', 'bacterial', 'proven'] ['pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia'] ['materials', 'methods'] ['data', 'collection', 'preprocessing'] ['table', 'shows', 'distribution', 'cxrs', 'across', 'different'] ['categories', 'used', 'following', 'four', 'publicly', 'available'] ['collections', 'this', 'retrospective', 'analysis'] ['pediatric', 'dataset'] ['authors', 'collected', 'from', 'guangzhou', 'women'] ['children', 'medical', 'center', 'guangzhou', 'china', 'anterior', 'posterior', 'cxrs', 'children', 'from', 'years'] ['showing', 'normal', 'lungs', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'expert', 'radiologists', 'curated'] ['collection', 'remove', 'quality', 'chest', 'radiographs'] ['rsna', 'dataset'] ['this', 'multi', 'expert', 'curated', 'dataset', 'includes', 'images', 'from'] ['national', 'institutes', 'health', 'dataset'] ['dataset', 'released', 'kaggle', 'pneumonia', 'detec', 'tion', 'challenge', 'organized', 'jointly', 'rsna'] ['collection', 'includes', 'normal', 'cxrs', 'abnormal', 'images', 'with'] ['pneumonia', 'pneumonia', 'like', 'opacities', 'images'] ['made', 'available', '1024', '1024', 'pixel', 'resolution', 'dicom'] ['format'] ['twitter', 'covid', 'dataset'] ['cardiothoracic', 'radiologist', 'from', 'spain', 'made', 'available'] ['collection', 'cxrs', 'with', 'pixel', 'resolution'] ['jfif', 'format', 'twitter', 'sars', 'positive', 'subjects'] ['https', 'twitter', 'chestimaging'] ['montreal', 'covid', 'dataset'] ['publicly', 'available', 'periodically', 'updated', 'github', 'repository'] ['that', 'includes', 'covid', 'cases', 'other', 'pulmonary'] ['viral', 'disease', 'manifestations', 'posterior', 'anterior'] ['supine', 'views', 'april', '2020', 'repository'] ['cxrs', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities'] ['performed', 'patient', 'level', 'splits', 'these', 'collections'] ['allocate', 'training', 'testing', 'ferent', 'stages', 'learning', 'discussed', 'this', 'study', 'domly', 'allocated', 'training', 'data', 'validate'] ['models', 'ground', 'truth', 'test', 'comprising'] ['cxrs', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities'] ['verification', 'publicly', 'identified', 'cases', 'from'] ['expert', 'radiologists', 'annotated', 'test'] ['lung', 'segmentation'] ['while', 'mild', 'covid', 'cases', 'mimic', 'common', 'upper'] ['respiratory', 'viral', 'infections', 'advanced', 'disease', 'results'] ['volume', '2020', '115043s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['figure', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'showing', 'based', 'mask'] ['generation', 'lung', 'cropping'] ['figure', 'architecture', 'customized', 'model', 'input'] ['conv', 'convolution', 'global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout'] ['dense', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation', 'normal', 'predictions'] ['abnormal', 'predictions'] ['respiratory', 'dysfunction', 'principal', 'cause'] ['triggering', 'mortality', 'developing', 'solutions', 'detecting'] ['disease', 'important', 'guard', 'them', 'against', 'irrelevant'] ['features', 'that', 'could', 'severely', 'affect', 'reliable', 'decision', 'making'] ['this', 'study', 'performed', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmen', 'tation', 'segment', 'lung', 'pixels', 'from', 'background'] ['used', 'with', 'gaussian', 'dropout', 'layers', 'added'] ['encoder', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'empirically'] ['determined', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'illustrates'] ['segmentation', 'steps', 'performed', 'this', 'study'] ['used', 'collection', 'cxrs', 'with', 'lung', 'masks', 'from'] ['train', 'model', 'generate', 'lung', 'masks'] ['pixel', 'resolution', 'aforementioned', 'datasets'] ['used', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'monitor', 'performance'] ['stored', 'only', 'best', 'model', 'weights', 'generate', 'final', 'lung'] ['masks', 'these', 'masks', 'then', 'superimposed'] ['images', 'crop', 'them', 'bounding', 'containing', 'lung'] ['pixels', 'cropped', 'lungs', 'resized', 'pixel', 'reso', 'lution', 'lung', 'crops', 'further', 'preprocessed', 'performing'] ['pixel', 'rescaling', 'median', 'filtering', 'noise', 'removal', 'edge'] ['preservation', 'normalization', 'mean', 'standardization'] ['identical', 'feature', 'distribution', 'preprocessed', 'lung', 'crops'] ['used', 'model', 'training', 'evaluation', 'different', 'stages'] ['learning', 'discussed', 'this', 'study'] ['models', 'computational', 'resources'] ['evaluated', 'performance', 'customized'] ['selection', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models'] ['inception'] ['xception', 'inceptionresnet', 'mobilenet'] ['densenet', 'nasnet', 'mobile'] ['customized', 'linear', 'stack', 'strided', 'separable'] ['convolution', 'layers', 'global', 'average', 'pooling'] ['dense', 'layer', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation', 'shows', 'archi', 'tecture', 'custom', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'used'] ['dropout', 'reduce', 'issues', 'model', 'overfitting', 'viding', 'restricted', 'regularization', 'improving', 'generalization'] ['reducing', 'model', 'sensitivity', 'specifics'] ['training', 'input', 'used', 'strided', 'convolutions', 'that', 'were'] ['shown', 'improve', 'performance', 'several', 'visual', 'recognition'] ['benchmarks', 'compared', 'pooling', 'layers', 'separable'] ['convolutions', 'were', 'used', 'reduce', 'model', 'parameters'] ['figure', 'architecture', 'pretrained', 'cnns', 'input'] ['pcnn', 'truncated', 'model', 'zero', 'padding', 'conv', 'convolution'] ['global', 'average', 'pooling', 'dropout', 'dense', 'with', 'softmax'] ['activation', 'output'] ['improve', 'performance', 'compared', 'conventional', 'convolution'] ['operations', 'number', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'filters'] ['initialized', 'increased', 'factor'] ['successive', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'used', 'filters'] ['stride', 'length', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'added'] ['layer', 'average', 'spatial', 'feature', 'dimensions', 'that'] ['into', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation'] ['used', 'talos', 'optimization', 'package', 'optimize'] ['parameters', 'hyperparameters', 'customized'] ['that', 'include', 'dropout', 'ratio', 'optimizer', 'linear'] ['activation', 'function', 'model', 'trained', 'evaluated'] ['with', 'optimal', 'parameters', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'their'] ['respective', 'categories'] ['instantiated', 'pretrained', 'with', 'their', 'imagenet'] ['weights', 'truncated', 'them', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers'] ['following', 'layers', 'added', 'truncated', 'model'] ['zero', 'padding', 'strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer'] ['with', 'filters', '1024', 'feature', 'maps', 'layer'] ['dropout', 'layer', 'with', 'empirically', 'determined', 'dropout'] ['ratio', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation'] ['shows', 'customized', 'architecture', 'pretrained'] ['models', 'used', 'this', 'study'] ['optimized', 'following', 'hyperparameters'] ['pretrained', 'cnns', 'using', 'randomized', 'grid', 'search', 'method'] ['momentum', 'regularization', 'initial'] ['learning', 'rate', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent', 'opti', 'mizer', 'search', 'ranges', 'were', 'initialized'] ['momentum'] ['regularization', 'initial', 'learning', 'rate', 'respectively'] ['pretrained', 'cnns', 'were', 'retrained', 'with', 'smaller', 'weight'] ['updates', 'improve', 'generalization', 'categorize', 'cxrs'] ['their', 'respective', 'classes', 'class', 'weights', 'were', 'used', 'during'] ['model', 'training', 'penalize', 'overrepresented', 'classes'] ['prevent', 'overfitting', 'improve', 'performance', 'used'] ['model', 'checkpoints', 'store', 'best', 'model', 'weights', 'further'] ['analysis'] ['modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning'] ['fine', 'tuning'] ['performed', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'where'] ['customized', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'models'] ['retrained', 'rsna', 'collection', 'learn'] ['modality', 'specific', 'features', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'into'] ['normal', 'abnormal', 'categories', 'rsna', 'collec', 'tion', 'includes', 'normal', 'cxrs', 'abnormal', 'images', 'contain', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'this', 'weight'] ['layers', 'made', 'specific', 'modality', 'through'] ['learning', 'features', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'lungs'] ['learned', 'knowledge', 'transferred', 'fine', 'tuned', 'related'] ['task', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'that', 'pooled', 'from', 'pediatric'] ['115044', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['twitter', 'covid', 'montreal', 'covid', 'collec', 'tions', 'respectively', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumo', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'improve'] ['classification', 'performance'] ['performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'cnns'] ['instantiated', 'truncated', 'their', 'deepest', 'convolutional'] ['layer', 'added', 'with', 'following', 'layers', 'zero', 'padding'] ['strided', 'separable', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'with', 'ters', '1024', 'feature', 'maps', 'layer', 'dropout'] ['layer', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'with', 'softmax', 'activation'] ['modified', 'models', 'fine', 'tuned', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'being'] ['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral'] ['pneumonia', 'class', 'weights', 'were', 'used', 'during', 'model', 'training'] ['award', 'higher', 'weights', 'under', 'represented', 'class', 'reduce'] ['issues', 'class', 'imbalance', 'improve', 'generalization'] ['performance', 'fine', 'tuning', 'performed', 'through'] ['optimization', 'model', 'checkpoints', 'were', 'used', 'store'] ['best', 'weights', 'further', 'analysis'] ['iterative', 'model', 'pruning'] ['iteratively', 'pruned', 'fine', 'tuned', 'models', 'find'] ['optimal', 'number', 'neurons', 'convolutional', 'layers'] ['reduce', 'model', 'complexity', 'with', 'loss', 'performance'] ['gradually', 'eliminated', 'neurons', 'with', 'fewer', 'activations'] ['each', 'time', 'step', 'through', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'model', 'retrain', 'used', 'average', 'percentage', 'zeros', 'apoz'] ['percentage', 'zero', 'neuron', 'activations', 'observed', 'with'] ['validation', 'dataset', 'measure', 'rank', 'neurons', 'each'] ['convolutional', 'layer', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'percentage'] ['neurons', 'with', 'highest', 'apoz', 'from', 'each', 'layer', 'each', 'time'] ['step', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'process', 'repeated'] ['until', 'maximum', 'percentage', 'pruning', 'achieved'] ['best', 'pruned', 'model', 'then', 'selected', 'from', 'collection'] ['iteratively', 'pruned', 'models', 'based', 'their', 'performance', 'with'] ['test', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'expected', 'achieve'] ['similar', 'better', 'performance', 'than', 'unpruned', 'models', 'with'] ['reduced', 'model', 'complexity', 'computational', 'requirements'] ['algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning', 'performed', 'this', 'study'] ['described', 'below'] ['learning', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles'] ['best', 'performing', 'pruned', 'models', 'selected', 'construct'] ['ensemble', 'improve', 'prediction', 'performance', 'gener', 'alization', 'compared', 'individual', 'constituent', 'model'] ['used', 'several', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'including', 'voting'] ['averaging', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'stacking', 'combine'] ['predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying', 'cxrs'] ['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'stacking', 'ensemble', 'used', 'neural'] ['network', 'based', 'meta', 'learner', 'that', 'learns', 'optimally', 'bine', 'predictions', 'individual', 'pruned', 'models'] ['meta', 'learner', 'consisting', 'single', 'hidden', 'layer', 'with', 'nine'] ['neurons', 'trained', 'interpret', 'multi', 'class', 'input', 'from'] ['pruned', 'models', 'final', 'dense', 'layer', 'outputs'] ['predictions', 'categorize', 'cxrs', 'their', 'respective'] ['classes'] ['algorithm', 'iterative', 'pruning'] ['input', 'pruning', 'percentage'] ['maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage'] ['train', 'evaluate', 'base', 'models', 'store'] ['best', 'model', 'weights'] ['while', 'percent', 'pruned'] ['calculate', 'number', 'filters', 'each', 'convolu', 'tional', 'layer'] ['identify', 'delete', 'percentage', 'filters', 'each'] ['convolutional', 'layer', 'with', 'highest', 'average', 'centage', 'zeros'] ['retrain', 'evaluate', 'pruned', 'model'] ['store', 'best', 'pruned', 'weights'] [] ['incrementally', 'prune', 'network', 'retraining', 'each'] ['time', 'save', 'pruned', 'model'] ['while'] ['return', 'number', 'pruned', 'models'] ['visualization', 'studies'] ['visualizing', 'learned', 'behavior', 'models'] ['debated', 'topic', 'particularly', 'medical', 'visual', 'recognition'] ['tasks', 'there', 'several', 'visualization', 'strategies', 'reported'] ['literature', 'that', 'include', 'visualizing', 'overall', 'work', 'structure', 'gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'that'] ['performs', 'gradient', 'manipulation', 'during', 'network', 'training'] ['gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation', 'mapping', 'grad'] ['gradient', 'based', 'visualization', 'method', 'that', 'computes'] ['scores', 'given', 'image', 'category', 'concerning', 'ture', 'maps', 'deepest', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'trained'] ['model', 'gradients', 'that', 'flowing', 'backward'] ['pooled', 'globally', 'measure', 'importance', 'weights'] ['decision', 'making', 'process', 'this', 'study', 'verified'] ['learned', 'behavior', 'pruned', 'models', 'comparing'] ['salient', 'with', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'from', 'experienced'] ['radiologists'] ['statistical', 'analyses'] ['analyzed', 'model', 'performance', 'statistical'] ['significance', 'different', 'stages', 'learning', 'used', 'fidence', 'intervals', 'measure', 'analyze', 'skill'] ['models', 'shorter', 'infers', 'smaller', 'margin'] ['error', 'relatively', 'precise', 'estimate', 'while', 'larger'] ['allows', 'more', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'results', 'reduced'] ['precision', 'computed', 'values'] ['different', 'learning', 'stages', 'explain', 'models'] ['predictive', 'performance', 'values', 'computed'] ['clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval', 'that', 'corresponds'] ['separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'with', 'individual', 'coverage', 'probabil', 'ities'] ['used', 'statsmodels', 'version'] ['compute', 'measures', 'codes', 'associated', 'with', 'this', 'study'] ['made', 'available', 'https', 'github', 'sivaramakrishnan', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['volume', '2020', '115045s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['table', 'optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters'] ['custom', 'pretrained', 'models', 'obtained', 'through', 'optimization', 'tools'] ['momentum', 'initial', 'learning', 'rate', 'weight', 'decay'] ['dropout', 'ratio'] ['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'during', 'modality', 'specific', 'transfer'] ['learning', 'using', 'rsna', 'dataset', 'accuracy', 'sens', 'sensitivity'] ['prec', 'precision', 'score', 'matthews', 'correlation', 'coefficient'] ['param', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'values', 'square', 'brackets', 'show'] ['that', 'computed', 'clopper', 'pearson', 'exact', 'interval'] ['corresponding', 'separate', 'sided', 'interval', 'with', 'individual', 'coverage'] ['probabilities'] ['results', 'discussion'] ['optimal', 'values', 'parameters', 'hyperparameters'] ['obtained', 'customized', 'pretrained', 'cnns', 'with'] ['talos', 'optimization', 'tool', 'randomized', 'grid', 'search'] ['respectively', 'shown', 'table'] ['table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'through'] ['modality', 'specific', 'knowledge', 'transfer', 'customized'] ['pretrained', 'cnns', 'using', 'rsna', 'dataset'] ['observed', 'that'] ['inception', 'models', 'were', 'more', 'accurate', 'than', 'other', 'under', 'study', 'aforementioned', 'models', 'demonstrated'] ['promising', 'values', 'with', 'shorter', 'hence', 'smaller'] ['margin', 'error', 'thereby', 'offering', 'precise', 'estimates', 'compared'] ['other', 'models', 'this', 'because', 'architecture', 'depths'] ['inception', 'models', 'optimal', 'learn'] ['hierarchical', 'representations', 'features', 'from'] ['data', 'classify', 'them', 'into', 'normal', 'pneumonia', 'classes'] ['considering', 'score', 'that', 'give', 'balanced'] ['measure', 'precision', 'recall', 'aforementioned', 'models'] ['delivered', 'performance', 'that', 'superior', 'other', 'models'] ['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'modality', 'specific'] ['knowledge', 'transfer', 'models', 'target', 'tasks'] ['performing', 'modality', 'specific', 'knowledge'] ['transfer', 'models', 'inception'] ['instantiated', 'with', 'their', 'modality', 'specific', 'weights', 'trun', 'cated', 'their', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'appended', 'with'] ['task', 'specific', 'heads', 'table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved'] ['task', 'specific', 'models', 'toward', 'following', 'classifi', 'cation', 'tasks', 'binary', 'classification', 'classify', 'cxrs'] ['normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'multi', 'class', 'clas', 'sification', 'classify', 'cxrs', 'normal', 'showing', 'bacterial'] ['pneumonia', 'covid', 'pneumonia'] ['observed', 'that', 'binary', 'classification', 'task'] ['models', 'accurate', 'however', 'least'] ['number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'multi', 'class', 'classifica', 'tion', 'observed', 'that', 'inception', 'model', 'more'] ['accurate', 'with', 'shorter', 'metric', 'signifying', 'that'] ['least', 'margin', 'error', 'hence', 'provides', 'more', 'cise', 'estimate', 'considering', 'score', 'inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'compared'] ['models'] ['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'task', 'predictions'] ['task', 'specific', 'models'] ['inception', 'combined', 'through', 'several', 'ensemble'] ['methods', 'including', 'voting', 'simple', 'averaging', 'weighted'] ['averaging', 'model', 'stacking', 'didn', 'perform', 'ensemble'] ['learning', 'binary', 'classification', 'task', 'since', 'indi', 'vidual', 'models', 'accurate', 'classifying', 'cxrs'] ['normal', 'showing', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities'] ['table', 'shows', 'performance', 'achieved', 'multi', 'class'] ['classification', 'with', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies'] ['observed', 'that', 'simple', 'average', 'models', 'predictions'] ['more', 'accurate', 'with', 'shorter', 'metric'] ['signifying', 'smaller', 'margin', 'error', 'therefore', 'higher'] ['precision', 'compared', 'other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering'] ['score', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outper', 'formed', 'other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'cxrs'] ['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid'] ['viral', 'pneumonia'] ['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'task', 'iteratively'] ['pruned', 'task', 'specific', 'models'] ['115046', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'unpruned', 'models', 'through'] ['different', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'task'] ['table', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'best', 'iteratively', 'pruned'] ['models', 'compared', 'with', 'baseline', 'unpruned', 'models', 'from', 'table'] ['unpruned', 'pruned'] ['inception', 'removing', 'neurons', 'with'] ['highest', 'apoz', 'each', 'convolutional', 'layer', 'given', 'time'] ['step', 'retrained', 'pruned', 'model', 'evaluate', 'perfor', 'mance', 'validation', 'used', 'model', 'checkpoints'] ['store', 'best', 'pruned', 'model', 'that', 'gave', 'superior', 'performance'] ['with', 'validation', 'process', 'repeated', 'until'] ['maximum', 'pruning', 'percentage', 'reached', 'then'] ['evaluated', 'performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'test'] ['pruned', 'model', 'that', 'achieved', 'superior', 'performance'] ['with', 'test', 'used', 'further', 'analysis'] ['table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'achieved'] ['pruned', 'models', 'that', 'baseline', 'unpruned'] ['task', 'specific', 'models', 'shown', 'table', 'observed'] ['that', 'pruned', 'models', 'more', 'accurate', 'than', 'their', 'unpruned'] ['counterparts', 'considering', 'score', 'metrics'] ['pruned', 'models', 'found', 'deliver', 'superior', 'perfor', 'mance', 'than', 'unpruned', 'models', 'interesting', 'note'] ['that', 'performance', 'improvement', 'achieved', 'with', 'nificant', 'reduction', 'number', 'parameters'] ['seen', 'number', 'parameters', 'pruned', 'model', 'reduced', 'compared', 'unpruned'] ['counterpart', 'similarly', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters'] ['reduced', 'pruned'] ['inception', 'models', 'respectively', 'with', 'added', 'benefit'] ['figure', 'grad', 'visualizations', 'showing', 'salient', 'detection'] ['different', 'pruned', 'models', 'showing', 'covid', 'viral'] ['pneumonia', 'related', 'opacities', 'with', 'annotations', 'pruned'] ['model', 'pruned', 'model', 'inception', 'pruned', 'model'] ['bright', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'carrying', 'higher', 'importance'] ['hence', 'weights', 'categorizing', 'test', 'sample', 'covid', 'viral'] ['pneumonia', 'category'] ['performance', 'improvement', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'score'] ['metrics', 'compared', 'their', 'unpruned', 'counterparts'] ['shows', 'results', 'performing', 'grad'] ['visualizations', 'localize', 'salient', 'rois', 'used', 'ferent', 'pruned', 'models', 'classify', 'sample', 'test', 'into'] ['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'category', 'visualizations'] ['compared', 'with', 'consensus', 'annotations', 'provided'] ['expert', 'radiologists', 'predictions', 'pruned', 'models'] ['decoded', 'test', 'sample', 'dimensional', 'heat', 'maps'] ['generated', 'bright', 'which', 'corresponds', 'pixels', 'rying', 'higher', 'importance', 'hence', 'weights', 'categorizing'] ['test', 'sample', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'infected', 'category'] ['distinct', 'color', 'transitions', 'observed', 'varying', 'ranges'] ['pixel', 'importance', 'toward', 'making', 'predictions', 'salient'] ['rois', 'localized', 'superimposing', 'heat', 'maps'] ['input', 'sample', 'observed', 'that', 'pruned', 'models'] ['precisely', 'localize', 'salient', 'this', 'underscores', 'fact'] ['that', 'pruned', 'models', 'have', 'learned', 'implicit', 'rules', 'that'] ['generalize', 'well', 'conform', 'experts', 'knowledge', 'about'] ['problem'] ['table', 'shows', 'comparison', 'performance', 'metrics'] ['achieved', 'with', 'different', 'ensemble', 'strategies'] ['unpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'toward', 'classifying', 'cxrs'] ['normal', 'showing', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral'] ['pneumonia'] ['while', 'performing', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'both'] ['unpruned', 'pruned', 'models', 'predictions', 'awarded'] ['importance', 'based', 'their', 'score', 'measures', 'that'] ['offer', 'balanced', 'measure', 'precision', 'sensitivity', 'from'] ['table', 'observed', 'that', 'pruned', 'unpruned'] ['volume', '2020', '115047s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['table', 'comparing', 'performance', 'metrics', 'achieved', 'with', 'pruned'] ['unpruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'from', 'table'] ['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'obtained', 'with', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned'] ['ensemble'] ['inception', 'model', 'delivered', 'superior', 'performance', 'lowed', 'models', 'this', 'regard'] ['assigned', 'weights', 'predictions'] ['inception', 'models', 'respectively'] ['observed', 'that', 'weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble'] ['predictions', 'pruned', 'models', 'delivered', 'superior'] ['performance', 'aspects', 'shows', 'confu', 'sion', 'matrix', 'curves', 'respectively', 'obtained', 'with'] ['weighted', 'averaging', 'pruned', 'ensemble'] ['metric', 'shortest', 'error'] ['margin', 'with', 'more', 'precise', 'estimate', 'than', 'that', 'obtained', 'with'] ['other', 'ensemble', 'methods', 'considering', 'score'] ['weighted', 'averaging', 'ensemble', 'outperformed'] ['other', 'ensemble', 'strategies', 'classifying', 'cxrs', 'normal'] ['bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia'] ['figure', 'curves', 'showing', 'micro', 'macro', 'averaged', 'class', 'specific'] ['obtained', 'with', 'weighted', 'average', 'pruned', 'ensemble'] ['conclusion'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'enormously', 'negative'] ['impact', 'population', 'health', 'national', 'economies', 'world', 'wide', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'often', 'been', 'suboptimal', 'serolog', 'ical', 'tests', 'have', 'been', 'widely', 'available', 'opportunity'] ['utilize', 'cxrs', 'part', 'diagnostic', 'approach', 'could'] ['important', 'nearly', 'universally', 'available', 'tool', 'battle'] ['against', 'covid', 'other', 'respiratory', 'viruses', 'that', 'might'] ['emerge', 'future', 'current', 'study', 'demonstrate'] ['that', 'this', 'done', 'applying', 'ensemble', 'findings'] ['seen', 'cxrs'] ['modality', 'specific', 'transfer', 'learning', 'performed', 'with'] ['large', 'scale', 'collection', 'with', 'diversified', 'data', 'distribu', 'tion', 'helped', 'learning', 'modality', 'specific', 'features'] ['learned', 'feature', 'representations', 'served', 'good', 'weight', 'tialization', 'improved', 'model', 'adaptation', 'generalization'] ['compared', 'imagenet', 'pretrained', 'weights', 'when', 'transferred'] ['fine', 'tuned', 'related', 'classification', 'task'] ['iterative', 'pruning', 'task', 'specific', 'models', 'selection'] ['best', 'performing', 'pruned', 'model', 'only', 'improved'] ['prediction', 'performance', 'test', 'data', 'also', 'significantly'] ['reduced', 'number', 'trainable', 'parameters', 'this', 'because'] ['there', 'redundant', 'network', 'parameters', 'neurons', 'deep'] ['model', 'that', 'contribute', 'improving', 'prediction'] ['performance', 'these', 'neurons', 'with', 'lesser', 'activations'] ['identified', 'removed', 'results', 'faster', 'smaller', 'model'] ['with', 'similar', 'improved', 'performance', 'than', 'unpruned'] ['models', 'this', 'would', 'facilitate', 'deploying', 'these', 'models'] ['browsers', 'mobile', 'devices'] ['further', 'improved', 'performance', 'constructing'] ['ensembles', 'pruned', 'models', 'empirically', 'evaluating'] ['performance', 'pruned', 'models', 'awarding', 'weights'] ['based', 'their', 'predictions', 'observed', 'that', 'weighted'] ['averaging', 'ensemble', 'pruned', 'models', 'outperformed'] ['other', 'ensemble', 'methods'] ['performed', 'visualization', 'studies', 'validate'] ['pruned', 'model', 'localization', 'performance', 'found', 'that'] ['pruned', 'models', 'precisely', 'localized', 'salient', 'used'] ['categorizing', 'input', 'cxrs', 'their', 'expected', 'categories'] ['115048', 'volume', '2020s', 'rajaraman', 'iteratively', 'pruned', 'ensembles', 'covid', 'detection', 'cxrs'] ['observe', 'that', 'combined', 'modality', 'specific'] ['knowledge', 'transfer', 'iterative', 'model', 'pruning', 'ensem', 'learning', 'reduced', 'prediction', 'variance', 'model', 'complexity'] ['promoted', 'faster', 'inference', 'performance', 'generalization'] ['however', 'success', 'this', 'approach', 'controlled'] ['broad', 'factors', 'dataset', 'size', 'inherent', 'variability'] ['computational', 'resources', 'needed', 'successful', 'deploy', 'ment', 'with', 'dataset', 'size', 'specifically', 'refer'] ['minimum', 'number', 'topically', 'relevant', 'images', 'this', 'case'] ['cxrs', 'with', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'that', 'distinct', 'from', 'bacte', 'rial', 'normal', 'images', 'that', 'needed', 'build', 'confidence'] ['into', 'ensemble', 'with', 'computational', 'resources', 'recog', 'nize', 'training', 'time', 'memory', 'constraints', 'required'] ['practicable', 'deployment', 'however', 'cost', 'solutions'] ['high', 'performance', 'computing', 'cloud', 'technology'] ['would', 'address', 'feasibility', 'this', 'regard', 'future', 'studies'] ['could', 'explore', 'visualizing', 'interpreting', 'learned', 'behav', 'pruned', 'model', 'ensembles', 'their', 'application'] ['other', 'screening', 'situations', 'like', 'covid', 'detection'] ['localization', 'scans', 'present', 'expect', 'that'] ['proposed', 'approach', 'quickly', 'adapted', 'detection'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'using', 'digitized', 'chest', 'radiographs'] ['new_paper'] ['received', 'august', '2020', 'accepted', 'august', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'september', '2020'] ['date', 'current', 'version', 'september', '2020'] ['digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'access', '2020', '3025010'] ['deep', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph'] ['classification', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel'] ['approach'] ['sadman', 'sakib'] ['tahrat', 'tazrin'] ['mostafa', 'fouda', 'senior', 'member', 'ieee'] ['zubair', 'fadlullah', 'senior', 'member', 'ieee'] ['mohsen', 'guizani'] ['fellow', 'ieee'] ['1department', 'computer', 'science', 'lakehead', 'university', 'thunder', 'canada'] ['2department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'college', 'science', 'engineering', 'idaho', 'state', 'university', 'pocatello', '83209'] ['3department', 'electrical', 'engineering', 'faculty', 'engineering', 'shoubra', 'benha', 'university', 'cairo', '11629', 'egypt'] ['4thunder', 'regional', 'health', 'research', 'institute', 'tbrhri', 'thunder', 'canada'] ['5department', 'computer', 'science', 'engineering', 'college', 'engineering', 'qatar', 'university', 'doha', 'qatar'] ['corresponding', 'author', 'sadman', 'sakib', 'ssak2921', 'lakeheadu'] ['this', 'work', 'supported', 'part', 'mitacs', 'accelerate', 'under', 'grant', 'it18879', 'part', 'natural', 'sciences', 'engineering'] ['research', 'council', 'canada', 'nserc', 'under', 'discovery', 'grant', 'rgpin', '2020', '06260'] ['abstract', 'with', 'exponentially', 'growing', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019', 'pandemic', 'clinicians'] ['continue', 'seek', 'accurate', 'rapid', 'diagnosis', 'methods', 'addition', 'virus', 'antibody', 'testing', 'modalities'] ['because', 'radiographs', 'such', 'rays', 'computed', 'tomography', 'scans', 'cost', 'effective', 'widely'] ['available', 'public', 'health', 'facilities', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'even', 'rural', 'clinics', 'they', 'could'] ['used', 'rapid', 'detection', 'possible', 'covid', 'induced', 'lung', 'infections', 'therefore', 'toward', 'automating'] ['covid', 'detection', 'this', 'paper', 'propose', 'viable', 'efficient', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph'] ['classification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases', 'with', 'high', 'accuracy', 'from', 'other'] ['abnormal', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'cases', 'unique', 'dataset', 'prepared', 'from', 'four', 'publicly', 'available'] ['sources', 'containing', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'view', 'data', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal'] ['cases', 'proposed', 'framework', 'leverages', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'dari'] ['algorithm', 'covid', 'data', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network'] ['generic', 'data', 'augmentation', 'methods', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'covid', 'infected', 'chest', 'images', 'train'] ['robust', 'model', 'training', 'data', 'consisting', 'actual', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'into'] ['customized', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model', 'which', 'achieves', 'covid', 'detection'] ['accuracy', 'compared', 'scenario', 'without', 'data', 'augmentation', 'when', 'only'] ['actual', 'covid', 'chest', 'image', 'samples', 'available', 'original', 'dataset', 'furthermore', 'justify'] ['customized', 'model', 'extensively', 'comparing', 'with', 'widely', 'adopted', 'architectures'] ['literature', 'namely', 'resnet', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'that', 'represent', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'path', 'based'] ['hybrid', 'paradigms', 'encouragingly', 'high', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'proposal', 'implies', 'that'] ['efficiently', 'automate', 'covid', 'detection', 'from', 'radiograph', 'images', 'provide', 'fast', 'reliable', 'evidence'] ['covid', 'infection', 'lung', 'that', 'complement', 'existing', 'covid', 'diagnostics', 'modalities'] ['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'deep', 'learning', 'generative', 'adversarial'] ['network', 'pneumonia'] ['introduction'] ['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'first', 'observed', 'wuhan', 'china', 'turned', 'into', 'global'] ['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'this', 'manuscript'] ['approving', 'publication', 'derek', 'abbott'] ['pandemic', 'covid', 'coronavirus', 'disease', '2019'] ['covid', 'destructive', 'impact', 'well', 'being', 'particularly', 'senior', 'citizens', 'patients', 'with', 'underlying'] ['health', 'conditions', 'compromised', 'immunity', 'levels', 'july', '2020', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'contributed'] ['over', 'mortalities', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'cases'] ['volume', '2020'] ['this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'noncommercial', 'noderivatives', 'license'] ['more', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '171575s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['covid', 'infection', 'critical', 'step', 'combat'] ['pandemic', 'effectively', 'detect', 'covid', 'infected', 'patients'] ['early', 'possible', 'that', 'they', 'receive', 'appropriate'] ['attention', 'treatment', 'early', 'detection', 'covid'] ['also', 'important', 'identify', 'which', 'patients', 'should', 'isolate'] ['prevent', 'community', 'spread', 'disease', 'however'] ['considering', 'recent', 'spreading', 'trend', 'covid'] ['effective', 'detection', 'remains', 'challenging', 'task', 'particularly'] ['communities', 'with', 'limited', 'medical', 'resources', 'while'] ['reverse', 'transcription', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction'] ['test', 'kits', 'emerged', 'main', 'technique', 'covid', 'diag', 'nosis', 'chest', 'chest', 'computed', 'tomography'] ['scans', 'biomarkers', 'high', 'reactive', 'protein'] ['procalcitonin', 'lymphocyte', 'counts', 'elevated'] ['interleukin', 'interleukin', 'il10', 'also', 'being'] ['increasingly', 'considered', 'many', 'nations', 'diagnosis'] ['provide', 'evidence', 'more', 'severe', 'disease', 'progres', 'sion'] ['depicted', 'existing', 'system', 'detecting'] ['covid', 'using', 'aforementioned', 'virus', 'antibody', 'test', 'modalities', 'time', 'consuming', 'requires', 'additional'] ['resources', 'approval', 'which', 'luxury', 'many', 'devel', 'oping', 'communities', 'hence', 'many', 'medical', 'centers', 'test'] ['kits', 'often', 'unavailable', 'shortage', 'kits'] ['false', 'negative', 'rate', 'virus', 'antibody', 'tests', 'authorities'] ['hubei', 'province', 'china', 'momentarily', 'employed', 'radiologi', 'scans', 'clinical', 'investigation', 'covid'] ['figure', 'challenges', 'existing', 'system', 'research', 'focus'] ['covid', 'screening', 'rural', 'areas'] ['motivated', 'this', 'several', 'researchers', 'sources'] ['recommend', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'suspected'] ['covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'radiologists'] ['observe', 'covid', 'infected', 'lung', 'characteristics', 'ground'] ['glass', 'opacities', 'consolidation', 'harnessing', 'invasive'] ['techniques', 'such', 'scan', 'chest', 'however'] ['difficult', 'differentiate', 'covid', 'inflicted', 'features'] ['from', 'those', 'community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia'] ['therefore', 'many', 'patients', 'manual', 'inspection', 'radio', 'graph', 'data', 'accurate', 'decision', 'making', 'overwhelm', 'radiologists', 'automated', 'classification', 'tech', 'nique', 'needs', 'developed', 'addition', 'radiologists'] ['infected', 'need', 'isolate', 'that', 'impact', 'rural', 'commu', 'nities', 'with', 'limited', 'number', 'hospitals', 'radiologists'] ['caregivers', 'moreover', 'second', 'wave', 'covid'] ['anticipated', 'fall', '2020', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'such'] ['scenarios', 'will', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest'] ['devices', 'widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection'] ['control', 'issues', 'that', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'there', 'fore', 'depicted', 'this', 'paper', 'automate'] ['covid', 'detection', 'using', 'images', 'develop'] ['artificial', 'intelligence', 'based', 'smart', 'chest', 'radiograph'] ['classification', 'framework', 'distinguish', 'covid', 'cases'] ['with', 'high', 'accuracy', 'from', 'other', 'abnormal', 'pneumonia'] ['normal', 'cases', 'this', 'vein', 'main', 'contributions'] ['paper', 'summarized', 'follows'] ['deep', 'learning', 'based', 'predictive', 'analytics', 'approach'] ['employed', 'propose', 'smart', 'automated', 'classifica', 'tion', 'framework', 'predicting', 'covid', 'pneumonia'] ['normal', 'cases', 'proposed', 'deep', 'learning', 'based'] ['chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'framework'] ['consists', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'customized', 'convolutional', 'network', 'model'] ['uniquely', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'from', 'multiple', 'publicly'] ['available', 'sources', 'prepared', 'with', 'radiographs', 'healthy'] ['normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'reported'] ['date', 'limited', 'number', 'covid', 'instances'] ['dataset', 'identified', 'prime', 'reason', 'train', 'bottleneck', 'deep', 'learning', 'algorithms', 'solu', 'tion', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'essentially', 'combines'] ['customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network'] ['model', 'with', 'several', 'generic', 'augmentation', 'techniques'] ['generate', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'data', 'overcome'] ['covid', 'class', 'imbalance', 'problem', 'limited'] ['dataset', 'availability'] ['train', 'customized', 'model', 'based', 'combined'] ['real', 'synthetic', 'radiograph', 'images', 'that', 'contributes'] ['significantly', 'improved', 'accuracy', 'contrast'] ['with', 'when', 'only', 'actual', 'covid', 'instances'] ['public', 'datasets', 'used', 'training', 'while', 'chest'] ['regarded', 'less', 'sensitive', 'modality', 'detecting'] ['covid', 'infection', 'lungs', 'compared', 'scans'] ['literature', 'demonstrate', 'good', 'formance', 'custom', 'model', 'identifying'] ['covid', 'cases', 'real', 'dataset', 'with', 'high', 'accu', 'racy', 'implying', 'that', 'approach', 'nullifies', 'need'] ['using', 'expensive', 'scan', 'machines', 'because'] ['covid', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'using', 'custom'] ['model', 'much', 'higher', 'compared', 'reported', 'base', 'line'] ['rigorously', 'analyze', 'computational', 'complexity'] ['dari', 'training', 'running', 'inference', 'steps'] ['proposed', 'framework', 'analyses', 'ther', 'corroborated', 'experimental', 'results', 'reveal', 'that'] ['proposed', 'methodology', 'leads', 'significantly', 'lower'] ['training', 'time', 'particularly', 'much', 'improved', 'infer', 'ence', 'time', 'which', 'crucial', 'deploying', 'trained'] ['model', 'into', 'portable', 'devices', 'fast', 'reliable'] ['covid', 'feature', 'detection', 'lung', 'radiographs'] ['171576', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['performance', 'customized', 'model'] ['extensively', 'compared', 'with', 'state'] ['architectures', 'literature', 'depth', 'based', 'cnns'] ['multi', 'path', 'based', 'cnns', 'forth', 'proposal'] ['demonstrated', 'substantially', 'outperform', 'contem', 'porary', 'models', 'terms', 'classification', 'efficiency'] ['remainder', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows'] ['section', 'surveys', 'relevant', 'research', 'work', 'regarding'] ['covid', 'relevant', 'problem', 'tradi', 'tional', 'covid', 'detection', 'challenges', 'associated', 'with'] ['apply', 'developing', 'communities', 'discussed', 'section'] ['proposed', 'input', 'representation', 'deep', 'learning', 'model'] ['presented', 'section', 'performance', 'proposal'] ['evaluated', 'section', 'extensively', 'compared', 'with', 'those'] ['well', 'known', 'architectures', 'some', 'limitations'] ['study', 'briefly', 'explored', 'section', 'finally', 'section'] ['concludes', 'paper'] ['related', 'work'] ['this', 'section', 'explores', 'relevant', 'research', 'work', 'erature', 'from', 'perspectives', 'imaging', 'modalities'] ['covid', 'detection', 'based', 'analysis', 'radiograph'] ['samples'] ['imaging', 'modalities', 'covid', 'detection'] ['most', 'nations', 'take', 'measures', 'react', 'sudden'] ['rapid', 'outbreak', 'covid', 'within', 'relatively', 'short'] ['period', 'time', 'according', 'radiology', 'departments'] ['have', 'started', 'focus', 'more', 'preparedness', 'rather', 'than', 'diag', 'nostic', 'capability', 'after', 'sufficient', 'knowledge', 'gathered'] ['regarding', 'covid', 'study', 'stated', 'resemblance'] ['covid', 'with', 'other', 'diseases', 'caused', 'other', 'coron', 'avirus', 'variants', 'such', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome'] ['sars', 'middle', 'east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mers'] ['importance', 'tracking', 'lung', 'condition', 'recov', 'ering', 'coronavirus', 'patient', 'using', 'scans', 'also', 'mentioned'] ['study', 'chest', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'were', 'highlighted'] ['crucial', 'technique', 'detecting', 'covid', 'capturing'] ['bilateral', 'nodular', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities'] ['lung', 'radiograph', 'images'] ['based', 'radiograph', 'analysis'] ['application', 'early', 'detection', 'diagnosis', 'moni', 'toring', 'developing', 'vaccines', 'covid', 'were', 'elabo', 'rately', 'discussed', 'several', 'research', 'work', 'exist'] ['literature', 'that', 'exploited', 'various', 'deep', 'learning', 'techniques'] ['data', 'demonstrate', 'reasonable', 'performance'] ['model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet', 'early'] ['detection', 'covid', 'proposed', 'which', 'utilized', 'volutional', 'layers', 'perform', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'classi', 'fication', 'involving', 'normal', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases'] ['while', 'model', 'reported', 'overall', 'accuracy'] ['binary', 'classification', 'multi', 'class', 'clas', 'sification', 'reconstruction', 'darkcovidnet', 'using'] ['multiple', 'datasets', 'indicated', 'overtraining', 'much', 'lower'] ['accuracy', 'when', 'biased', 'test', 'data', 'presented'] ['model', 'several', 'other', 'papers', 'applied', 'deep', 'learning', 'models'] ['scan', 'images', 'detect', 'monitor', 'covid', 'features'] ['radiograph', 'data', 'ardakani'] ['employed', 'implemented', 'state', 'architec', 'tures', 'such', 'alexnet', 'resnet', 'resnet', 'resnet'] ['squeezenet', 'mobilenet', 'googlenet'] ['xceptionct', 'differentiate', 'between', 'covid'] ['covid', 'cases', 'their', 'experiments', 'showed', 'that', 'deep'] ['learning', 'could', 'considered', 'feasible', 'technique', 'iden', 'tifying', 'covid', 'from', 'radiograph', 'images', 'avoid', 'poor'] ['generalization', 'overfitting', 'lack', 'covid', 'ples', 'available', 'datasets', 'model', 'used'] ['generate', 'synthetic', 'data', 'which', 'achieved', 'dice', 'coefficient'] ['applicability', 'covid', 'radiograph'] ['data', 'synthesis', 'confirmed', 'from', 'broader', 'spectrum'] ['applications', 'various', 'medical', 'data', 'according'] ['survey', 'survey', 'identified', 'various', 'unique', 'proper', 'ties', 'such', 'domain', 'adaptation', 'data', 'augmentation'] ['image', 'image', 'translation', 'that', 'encouraged', 'researchers'] ['adopt', 'image', 'reconstruction', 'segmentation', 'detection'] ['classification', 'cross', 'modality', 'synthesis', 'various', 'ical', 'applications'] ['problem', 'statement'] ['with', 'rapidly', 'surging', 'pandemic', 'demand', 'efficient'] ['covid', 'detection', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'lack'] ['availability', 'covid', 'viral', 'antibody', 'test', 'kits'] ['time', 'required', 'obtain', 'test', 'results', 'order', 'days'] ['weeks', 'many', 'countries', 'posing', 'great', 'challenge'] ['developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'with', 'less', 'equipped', 'hospitals', 'clinics'] ['instance', 'many', 'developing', 'countries', 'hospitals'] ['have', 'sufficient', 'covid', 'test', 'kits', 'therefore', 'they'] ['require', 'assistance', 'more', 'advanced', 'medical', 'centers'] ['collect', 'transport', 'test', 'samples', 'this', 'creates', 'tleneck', 'mass', 'testing', 'covid', 'therefore', 'meet'] ['daily', 'demand', 'enormous', 'amount', 'test', 'cases'] ['automated', 'reliable', 'complementary', 'covid', 'detec', 'tion', 'modality', 'necessary', 'particularly', 'confront', 'wave', 'pandemic', 'radiograph', 'image', 'utilization'] ['initial', 'covid', 'screening', 'play', 'pivotal', 'role', 'areas'] ['with', 'inadequate', 'access', 'viral', 'antibody', 'testing', 'several'] ['studies', 'scans', 'were', 'used', 'analyzing', 'detecting', 'tures', 'covid', 'higher', 'resolution', 'features'] ['ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'lung', 'consolidation', 'compared'] ['chest', 'images', 'however', 'infection', 'control'] ['matters', 'associated', 'with', 'patient', 'transport', 'suites', 'rela', 'tively', 'high', 'cost', 'procurement', 'operation', 'maintenance'] ['equipment', 'limited', 'number', 'machines'] ['developing', 'rural', 'areas', 'scan', 'practical', 'solu', 'tion', 'detecting', 'covid', 'other', 'hand', 'chest'] ['employed', 'identify', 'covid', 'other', 'pneu', 'monia', 'cases', 'more', 'practical', 'cost', 'effective', 'solution'] ['because', 'imaging', 'equipment', 'pervasive', 'hospital'] ['public', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'even', 'rural', 'clinics', 'even'] ['trained', 'radiologists', 'detecting', 'chest', 'images', 'pose'] ['volume', '2020', '171577s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['challenges', 'distinguish', 'between', 'features', 'covid'] ['community', 'acquired', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'moreover'] ['influx', 'patients', 'into', 'hospital', 'during', 'pandemic'] ['manual', 'inspection', 'radiograph', 'data', 'accurate', 'decision'] ['making', 'lead', 'formidable', 'tradeoff', 'between', 'detection'] ['time', 'accuracy', 'that', 'overwhelm', 'radiologist', 'depart', 'ment', 'therefore', 'automated', 'classification', 'technique', 'needs'] ['designed', 'second', 'wave', 'covid', 'expected'] ['many', 'countries', 'preparedness', 'combat', 'pandemic'] ['will', 'involve', 'increasing', 'portable', 'chest', 'devices'] ['widespread', 'availability', 'reduced', 'infection', 'control'] ['issues', 'that', 'currently', 'limit', 'utilization', 'following'] ['section', 'address', 'aforementioned', 'problem', 'present'] ['deep', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'effectively', 'solve', 'prob'] ['figure', 'customized', 'generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'model'] ['data', 'augmentation'] ['proposed', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'chest'] ['radiograph', 'classification', 'framework'] ['deep', 'learning', 'smart', 'health', 'analytics', 'prominent', 'inter', 'disciplinary', 'field', 'that', 'merges', 'computer', 'science', 'biomedi', 'engineering', 'health', 'sciences', 'bioinformatics', 'various'] ['medical', 'imaging', 'devices', 'have', 'dedicated', 'image', 'signal'] ['analysis', 'processing', 'module', 'which', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'implemented', 'provide', 'accurate', 'real', 'time', 'inferences', 'motivated', 'this', 'conceptualize', 'deep'] ['learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification'] ['framework', 'which', 'used', 'automating', 'covid', 'detec', 'tion', 'from', 'radiograph', 'images'] ['proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'compo', 'nents', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiology', 'images', 'dari'] ['algorithm', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'proposed'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'generates', 'synthetic', 'images', 'adap', 'tively', 'switching', 'between', 'customized', 'architecture'] ['generic', 'data', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'such', 'zoom'] ['rotation', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined', 'with'] ['actual', 'radiograph', 'data', 'build', 'robust', 'dataset', 'efficiently'] ['training', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'second', 'component'] ['framework', 'custom', 'architecture'] ['designed', 'construct', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'carry'] ['automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification', 'radio', 'graph', 'images'] ['next', 'details', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm'] ['custom', 'model', 'envisioned', 'framework'] ['presented', 'followed', 'rigorous', 'complexity', 'analysis'] ['proposed', 'methodology', 'training', 'inference', 'phases'] ['proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm'] ['here', 'propose', 'adaptive', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'algorithm', 'referred', 'dari', 'proposed'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'performs', 'demand', 'generation', 'thetic', 'images', 'triggered', 'class', 'imbalance', 'orig', 'inal', 'dataset', 'generated', 'synthetic', 'images', 'combined'] ['with', 'actual', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust', 'training'] ['dataset', 'this', 'essential', 'covid', 'context', 'where'] ['enough', 'representative', 'samples', 'covid', 'chest'] ['images', 'sufficient', 'currently', 'available', 'datasets'] ['dari', 'leverages', 'custom', 'model', 'depicted'] ['along', 'with', 'generic', 'data', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'such'] ['zoom', 'rotation', 'model', 'invoked', 'number'] ['samples', 'class', 'less', 'than', 'certain', 'defined', 'thresh', 'model', 'generator', 'discrimi', 'nator', 'trained', 'simultaneously', 'until', 'discriminator'] ['unable', 'separate', 'generated', 'data', 'samples', 'from'] ['original', 'ones', 'generator', 'receives', 'random', 'noise', 'input'] ['produces', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'turn', 'received'] ['discriminator', 'thus', 'regarded'] ['player', 'minimax', 'game', 'between', 'discriminative', 'model'] ['generative', 'model', 'exerting', 'noisy'] ['sample', 'with', 'data', 'distribution', 'input'] ['generative', 'network', 'outputs', 'data'] [] ['distribution'] ['which', 'denoted'] [] ['supposed', 'identical', 'that'] ['distribution', 'original', 'data', 'discriminative'] ['network', 'employed', 'distinguish', 'true', 'data', 'sample'] ['with', 'distribution', 'generated', 'sample'] ['with'] ['distribution'] [] ['then', 'this', 'adversarial', 'training', 'process'] ['formulated', 'follows'] ['ming', 'maxdv'] [] [] [] ['customize', 'model', 'chest', 'image'] ['augmentation', 'follows', 'generator', 'constructed', 'with'] ['stack', 'hidden', 'layers', 'each', 'layer', 'comprises', 'dense'] ['layer', 'followed', 'leaky', 'rectified', 'linear', 'unit', 'leakyrelu'] ['activation', 'function', 'each', 'successive', 'layer'] [] ['generator', 'number', 'neuron', 'units', 'nodes', 'twice'] ['number', 'nodes', 'preceding', 'layer', 'other'] ['hand', 'discriminator', 'model', 'receives', 'collections'] ['original', 'generated'] [] ['radiograph', 'data', 'with'] ['covid', 'infected', 'lung', 'images', 'here', 'inputs', 'criminator'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['where', 'each', 'represents', 'original', 'image', 'while', 'each'] [] [] ['denotes', 'augmented', 'chest', 'image', 'similar'] ['171578', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['generator', 'discriminator', 'structure', 'also', 'consists'] ['hidden', 'layers', 'each'] ['layer', 'contains', 'sequence'] ['dense', 'layer', 'with', 'leakyrelu', 'activation', 'function'] ['dropout', 'layer', 'then', 'included', 'denote', 'dropout'] ['rate', 'number', 'nodes', 'each'] ['layer', 'denoted'] [] ['note', 'that'] [] [] ['discriminator', 'aims', 'optimize'] ['loss', 'function', 'distinguishing', 'generated', 'images', 'from'] ['original', 'ones', 'custom', 'model', 'trained', 'ξmax'] ['number', 'iterations', 'where', 'ξmax'] ['detailed', 'steps'] ['proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'presented', 'algorithm'] ['here', 'either', 'invoke', 'more', 'generic', 'type'] ['data', 'augmentation', 'based', 'upon', 'given', 'condition', 'illustrated'] ['algorithm', 'this', 'procedure', 'takes', 'inputs', 'type'] ['augmentation', 'data', 'augmentation'] ['condition', 'proposed', 'model', 'gets', 'executed', 'from', 'steps'] ['when', 'other', 'condition', 'fulfilled', 'generic', 'data'] ['augmentation', 'performed', 'described', 'steps'] ['which', 'includes', 'enlarging', 'image', 'quantity', 'rotating'] ['amount'] ['proposed', 'custom', 'model'] ['covid', 'detection', 'images'] ['next', 'need', 'train', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'which', 'take'] ['advantage', 'robust', 'dataset', 'obtained', 'from', 'proposed'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'section', 'since', 'problem'] ['regarded', 'classification', 'task', 'normal', 'covid'] ['other', 'abnormal', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'investigate'] ['contemporary', 'deep', 'learning', 'architectures', 'suited', 'clas', 'sification', 'contrast', 'with', 'other', 'variants', 'deep', 'learning'] ['architectures', 'long', 'short', 'term', 'memory', 'lstm', 'deep'] ['belief', 'networks', 'forth', 'extreme', 'learning', 'machines'] ['cnns', 'regarded', 'most', 'powerful', 'deep', 'learning'] ['architecture', 'image', 'classification', 'therefore', 'explore'] ['robust', 'models', 'recently', 'employed', 'gain', 'sonable', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'with', 'chest', 'data'] ['applying', 'contemporary', 'models', 'latest'] ['dataset', 'compiled', 'from', 'four', 'public', 'repositories', 'realize', 'that'] ['their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfitting'] ['influenced', 'biased', 'test', 'data', 'address', 'this', 'issue'] ['propose', 'dimensional', 'custom', 'model'] ['classifying', 'images', 'predict', 'covid', 'cases'] ['depicted', 'structure', 'utilized', 'learn'] ['discriminating', 'patterns', 'automatically', 'from', 'radiograph'] ['images'] ['proposed', 'model', 'consists', 'three', 'components'] ['first', 'component', 'stack', 'convolution', 'layers', 'while'] ['second', 'segment', 'consists', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers'] ['final', 'component', 'responsible', 'generating', 'output'] ['probability', 'first', 'convolution', 'layers', 'first', 'ponent', 'model', 'receive', 'radiograph', 'images', 'input'] ['identify', 'discriminative', 'features', 'from', 'input', 'examples'] ['pass', 'them', 'next', 'component', 'classification', 'task'] ['each'] ['layer', 'among', 'convolution', 'layers', 'consists'] ['filter', 'size'] [] ['initially', 'filter', 'size'] [] ['layer', 'decreased', 'each', 'successive', 'layer'] ['algorithm', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images'] ['dari'] ['input', 'type', 'type', 'data', 'augmentation'] ['possible', 'values', 'generic'] ['collection', 'data'] ['augmentation'] ['output', 'augmented', 'sample', 'data'] [] ['type', 'then'] ['initialize', 'ξmax', 'maximum', 'number'] ['epochs', 'mini', 'batch', 'size'] ['naug', 'number', 'data', 'augment'] ['construct', 'generator', 'model'] ['depicted'] ['construct', 'discriminator', 'model'] ['depicted'] ['foreach', 'ξmax'] [] ['generate', 'naug', 'samples'] ['random', 'noise', 'initialize'] ['generator'] ['generate', 'image'] ['passing', 'generator'] ['select', 'random'] ['samples', 'from'] [] ['construct', 'collection'] ['from', 'generated'] ['original', 'samples'] ['update', 'discriminator'] ['model', 'batch', 'training', 'using'] [] [] [] ['generate', 'naug', 'samples'] ['random', 'noise'] ['update', 'generator', 'model'] ['parameters'] ['ξmax', 'then'] ['generate', 'collection'] ['augmented', 'images', 'using'] ['foreach'] ['save', 'corresponding'] ['directory'] [] [] [] ['else'] ['augment', 'data', 'applying'] ['zooming', 'rate', 'rotation'] ['each', 'item', 'from', 'data', 'collection'] [] ['return'] ['forward', 'pass', 'convolution', 'operation', 'performed', 'between'] ['input', 'image', 'filter', 'coefficients', 'using', 'here'] ['volume', '2020', '171579s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['figure', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'envisioned'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'custom', 'model', 'test', 'data', 'obtained'] ['splitting', 'original', 'images', 'that', 'used', 'training', 'dari'] ['algorithm', 'adaptively', 'uses', 'generic', 'data', 'augmentation'] ['techniques', 'generate', 'synthetic', 'chest', 'images', 'which', 'combined'] ['with', 'remaining', 'original', 'radiograph', 'images', 'construct', 'robust'] ['training', 'dataset', 'training', 'input', 'passed', 'customized'] ['model', 'which', 'performs', 'automated', 'feature', 'extraction', 'classification'] [] [] [] [] ['denote', 'output', 'filter', 'weights'] [] ['layer', 'respectively'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'conducted', 'select', 'optimal'] ['activation', 'function', 'shown', 'activation'] ['function', 'considers', 'constant', 'denoted'] ['next', 'apply', 'dropout', 'rate', 'regularization'] ['technique', 'that', 'will', 'assist', 'network', 'evading', 'overfit', 'ting', 'achieve', 'better', 'model', 'generalization', 'randomly'] ['disregarding', 'randomly', 'selected', 'neurons', 'hidden', 'reduce', 'feature', 'size', 'computational', 'power'] ['need', 'introduce', 'pooling', 'layer', 'with', 'pool', 'size'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['hidden', 'layers', 'where'] [] ['fraction', 'initial', 'dimension', 'input'] ['pooling', 'layers', 'assist', 'model', 'capturing', 'abstract', 'spatial'] ['information', 'more', 'robustly', 'enhancing', 'model', 'eralization', 'ability', 'model', 'output', 'features'] ['convolution', 'layers', 'converted', 'into', 'dimensional'] ['vector', 'flattening', 'layer', 'then', 'forwarded'] ['stack', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'automated'] ['classification', 'stage', 'number', 'nodes', 'first', 'dense'] ['layer', 'equal'] ['decreased', 'factor', 'each'] ['successive'] ['layer', 'with', 'respect', 'number', 'nodes'] ['previous', 'layer', 'output'] ['dense', 'layer', 'propagated'] ['through', 'dropout', 'layer', 'rate'] [] ['finally', 'output', 'layer', 'computes', 'probability'] ['input', 'belonging', 'each', 'class', 'learning'] ['constant', 'throughout', 'training', 'model', 'clas', 'sification', 'task', 'receives', 'radiograph', 'samples', 'input'] ['outputs', 'sequence', 'labels'] ['here', 'each', 'corresponds', 'pixel', 'values'] ['input', 'images', 'other', 'hand', 'each', 'denotes'] ['distinct', 'class', 'each', 'dimension'] [] ['this'] ['case'] [] ['denote', 'image', 'height', 'width'] ['number', 'channels'] ['sample', 'augmented'] ['real', 'samples', 'passed', 'training', 'data', 'during', 'training'] ['phase', 'some', 'part', 'real', 'samples', 'considered'] ['test', 'dataset', 'during', 'testing', 'phase'] ['training', 'running', 'phases', 'proposed'] [] ['from', 'hereon', 'discuss', 'steps', 'training', 'running'] ['phases', 'proposed', 'algorithm'] ['steps', 'training', 'phase', 'proposed'] ['framework', 'presented', 'algorithm', 'training', 'stage'] ['commences', 'from', 'algorithm', 'which', 'takes'] ['inputs', 'custom', 'model', 'description'] ['each', 'input', 'parameter', 'provided', 'input', 'section'] ['algorithm', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'initialize', 'required'] ['parameters', 'steps', 'data', 'loaded', 'from', 'location'] ['test', 'data', 'split', 'ratio', 'utilized'] ['running', 'phase', 'evaluating', 'model', 'initially', 'data'] ['171580', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['algorithm', 'training', 'phase'] ['input', 'collection', 'training'] ['testing', 'validation', 'data'] ['location', 'number', 'fold'] ['cross', 'validation'] ['number', 'epoch'] ['mini', 'batch', 'size', 'test'] ['ratio', 'threshold', 'value'] ['class', 'imbalance', 'ratio'] ['total', 'number', 'samples'] ['across', 'classes'] ['output', 'trained', 'model'] [] [] [] [] ['read', 'data', 'from', 'train'] [] [] ['then'] [] ['generate', 'random', 'values'] ['range'] [] [] ['foreach', 'index'] [] ['move', 'train'] [] ['test'] [] [] [] [] ['foreach', 'class', 'train'] [] [] ['read', 'data', 'from'] [] [] [] ['then'] [] [] [] ['dari'] [] [] [] [] ['foreach', 'class', 'data'] [] [] [] ['data'] [] [] [] ['fold'] ['xtrain', 'ytrain', 'xval', 'yval', 'data'] ['labels'] ['fold', 'from'] ['xtrain', 'dari', 'generic', 'xtrain'] ['xval', 'dari', 'generic', 'xval'] ['update', 'model', 'depicted'] ['training', 'using', 'xtrain'] [] ['evaluate', 'using', 'xval', 'yval'] [] ['save', 'model', 'parameters'] ['return'] ['stored', 'training', 'directory', 'hence', 'they', 'loaded', 'from'] ['location', 'training', 'data', 'steps', 'responsible'] ['checking', 'whether', 'data', 'augmentation', 'required'] ['accordingly', 'preparing', 'training', 'validation', 'data'] ['from', 'dataset', 'specifically', 'steps', 'check', 'whether'] ['training', 'data', 'class', 'less', 'than', 'predefined', 'thresh', 'based', 'condition', 'exploit'] ['algorithm', 'running', 'phase'] ['input', 'testpath', 'location', 'test'] ['images'] ['output', 'ypred', 'prediction', 'testing'] ['samples'] ['xtest', 'read', 'data', 'from', 'testpath'] ['load', 'saved', 'trained', 'model'] ['yprob', 'predict', 'probabilities'] ['each', 'data', 'from', 'xtest'] ['ypred', 'argmax', 'yprob'] ['return', 'ypred'] ['proposed', 'data', 'augmentation', 'radiograph', 'images', 'dari'] ['algorithm', 'described', 'algorithm', 'customized'] ['model', 'trained', 'steps', 'utilizing', 'model', 'structure'] ['illustrated', 'penultimate', 'step', 'trained'] ['model', 'stored', 'further', 'testing', 'validation', 'finally'] ['step', 'algorithm', 'returns', 'trained', 'model'] ['next', 'running', 'phase', 'model', 'proposed'] ['framework', 'follows', 'algorithm', 'receives'] ['location', 'sample', 'data', 'inference', 'returns', 'predicted'] ['class', 'labels', 'ypred', 'corresponding', 'data', 'after', 'reading'] ['data', 'from', 'step', 'trained', 'model', 'loaded'] ['following', 'step', 'step', 'model'] ['employed'] ['predict', 'probabilities', 'sample', 'test', 'data', 'each'] ['possible', 'classes', 'finally', 'last', 'step', 'class', 'with'] ['maximum', 'probability', 'identified', 'each', 'sample', 'data'] ['then', 'returned', 'collection', 'predictions', 'data'] ['computation', 'overhead', 'analysis'] ['remainder', 'section', 'rigorously', 'analyze'] ['computational', 'overhead', 'proposed', 'model', 'terms'] ['time', 'complexity', 'analyses', 'divided', 'into', 'training'] ['running', 'phases'] ['training', 'phase'] ['training', 'phase', 'includes', 'both', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algo', 'rithm', 'data', 'augmentation', 'training', 'customized'] ['model', 'algorithm', 'particularly', 'analysis'] ['algorithm', 'consider', 'that', 'appropriate', 'hyper', 'parameters', 'model', 'already', 'selected', 'after'] ['hyperparameter', 'tuning', 'partition', 'analysis', 'train', 'phase', 'into', 'three', 'main', 'segments', 'required', 'data'] ['preparation', 'data', 'augmentation', 'execu', 'tion', 'model', 'therefore', 'total', 'computational'] ['complexity', 'expressed', 'follows'] [] ['first', 'three', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'where', 'initial', 'ization', 'conducted', 'time', 'complexity', 'denoted'] ['constant', 'time', 'step', 'data', 'from', 'train'] ['path', 'read', 'there', 'number', 'data', 'available'] ['train', 'time', 'complexity', 'will', 'steps', 'split', 'test'] ['data', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'complexity', 'associated', 'with'] ['volume', '2020', '171581s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['these', 'steps', 'hence', 'computational', 'complexity'] ['data', 'preparation', 'phase', 'denoted'] [] ['data', 'augmentation', 'part', 'complexity', 'analy', 'mainly', 'consists', 'proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm'] ['invoked', 'steps', 'algorithm', 'this', 'requires', 'loading'] ['data', 'from', 'each', 'class', 'step', 'that', 'results', 'computa', 'tional', 'complexity'] [] [] ['here', 'denotes', 'number'] ['classes', 'while'] [] [] ['refers', 'number', 'data', 'read', 'from'] [] ['class', 'then', 'through', 'steps', 'dari', 'algorithm'] ['invoked', 'complexity', 'denoted', 'odari', 'suppose'] ['that', 'denote', 'numbers', 'layers', 'genera', 'discriminator', 'respectively', 'then', 'computations'] ['required', 'generator', 'discriminator', 'models'] ['denoted', 'respectively'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['combining', 'previous', 'expressions'] ['overall', 'overhead', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'evaluated'] ['follows'] ['dari', 'ξmax', 'naug'] [] ['where', 'naug', 'ξmax', 'denote', 'number', 'data', 'augment'] ['maximum', 'number', 'epochs', 'mini', 'batch', 'size', 'respec', 'tively'] ['steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'assuming'] ['length', 'each'] [] [] [] [] ['computational', 'overhead'] [] [] ['therefore', 'overall', 'complexity', 'data', 'augmentation'] ['stage', 'expressed'] [] [] [] ['dari'] [] [] ['from', 'steps', 'training', 'algorithm', 'invokes'] ['adopted', 'structure', 'computational', 'overhead'] ['this', 'part', 'derived', 'from'] ['cnncl', 'cnndl'] ['where', 'cnncl', 'cnndl', 'denote', 'computational'] ['overheads', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'dense', 'layers'] ['respectively', 'consider', 'layer', 'number', 'filters'] [] ['layer'] [] ['input', 'image'] ['with', 'dimension'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['kernel'] ['with', 'dimension'] [] [] [] [] [] ['then'] ['computational', 'complexity', 'convolutional', 'layers'] ['expressed'] ['cnncl'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['after', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'layers', 'assuming'] [] [] [] ['weight', 'vector', 'bias'] ['layer', 'plexity', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'given'] ['cnndl'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['hence', 'combining', 'aforementioned', 'equations', 'final', 'computational', 'complexity', 'proposed'] ['write', 'follows'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['finally', 'determine', 'total', 'time', 'complexity', 'train', 'phase', 'algorithm', 'substitute'] ['corresponding', 'values', 'from', 'into'] ['running', 'phase'] ['running', 'phase', 'conducted', 'infer', 'classes', 'each', 'test'] ['data', 'using', 'trained', 'model', 'then', 'evaluate', 'model'] ['shown', 'algorithm', 'consider', 'number', 'test'] ['data', 'ntest', 'computational', 'overhead', 'testing'] ['phase', 'given'] ['ntest'] ['demonstrates', 'that', 'model', 'able', 'duce', 'results', 'linear', 'time', 'this', 'implies', 'that', 'proposed'] ['framework', 'comprising', 'dari', 'algorithm'] ['customized', 'model', 'deployed', 'clinical', 'grade'] ['machines', 'with', 'image', 'processing', 'capability', 'computing'] ['resources', 'having', 'access', 'digitized', 'radiograph', 'images', 'from'] ['analog', 'machines', 'even', 'portable', 'machines'] ['movable', 'booths', 'trucks', 'with', 'adequate', 'shielding'] ['power', 'supply', 'thus', 'model', 'viable', 'automating'] ['radiograph', 'image', 'classification', 'with', 'fast', 'turn', 'around', 'time'] ['covid', 'detection'] ['performance', 'evaluation'] ['evaluate', 'performance', 'proposed', 'frame', 'work', 'this', 'section', 'describe', 'collected', 'datasets', 'used'] ['train', 'customized', 'model', 'followed', 'extensive'] ['experimental', 'results', 'discussion'] ['dataset', 'preparation'] ['dataset', 'employed', 'supervised', 'radiograph', 'image'] ['classification', 'using', 'proposed', 'framework', 'sists', 'three', 'classes', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'normal'] ['chest', 'images', 'collected', 'dataset', 'using', 'four', 'ferent', 'existing', 'datasets', 'posteroanterior', 'chest', 'rays'] ['combined', 'those', 'into', 'single', 'dataset', 'utilize'] ['classification', 'purpose', 'developed', 'dataset', 'from', 'github'] ['covid', 'rays', 'data', 'collected', 'this', 'study'] ['cases', 'pneumonia', 'normal', 'images', 'chexpert'] ['171582', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['table', 'brief', 'description', 'used', 'dataset', 'image'] ['classification'] ['dataset', 'collected', 'stanford', 'group', 'rest'] ['normal', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'were', 'collected'] ['from', 'dataset', 'table', 'lists', 'initial', 'class', 'distri', 'bution', 'collected', 'chest', 'dataset', 'number'] ['samples', 'collected', 'covid', 'significantly', 'lower', 'than'] ['other', 'classes', 'because', 'this', 'novel', 'disease', 'this'] ['moment', 'data', 'regarding', 'covid', 'challenging', 'obtain'] ['other', 'words', 'number', 'covid', 'class', 'samples'] ['merged', 'dataset', 'lower', 'than', 'threshold', 'value', 'class'] ['imbalance', 'ratio', 'therefore', 'overcome', 'effect'] ['amount', 'covid', 'data', 'employed', 'proposed'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'samples', 'then'] ['applied', 'proposal', 'along', 'with', 'contemporary', 'models'] ['verify', 'which', 'yields', 'best', 'covid', 'detection'] ['performance'] ['performance', 'indicators'] ['evaluate', 'classification', 'results', 'primarily', 'adopted'] ['combination', 'three', 'measurement', 'indicators', 'accuracy'] ['weighted', 'precision', 'weighted', 'score', 'accuracy'] ['test', 'ability', 'correctly', 'differentiate', 'three', 'cases'] ['assume', 'that', 'denotes', 'number', 'classes', 'consid', 'ered', 'classification', 'task'] ['refers', 'number', 'samples'] [] ['class', 'indicates', 'total', 'number', 'samples'] ['classes', 'then', 'accuracy', 'represented'] ['follows'] ['accuracy'] [] [] [] [] [] ['next', 'define', 'weighted', 'precision'] ['measure', 'precise', 'model', 'terms', 'number'] ['samples', 'actually', 'present'] ['class', 'those', 'predicted'] ['that', 'class', 'this', 'number', 'multiplied', 'weight'] [] ['class', 'obtain', 'weight', 'precision', 'follows'] ['weighted', 'precision'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['next', 'weighted', 'score', 'defined', 'weighted'] ['average', 'precision', 'recall', 'although'] ['recall', 'directly', 'performance', 'measure', 'because', 'using'] ['score', 'implicitly', 'used', 'weighted', 'score'] ['obtained', 'follows'] ['weighted', 'score'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['here', 'precision', 'recall'] ['class'] ['respectively', 'expressed'] ['denoted'] [] [] ['denotes', 'true', 'positive', 'false', 'positive', 'false', 'negative'] [] ['class', 'respectively'] ['indicates', 'number', 'cases'] ['correctly', 'identified'] ['class', 'represents'] ['number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified'] ['class'] ['denotes', 'number', 'cases', 'incorrectly', 'identified'] ['class', 'other', 'than'] ['class', 'addition', 'evaluating'] ['results', 'more', 'comprehensively', 'also', 'employed', 'class'] ['specific', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'normal', 'covid'] ['pneumonia', 'detection', 'accuracy', 'three', 'classes'] ['results', 'discussion'] ['have', 'followed', 'systematic', 'approach', 'applying', 'differ', 'techniques', 'find', 'optimal', 'model', 'classification'] ['task', 'experiments', 'were', 'conducted', 'workstation'] ['with', 'intel', 'core', '00ghz', 'powered'] ['nvidia', '2060', 'graphics', 'processing', 'unit'] ['simulations', 'were', 'implemented', 'employing', 'python', 'keras'] ['tensorflow', 'library', 'visualization', 'experimental'] ['results', 'achieved', 'utilizing', 'python', 'matplotlib', 'library'] ['during', 'simulations', 'have', 'resized', 'image', 'samples'] ['setting', 'both'] [] ['keep', 'images', 'consistent'] ['terms', 'size', 'number', 'channels', 'samples'] ['input', 'images', 'were', 'grayscale', 'nature'] ['were', 'selected', 'based', 'manual', 'tuning', 'using'] ['proposed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'demand', 'data', 'augmentation'] ['performed', 'adaptively', 'employing', 'rotation'] ['degrees', 'zooming', 'rate', 'value'] ['systematically', 'constructed', 'three', 'experimental'] ['scenarios', 'conduct', 'comprehensive', 'performance', 'compari', 'proposed', 'framework', 'consisting', 'dari'] ['algorithm', 'customized', 'models', 'with', 'state', 'models', 'which', 'have', 'been', 'recently', 'reported'] ['provide', 'reasonable', 'accuracies', 'covid', 'detection'] ['three', 'scenarios', 'constructed', 'incremental', 'fashion'] ['described', 'below'] ['first', 'scenario', 'designed', 'customized', 'deep'] ['model', 'architecture', 'depicted', 'param', 'eters', 'model', 'were', 'selected', 'based', 'results'] ['grid', 'search', 'technique'] ['second', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'proposed'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'analyze', 'effect', 'generic'] ['based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'train', 'based'] ['model', 'robust', 'fashion', 'significantly', 'improve'] ['covid', 'detection', 'accuracy'] ['third', 'final', 'scenario', 'trained', 'several', 'state', 'models', 'using', 'different', 'deep', 'learning'] ['paradigms', 'compiled', 'dataset', 'same', 'test', 'data'] ['unknown', 'chest', 'original', 'images', 'with', 'normal'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'were', 'presented'] ['customized', 'model', 'proposed'] ['framework', 'well', 'contemporary', 'models'] ['results', 'were', 'used', 'compare', 'performances'] ['proposal', 'these', 'contemporary', 'models', 'terms'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'efficiency'] ['volume', '2020', '171583s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'different', 'combinations'] ['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers'] ['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'precision', 'different', 'combinations'] ['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers'] ['figure', 'performance', 'terms', 'score', 'different', 'combinations'] ['activation', 'functions', 'optimizers'] ['first', 'scenario', 'implemented', 'customized'] ['model', 'proposed', 'framework', 'carried'] ['grid', 'search', 'achieve', 'optimal', 'model', 'parameters'] ['figure', 'performance', 'comparison', 'diverse', 'ratios'] ['covid', 'images', 'generated', 'with', 'respect', 'existing'] ['number', 'samples', 'dataset'] ['best', 'activation', 'functions', 'optimizer', 'worth', 'that', 'other', 'customized', 'models', 'revealed', 'perfor', 'mance', 'bottleneck', 'terms', 'validation', 'accuracy'] ['found', 'model', 'most', 'lightweight'] ['efficient', 'automating', 'chest', 'classification', 'task'] ['figs', 'demonstrate', 'results', 'obtained', 'from'] ['hyper', 'parameter', 'tuning', 'terms', 'accuracy', 'precision'] ['score', 'respectively', 'these', 'performances', 'were', 'extensively'] ['evaluated', 'across', 'optimizers', 'stochastic', 'gradient', 'descent'] ['adaptive', 'moment', 'estimation', 'adam', 'root', 'mean'] ['square', 'propagation', 'rmsprop', 'adaptive', 'delta', 'adadelta'] ['nesterov', 'adam', 'nadam', 'adaptive', 'gradient', 'algo', 'rithm', 'adagrad', 'five', 'activation', 'functions', 'tanh', 'moid', 'scaled', 'exponential', 'linear', 'unit', 'selu', 'rectified'] ['linear', 'unit', 'relu', 'exponential', 'linear', 'unit'] ['depicted', 'results', 'these', 'figures', 'selu', 'demonstrated'] ['better', 'performances', 'average', 'when', 'compared', 'with'] ['other', 'activation', 'functions', 'however', 'best', 'performance'] ['exhibited', 'when', 'adopted', 'activation', 'function'] ['with', 'value', 'constant', 'optimizer'] ['adagrad', 'with', 'learning', 'rate', 'this', 'first', 'exper', 'imental', 'setting', 'selecting', 'optimal', 'hyper', 'parameters'] ['deep', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'mini', 'batch', 'size'] ['number', 'epochs'] ['with', 'this', 'configuration', 'validation', 'accuracy', 'precision'] ['score', 'were', 'found'] ['respectively', 'therefore', 'further', 'analysis', 'applied', 'this'] ['configuration', 'customized', 'model'] ['framework', 'furthermore', 'pooling', 'layer'] ['proposed', 'architecture', 'conducted', 'manual', 'parameter'] ['tuning', 'pool', 'size', 'assigned', 'where'] ['initial', 'size', 'input'] [] ['second', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'number'] ['covid', 'samples', 'collected', 'dataset', 'lower', 'than'] ['defined', 'threshold', 'applied', 'proposed', 'dari'] ['algorithm', 'increase', 'number', 'covid', 'samples'] ['that', 'model', 'trained', 'with', 'robust', 'training', 'data'] ['171584', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['figure', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'testing', 'phase', 'employing', 'fold', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation'] ['eventually', 'predict', 'positive', 'covid', 'cases', 'with', 'high'] ['accuracy', 'altered', 'proportions', 'tomized', 'model', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'with', 'respect'] ['original', 'sample', 'size', 'covid', 'class', 'ratios'] ['generated', 'samples', 'proposed', 'approach', 'were'] ['varied', 'from', 'with', 'respect', 'number'] ['covid', 'examples', 'original', 'dataset', 'number'] ['iterations', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'using'] ['based', 'method', 'among', 'proportions'] ['mentioned', 'earlier', 'covid', 'detection', 'performance'] ['customized', 'model', 'found', 'highest'] ['with', 'accuracy', 'when', 'number', 'newly'] ['generated', 'samples', 'size', 'original'] ['covid', 'samples', 'therefore', 'picked', 'this', 'configura', 'tion', 'used', 'conducted', 'experiments', 'next'] ['scenario'] ['after', 'producing', 'augmented', 'samples', 'covid'] ['class', 'analyzed', 'effect', 'combining', 'adaptive'] ['generic', 'data', 'augmentation', 'based', 'dari', 'algorithm'] ['with', 'architecture', 'fully', 'implement', 'fine', 'tune'] ['framework', 'compared', 'performance', 'with'] ['base', 'model', 'only', 'without', 'adopting', 'dari'] ['algorithm', 'experiment', 'conducted', 'utilizing', 'five', 'fold', 'stratified', 'cross', 'validation', 'using', 'stratification', 'tech', 'nique', 'samples', 'rearranged', 'that', 'each', 'fold'] ['stable', 'representation', 'whole', 'dataset', 'maintaining'] ['percentage', 'samples', 'each', 'class', 'third'] ['experimental', 'setup', 'number', 'epochs'] ['mini', 'batch', 'size', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'five', 'fully', 'connected', 'dense', 'layers', 'also', 'fixed'] ['five', 'note', 'that', 'these', 'hyperparameter', 'values', 'were', 'manually'] ['tuned', 'analyze', 'results', 'more', 'critically', 'terms'] ['covid', 'detection', 'efficiency', 'this', 'experimental', 'setting'] ['also', 'investigated', 'normalized', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'customized', 'model'] ['table', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed'] ['with', 'generic', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation'] ['without', 'only', 'model', 'with', 'proposed', 'dari'] ['algorithm', 'complete', 'framework'] ['represents', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'where', 'posed', 'model', 'implemented', 'without', 'applying', 'data'] ['augmentation', 'depicts', 'same', 'combined'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'despite', 'similar', 'performances'] ['both', 'approaches', 'normalized', 'confusion', 'matrix', 'demon', 'strates', 'that', 'proposed', 'framework', 'much', 'more'] ['robust', 'classifying', 'positive', 'covid', 'pneumonia'] ['cases', 'proposed', 'exhibited'] ['accuracies', 'while', 'detecting', 'positive', 'covid', 'pneu', 'monia', 'cases', 'respectively', 'encouraging', 'classification'] ['performance', 'indicates', 'that', 'proposed', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'framework', 'able', 'classify', 'radio', 'graph', 'images', 'with', 'high', 'efficiency', 'specifically', 'covid'] ['detection'] ['furthermore', 'analyzed', 'impact', 'generic', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'separately', 'combined', 'with', 'tomized', 'model', 'compared', 'covid', 'detection'] ['accuracy', 'with', 'proposed', 'framework', 'table'] ['exhibits', 'simulation', 'results', 'which', 'proves', 'that', 'both'] ['generic', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'significant'] ['influence', 'enhancing', 'covid', 'detection', 'efficiency'] ['simulation', 'results', 'table', 'show', 'that', 'only', 'base', 'model', 'achieved', 'with', 'generic', 'data'] ['augmentation', 'obtained', 'with', 'proposed'] ['volume', '2020', '171585s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['table', 'performance', 'comparison', 'proposed', 'architecture'] ['with', 'existing', 'architectures', 'three', 'classes'] ['based', 'data', 'augmentation', 'delivered', 'covid'] ['detection', 'accuracy', 'other', 'hand', 'proposed'] ['framework', 'demonstrated', 'highest', 'covid', 'detection'] ['accuracy', 'this', 'good', 'performance', 'attributed'] ['combination', 'customized', 'model', 'with', 'posed', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'where', 'both', 'generic', 'based'] ['data', 'augmentation', 'adaptively', 'performed', 'therefore'] ['evident', 'from', 'these', 'results', 'that', 'proposed', 'frame', 'work', 'made', 'customized', 'model', 'much', 'more', 'robust'] ['with', 'dari', 'algorithm'] ['third', 'experimental', 'scenario', 'compared', 'perfor', 'mance', 'customized', 'model', 'with', 'performances'] ['state', 'models', 'such', 'inception', 'resnet'] ['resnet', 'densenet', 'reason', 'behind', 'choosing', 'these'] ['contemporary', 'models', 'their', 'good', 'performances', 'reported'] ['recent', 'literature', 'covid', 'detection', 'worth'] ['noting', 'that', 'inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'belong'] ['depth', 'based', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'paradigms', 'respec', 'tively', 'other', 'hand', 'resnet', 'combines', 'both', 'depth', 'based', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'architectures', 'table'] ['demonstrates', 'comparative', 'analysis', 'which', 'indicates'] ['efficiency', 'proposed', 'framework'] ['terms', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'using', 'chest'] ['images', 'proposed', 'model', 'outperformed', 'resnet'] ['inception', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'although', 'densenet'] ['achieves', 'prediction', 'performance', 'normal', 'test'] ['cases', 'accuracy', 'only', 'pneumonia', 'detection'] ['while', 'exhibits', 'poorest', 'performance'] ['identifying', 'covid', 'cases', 'this', 'implies', 'that', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'structure', 'although', 'reported', 'recent', 'work', 'suit', 'able', 'covid', 'detection', 'other', 'hand', 'inception'] ['resnet', 'using', 'depth', 'based', 'modeling', 'paradigm'] ['achieves', 'improved', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy'] ['combination', 'these', 'modeling', 'paradigms', 'incor', 'porated', 'resnet', 'which', 'able', 'predict', 'test', 'cases', 'having'] ['covid', 'samples', 'slightly', 'elevated', 'accuracy'] ['other', 'hand', 'proposed', 'framework', 'bining', 'envisioned', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'customized'] ['model', 'able', 'detect', 'covid', 'cases', 'with', 'nificantly', 'high', 'accuracy', 'note', 'that', 'pneumo', 'other', 'abnormal', 'case', 'present', 'test', 'dataset'] ['also', 'detected', 'with', 'much', 'higher', 'accuracy', 'compared'] ['contemporary', 'models', 'even', 'though', 'performance'] ['slightly', 'drops', 'normal', 'case', 'identification', 'accuracy'] ['still', 'close', 'case', 'proposal', 'furthermore'] ['final', 'column', 'table', 'area', 'under'] ['receiver', 'operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'values', 'also', 'listed'] ['proposed', 'contemporary', 'models'] ['score', 'proposed', '9525', 'which', 'demon', 'strates', 'reasonable', 'accuracy', 'identification', 'across'] ['samples', 'test', 'data', 'thus', 'encouraging', 'performance'] ['proposed', 'algorithm', 'over', 'prominent'] ['models', 'clearly', 'demonstrates', 'that', 'proposed', 'technique'] ['useful', 'detecting', 'covid', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'with'] ['significantly', 'high', 'reliable', 'accuracy'] ['furthermore', 'compare', 'performance', 'proposal'] ['with', 'recent', 'custom', 'model', 'referred', 'darkcovidnet'] ['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'dark', 'covidnet', 'reported', 'which', 'considerably'] ['lower', 'than', 'that', 'proposed', 'model', 'performance'] ['which', 'believe', 'ensures', 'effectiveness'] ['proposed', 'model', 'addition', 'have', 'conducted', 'fold'] ['experiments', 'validate', 'compare', 'proposed', 'tech', 'nique', 'with', 'darkcovidnet', 'table', 'demonstrates'] ['results', 'obtained', 'when', 'proposed', 'model', 'tested'] ['both', 'datasets', 'darkcovidnet', 'model', 'tested'] ['both', 'datasets', 'both', 'models', 'were', 'trained', 'employing'] ['respective', 'dataset', 'used', 'work', 'rent', 'work', 'these', 'experimental', 'results', 'presented', 'table'] ['were', 'produced', 'after', 'training', 'models', 'epochs'] ['each', 'case', 'then', 'trained', 'models', 'were', 'tested', 'both'] ['datasets', 'proposed', 'technique', 'outperformed', 'darkcovid', 'detection', 'accuracies', 'both', 'normal', 'covid'] ['cases', 'addition', 'classification', 'efficiency', 'posed', 'framework', 'more', 'lightweight', 'than', 'that'] ['used', 'darkcovidnet', 'customized', 'model', 'consists', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'while', 'darkcovid', 'model', 'comprises', 'convolutional', 'layers', 'making'] ['model', 'training', 'phase', 'more', 'lightweight', 'computationally'] ['less', 'expensive', 'than', 'darkcovidnet', 'model'] ['moreover', 'while', 'some', 'researches', 'reported', 'overall', 'accu', 'racy', 'they', 'mention', 'covid', 'detection', 'accuracy'] ['other', 'hand', 'most', 'researches', 'applying', 'deep', 'learning'] ['techniques', 'report', 'score', 'which', 'robust'] ['representative', 'performance', 'metric', 'practically', 'evaluating'] ['covid', 'detection', 'ability', 'model', 'summary'] ['applying', 'various', 'contemporary', 'models', 'inception'] ['with', 'resenet', 'resnet', 'densenet', 'recent', 'customized'] ['model', 'darkcovidnet', 'covid', 'detection', 'latest'] ['dataset', 'compiled', 'from', 'four', 'public', 'repositories', 'realized'] ['that', 'their', 'reported', 'performances', 'constrained', 'overfit', 'ting', 'influenced', 'biased', 'test', 'data', 'thus', 'accuracy'] ['bottleneck', 'those', 'existing', 'models', 'justifies', 'required'] ['build', 'customized', 'model', 'this', 'research', 'bine', 'with', 'dari', 'algorithm', 'perform', 'robust', 'training'] ['avoid', 'overfitting', 'ensure', 'high', 'covid', 'detection'] ['accuracy', 'significantly', 'high', 'score'] ['limitations', 'study'] ['this', 'section', 'briefly', 'discuss', 'some', 'limitations', 'sible', 'future', 'work', 'that', 'conducted', 'extend', 'study'] ['171586', 'volume', '2020s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['table', 'comparison', 'performance', 'proposed', 'model', 'with', 'that', 'darkcovidnet', 'both', 'datasets'] ['study', 'experiments', 'have', 'been', 'conducted'] ['very', 'critical', 'stage', 'time', 'sensitive', 'manner', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'with', 'proof', 'concept'] ['covid', 'using', 'radiograph', 'images', 'despite', 'compiling'] ['datasets', 'from', 'multiple', 'sources', 'with', 'images', 'taining', 'covid', 'samples', 'used', 'data', 'consid', 'erably', 'small', 'size', 'therefore', 'synthetic', 'images', 'were'] ['generated', 'using', 'customized', 'assisted', 'data', 'mentation', 'technique', 'that', 'were', 'used', 'train', 'robust'] ['model', 'perform', 'binary', 'normal', 'covid'] ['three', 'classification', 'normal', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'with', 'significantly', 'high', 'accuracy'] ['lack', 'real', 'datasets', 'consisting', 'other', 'diseases'] ['sars', 'mers', 'forth', 'which', 'exhibit', 'acute'] ['respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'ards', 'pneumonia', 'like', 'conditions', 'lungs', 'more', 'class', 'labels', 'were'] ['considered', 'work'] ['from', 'physician', 'perspective', 'important', 'diag', 'nose', 'severity', 'covid', 'however', 'lack'] ['labeled', 'data', 'this', 'work', 'model', 'could'] ['used', 'classify', 'various', 'stages', 'covid', 'such'] ['asymptomatic', 'mild', 'high', 'severe'] ['proposed', 'technique', 'performed', 'efficiently', 'when'] ['utilized', 'analyze', 'samples', 'however', 'study'] ['extended', 'evaluate', 'system', 'performance'] ['covid', 'detection', 'while', 'using', 'other', 'radiograph'] ['techniques', 'such', 'scan', 'lung', 'ultrasound', 'lung'] ['positron', 'emission', 'tomography', 'scan'] ['dataset', 'used', 'this', 'study', 'limited', 'only'] ['modality', 'type', 'images', 'containing'] ['covid', 'features', 'further', 'customization'] ['model', 'will', 'required', 'want', 'combine', 'multiple'] ['imaging', 'modalities', 'lung', 'scan', 'ultrasound'] ['along', 'with', 'images', 'other', 'modalities', 'body'] ['temperature', 'diabetes', 'level', 'renal', 'function'] ['forth', 'patient', 'parameters', 'ethnicity', 'travel', 'history', 'contact', 'history', 'form', 'depth', 'covid', 'classification', 'therefore'] ['multi', 'modal', 'input', 'characterization', 'corresponding'] ['model', 'customization', 'will', 'needed', 'future'] ['interpreting', 'explaining', 'classification', 'results'] ['conclusion'] ['this', 'paper', 'addressed', 'emerging', 'challenges'] ['detecting', 'covid', 'shortage', 'efficient', 'diag', 'nosis', 'equipment', 'personnel', 'many', 'areas', 'particularly'] ['developing', 'rural', 'zones', 'numerous', 'people', 'remain'] ['diagnosed', 'this', 'results', 'substantial', 'between'] ['number', 'confirmed', 'actual', 'cases', 'radiographs', 'such'] ['chest', 'images', 'scans', 'have', 'been', 'demonstrated'] ['have', 'potential', 'detecting', 'covid', 'infection'] ['lungs', 'that', 'complement', 'time', 'consuming', 'viral'] ['antibody', 'testing', 'while', 'scans', 'have', 'higher', 'resolu', 'tion', 'fine', 'grained', 'details', 'compared', 'images'] ['machines', 'pervasive', 'hospital', 'emergency', 'rooms', 'public'] ['health', 'facilities', 'even', 'rural', 'health', 'centers', 'clinics'] ['addition', 'because', 'much', 'cheaper', 'alternative'] ['appealing', 'solution', 'portability', 'mobile', 'trucks'] ['covid', 'screening', 'booths', 'with', 'adequate', 'shielding'] ['power', 'supply', 'identify', 'covid', 'infection'] ['lung', 'recognizing', 'patterns', 'such', 'glass', 'opacities'] ['lung', 'consolidations', 'raised', 'formidable', 'research', 'problem'] ['that', 'addressed', 'this', 'paper', 'also', 'discussed'] ['necessary', 'automate', 'image', 'classification'] ['well', 'prepared', 'next', 'wave', 'covid', 'demic', 'when', 'radiologists', 'caregivers', 'expected'] ['overwhelmed', 'patient', 'influx', 'well', 'need', 'self', 'isolate', 'case', 'they', 'themselves', 'become', 'infected', 'this', 'means'] ['there', 'pressing', 'need', 'automate', 'classification'] ['radiographs', 'particularly', 'images', 'minimize', 'turn', 'around', 'time', 'covid', 'detection', 'therefore', 'leverage'] ['availability', 'cost', 'efficiency', 'chest', 'imaging'] ['this', 'paper', 'proposed', 'framework', 'called'] ['deep', 'learning', 'based', 'chest', 'radiograph', 'classification', 'auto', 'mate', 'covid', 'detection', 'that', 'complement', 'existing', 'viral'] ['antibody', 'testing', 'methods'] ['proposed', 'framework', 'consists', 'parts'] ['dari', 'algorithm', 'which', 'adaptively', 'employs', 'customized'] ['generative', 'adversarial', 'network', 'generic', 'data', 'augmen', 'tation', 'techniques', 'such', 'zoom', 'rotation', 'dimensional', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'model'] ['employed', 'unique', 'dataset', 'multiple', 'publicly', 'available'] ['sources', 'containing', 'radiograph', 'images', 'covid'] ['pneumonia', 'infected', 'lungs', 'along', 'with', 'normal', 'lung', 'imaging'] ['classification', 'accuracy', 'significantly', 'increased'] ['adopting', 'proposed', 'framework', 'posal', 'compared', 'with', 'existing', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'from'] ['diverse', 'categories', 'such', 'depth', 'based', 'inception', 'resnet', 'multi', 'path', 'based', 'densenet', 'hybrid'] ['resnet', 'architectures', 'extensive', 'experimental', 'results'] ['demonstrated', 'that', 'proposed', 'combination', 'dari'] ['custom', 'based', 'framework', 'significantly', 'performed', 'existing', 'architectures', 'thus', 'incorporating'] ['proposed', 'model', 'with', 'significantly', 'high', 'accuracy', 'into'] ['volume', '2020', '171587s', 'sakib', 'covid', 'detection', 'novel', 'approach'] ['clinical', 'grade', 'well', 'portable', 'equipment', 'allow'] ['automated', 'accurate', 'detection', 'covid'] ['scrutinized', 'patients'] ['new_paper'] ['author', '2021', 'articles', 'published', 'this', 'open', 'access', 'journal', 'distributed', 'under', 'terms'] ['creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'international', 'license', 'http', 'creativecommons', 'licenses'] ['collaborative', 'city', 'digital', 'twin', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['federated', 'learning', 'solution'] ['junjie', 'pang', 'huang', 'zhenzhen', 'jianbo'] ['zhipeng'] ['abstract', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'caused', 'crisis', 'that', 'affects', 'segments', 'population'] ['knowledge', 'understanding', 'covid', 'evolve', 'appropriate', 'response', 'plan', 'this', 'pandemic', 'considered'] ['most', 'effective', 'methods', 'controlling', 'spread', 'virus', 'recent', 'studies', 'indicate', 'that', 'city', 'digital'] ['twin', 'beneficial', 'tackling', 'this', 'health', 'crisis', 'because', 'construct', 'virtual', 'replica', 'simulate', 'factors'] ['such', 'climate', 'conditions', 'response', 'policies', 'people', 'trajectories', 'help', 'plan', 'efficient', 'inclusive', 'decisions'] ['however', 'city', 'dtsystem', 'relies', 'long', 'term', 'high', 'quality', 'data', 'collection', 'make', 'appropriate', 'decisions', 'limiting'] ['advantages', 'when', 'facing', 'urgent', 'crises', 'such', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'which'] ['clients', 'learn', 'shared', 'model', 'while', 'retaining', 'training', 'data', 'locally', 'emerges', 'promising', 'solution'] ['accumulating', 'insights', 'from', 'multiple', 'data', 'sources', 'efficiently', 'furthermore', 'enhanced', 'privacy', 'protection'] ['settings', 'removing', 'privacy', 'barriers', 'this', 'collaboration', 'this', 'work', 'propose', 'framework', 'that', 'fused', 'city'] ['with', 'achieve', 'novel', 'collaborative', 'paradigm', 'that', 'allows', 'multiple', 'city', 'share', 'local', 'strategy'] ['status', 'quickly', 'particular', 'central', 'server', 'manages', 'local', 'updates', 'multiple', 'collaborators', 'city'] ['providing', 'global', 'model', 'that', 'trained', 'multiple', 'iterations', 'different', 'city', 'systems', 'until', 'model', 'gains'] ['correlations', 'between', 'various', 'response', 'plans', 'infection', 'trends', 'this', 'approach', 'means', 'collaborative', 'city'] ['paradigm', 'fused', 'with', 'techniques', 'obtain', 'knowledge', 'patterns', 'from', 'multiple', 'eventually', 'establish'] ['global', 'view', 'city', 'crisis', 'management', 'meanwhile', 'also', 'helps', 'improve', 'each', 'city', 'consolidating', 'other'] ['data', 'without', 'violating', 'privacy', 'rules', 'this', 'paper', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'case', 'proposed'] ['framework', 'experimental', 'results', 'real', 'dataset', 'with', 'various', 'response', 'plans', 'validate', 'proposed', 'solution'] ['demonstrate', 'superior', 'performance'] ['words', 'covid', 'digital', 'twin', 'federated', 'learning', 'deep', 'learning'] ['junjie', 'pang', 'with', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'also', 'with'] ['business', 'school', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'mail', 'pangjj18'] ['huang', 'with', 'college', 'computing', 'software', 'engineering', 'kennesaw', 'state', 'university', 'atlanta', '30060'] ['mail', 'yhuang24', 'kennesaw'] ['zhenzhen', 'with', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'jilin', 'university', 'changchun', '130012', 'china', 'mail'] ['xiezz14', 'mails'] ['jianbo', 'with', 'college', 'computer', 'science', 'technology', 'qingdao', 'university', 'qingdao', '266000', 'china', 'mail'] ['lijianbo'] ['zhipeng', 'with', 'department', 'computer', 'science', 'georgia', 'state', 'university', 'atlanta', '30303', 'mail', 'zcai'] ['whom', 'correspondence', 'should', 'addressed'] ['manuscript', 'received', '2021', 'accepted', '2021', '18760', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', '2021'] ['introduction'] ['coronavirus', 'covid', 'infectious', 'disease'] ['caused', 'recently', 'discovered', 'coronavirus'] ['identified', 'december', '31th', '2019', 'https'] ['emergencies', 'diseases', 'novel', 'coronavirus', '2019'] ['virus', 'spread', 'worldwide', 'less', 'than', 'three', 'months'] ['infected', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'people', 'caused'] ['over', 'deaths', 'https', 'worldometers', 'info'] ['coronavirus', 'this', 'widespread', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak'] ['received', 'tremendous', 'attention', 'from', 'research'] ['medical', 'perspective', 'however', 'specific', 'antiviral'] ['treatment', 'covid', 'remains', 'unavailable', 'therefore'] ['early', 'radical', 'government', 'response'] ['considered', 'most', 'effective', 'method', 'when', 'facing'] ['novel', 'infectious', 'disease', 'however', 'determining'] ['response', 'plan', 'properly', 'challenging', 'because'] ['lack', 'experience', 'efficient', 'data', 'sources'] ['mathematical', 'model', 'possible', 'solution'] ['intervention', 'surveillance', 'infectious'] ['disease', 'example', 'susceptible', 'infected', 'susceptible', 'epidemic', 'model', 'widely', 'used'] ['describing', 'spreading', 'process', 'virus', 'static'] ['network', 'with', 'assumption', 'constant', 'population'] ['this', 'model', 'also', 'combine', 'with', 'time', 'varying'] ['dynamic', 'network', 'describe', 'more', 'complex', 'propagation'] ['also', 'observe', 'that', 'significant', 'proliferation'] ['machine', 'learning', 'techniques', 'resulted', 'rapid'] ['development', 'intelligent', 'forecasting', 'models', 'recent'] ['works', 'demonstrate', 'their', 'comparable', 'performance'] ['capturing', 'trivial', 'atypical', 'trends', 'typical', 'patterns'] ['epidemic', 'control', 'such', 'wiener', 'series', 'based'] ['machine', 'learning', 'model', 'measuring', 'h1n1', 'virus'] ['spread', 'after', 'intervention', 'representation'] ['learning', 'model', 'that', 'generates', 'interpretable', 'epidemic'] ['forecasting', 'results', 'seasonal', 'influenza', 'forecasting'] [] ['however', 'these', 'models', 'still', 'have', 'several', 'challenges'] ['limitations', 'predicting', 'infection', 'trends', 'novel'] ['infectious', 'disease', 'such', 'covid'] ['uncertain', 'influence', 'contrast', 'other', 'pandemic'] ['predictions', 'prediction', 'model', 'unknown', 'infectious'] ['diseases', 'such', 'covid', 'must', 'learn', 'influence'] ['various', 'response', 'plan', 'settings', 'such', 'mask', 'wearing'] ['shelter', 'place', 'statewide', 'school', 'closures'] ['cold', 'start', 'problem', 'when', 'virus', 'starts'] ['spread', 'local', 'health', 'department', 'always', 'needs', 'long'] ['time', 'properly', 'collect', 'sufficient', 'data', 'generate'] ['response', 'pandemic', 'note', 'that', 'same', 'response'] ['plan', 'could', 'have', 'varied', 'effects', 'different', 'locations'] ['radical', 'response', 'plan', 'only', 'bring', 'economic', 'risks'] ['risk', 'areas', 'while', 'same', 'actions', 'could', 'result'] ['losing', 'control', 'spreading', 'virus', 'economic'] ['damage', 'severely', 'affected', 'areas'] ['privacy', 'protection', 'data', 'resources', 'related'] ['health', 'crisis', 'such', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'unavoidably'] ['contain', 'sensitive', 'information', 'this', 'situation', 'means', 'that'] ['cannot', 'collaboratively', 'share', 'these', 'data', 'unless'] ['provide', 'strong', 'privacy', 'guarantee', 'however', 'medical'] ['institutions', 'local', 'governments', 'expect', 'high', 'performance', 'model', 'epidemic', 'control', 'which', 'means'] ['massive', 'data', 'collection', 'required', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'because', 'privacy', 'confidentiality'] ['concerns', 'these', 'applications', 'possibly', 'prevented'] ['such', 'that', 'data', 'silos', 'emerge', 'these', 'silos', 'isolated'] ['islands', 'data', 'which', 'make', 'health', 'data', 'management'] ['disorganized', 'inefficient', 'moreover', 'they', 'make'] ['prohibitively', 'costly', 'local', 'agencies', 'extract'] ['knowledge', 'share', 'insights', 'realize', 'collaborations'] ['with', 'other', 'regions'] [] ['shown', 'proposes', 'digital', 'twin'] ['enabled', 'collaborative', 'training', 'framework', 'based'] ['federated', 'learning', 'paradigm', 'resolve'] ['above', 'problems', 'city', 'build', 'virtual'] ['replica', 'city', 'state', 'that', 'provides', 'digital', 'view'] ['federated', 'learning', 'central', 'server'] ['city'] ['real', 'world'] ['overview', 'collaborative', 'framework', 'multiple', 'city', 'junjie', 'pang', 'collaborative', 'city', 'digital', 'twin', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution'] ['city', 'state', 'facilities', 'human', 'activities', 'other', 'types'] ['information', 'enable', 'information', 'convergence'] ['multiple', 'aspects', 'infection', 'trend', 'thus', 'enabling'] ['prediction', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'caused', 'different'] ['events', 'city', 'allows', 'each', 'region', 'accumulate'] ['historical', 'data', 'efficiently', 'while', 'demonstrating'] ['remarkable', 'potential', 'offering', 'continuous', 'interaction'] ['with', 'physical', 'world', 'refine', 'prediction'] [] ['specifically', 'time', 'convolutional', 'networks'] ['adopted', 'implement', 'city', 'ensuring', 'superior'] ['performance', 'modeling', 'temporal', 'information'] ['dynamics', 'future', 'infection', 'trend', 'prediction', 'under'] ['local', 'response', 'plan'] ['further', 'resolve', 'cold', 'start', 'problem', 'privacy'] ['concerns', 'introduced', 'collaborative'] ['training', 'paradigm', 'only', 'involves', 'parameters'] ['shared', 'among', 'multiple', 'parties', 'training', 'collaborative'] ['machine', 'learning', 'models', 'thus', 'significantly'] ['lower', 'privacy', 'risks', 'collaborative', 'knowledge'] ['exchange', 'these', 'features', 'combined', 'with', 'high', 'quality', 'contribution', 'from', 'local', 'city', 'essential'] ['establishing', 'prediction', 'model', 'accumulating'] ['knowledge', 'insights', 'unknown', 'virus', 'such'] ['covid', 'short', 'period'] ['contributions', 'summarized', 'follows'] ['resolve', 'uncertain', 'influence', 'challenge'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'management', 'among'] ['first', 'propose', 'novel', 'collaborative', 'learning', 'framework'] ['with', 'city', 'embedding'] ['proposed', 'based', 'city', 'helps', 'determine'] ['effects', 'various', 'local', 'response', 'plans', 'each'] ['city', 'area', 'which', 'first', 'attempt', 'utilize', 'trivial', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'epidemic', 'forecasting'] ['considering', 'fine', 'granularity', 'time', 'pattern', 'features'] ['considering', 'cold', 'start', 'problem', 'privacy'] ['concerns', 'solution', 'which', 'offers'] ['collaborative', 'learning', 'only', 'parameter', 'sharing'] ['disturb', 'each', 'city', 'privacy', 'rules'] ['extensive', 'simulations', 'with', 'real', 'dataset', 'reveal', 'that'] ['proposed', 'framework', 'significantly', 'outperforms'] ['trivial', 'baseline', 'city', 'solution'] ['with', 'strong', 'privacy', 'guarantee'] ['remainder', 'paper', 'organized'] ['follows', 'section', 'introduces', 'related', 'works', 'basic'] ['definitions', 'problem', 'statements', 'presented'] ['section', 'section', 'explains', 'detailed', 'structure'] ['methodology', 'proposed', 'framework'] ['experiments', 'results', 'analyzed', 'section'] ['finally', 'conclusions', 'future', 'work', 'presented'] ['section'] ['related', 'work'] ['this', 'section', 'start', 'with', 'brief', 'review', 'traditional'] ['methods', 'epidemic', 'prediction', 'then', 'discuss'] ['related', 'techniques', 'need', 'collaborative'] ['training', 'framework'] ['deep', 'learning', 'based', 'epidemic', 'control', 'historical'] ['insights', 'from', 'temporal', 'infection', 'data', 'have', 'been'] ['crucial', 'epidemic', 'control', 'prevention', 'could'] ['benefit', 'other', 'problems', 'smart', 'city', 'systems'] ['enhanced', 'social', 'network', 'analysis', 'deep', 'learning', 'based', 'techniques', 'have', 'demonstrated', 'remarkable'] ['performance', 'model', 'such', 'temporal', 'correlations'] ['recognize', 'multiple', 'patterns', 'including', 'deep'] ['neural', 'network', 'based', 'short', 'term', 'high', 'resolution'] ['epidemic', 'forecasting', 'influenza', 'like', 'illness'] ['semi', 'supervised', 'deep', 'learning', 'framework', 'that', 'integrates'] ['computational', 'epidemiology', 'social', 'media', 'mining'] ['techniques', 'epidemic', 'simulation', 'called', 'simnest'] ['epirp', 'which', 'representational', 'learning'] ['methods', 'capture', 'dynamic', 'characteristics'] ['epidemic', 'spreading', 'social', 'networks', 'epidemics', 'oriented', 'clustering', 'classification'] ['moreover', 'recent', 'breakthroughs', 'infectious', 'disease'] ['modeling', 'forecasting', 'real', 'time', 'disease', 'surveillance'] ['have', 'further', 'convinced', 'that', 'these', 'activities', 'mitigate'] ['effects', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'addition', 'with'] ['rapid', 'growth', 'cloud', 'computing', 'wireless'] ['data', 'communication', 'architectures', 'deep', 'learning', 'models', 'demonstrate', 'constantly', 'improving', 'efficiency'] ['given', 'various', 'application', 'scenarios', 'objectives'] ['deep', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'different', 'typical'] ['solution', 'localized', 'nowcasting', 'activity'] ['inferring', 'argonet', 'which', 'network', 'based'] ['approach', 'leveraging', 'spatio', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'across'] ['different', 'states', 'improve', 'prediction', 'accuracy'] ['argonet', 'uses', 'spatial', 'network', 'capture'] ['spatio', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'across', 'different', 'states'] ['produces', 'more', 'precise', 'retrospective', 'estimates', 'based'] ['information', 'from', 'influenza', 'related', 'google', 'search'] ['frequencies', 'electronic', 'health', 'records', 'historical'] ['influenza', 'trends', 'instead', 'leveraging', 'multiple', 'data'] ['source', 'such', 'argonet', 'studies'] ['proposed', 'multi', 'task', 'learning', 'based', 'model', 'that', 'only'] ['uses', 'user', 'generated', 'content', 'search', 'data', 'they'] ['investigate', 'linear', 'nonlinear', 'model', 'capabilities'] ['find', 'that', 'disease', 'rate', 'estimates', 'significantly762', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', '2021'] ['improved', 'case', 'study', 'influenza', 'like', 'illness'] ['however', 'these', 'successful', 'attempts', 'based', 'large', 'scale', 'data', 'sources', 'massive', 'historical', 'information'] ['disease', 'with', 'similar', 'spreading', 'patterns', 'which'] ['means', 'that', 'high', 'dimensionality', 'irregularity', 'forms'] ['noise', 'privacy', 'concerns', 'sparsity', 'problems'] ['affect', 'these', 'learning', 'based', 'models', 'performance'] [] ['especially', 'when', 'face', 'unexpected', 'infectious', 'disease'] ['outbreaks', 'such', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['filling', 'data', 'city', 'proposed'] ['promising', 'solution', 'virtual', 'representation'] ['device', 'specific', 'application', 'scenario', 'that', 'interact'] ['with', 'target', 'environment', 'collect', 'data', 'continuously'] ['real', 'time', 'decision', 'making', 'several', 'successful'] ['research', 'attempts', 'include', 'disaster', 'city'] [] ['energy', 'management', 'city', 'scale', 'light', 'detection'] ['ranging', 'lidar', 'point', 'clouds', 'furthermore'] ['singapore', 'germany', 'have', 'launched', 'city', 'scale', 'monitor', 'improve', 'utilities', 'which', 'enhance'] ['transparency', 'sustainability', 'availability'] ['this', 'city', 'offers', 'high', 'quality'] ['real', 'time', 'data', 'resource', 'describe', 'spread'] ['epidemic', 'whereas', 'data', 'silos', 'naturally', 'emerge', 'because'] ['privacy', 'barriers', 'maintain', 'advantages'] ['tolerate', 'data', 'sparsity', 'challenge', 'which'] ['allows', 'multiple', 'stack', 'holders', 'share', 'data', 'train'] ['global', 'model', 'become', 'preferred', 'scheme'] ['typical', 'scheme', 'settings', 'each', 'data', 'owner', 'client'] ['engages', 'collaborative', 'training', 'process', 'without'] ['transferring', 'data', 'others', 'through'] ['central', 'server', 'manages', 'each', 'client', 'local', 'training'] ['updates', 'aggregates', 'their', 'contributions', 'enhance'] ['global', 'model', 'performance', 'several', 'concrete', 'scenarios'] ['including', 'google', 'gboard', 'health', 'smart'] ['banking', 'show', 'advantages', 'handling'] ['collaborative', 'training', 'issues', 'data', 'difficulties', 'among'] ['diverse', 'data', 'owners', 'therefore', 'motivated'] ['utilize', 'techniques', 'resolve', 'data', 'sparsity'] ['challenges', 'design', 'collaborative', 'city'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'control'] ['preliminary', 'system', 'model'] ['this', 'section', 'first', 'explain', 'preliminaries'] ['proposed', 'framework', 'structural', 'design', 'which'] ['combines', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control'] ['will', 'explained', 'with', 'mathematical', 'definition'] ['problem', 'objective', 'detailed', 'methodology'] ['proposed', 'solution', 'will', 'illustrated', 'section'] ['preliminaries'] ['given', 'these', 'advantages', 'delicate', 'designed'] ['convolutional', 'architecture', 'handle', 'variable'] ['length', 'inputs', 'such', 'those', 'recurrent', 'neural', 'network'] ['based', 'methods', 'convincingly', 'outperform'] ['baseline', 'recurrent', 'architectures', 'across', 'various', 'sequence'] ['modeling', 'tasks', 'leveraging', 'much', 'simpler'] ['fully', 'convolutional', 'network', 'build', 'very'] ['long', 'sufficient', 'history', 'size', 'variable', 'length'] ['input', 'sequence', 'avoiding', 'large', 'memory', 'requirements'] ['intricate', 'network', 'architecture', 'such', 'those'] ['gated', 'rnns', 'model', 'pipeline', 'distinguishing'] ['features', 'causal', 'convolution', 'dilated', 'convolution'] ['causal', 'convolutions', 'consider', 'that', 'output', 'time'] ['convoluted', 'only', 'with', 'elements', 'that', 'occurred', 'before'] ['which', 'suggests', 'that', 'current', 'spatial', 'temporal', 'information'] ['depends', 'only', 'past', 'future', 'inputs'] ['then', 'further', 'achieve', 'longer', 'history', 'data', 'without'] ['introducing', 'extremely', 'deep', 'network', 'very', 'large'] ['filters', 'uses', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'enlarge'] ['sequence', 'data', 'maximum', 'length', 'receptive', 'field'] ['notably', 'receptive', 'field', 'changed', 'stacking'] ['more', 'dilated', 'convolution', 'layers', 'increasing', 'filter'] ['sizes', 'which', 'fully', 'explain', 'robustness', 'flexibility'] ['privacy', 'enhanced', 'distributed', 'learning'] ['framework', 'with', 'emphasis', 'using', 'mobile', 'edge'] ['devices', 'collecting', 'data', 'scaling', 'computation'] ['resources', 'unlike', 'previous', 'research', 'handling', 'with'] ['training', 'data', 'centralized', 'manner', 'essential'] ['property', 'uses', 'parameter', 'only', 'collaborative', 'training'] ['avoid', 'disturbing', 'each', 'clients', 'privacy', 'rules', 'thus'] ['various', 'participating', 'clients', 'solve', 'learning', 'task'] ['through', 'spoke', 'topology', 'model', 'aggregation'] ['while', 'maintaining', 'data', 'their', 'devices'] ['particular', 'training', 'task'] ['central', 'server', 'trains', 'global', 'model', 'initialization'] ['then', 'distributes', 'this', 'model', 'existing', 'collaborators'] ['clients', 'after', 'receiving', 'global', 'model', 'each'] ['collaborator', 'uses', 'local', 'dataset', 'update', 'local'] ['parameters', 'generates', 'local', 'updates', 'based'] ['specified', 'synchronization', 'settings', 'these', 'updates'] ['sent', 'central', 'server', 'aggregation'] ['global', 'model', 'improved', 'these', 'distributed', 'update'] ['iterations', 'repeated', 'until', 'global', 'model', 'converges'] ['achieves', 'expected', 'performance'] ['digital', 'representation', 'physical'] ['asset', 'environment', 'system', 'that', 'initially'] ['developed', 'automatically', 'aggregate', 'analyze', 'andjunjie', 'pang', 'collaborative', 'city', 'digital', 'twin', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution'] ['visualize', 'complex', 'information', 'through', 'continuous'] ['interactions', 'with', 'physical', 'world'] ['city', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control'] ['from', 'above', 'facts', 'observe', 'explicit', 'advantages'] ['using', 'establish', 'collaborative', 'training'] ['framework', 'multiple', 'city', 'first', 'separating'] ['local', 'model', 'training', 'global', 'model', 'updates'] ['offers', 'strong', 'capability', 'deal', 'with', 'isolated', 'data'] ['island', 'problem', 'between', 'multiple', 'secondly', 'with'] ['enhanced', 'privacy', 'settings', 'each', 'city', 'obtain'] ['collaboration', 'achievements', 'without', 'violating', 'privacy'] ['rules', 'these', 'properties', 'essential', 'covid'] ['pandemic', 'control', 'because', 'different', 'regions', 'need'] ['collaboration', 'paradigm', 'with', 'lower', 'privacy', 'risks'] ['quickly', 'realize', 'effective', 'response', 'plan', 'furthermore'] ['each', 'city', 'using', 'time', 'series', 'data'] ['modeling', 'method', 'shared', 'global', 'model', 'provide'] ['more', 'temporal', 'correlation', 'perspectives', 'which'] ['complementary', 'approach', 'make', 'city', 'quickly'] ['converge', 'robust', 'performance'] ['proposed', 'work', 'city', 'three', 'primary'] ['components', 'physical', 'environment', 'city'] ['virtual', 'replica', 'describing', 'city', 'architecture'] ['functions', 'behaviors', 'active', 'communications'] ['between', 'obtain', 'real', 'time', 'spatiotemporal'] ['data', 'from', 'various', 'infrastructure', 'human', 'systems'] [] ['according', 'three', 'components', 'compose', 'city'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'control', 'using', 'following'] ['metrics'] ['covid', 'case', 'number', 'covid', 'case'] ['number', 'number', 'identified', 'confirmed', 'cases'] ['direct', 'evidence', 'describe', 'characteristics'] ['human', 'human', 'transmission', 'daily', 'updates', 'case'] ['numbers', 'represent', 'infection', 'trend', 'changes', 'show'] ['whether', 'response', 'plan', 'operated', 'efficiently'] ['framework', 'each', 'model', 'from', 'specific', 'area'] ['that', 'case', 'number', 'bounded', 'with', 'area', 'time'] ['information'] ['covid', 'testing', 'number', 'this', 'metric', 'measures'] ['many', 'individuals', 'tested', 'covid'] ['affected', 'regions', 'actual', 'total', 'number', 'people'] ['infected', 'with', 'covid', 'cannot', 'obtained', 'this'] ['situation', 'number', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'depends'] ['testing', 'number', 'because', 'used', 'further', 'interpret'] ['revise', 'covid', 'case', 'number', 'meanwhile'] ['positive', 'rate', 'computed', 'testing', 'number'] ['particular', 'time', 'window', 'essential', 'metric'] ['describing', 'target', 'area', 'controls', 'spread', 'properly'] ['therefore', 'must', 'both', 'numbers', 'estimate'] ['current', 'infection', 'status', 'mitigate', 'risks', 'under', 'reporting', 'cases', 'deaths'] ['covid', 'confirmed', 'death', 'number'] ['confirmed', 'death', 'number', 'describes', 'ability'] ['covid', 'cause', 'death', 'which', 'another', 'direct', 'piece'] ['evidence', 'region', 'affected', 'furthermore'] ['important', 'metric', 'identifying', 'risk', 'populations'] ['guiding', 'response', 'plan', 'adjust', 'medical'] ['resource', 'allocations', 'confirmed', 'death', 'number'] ['case', 'number', 'have', 'very', 'different', 'trends', 'because'] ['same', 'response', 'plan', 'affect', 'these', 'metrics', 'differently'] ['example', 'several', 'infected', 'regions', 'bring'] ['number', 'deaths', 'down', 'same', 'response', 'plan'] ['other', 'areas', 'only', 'lower', 'case', 'number', 'thus'] ['death', 'rate', 'helps', 'understand', 'severity', 'this', 'virus'] ['evaluate', 'each', 'response', 'plan', 'fine', 'grained', 'function'] ['response', 'plan', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'control'] ['various', 'organizations', 'governments', 'develop', 'several'] ['local', 'level', 'response', 'plans', 'even', 'country', 'level'] ['response', 'plan', 'prepare', 'respond', 'covid'] ['model'] ['tend', 'represent'] ['response', 'plan', 'where'] ['location', 'with'] ['tend', 'denoting', 'starting', 'time', 'time'] [] ['include', 'following', 'response', 'plans', 'proposed'] ['model', 'quarantine', 'domestic', 'travel', 'limitations'] ['gathering', 'limits', 'stay', 'home', 'orders', 'nonessential'] ['business', 'closures', 'reopening', 'plans', 'mask', 'policy'] ['effectiveness', 'different', 'response', 'plans', 'vary'] ['because', 'they', 'affected', 'several', 'external', 'factors'] ['such', 'sudden', 'emergency', 'adverse', 'weather', 'conditions'] ['vaccinations'] ['temporal', 'effects', 'work', 'types', 'temporal'] ['effects', 'considered', 'primary', 'factors', 'each', 'city'] ['model', 'temporal', 'effects', 'historical', 'infection', 'status'] ['historical', 'case', 'numbers', 'historical', 'deaths'] ['external', 'factors', 'selected', 'response', 'plans', 'events'] ['gatherings', 'note', 'that', 'proposed', 'city'] ['model', 'primary', 'goal', 'determine', 'whether', 'specific'] ['response', 'plan', 'flatten', 'infection', 'curve', 'evaluate'] ['period', 'validity', 'plan', 'thus', 'need', 'robust'] ['epidemic', 'forecasting', 'model', 'that', 'consider', 'multiple'] ['temporal', 'factors', 'hidden', 'periodicity'] ['historical', 'infection', 'status', 'fast', 'evolving'] ['pandemic', 'such', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['historical', 'case', 'numbers', 'direct', 'evidence'] ['correlation', 'between', 'past', 'conditions', 'current'] ['infection', 'status', 'take', 'historical', 'daily'] ['case', 'information', 'three', 'states', 'nevada', 'utah', 'tsinghua', 'science', 'technology', 'october', '2021'] ['correlation', 'between', 'current', 'infection', 'trend'] ['historical', 'infection', 'numbers'] ['wisconsin', 'examples', 'these', 'temporal'] ['effects', 'from', 'early', 'march', 'data', 'three', 'states'] ['observe', 'same', 'immediate', 'effect', 'historical', 'infection'] ['numbers', 'because', 'they', 'lead', 'continuously', 'increasing'] ['number', 'infections', 'until', 'april', 'which', 'indicates'] ['that', 'temporal', 'correlations', 'play', 'essential', 'role'] ['explaining', 'predicting', 'future', 'infection', 'trends'] ['external', 'factors', 'determine', 'whether', 'external'] ['factors', 'have', 'immediate', 'delayed', 'effect', 'future'] ['infection', 'trends', 'observe', 'correlation', 'between'] ['each', 'specific', 'factor', 'infection', 'status', 'next'] ['days', 'work', 'response', 'plans', 'considered'] ['primary', 'external', 'factor', 'because', 'choice'] ['specified', 'response', 'plan', 'also', 'significantly', 'affect'] ['number', 'infections', 'this', 'effect', 'various'] ['depending', 'strictness', 'that', 'policy', 'people'] ['acceptance', 'many', 'other', 'factors', 'such'] ['various', 'climate', 'conditions', 'population', 'density'] ['example', 'observe', 'that', 'after', 'taking'] ['specified', 'response', 'plan', 'such', 'domestic', 'travel'] ['limitations', 'gathering', 'limits', 'infection', 'trend'] ['three', 'states', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'however'] ['different', 'reasons', 'validity', 'period', 'response'] ['plan', 'vary', 'three', 'states', 'exhibit', 'increasing'] ['infection', 'trend', 'over', 'time', 'thus', 'temporal', 'effect'] ['specific', 'response', 'plan', 'complicated', 'because'] ['external', 'factors', 'such', 'time', 'window'] ['indeterminate', 'period', 'that', 'response', 'plan', 'starts'] ['take', 'effect', 'paroxysmal', 'public', 'crisis', 'also'] ['lead', 'infection', 'trend', 'changes', 'which', 'suggests', 'that'] ['challenge', 'estimate', 'temporal', 'effects'] ['specific', 'response', 'plan', 'from', 'such', 'complicated', 'physical'] ['environment'] ['problem', 'statement'] ['place', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'under', 'control'] ['different', 'local', 'agencies', 'each', 'city', 'region', 'choose'] ['their', 'strategy', 'meet', 'local', 'requirements', 'this'] ['divergence', 'occurs', 'mainly', 'because', 'different', 'regions'] ['should', 'consider', 'local', 'intrinsic', 'properties'] ['instance', 'area', 'which', 'thinly', 'populated', 'district'] ['with', 'very', 'infection', 'rates', 'would', 'prefer', 'choose'] ['less', 'radical', 'response', 'plan', 'while', 'another', 'area'] ['where', 'severe', 'infection', 'conditions', 'very'] ['likely', 'choose', 'less', 'radical', 'response', 'plan', 'like'] ['restricting', 'activities', 'closing', 'most', 'facilities'] ['this', 'situation', 'means', 'that', 'each', 'region', 'only', 'obtain'] ['knowledge', 'trial', 'error', 'operation', 'schemes'] ['seeking', 'effective', 'response', 'plan', 'increasing'] ['time', 'cost', 'could', 'lead', 'delayed', 'response', 'plan', 'with'] ['poor', 'performance', 'moreover', 'train', 'city', 'model'] ['predict', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'after', 'response', 'plan'] ['enough', 'features', 'must', 'used', 'construct', 'temporal'] ['correlations', 'which', 'suggests', 'that', 'collaborative', 'city'] ['training', 'framework', 'must', 'considered', 'instead'] ['coping', 'with', 'these', 'challenges', 'limitations'] ['protocol', 'used', 'collaborative', 'city'] ['framework', 'this', 'paper', 'study', 'problem'] ['forecasting', 'future', 'infection', 'trends', 'specific', 'response'] ['plans', 'formally', 'this', 'problem', 'stated', 'follows'] ['given', 'multiple', 'city'] ['each'] ['expects', 'collaborations', 'bounded', 'with', 'local', 'data'] ['sensing', 'method', 'generate', 'individualize', 'data', 'source'] [] ['federated', 'training', 'problem'] ['optimize', 'following', 'function'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['pifi'] [] ['junjie', 'pang', 'collaborative', 'city', 'digital', 'twin', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'federated', 'learning', 'solution'] ['where', 'number', 'city', 'represents'] ['parameter', 'global', 'model', 'where'] ['number', 'data', 'points', 'city', 'data', 'source'] [] ['number', 'data', 'points', 'city'] ['city'] ['loss', 'function', 'data', 'point'] ['that', 'local', 'objective', 'defined'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['new_paper'] ['received', 'november', '2020', 'accepted', 'december', '2020', 'date', 'publication', 'december', '2020'] ['date', 'current', 'version', 'december', '2020'] ['digital', 'object', 'identifier', '1109', 'access', '2020', '3044858'] ['artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest'] ['images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'approach'] ['julián', 'arias', 'londoño'] ['senior', 'member', 'ieee', 'jorge', 'gómez', 'garcía'] [] ['laureano', 'moro', 'velázquez3'] ['member', 'ieee'] ['juan', 'godino', 'llorente'] ['senior', 'member', 'ieee'] ['1department', 'systems', 'engineering', 'universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', '050010', 'colombia'] ['2bioengineering', 'optoelectronics', 'laboratory', 'universidad', 'politécnica', 'madrid', '28031', 'madrid', 'spain'] ['3department', 'electrical', 'computer', 'engineering', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'baltimore', '21218'] ['corresponding', 'author', 'juan', 'godino', 'llorente', 'ignacio', 'godino'] ['this', 'work', 'supported', 'part', 'ministry', 'economy', 'competitiveness', 'spain', 'under', 'grant', 'dpi2017', '83405', 'part'] ['universidad', 'antioquia', 'medellín', 'colombia'] ['abstract', 'current', 'standard', 'protocols', 'used', 'clinic', 'diagnosing', 'covid', 'include', 'molecular'] ['antigen', 'tests', 'generally', 'complemented', 'plain', 'chest', 'combined', 'analysis', 'aims', 'reduce'] ['significant', 'number', 'false', 'negatives', 'these', 'tests', 'provide', 'complementary', 'evidence', 'about', 'presence'] ['severity', 'disease', 'however', 'procedure', 'free', 'errors', 'interpretation', 'chest'] ['only', 'restricted', 'radiologists', 'complexity', 'with', 'long', 'term', 'goal', 'provide', 'evidence'] ['diagnosis', 'this', 'paper', 'presents', 'evaluation', 'different', 'methods', 'based', 'deep', 'neural', 'network'] ['these', 'first', 'steps', 'develop', 'automatic', 'covid', 'diagnosis', 'tool', 'using', 'chest', 'images'] ['differentiate', 'between', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'groups', 'paper', 'describes', 'process', 'followed'] ['train', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'with', 'dataset', 'more', 'than', 'images', 'compiled', 'from'] ['different', 'sources', 'including', 'more', 'than', 'covid', 'examples', 'three', 'different', 'experiments', 'following'] ['three', 'preprocessing', 'schemes', 'carried', 'evaluate', 'compare', 'developed', 'models'] ['evaluate', 'preprocessing', 'data', 'affects', 'results', 'improves', 'explainability', 'likewise', 'critical'] ['analysis', 'different', 'variability', 'issues', 'that', 'might', 'compromise', 'system', 'effects', 'performed', 'with'] ['employed', 'methodology', 'classification', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'with', 'average', 'recall'] ['worst', 'most', 'explainable', 'experiment', 'which', 'requires', 'previous', 'automatic', 'segmentation', 'lung'] ['region'] ['index', 'terms', 'covid', 'deep', 'learning', 'pneumonia', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'chest'] ['introduction'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'rapidly', 'become', 'biggest'] ['health', 'world', 'challenges', 'recent', 'years', 'disease', 'spreads'] ['fast', 'pace', 'reproduction', 'number', 'covid', 'ranged'] ['from', 'during', 'first', 'months', 'pandemic'] ['meaning', 'that', 'average', 'infected', 'person', 'transmitted'] ['disease', 'more', 'people', 'result', 'number'] ['covid', 'infections', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'from', 'just'] ['hundred', 'cases', 'january', 'most', 'them', 'concentrated'] ['associate', 'editor', 'coordinating', 'review', 'this', 'manuscript'] ['approving', 'publication', 'wenming'] ['china', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'november', 'spread'] ['around', 'world'] ['covid', 'caused', 'coronavirus', 'sars', 'cov2'] ['virus', 'that', 'belongs', 'same', 'family', 'other', 'respiratory'] ['disorders', 'such', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome'] ['sars', 'middle', 'east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mers'] ['symptomatology', 'covid', 'diverse', 'arises'] ['after', 'incubation', 'around', 'days', 'symptoms', 'might'] ['include', 'fever', 'cough', 'fatigue', 'although', 'headache'] ['hemoptysis', 'diarrhea', 'dyspnoea', 'lymphopenia', 'also'] ['reported', 'severe', 'cases', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'tress', 'syndrome', 'ards', 'might', 'developed', 'underlying'] ['pneumonia', 'associated', 'with', 'covid', 'most', 'severe'] ['volume', '2020', 'this', 'work', 'licensed', 'under', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution', 'license', 'more', 'information', 'https', 'creativecommons', 'licenses', '226811j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['cases', 'estimated', 'period', 'from', 'onset', 'disease'] ['death', 'ranges', 'from', 'days', 'with', 'median', 'days'] ['being', 'dependent', 'patient', 'patient', 'immune'] ['system', 'status'] ['once', 'sars', 'cov2', 'reaches', 'host', 'lung', 'gets'] ['into', 'cells', 'through', 'protein', 'called', 'ace2', 'which', 'serves'] ['opening', 'cell', 'lock', 'after', 'virus', 'genetic'] ['material', 'multiplied', 'infected', 'cell', 'produces', 'proteins'] ['that', 'complement', 'viral', 'structure', 'produce', 'viruses'] ['then', 'virus', 'destroys', 'infected', 'cell', 'leaves'] ['infects', 'cells', 'destroyed', 'cells', 'produce', 'radiological'] ['lesions', 'such', 'consolidations', 'nodules'] ['lungs', 'that', 'observable', 'form', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacity'] ['regions', 'images', 'these', 'lesions'] ['more', 'noticeable', 'patients', 'assessed', 'more', 'days', 'after'] ['onset', 'disease', 'especially', 'those', 'older', 'than'] ['findings', 'also', 'suggest', 'that', 'patients', 'recovered', 'from'] ['covid', 'have', 'developed', 'pulmonary', 'fibrosis', 'which'] ['connective', 'tissue', 'lung', 'gets', 'inflamed', 'leading'] ['pathological', 'proliferation', 'connective', 'tissue', 'between'] ['alveoli', 'surrounding', 'blood', 'vessels', 'given', 'these'] ['signs', 'radiological', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'using', 'plain', 'chest'] ['thorax', 'computer', 'tomography', 'have', 'become'] ['crucial', 'diagnosis', 'evaluation', 'tools', 'identify', 'assess'] ['severity', 'infection'] ['since', 'declaration', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['world', 'health', 'organization', 'identified', 'four', 'major', 'areas'] ['reduce', 'impact', 'disease', 'world', 'prepare'] ['ready', 'detect', 'protect', 'treat', 'reduce', 'transmission'] ['innovate', 'learn', 'concerning', 'area', 'detec', 'tion', 'significant', 'efforts', 'have', 'been', 'undertaken', 'improve'] ['diagnostic', 'procedures', 'covid', 'date', 'gold', 'stan', 'dard', 'clinic', 'still', 'molecular', 'diagnostic', 'test', 'based'] ['polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'which', 'precise', 'time', 'consuming', 'requires', 'specialized', 'personnel', 'laboratories'] ['general', 'limited', 'capacities', 'resources'] ['health', 'systems', 'alternative', 'rapid'] ['tests', 'such', 'those', 'based', 'real', 'time', 'reverse', 'transcriptase', 'polymerase', 'chain', 'reaction', 'they', 'more'] ['rapidly', 'deployed', 'decrease', 'load', 'specialized', 'labora', 'tories', 'personnel', 'provide', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'compared'] ['traditional'] ['other', 'tests', 'such', 'those', 'based', 'antigens'] ['available', 'mainly', 'used', 'massive', 'testings'] ['clinical', 'applications', 'higher', 'chance', 'missing'] ['active', 'infection', 'contrast', 'with', 'which', 'detects'] ['virus', 'genetic', 'material', 'antigen', 'tests', 'identify', 'specific'] ['proteins', 'virus', 'surface', 'requiring', 'higher', 'viral', 'load'] ['which', 'significantly', 'shortens', 'sensitivity', 'period'] ['clinical', 'practice', 'test', 'usually', 'comple', 'mented', 'with', 'chest', 'such', 'manner', 'that', 'bined', 'analysis', 'reduces', 'significant', 'number', 'false', 'atives', 'same', 'time', 'brings', 'additional', 'information'] ['about', 'extent', 'severity', 'disease', 'addition'] ['that', 'thorax', 'also', 'used', 'second', 'method'] ['evaluation', 'although', 'evaluation', 'with', 'provides', 'more'] ['accurate', 'results', 'early', 'stages', 'have', 'been', 'shown'] ['have', 'greater', 'sensitivity', 'specificity', 'imaging'] ['become', 'standard', 'screening', 'protocols', 'since', 'fast'] ['minimally', 'invasive', 'cost', 'requires', 'simpler', 'logistics'] ['implementation'] ['search', 'rapid', 'more', 'objective', 'accurate', 'sensi', 'tive', 'procedures', 'which', 'could', 'complement', 'diagnosis'] ['assessment', 'disorder', 'trend', 'research', 'emerged'] ['employ', 'clinical', 'features', 'extracted', 'from', 'thorax', 'chest'] ['with', 'automatic', 'detection', 'purposes', 'potential', 'benefit'] ['studying', 'radiological', 'images', 'that', 'these', 'character', 'pneumonic', 'states', 'even', 'asymptomatic', 'population'] ['however', 'more', 'research', 'needed', 'this', 'field', 'lack'] ['findings', 'infected', 'patients', 'also', 'reported'] ['consolidation', 'such', 'technology', 'will', 'permit', 'speedy'] ['accurate', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'decreasing', 'pressure'] ['microbiological', 'laboratories', 'charge', 'tests'] ['providing', 'more', 'objective', 'means', 'assessing', 'ease', 'severity', 'this', 'techniques', 'based', 'deep', 'learn', 'have', 'been', 'employed', 'leverage', 'information', 'with'] ['promising', 'results', 'although', 'would', 'desirable', 'employ'] ['detection', 'purposes', 'some', 'significant', 'drawbacks'] ['often', 'present', 'including', 'higher', 'costs', 'more', 'time', 'consuming'] ['procedure', 'thorough', 'hygienic', 'protocols', 'avoid', 'infection'] ['spread', 'requirement', 'specialized', 'equipment', 'that'] ['might', 'readily', 'available', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers'] ['contrast', 'imaging', 'procedures', 'available', 'first'] ['screening', 'tests', 'many', 'hospitals', 'health', 'centers', 'lower'] ['expenses'] ['several', 'approaches', 'covid', 'detection', 'based'] ['chest', 'images', 'different', 'deep', 'learning', 'architectures'] ['have', 'been', 'published', 'last', 'months', 'reporting', 'classifi', 'cation', 'accuracies', 'around', 'higher', 'however', 'central'] ['analysis', 'most', 'those', 'works', 'focused', 'variations'] ['network', 'architectures', 'whereas', 'there', 'less', 'attention'] ['variability', 'factors', 'that', 'real', 'solution', 'should', 'tackle', 'before'] ['deployed', 'medical', 'setting', 'this', 'sense'] ['analysis', 'been', 'provided', 'demonstrate', 'reliability'] ['networks', 'predictions', 'which', 'context', 'medical'] ['solutions', 'acquires', 'particular', 'relevance', 'moreover', 'most'] ['works', 'state', 'have', 'validated', 'their', 'results', 'with'] ['data', 'sets', 'containing', 'dozens', 'hundreds', 'covid'] ['samples', 'limiting', 'proposed', 'solutions', 'impact'] ['with', 'these', 'antecedents', 'mind', 'this', 'paper', 'uses', 'deep'] ['learning', 'algorithm', 'based', 'data', 'augmentation'] ['regularization', 'techniques', 'handle', 'data', 'imbalance'] ['discrimination', 'between', 'covid', 'controls', 'other', 'types'] ['pneumonia', 'methods', 'tested', 'with', 'most', 'extensive'] ['corpus', 'date', 'authors', 'knowledge', 'three', 'different'] ['sets', 'experiments', 'were', 'carried', 'search'] ['most', 'suitable', 'coherent', 'approach', 'this', 'paper'] ['also', 'uses', 'explainability', 'techniques', 'gain', 'insight', 'about'] ['manners', 'neural', 'network', 'learns', 'interpretabil', 'terms', 'overlapping', 'among', 'regions', 'interest'] ['selected', 'network', 'those', 'that', 'more', 'likely', 'affected'] ['covid', 'critical', 'analysis', 'factors', 'that', 'affect'] ['226812', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['figure', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'first', 'chest', 'images', 'belonging', 'control', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'classes', 'second', 'grad', 'activation', 'mapping', 'images', 'despite', 'high', 'accuracy', 'model'] ['focuses', 'attention', 'areas', 'different', 'from', 'lungs', 'some', 'cases', 'third', 'grad', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after'] ['zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'resizing', 'zooming', 'region', 'interest', 'forces', 'model'] ['focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'errors', 'still', 'present', 'fourth', 'grad', 'activation', 'mapping', 'after', 'zooming'] ['segmentation', 'procedure', 'zooming', 'segmenting', 'force', 'model', 'focus', 'attention', 'lungs', 'black', 'background'] ['represents', 'mask', 'introduced', 'segmentation', 'procedure'] ['volume', '2020', '226813j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['performance', 'automatic', 'systems', 'based', 'deep', 'learning'] ['also', 'carried'] ['this', 'paper', 'organized', 'follows', 'section', 'presents', 'some'] ['background', 'antecedents', 'deep', 'learning'] ['covid', 'detection', 'section', 'presents', 'methodology'] ['section', 'presents', 'results', 'obtained', 'whereas', 'presents'] ['discussions', 'main', 'conclusions', 'this', 'paper'] ['background'] ['large', 'body', 'research', 'emerged', 'artificial'] ['intelligence', 'detect', 'different', 'respiratory', 'diseases', 'using'] ['plain', 'images', 'instance', 'authors', 'developed'] ['layer', 'convolutional', 'neural', 'network', 'architec', 'ture', 'called', 'chexnet', 'which', 'trained', 'with', 'dataset'] ['images', 'detection', 'different', 'types'] ['pneumonia', 'study', 'reports', 'area', 'under', 'receiving'] ['operating', 'characteristic', 'curve', 'multiclass'] ['scenario', 'composed', 'classes'] ['directly', 'related', 'covid', 'detection', 'three'] ['architectures', 'resnet50', 'inceptionv3', 'inceptionres', 'netv2', 'were', 'considered', 'using', 'database', 'just'] ['controls', 'covid', 'patients', 'best', 'accuracy'] ['obtained', 'with', 'resnet50', 'seven', 'different'] ['deep', 'models', 'were', 'tested', 'using', 'corpus', 'controls'] ['covid', 'patients', 'best', 'results', 'were', 'attained'] ['with', 'vgg19', 'densenet', 'models', 'obtaining', 'scores'] ['controls', 'patients', 'covid'] ['architecture', 'proposed', 'trained', 'with'] ['open', 'repository', 'called', 'covidx', 'composed'] ['images', 'although', 'only', 'from', 'patients', 'belonged'] ['covid', 'class', 'attained', 'accuracy'] ['deep', 'anomaly', 'detection', 'algorithm', 'employed'] ['detection', 'covid', 'corpus', 'covid'] ['images', 'taken', 'from', 'patients', 'control', 'images'] ['taken', 'from', '1008', 'patients', 'sensitivity'] ['specificity', 'obtained', 'combination'] ['feature', 'extraction', 'long', 'short', 'term', 'memory', 'network'] ['lstm', 'classification', 'were', 'used', 'automatic', 'detection'] ['purposes', 'model', 'trained', 'with', 'corpus', 'gathered', 'from'] ['different', 'sources', 'consisting', 'images'] ['covid', 'although', 'come', 'from', 'repository', 'applying'] ['data', 'augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'trols', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy'] ['reported', 'vgg16', 'network', 'used'] ['classification', 'employing', 'database', 'covid'] ['controls', 'pneumonia', 'images', 'following', 'hold'] ['validation', 'about', 'accuracy', 'obtained', 'identifying'] ['covid', 'being', 'lower', 'other', 'classes'] ['authors', 'adapted', 'model', 'classification'] ['covid', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'xception'] ['network', 'experiments', 'were', 'carried', 'database'] ['covid', 'controls', 'patients', 'with', 'pneumo', 'gathered', 'from', 'different', 'sources', 'attaining', 'about'] ['accuracy', 'similar', 'approach', 'followed', 'used'] ['same', 'corpus', 'binary', 'classification', 'covid'] ['controls', 'multiclass', 'classification', 'covid'] ['controls', 'pneumonia', 'with', 'modification', 'darknet'] ['model', 'transfer', 'learning', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation'] ['accuracy', 'binary', 'classification', 'multiclass', 'clas', 'sification', 'obtained', 'another', 'xception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'approach', 'presented', 'considering'] ['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'tasks', 'controls', 'covid'] ['viral', 'pneumonia', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'controls'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'deal', 'with', 'imbalance'] ['corpus', 'undersampling', 'technique', 'used'] ['randomly', 'discard', 'registers', 'from', 'larger', 'classes', 'obtain', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia'] ['viral', 'pneumonia', 'chest', 'images', 'reported'] ['accuracy', 'class', 'problem'] ['class', 'scenario', 'moreover', 'class', 'cross', 'database', 'exper', 'iment', 'accuracy', 'four', 'networks'] ['resnet18', 'resnet50', 'squeezenet', 'densenet', 'were'] ['used', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'were', 'performed'] ['database', 'covid', 'finding'] ['pneumonia', 'images', 'reported', 'results', 'indicate', 'sensitivity'] ['about', 'specificity', 'five', 'state', 'systems', 'vgg19', 'mobilenetv2', 'inception', 'xcep', 'tion', 'inceptionresnetv2', 'were', 'tested', 'transfer', 'learning'] ['setting', 'identify', 'covid', 'from', 'control', 'pneumonia'] ['images', 'experiments', 'were', 'carried', 'partitions'] ['covid', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia', 'control'] ['images', 'another', 'that', 'considered', 'previous', 'normal'] ['covid', 'data', 'included', 'cases', 'bacterial', 'viral'] ['pneumonia', 'mobilenetv2', 'attained', 'best', 'results'] ['with', 'accuracy', 'classes', 'clas', 'sification', 'mobilenetv2', 'trained', 'from'] ['scratch', 'compared', 'based', 'transfer', 'learning'] ['another', 'based', 'hybrid', 'feature', 'extraction', 'with', 'fine', 'tuning', 'experiments', 'performed', 'dataset', '3905'] ['images', 'diseases', 'indicated', 'that', 'training', 'from', 'scratch'] ['outperforms', 'other', 'approaches', 'attaining', 'accuracy'] ['multiclass', 'classification', 'detection'] ['covid', 'system', 'also', 'grounded', 'inception', 'transfer', 'learning', 'presented', 'experi', 'ments', 'were', 'performed', 'partitions', 'images', 'with'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'tuberculosis', 'controls', 'reported'] ['results', 'indicate', 'accuracy', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation'] ['scheme', 'classification', 'covid', 'from', 'other', 'classes'] ['fuzzy', 'color', 'techniques', 'were', 'used', 'processing', 'stage', 'remove', 'noise', 'enhance', 'images'] ['class', 'classification', 'setting', 'covid', 'pneumonia'] ['controls', 'processed', 'images', 'original'] ['ones', 'were', 'stacked', 'then', 'models', 'were', 'used'] ['extract', 'features', 'mobilenetv2', 'squeezenet', 'feature'] ['selection', 'technique', 'based', 'social', 'mimic', 'optimization'] ['support', 'vector', 'machine', 'used', 'experiments', 'were'] ['performed', 'corpus', 'covid', 'controls'] ['pneumonia', 'images', 'attaining', 'about', 'accuracy'] ['given', 'limited', 'amount', 'covid', 'images', 'some'] ['approaches', 'have', 'focused', 'generating', 'artificial', 'data', 'train'] ['better', 'models', 'auxiliary', 'generative', 'adversarial'] ['network', 'used', 'produce', 'artificial', 'covid'] ['226814', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['images', 'from', 'database', 'covid'] ['controls', 'results', 'indicated', 'that', 'data', 'augmentation', 'increased'] ['accuracy', 'from', 'vgg16', 'similarly'] ['used', 'augment', 'database'] ['images', 'belonging', 'four', 'classes', 'controls', 'covid', 'terial', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'different', 'models', 'were'] ['tested', 'transfer', 'learning', 'based', 'setting', 'including', 'alexnet'] ['googlenet', 'restnet18', 'best', 'results', 'were', 'obtained'] ['with', 'googlenet', 'achieving', 'multiclass', 'classifica', 'tion', 'approach', 'based', 'capsule', 'networks'] ['capsnet', 'used', 'binary', 'covid', 'controls'] ['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'covid', 'pneumonia'] ['controls', 'experiments', 'were', 'performed', 'dataset'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'controls'] ['images', 'data', 'augmentation', 'used', 'increase', 'covid', 'images', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'scheme', 'accuracy', 'binary', 'classification'] ['multi', 'class', 'classification', 'were', 'achieved', 'xnet', 'architecture', 'based', 'depth', 'wise', 'dilated', 'convolution'] ['networks', 'proposed', 'first', 'stage', 'pneumo', 'viral', 'bacterial', 'control', 'images', 'were', 'employed'] ['pretraining', 'then', 'refined', 'model', 'covid'] ['obtained', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'experiments', 'using', 'databases', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'covid'] ['controls', 'covid', 'controls', 'bacte', 'rial', 'viral', 'cases', 'pneumonia', 'easy', 'train'] ['neural', 'network', 'with', 'limited', 'number', 'training', 'parame', 'ters', 'presented', 'this', 'patch', 'phenomena', 'found'] ['images', 'were', 'studied', 'bilateral', 'involvement', 'peripheral'] ['distribution', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacification', 'develop'] ['lung', 'segmentation', 'patch', 'based', 'neural', 'network', 'that'] ['distinguished', 'covid', 'from', 'controls', 'basis'] ['system', 'resnet18', 'network', 'saliency', 'maps', 'were', 'also'] ['used', 'produce', 'interpretable', 'results', 'experiments', 'formed', 'database', 'controls', 'bacterial', 'pneumonia'] ['tuberculosis', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'about'] ['accuracy', 'obtained', 'likewise', 'interpretable', 'results', 'were'] ['reported', 'terms', 'large', 'correlations', 'between', 'saliency'] ['maps', 'activation', 'zones', 'radiological', 'findings', 'found'] ['images', 'authors', 'also', 'indicate', 'that', 'when'] ['lung', 'segmentation', 'approach', 'considered', 'system'] ['accuracy', 'decreased', 'about', 'curvelets', 'trans', 'formations', 'were', 'used', 'extract', 'features', 'from', 'images'] ['feature', 'selection', 'algorithm', 'based', 'meta', 'heuristic', 'used'] ['find', 'most', 'relevant', 'characteristics', 'while', 'model'] ['based', 'efficientnet', 'used', 'classification', 'exper', 'iments', 'were', 'carried', 'database', 'controls'] ['covid', 'viral', 'pneumonia', 'images'] ['classification', 'accuracy', 'achieved', 'with', 'proposed'] ['approach', 'multiclass', 'hierarchical', 'classification', 'differ', 'types', 'diseases', 'producing', 'pneumonia', 'with', 'labels'] ['label', 'paths', 'including', 'covid', 'were', 'explored'] ['since', 'database', 'images', 'heavily', 'imbal', 'anced', 'different', 'resampling', 'techniques', 'were', 'considered'] ['following', 'transfer', 'learning', 'approach', 'based', 'archi', 'tecture', 'extract', 'features', 'hold', 'validation', 'with'] ['different', 'classification', 'techniques', 'macro', 'score'] ['score', 'were', 'obtained', 'multiclass'] ['hierarchical', 'classification', 'scenarios', 'respectively'] ['three', 'phases', 'approach', 'presented', 'detect', 'presence'] ['pneumonia', 'classify', 'between', 'covid', 'pneu', 'monia', 'highlight', 'regions', 'interest', 'images'] ['proposed', 'system', 'utilized', 'database', 'images'] ['covid', 'patients', 'with', 'other', 'pulmonary', 'diseases'] ['controls', 'using', 'transfer', 'learning', 'system'] ['based', 'vgg16', 'about', 'accuracy', 'reported'] ['hierarchical', 'approach', 'using', 'decision', 'trees', 'based'] ['resnet18', 'presented', 'which', 'first', 'tree', 'clas', 'sified', 'images', 'into', 'normal', 'pathological', 'classes'] ['second', 'identified', 'tuberculosis', 'third', 'covid'] ['experiments', 'were', 'carried', 'partitions', 'obtained', 'after'] ['having', 'gathered', 'images', 'from', 'different', 'sources', 'data', 'mentation', 'accuracy', 'each', 'decision', 'tree', 'starting', 'from'] ['first', 'about', 'respectively'] ['issues', 'affecting', 'results', 'literature'] ['table', 'presents', 'summary', 'state', 'auto', 'matic', 'detection', 'covid', 'based', 'images', 'deep'] ['learning', 'despite', 'excellent', 'results', 'reported', 'review'] ['reveals', 'that', 'some', 'proposed', 'systems', 'suffer', 'from', 'certain'] ['shortcomings', 'that', 'affect', 'conclusions', 'extracted', 'their'] ['respective', 'studies', 'limiting', 'translational', 'possibilities'] ['clinical', 'environment', 'likewise', 'variability', 'factors', 'have'] ['been', 'deeply', 'studied', 'these', 'papers', 'their', 'study'] ['regarded', 'necessary'] ['instance', 'issues', 'that', 'affect', 'most'] ['reviewed', 'systems', 'detect', 'covid', 'from', 'plain', 'chest'] ['images', 'very', 'limited', 'datasets', 'which', 'compromises'] ['their', 'generalization', 'capabilities'] ['indeed', 'date', 'from', 'authors', 'knowledge'] ['paper', 'employing', 'largest', 'database', 'covid', 'considers'] ['images', 'gathered', 'from', 'different', 'sources', 'however'] ['images', 'belong', 'data', 'augmented', 'repository', 'which'] ['does', 'include', 'additional', 'information', 'about', 'initial', 'files', 'number', 'augmented', 'images', 'general'] ['terms', 'most', 'works', 'employ', 'less', 'than', 'covid'] ['images', 'having', 'systems', 'that', 'images'] ['however', 'this', 'understandable', 'given', 'that', 'some', 'these'] ['works', 'were', 'published', 'during', 'onset', 'pandemics', 'when'] ['number', 'available', 'registers', 'limited'] ['other', 'hand', 'good', 'balance', 'patients'] ['considered', 'essential', 'avoid', 'model', 'learn', 'specific'] ['features', 'however', 'several', 'previous', 'works', 'have', 'used'] ['images', 'from', 'children', 'populate', 'pneumonia', 'class', 'this'] ['might', 'biasing', 'results', 'given', 'differences'] ['covid', 'patients'] ['despite', 'many', 'works', 'literature', 'report', 'good', 'perfor', 'mance', 'detecting', 'covid', 'most', 'approaches', 'follow'] ['1first', 'efforts', 'used', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'dataset'] ['which', 'focused', 'detection', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'children'] ['https', 'kaggle', 'rsna', 'pneumonia', 'detection', 'challenge', 'overview'] ['volume', '2020', '226815j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['table', 'summary', 'literature', 'field'] ['brute', 'force', 'approach', 'exploiting', 'deep', 'learning', 'potentiality'] ['correlate', 'with', 'outputs', 'class', 'labels', 'provide'] ['interpretability', 'explainability', 'process'] ['unclear', 'good', 'results', 'system', 'actual'] ['capability', 'extract', 'information', 'related', 'pathology'] ['because', 'leart', 'other', 'aspects', 'during', 'training', 'that', 'biasing'] ['compromising', 'results', 'matter', 'example', 'just'] ['studies', 'reported', 'literature', 'follows', 'strat', 'that', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'most', 'significant'] ['areas', 'interest', 'covid', 'detection', 'does'] ['proposing', 'methodology', 'based', 'semantic', 'segmentation'] ['lungs', 'remaining', 'cases', 'unclear', 'models'] ['analyzing', 'lungs', 'they', 'categorizing', 'given'] ['other', 'information', 'available', 'which', 'might', 'interesting'] ['classification', 'purposes', 'might', 'lack', 'diagnostic', 'inter', 'this', 'relevant', 'analyzed', 'works', 'liter', 'ature', 'pneumonia', 'controls', 'classes', 'come', 'from', 'certain'] ['repository', 'whereas', 'others', 'such', 'covid', 'comes', 'from'] ['combination', 'sources', 'repositories', 'having', 'classes'] ['generated', 'different', 'conditions', 'might', 'undoubtedly', 'affect'] ['results', 'such', 'critical', 'study', 'about', 'this', 'aspect'] ['needed', 'same', 'line', 'other', 'variability', 'issues', 'such'] ['sensor', 'technology', 'employed', 'type', 'projection', 'used'] ['patients', 'even', 'require', 'thorough', 'study'] ['finally', 'literature', 'review', 'revealed', 'that', 'most'] ['published', 'papers', 'showed', 'excellent', 'correlation', 'with', 'ease', 'interpretability', 'explainability', 'table'] ['indeed', 'often', 'more', 'desirable', 'clinical', 'practice'] ['obtain', 'interpretable', 'results', 'that', 'correlate', 'with', 'pathological'] ['conditions', 'particular', 'demographic', 'physiological', 'vari', 'able', 'than', 'black', 'system', 'that', 'yields', 'binary', 'multi', 'class', 'decision', 'from', 'revision', 'literature', 'only'] ['partially', 'addressed', 'this', 'aspect', 'thus', 'further', 'research'] ['this', 'topic', 'needed'] ['with', 'these', 'ideas', 'mind', 'this', 'paper', 'addresses', 'these', 'aspects'] ['training', 'testing', 'with', 'wide', 'corpus', 'images'] ['proposing', 'comparing', 'strategies', 'preprocess'] ['images', 'analyze', 'effect', 'some', 'variability', 'factors'] ['provide', 'some', 'insights', 'more', 'explainable', 'interpretable'] ['results', 'primary', 'goal', 'present', 'critical', 'overview'] ['these', 'aspects', 'since', 'they', 'might', 'affecting', 'modeling'] ['capabilities', 'deep', 'learning', 'systems', 'detection'] ['covid'] ['methodology'] ['design', 'methodology', 'presented', 'following'] ['section', 'procedure', 'followed', 'train', 'neural', 'network'] ['described', 'first', 'along', 'with', 'process', 'that', 'followed'] ['create', 'dataset', 'network', 'source', 'code', 'train'] ['available', 'https', 'github', 'jdariasl', 'covidnet'] ['results', 'readily', 'reproduced', 'other', 'researchers'] ['network'] ['core', 'system', 'deep', 'based'] ['covid', 'net2', 'proposed', 'some', 'modifications', 'were'] ['2following', 'pytorch', 'implementation', 'available'] ['https', 'github', 'iliaspap', 'covidnet'] ['226816', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['made', 'include', 'regularization', 'components', 'last'] ['dense', 'layers', 'weighted', 'categorical', 'cross', 'entropy', 'loss'] ['function', 'compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'network'] ['structure', 'also', 'refactored', 'allow', 'gradient', 'based', 'local', 'ization', 'estimations', 'which', 'used', 'after', 'training'] ['search', 'explainable', 'model'] ['network', 'trained', 'with', 'corpus', 'described'] ['using', 'adam', 'optimizer', 'with', 'learning', 'rate', 'policy'] ['learning', 'rate', 'decreases', 'when', 'learning', 'stagnates', 'some', 'time'] ['patience', 'following', 'hyperparameters', 'were', 'used'] ['training', 'learning', 'rate'] ['number', 'epochs'] ['batch', 'size', 'factor', 'patience', 'furthermore'] ['data', 'augmentation', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes'] ['leveraged', 'with', 'following', 'augmentation', 'types', 'horizontal'] ['flip', 'gaussian', 'noise', 'with', 'variance', 'rotation', 'elastic'] ['deformation', 'scaling', 'variant', 'covid'] ['built', 'evaluated', 'using', 'pytorch', 'library'] ['features', 'from', 'each', 'image', 'concatenated', 'flatten'] ['operation', 'resulting', 'feature', 'three', 'fully'] ['connected', 'layers', 'generate', 'probability', 'score', 'each'] ['class', 'first', 'fully', 'connected', 'layers', 'include', 'dropout'] ['regularization', 'relu', 'activation', 'functions', 'dropout'] ['necessary', 'because', 'original', 'network', 'tended', 'overfit'] ['since', 'very', 'beginning', 'training', 'phase'] ['network', 'input', 'layer', 'rescales', 'images', 'keeping'] ['aspect', 'ratio', 'with', 'shortest', 'dimension', 'scaled', 'pixels'] ['then', 'input', 'image', 'cropped', 'square'] ['pixels', 'located', 'center', 'image', 'images', 'malized', 'using', 'score', 'function', 'with', 'parameters', 'mean'] [] ['each', 'three', 'channels', 'respectively', 'even', 'though'] ['working', 'with', 'grayscale', 'images', 'network', 'architecture'] ['designed', 'trained', 'general', 'purpose', 'database'] ['including', 'colored', 'images', 'this', 'characteristic', 'kept', 'case'] ['would', 'necessary', 'some', 'transfer', 'learning', 'strategy'] ['future'] ['network', 'output', 'layer', 'provides', 'score', 'each'] ['three', 'classes', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid'] ['which', 'converted', 'into', 'three', 'probability', 'estimates'] ['range', 'using', 'softmax', 'activation', 'function', 'class'] ['membership', 'final', 'decision', 'made', 'according', 'highest'] ['three', 'probability', 'estimates', 'obtained'] ['corpus'] ['corpora', 'used', 'paper', 'have', 'been', 'compiled', 'from'] ['posterior', 'anterior', 'anterior', 'posterior'] ['images', 'from', 'different', 'public', 'sources', 'compilation', 'tains', 'images', 'from', 'participants', 'without', 'observable', 'pathol', 'controls', 'findings', 'pneumonia', 'covid'] ['cases', 'after', 'compilation', 'subsets', 'images', 'were'] ['generated', 'training', 'testing', 'table', 'contains'] ['number', 'images', 'subset', 'class', 'overall', 'corpus'] ['contains', 'more', 'than', 'images', 'including', 'more', 'than'] ['images', 'belonging', 'covid', 'patients'] ['repositories', 'images', 'employed', 'create', 'used', 'this', 'paper', 'presented', 'next', 'most', 'these', 'table', 'number', 'images', 'class', 'training', 'testing', 'subsets'] ['tain', 'solely', 'registers', 'controls', 'pneumonia', 'patients', 'only'] ['most', 'recent', 'repositories', 'include', 'samples', 'covid'] ['images', 'cases', 'annotations', 'were', 'made'] ['specialist', 'indicated', 'authors', 'repositories'] ['covid', 'class', 'modelled', 'compiling', 'images', 'from', 'three', 'open', 'data', 'collection', 'initiatives', 'hospi', 'tales', 'covid', 'bimcv', 'covid19', 'actualmed'] ['covid', 'chest', 'datasets', 'final', 'result'] ['compilation', 'process', 'subset', 'images', 'from', 'more'] ['than', 'patients', 'different', 'stages', 'disease'] ['table', 'summarizes', 'most', 'significant', 'characteristics'] ['datasets', 'used', 'create', 'corpus', 'which', 'presented', 'next'] ['hospitales', 'covid', 'dataset'] ['this', 'dataset', 'compiled', 'hospitals', 'tains', 'available', 'clinical', 'information', 'about', 'anonymous'] ['patients', 'with', 'sars', 'virus', 'treated', 'different', 'ters', 'belonging', 'this', 'company', 'since', 'beginning'] ['pandemic', 'madrid', 'spain'] ['corpus', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'records'] ['patients', 'includes', 'several', 'radiological', 'studies', 'each'] ['patient', 'corresponding', 'different', 'stages', 'disease'] ['total', 'images', 'available', 'dataset', 'with'] ['average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'often', 'taken'] ['intervals', 'more', 'days', 'histogram', 'patients'] ['highly', 'coherent', 'with', 'demographics', 'covid'] ['spain', 'table', 'more', 'details'] ['only', 'patients', 'with', 'least', 'positive', 'test', 'positive'] ['immunological', 'tests', 'sars', 'were', 'included'] ['study', 'data', 'science', 'commission', 'research', 'ethics'] ['committee', 'hospitales', 'approved', 'current', 'research'] ['study', 'data', 'this', 'purpose'] ['bimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset'] ['bimcv', 'covid19', 'dataset', 'large', 'dataset', 'with', 'chest'] ['radiological', 'studies', 'covid', 'patients'] ['along', 'with', 'their', 'pathologies', 'results', 'immuno', 'logical', 'tests', 'radiological', 'reports', 'recorded'] ['valencian', 'region', 'medical', 'image', 'bank', 'bimcv', 'spain'] ['dataset', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'studies', 'patients', 'with'] ['least', 'positive', 'test', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests'] ['sars', 'between', 'february', '26th', 'april', '18th'] ['2020', 'corpus', 'composed', 'images', 'with'] ['average', 'image', 'studies', 'subject', 'taken', 'intervals'] ['approximately', 'more', 'days', 'histogram'] ['patients', 'highly', 'coherent', 'with', 'demographics'] ['3figures', 'time', 'datasets', 'were', 'downloaded', 'datasets', 'still'] ['open', 'more', 'data', 'might', 'available', 'next', 'future'] ['volume', '2020', '226817j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['table', 'demographic', 'data', 'datasets', 'used', 'only', 'those', 'labels', 'confirmed', 'reported'] ['covid', 'spain', 'table', 'only', 'patients', 'with', 'least'] ['positive', 'test', 'positive', 'immunological', 'tests'] ['sars', 'were', 'included', 'study'] ['actualmed'] ['actualmed', 'covid', 'chest', 'dataset', 'initiative'] ['contains', 'series', 'images', 'compiled', 'actualmed'] ['universitat', 'jaume', 'spain', 'dataset', 'contains', 'covid'] ['control', 'images', 'information', 'given', 'about'] ['place', 'date', 'recording', 'demographics', 'however'] ['metadata', 'file', 'included', 'contains', 'anonymized', 'descrip', 'distinguish', 'among', 'patients', 'information', 'about'] ['modality', 'type', 'view', 'class', 'which', 'image'] ['belongs'] ['china', 'shenzhen'] ['created', 'national', 'library', 'medicine'] ['maryland', 'collaboration', 'with', 'shenzhen'] ['people', 'hospital', 'guangdong', 'medical', 'college', 'shen', 'zhen', 'china'] ['dataset', 'contains', 'normal', 'abnormal', 'chest', 'with'] ['manifestations', 'tuberculosis', 'includes', 'associated', 'radi', 'ologist', 'readings'] ['montgomery'] ['national', 'library', 'medicine', 'created', 'this', 'dataset'] ['collaboration', 'with', 'department', 'health', 'human'] ['services', 'montgomery', 'county', 'maryland', 'contains'] ['data', 'from', 'images', 'collected', 'under', 'montgomery', 'county'] ['tuberculosis', 'screening', 'program'] ['chestx', 'ray8', 'dataset', 'crx8'] ['chestx', 'ray8', 'dataset', 'contains', 'images', 'from'] ['common', 'thorax', 'disease', 'categories', 'from', 'unique'] ['patients', 'compiled', 'national', 'institute', 'health'] ['this', 'study', 'images', 'labeled', 'with', 'radiological', 'find', 'ings', 'were', 'used', 'part', 'control', 'class', 'whereas'] ['images', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'were', 'used', 'pneumo', 'class'] ['chexpert', 'dataset'] ['chexpert', 'dataset', 'images', 'created'] ['automated', 'evaluation', 'medical', 'imaging', 'competitions'] ['contains', 'chest', 'examinations', 'carried', 'stanford', 'pital', 'during', 'years', 'this', 'study', 'selected', 'pneu', 'monia', 'images', 'using', 'those', 'annotated', 'pneumonia', 'with'] ['without', 'additional', 'comorbidity', 'covid', 'never', 'caused'] ['these', 'comorbidities', 'motivation', 'include', 'pneumonia'] ['with', 'comorbidities', 'increase', 'number', 'pneumonia'] ['examples', 'final', 'compilation', 'this', 'study', 'increasing'] ['this', 'cluster', 'variability'] ['mimic', 'database'] ['mimic', 'open', 'dataset', 'complied', 'from', '2011'] ['2016', 'comprising', 'identified', 'chest', 'from', 'patients'] ['admitted', 'beth', 'israel', 'deaconess', 'medical', 'center'] ['study', 'employed', 'images', 'pneumonia', 'class'] ['labels', 'were', 'obtained', 'from', 'agreement'] ['methods', 'indicated', 'dataset', 'reports', 'information'] ['about', 'gender', 'thus', 'assume', 'that', 'demograph', 'similar', 'those', 'chexpert', 'dataset', 'those'] ['pneumonia'] ['image', 'processing'] ['images', 'were', 'converted', 'uncompressed', 'grayscale'] ['files', 'encoded', 'with', 'bits', 'preprocessed', 'using'] ['dicom', 'windowcenter', 'windowwidth', 'details', 'when'] ['needed', 'images', 'were', 'converted', 'monochrome'] ['photometric', 'interpretation', 'initially', 'images', 'were', 'scaled', 'avoid', 'loss', 'resolution', 'later', 'processing', 'stages'] ['only', 'views', 'were', 'selected', 'differentiation'] ['made', 'between', 'erect', 'either', 'standing', 'sitting', 'decu', 'bitus', 'this', 'information', 'inferred', 'careful', 'analysis'] ['dicom', 'tags', 'required', 'manual', 'checking', 'certain'] ['labeling', 'errors'] ['experiments'] ['corpus', 'collected', 'from', 'aforementioned', 'databases'] ['processed', 'compile', 'three', 'different', 'datasets', 'equal', 'size'] ['initial', 'each', 'these', 'datasets', 'used'] ['different', 'experiments'] ['experiment', 'data'] ['first', 'experiment', 'using', 'data', 'extracted'] ['from', 'different', 'datasets', 'each', 'image', 'kept', 'with', 'orig', 'inal', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'only', 'histogram', 'equalization', 'applied'] ['226818', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['experiment', 'cropped', 'image'] ['second', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images'] ['zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest'] ['resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio', 'process'] ['summarized', 'following', 'steps'] ['lungs', 'segmented', 'from', 'original', 'image', 'using'] ['semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'algo', 'rithm', 'used', 'reports', 'intersection', 'over', 'union'] ['dice', 'similarity', 'coefficient', 'scores'] ['respectively'] ['black', 'mask', 'extracted', 'identify', 'external'] ['boundaries', 'lungs'] ['mask', 'used', 'create', 'sequences', 'adding'] ['grey', 'levels', 'rows', 'columns', 'respectively'] ['these', 'sequences', 'provide', 'four', 'boundary', 'points'] ['which', 'define', 'segments', 'different', 'lengths'] ['horizontal', 'vertical', 'dimensions'] ['sequences', 'added', 'grey', 'levels', 'vertical'] ['horizontal', 'dimensions', 'mask', 'used', 'identify'] ['squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'with', 'lungs'] ['taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside'] ['lungs', 'process', 'obtain', 'squared', 'region'] ['requires', 'identifying', 'middle', 'point', 'each'] ['identified', 'segments', 'cropping', 'both', 'dimensions'] ['using', 'length', 'longest', 'these', 'segments'] ['original', 'image', 'cropped', 'with', 'squared', 'template'] ['placed', 'centre', 'matrix', 'using', 'information'] ['obtained', 'previous', 'step', 'mask', 'placed', 'over'] ['image'] ['histogram', 'equalization', 'image', 'obtained'] ['this', 'process', 'carried', 'decrease', 'variability'] ['data', 'make', 'training', 'process', 'network', 'simpler'] ['ensure', 'that', 'region', 'significant', 'interest', 'centre'] ['image', 'with', 'areas'] ['experiment', 'lung', 'segmentation'] ['third', 'experiment', 'consists', 'preprocessing', 'images'] ['masking', 'zooming', 'cropping', 'squared', 'region', 'interest'] ['resizing', 'squared', 'image', 'aspect', 'ratio'] ['process', 'summarized', 'following', 'steps'] ['lungs', 'segmented', 'from', 'original', 'image', 'using'] ['same', 'semantic', 'segmentation', 'algorithm', 'used'] ['experiment'] ['external', 'black', 'mask', 'extracted', 'identify'] ['external', 'boundaries', 'lungs'] ['mask', 'used', 'create', 'sequences', 'adding'] ['grey', 'levels', 'rows', 'columns', 'respectively'] ['sequences', 'added', 'grey', 'levels', 'vertical'] ['horizontal', 'dimensions', 'mask', 'used', 'identify'] ['squared', 'region', 'interest', 'associated', 'lungs'] ['taking', 'advantage', 'higher', 'added', 'values', 'outside'] ['them'] ['4following', 'keras', 'implementation', 'available', 'https', 'github'] ['imlab', 'uiip', 'lung', 'segmentation'] ['figure', 'identification', 'squared', 'region', 'interest', 'plots'] ['left', 'represent', 'normalized', 'accumulated', 'gray', 'level', 'vertical'] ['horizontal', 'dimension', 'respectively'] ['original', 'image', 'cropped', 'with', 'squared', 'template'] ['placed', 'center', 'image'] ['mask', 'dilated', 'with', 'pixels', 'kernel'] ['superimposed', 'image'] ['histogram', 'equalization', 'applied', 'only', 'mented', 'area', 'area', 'corresponding', 'lungs'] ['this', 'preprocessing', 'makes', 'training', 'network', 'much'] ['simpler', 'forces', 'network', 'focus', 'attention'] ['lungs', 'region', 'removing', 'external', 'characteristics', 'like'] ['sternum', 'that', 'might', 'influence', 'obtained', 'results'] ['identification', 'areas', 'significant'] ['interest', 'classification'] ['areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'used'] ['discrimination', 'purposes', 'identified', 'using', 'qualitative'] ['analysis', 'based', 'gradient', 'weighted', 'class', 'activation'] ['mapping', 'grad', 'this', 'explainability', 'method'] ['that', 'serves', 'provide', 'insights', 'about', 'manners'] ['deep', 'neural', 'networks', 'learn', 'pointing', 'most', 'significant'] ['areas', 'interest', 'decision', 'making', 'purposes', 'method'] ['uses', 'gradients', 'target', 'class', 'flow', 'until', 'final'] ['convolutional', 'layer', 'produce', 'coarse', 'localization'] ['which', 'highlights', 'most', 'important', 'regions', 'image'] ['identifying', 'class', 'result', 'this', 'method', 'heat'] ['like', 'those', 'presented', 'which', 'colour', 'encodes'] ['importance', 'each', 'pixel', 'differentiating', 'among', 'classes'] ['results'] ['model', 'been', 'quantitatively', 'evaluated', 'computing'] ['test', 'positive', 'predictive', 'value', 'recall', 'score'] ['accuracy', 'balanced', 'accuracy', 'bacc', 'geometric'] ['mean', 'recall', 'area', 'under', 'curve'] ['each', 'three', 'classes', 'corpus', 'previously', 'described'] ['section', 'performance', 'models', 'assessed'] ['using', 'independent', 'testing', 'which', 'been', 'used'] ['volume', '2020', '226819j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['table', 'performance', 'measures', 'three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper'] ['figure', 'curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'each', 'experiments', 'considering', 'each', 'classes', 'separately', 'curves', 'bottom'] ['normalized', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'left', 'original', 'images', 'experiment', 'center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment'] ['during', 'development', 'folds', 'cross', 'validation', 'procedure'] ['been', 'used', 'evaluate', 'obtained', 'results', 'training', 'test'] ['balance', 'performance', 'network'] ['three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'this', 'paper', 'summarized'] ['table', 'likewise', 'curves', 'class', 'each'] ['experiments', 'corresponding', 'confusion', 'matrices'] ['presented', 'global', 'curve', 'displayed'] ['each', 'experiment', 'summarizes', 'global', 'performance'] ['experiments'] ['considering', 'experiment', 'although', 'slightly', 'higher'] ['controls', 'detection', 'performance', 'remains', 'almost', 'similar'] ['classes', 'ranges', 'from', 'table'] ['remaining', 'measures', 'class', 'follow', 'same', 'trend', 'with'] ['similar', 'figures', 'better', 'numbers', 'controls'] ['curves', 'confusion', 'matrices', 'point'] ['that', 'largest', 'source', 'confusion', 'covid', 'pneu', 'monia', 'class', 'curves', 'each', 'classes', 'reach'] ['cases', 'values', 'larger', 'than', 'which', 'principle'] ['considered', 'excellent', 'terms', 'global', 'performance'] ['system', 'achieves', 'bacc', 'table'] ['this', 'also', 'supported', 'average', 'curve'] ['which', 'reveals', 'excellent', 'performance', 'network'] ['226820', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['figure', 'average', 'curves', 'each', 'experiment', 'including', 'values'] ['almost', 'perfect', 'behaviour', 'curve', 'deviations'] ['small', 'three', 'classes'] ['when', 'experiment', 'considered', 'decrease', 'perfor', 'mance', 'class', 'observed', 'comparison', 'experiment'] ['this', 'case', 'ranges', 'from', 'table', 'with'] ['similar', 'trend', 'remaining', 'figures', 'merit', 'curves'] ['confusion', 'matrices', 'report'] ['values', 'range', 'overlapping'] ['covid', 'class', 'mostly', 'with', 'pneumonia', 'global', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'presented', 'curve'] ['table', 'yields'] ['bacc'] ['finally', 'experiment', 'ranges', 'from'] ['table', 'this', 'case', 'results', 'slightly', 'worse', 'than', 'those'] ['experiment', 'with', 'covid', 'class', 'presenting'] ['worse', 'performance', 'among', 'tests', 'according'] ['aucs', 'range', 'from', 'confusion', 'matrix'] ['reports', 'large', 'level', 'confusion', 'covid', 'class'] ['being', 'labelled', 'pneumonia', 'times', 'terms'] ['global', 'performance', 'system', 'reaches'] ['bacc', 'table', 'these', 'results', 'consistent', 'with'] ['average', 'shown'] ['explainability', 'interpretability'] ['models'] ['regions', 'interest', 'identified', 'network', 'were', 'lyzed', 'qualitatively', 'using', 'grad', 'activation', 'maps'] ['results', 'shown', 'activation', 'maps', 'permit', 'identifica', 'tion', 'most', 'significant', 'areas', 'image', 'highlighting'] ['zones', 'interest', 'that', 'network', 'using', 'discriminate'] ['this', 'regard', 'presents', 'examples', 'grad'] ['control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient', 'each'] ['three', 'experiments', 'considered', 'paper', 'impor', 'tant', 'note', 'that', 'activation', 'maps', 'providing', 'overall'] ['information', 'about', 'behaviour', 'network', 'pointing'] ['most', 'significant', 'areas', 'interest', 'whole', 'image'] ['supposed', 'contributing', 'classification', 'process'] ['certain', 'extent'] ['second', 'shows', 'several', 'prototypical', 'results'] ['applying', 'grad', 'techniques', 'experiment'] ['examples', 'show', 'areas', 'significant', 'interest', 'control'] ['pneumonia', 'covid', 'patient'] ['results', 'suggest', 'that', 'detection', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'often', 'carried', 'based', 'information', 'that'] ['outside', 'expected', 'area', 'interest', 'lung', 'area'] ['examples', 'provided', 'network', 'focuses', 'corners'] ['image', 'areas', 'around', 'diaphragm', 'part', 'this'] ['likely', 'metadata', 'which', 'frequently', 'stamped'] ['corners', 'images', 'grad', 'plots', 'corre', 'sponding', 'experiment', 'third', 'indicates'] ['that', 'model', 'still', 'points', 'towards', 'areas', 'which', 'different'] ['from', 'lungs', 'lesser', 'extent', 'finally', 'grad'] ['experiment', 'fourth', 'presents', 'areas'] ['interest', 'where', 'segmentation', 'procedure', 'carried'] ['this', 'case', 'network', 'forced', 'look', 'lungs'] ['therefore', 'this', 'scenario', 'supposed', 'more', 'realistic'] ['more', 'prone', 'generalizing', 'artifacts', 'that', 'might', 'bias'] ['results', 'somehow', 'discarded'] ['other', 'hand', 'visualization', 'purposes', 'order'] ['interpret', 'separability', 'capabilities', 'system'] ['embedding', 'used', 'project', 'high', 'dimensional', 'data'] ['layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'network', 'dimensional'] ['space', 'results', 'presented', 'each', 'three'] ['experiments', 'considered', 'paper'] ['indicates', 'that', 'good', 'separability', 'exists'] ['classes', 'both', 'training', 'testing', 'data'] ['experiments', 'boundaries', 'normal', 'cluster', 'very'] ['well', 'defined', 'three', 'experiments', 'whereas', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'more', 'spread', 'overlapping', 'with', 'adjacent'] ['classes'] ['general', 'terms', 'plots', 'demonstrate', 'ability'] ['network', 'learn', 'mapping', 'from', 'input', 'data'] ['desired', 'labels', 'however', 'despite', 'shape', 'differences', 'found'] ['three', 'experiments', 'additional', 'conclusions'] ['extracted'] ['potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'affecting'] ['system'] ['there', 'several', 'variability', 'factors', 'which', 'might', 'biasing'] ['results', 'namely', 'projection', 'tech', 'nology', 'detector', 'computed', 'radiography'] ['digital', 'radiography', 'gender', 'patients'] ['potential', 'specificities', 'dataset', 'having', 'trained'] ['with', 'several', 'images', 'patient'] ['several', 'images', 'patient', 'represents', 'certain'] ['risk', 'data', 'leak', 'covid', 'class', 'underlying'] ['imbalance', 'however', 'initial', 'hypothesis', 'that', 'using', 'eral', 'images', 'covid', 'patient', 'obtained', 'different'] ['instants', 'time', 'with', 'days', 'difference', 'would', 'increase'] ['variability', 'dataset', 'thus', 'that', 'source', 'bias', 'would'] ['disregarded', 'indeed', 'evolution', 'associated', 'lesions'] ['often', 'found', 'covid', 'considered', 'fast', 'such', 'manner'] ['that', 'very', 'different', 'images', 'obtained', 'time', 'interval'] ['short', 'days', 'evolution', 'also', 'since'] ['volume', '2020', '226821j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['figure', 'mapping', 'high', 'dimensional', 'data', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'into', 'dimensional', 'plot', 'output', 'network', 'embedding'] ['using', 'training', 'data', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'data', 'left', 'original', 'images', 'experiment'] ['center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment'] ['table', 'performance', 'measures', 'considering', 'projection'] ['every', 'single', 'exploration', 'framed', 'differently', 'sometimes'] ['even', 'taken', 'with', 'different', 'machines', 'projections'] ['potential', 'bias', 'expected', 'minimized'] ['concerning', 'type', 'projection', 'evaluate'] ['effectiveness', 'system', 'been', 'studied', 'taking', 'into'] ['account', 'this', 'potential', 'variability', 'factor', 'which', 'consid', 'ered', 'most', 'significant', 'particular'] ['table', 'presents', 'outcomes', 'after', 'accounting'] ['influence', 'projection', 'perfor', 'mance', 'system', 'general', 'terms', 'system', 'demon', 'strates', 'consistency', 'with', 'respect', 'projection', 'used'] ['differences', 'mainly', 'attributable', 'smaller', 'train', 'testing', 'sets', 'however', 'significant', 'differences'] ['shown', 'projection', 'class', 'covid', 'experiment'] ['decreasing', 'reason'] ['unexpected', 'drop', 'performance', 'unknown', 'likely'] ['226822', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['figure', 'mapping', 'high', 'dimensional', 'data', 'layer', 'adjacent', 'output', 'into', 'dimensional', 'plot', 'output', 'network', 'embedding'] ['using', 'training', 'data', 'bottom', 'output', 'network', 'embedding', 'using', 'testing', 'data', 'left', 'original', 'images', 'experiment'] ['center', 'cropped', 'images', 'experiment', 'right', 'segmented', 'images', 'experiment', 'labels', 'correspond', 'data', 'sets', 'classes'] ['attributable', 'underrepresented', 'class', 'corpus'] ['table'] ['besides', 'table', 'shows', 'three', 'experiments', 'under'] ['evaluation', 'covid', 'class', 'error', 'distribu', 'tion', 'with', 'respect', 'patient', 'technology'] ['detector', 'dataset', 'projection', 'four', 'variability'] ['factors', 'enumerated', 'results', 'show', 'that', 'error', 'distribution'] ['committed', 'system', 'follows', 'with', 'minor', 'deviations'] ['existing', 'proportion', 'samples', 'corpus', 'these', 'results'] ['suggest', 'that', 'there', 'clear', 'bias', 'with', 'respect', 'these', 'poten', 'tial', 'variability', 'factors', 'least', 'covid', 'class', 'which'] ['considered', 'worst', 'case', 'underrepresentation'] ['similar', 'results', 'would', 'expected', 'control', 'pneumonia'] ['classes', 'these', 'results', 'provided', 'lack'] ['certain', 'labels', 'some', 'datasets', 'used', 'table'] ['concerning', 'datasets', 'used', 'reasonably', 'well'] ['balanced', 'table', 'with', 'certain', 'bias', 'normal', 'class'] ['covid', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'have', 'very', 'similar', 'average'] ['ages', 'controls', 'have', 'lower', 'mean', 'assumption'] ['been', 'that', 'differences', 'significantly', 'affecting'] ['results', 'mentioned', 'difference', 'might', 'explain'] ['normal', 'cluster', 'less', 'spread', 'than', 'other'] ['case', 'specific', 'biases', 'have', 'been', 'found'] ['errors', 'committed', 'system'] ['additional', 'study', 'also', 'carried', 'evaluate'] ['influence', 'potential', 'specificities', 'different', 'datasets'] ['used', 'compile', 'corpus', 'variability', 'results'] ['with', 'respect', 'datasets', 'merged', 'build', 'corpus', 'this'] ['variability', 'factor', 'evaluated', 'using', 'different'] ['plots', 'each', 'experiment', 'similar', 'than'] ['differentiating', 'corresponding', 'cluster', 'each', 'dataset'] ['class'] ['results', 'different', 'datasets', 'classes', 'clearly'] ['merged', 'adjacent', 'same', 'cluster', 'however', 'eral', 'datasets', 'report', 'lower', 'variability', 'certain', 'classes'] ['variability', 'terms', 'scattering', 'this', 'especially'] ['clear', 'chexpert', 'pneumonia', 'sets', 'which', 'cessfully', 'merged', 'with', 'corresponding', 'class', 'appear'] ['volume', '2020', '226823j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['table', 'percentage', 'testing', 'samples', 'error', 'distribution', 'with'] ['respect', 'several', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'covid', 'class'] ['hits', 'represents', 'percentage', 'samples', 'every', 'factor', 'under'] ['analysis', 'correctly', 'predicted'] ['clearly', 'clustered', 'suggesting', 'that', 'these', 'datasets', 'have', 'certain'] ['unknown', 'specific', 'characteristics', 'different', 'those'] ['complementary', 'datasets', 'model', 'been', 'able', 'manage'] ['this', 'aspect', 'factor', 'analyzed', 'further', 'studies'] ['discussion', 'conclusion'] ['this', 'study', 'evaluates', 'deep', 'learning', 'model', 'detection'] ['covid', 'from', 'images', 'paper', 'provides', 'addi', 'tional', 'evidence', 'state', 'supporting', 'poten', 'tial', 'deep', 'learning', 'techniques', 'accurately', 'categorize'] ['images', 'corresponding', 'control', 'pneumonia', 'covid'] ['patients', 'these', 'three', 'classes', 'were', 'chosen', 'under'] ['assumption', 'that', 'they', 'support', 'clinicians', 'making', 'better'] ['decisions', 'establishing', 'potential', 'differential', 'strategies', 'patients', 'depending', 'their', 'cause', 'infection', 'ever', 'main', 'goal', 'paper', 'demonstrate'] ['suitability', 'deep', 'learning', 'categorizing', 'images'] ['make', 'thoughtful', 'evaluation', 'results', 'different'] ['preprocessing', 'approaches', 'searching', 'better', 'explainability'] ['interpretability', 'results', 'while', 'providing', 'evidence'] ['potential', 'effects', 'that', 'might', 'bias', 'results'] ['model', 'relies', 'covid', 'network', 'which'] ['served', 'basis', 'developing', 'more', 'refined', 'archi', 'tecture', 'this', 'network', 'been', 'chosen', 'tailored'] ['characteristics', 'given', 'previous', 'good', 'results', 'reported'] ['other', 'researchers', 'covid', 'trained', 'with'] ['corpus', 'compiled', 'using', 'data', 'gathered', 'from', 'different', 'sources'] ['control', 'pneumonia', 'classes', 'with'] ['samples', 'respectively', 'were', 'collected', 'from', 'naset', 'montgomery', 'crx8', 'chexpert', 'mimic', 'datasets'] ['covid', 'class', 'collected', 'from', 'information'] ['available', 'bimcv', 'hospitales', 'datasets'] ['although', 'covid', 'class', 'only', 'contains', 'chest'] ['images', 'developers', 'data', 'sources', 'continu', 'ously', 'adding', 'cases', 'respective', 'repositories'] ['number', 'samples', 'expected', 'grow', 'future', 'despite'] ['unbalance', 'covid', 'class', 'date'] ['authors', 'knowledge', 'this', 'most', 'extensive', 'compilation'] ['covid', 'images', 'based', 'open', 'repositories', 'despite', 'that'] ['number', 'covid', 'images', 'still', 'considered', 'small'] ['compared', 'other', 'classes', 'therefore', 'necessary'] ['compensate', 'class', 'imbalance', 'modifying'] ['network', 'architecture', 'including', 'regularization', 'components'] ['last', 'dense', 'layers', 'this', 'weighted', 'categorical'] ['cross', 'entropy', 'loss', 'function', 'used', 'compensate', 'this'] ['effect', 'likewise', 'data', 'augmentation', 'techniques', 'were', 'used'] ['pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'generate', 'more', 'samples'] ['these', 'underrepresented', 'classes', 'automatically'] ['stand', 'that', 'automatic', 'diagnosis', 'much', 'more', 'than'] ['classification', 'exercise', 'meaning', 'that', 'many', 'factors', 'have'] ['considered', 'bring', 'these', 'techniques', 'clinical', 'practice'] ['this', 'respect', 'there', 'classic', 'assumption', 'literature'] ['that', 'associated', 'heat', 'maps', 'calculated', 'with', 'grad'] ['techniques', 'provide', 'clinical', 'interpretation', 'results'] ['which', 'unclear', 'practice', 'light', 'results', 'shown'] ['heat', 'maps', 'depicted', 'show', 'that', 'experiment'] ['must', 'carefully', 'interpreted', 'despite', 'high', 'performance'] ['metrics', 'obtained', 'experiment', 'significant', 'areas', 'identi', 'fied', 'network', 'pointing', 'towards', 'certain', 'areas', 'with'] ['clear', 'interest', 'diagnosis', 'such', 'corners'] ['images', 'sternum', 'clavicles', 'from', 'clinical', 'point'] ['view', 'this', 'biasing', 'results', 'means', 'that', 'other', 'approaches'] ['necessary', 'force', 'network', 'focus', 'lung'] ['area', 'this', 'respect', 'have', 'developed', 'compared'] ['results', 'with', 'preprocessing', 'approaches', 'based', 'cropping'] ['images', 'segmenting', 'lung', 'area', 'experiment'] ['experiment', 'again', 'given', 'heat', 'maps', 'corresponding'] ['experiment', 'also', 'similar', 'explainability', 'prob', 'lems', 'those', 'enumerated', 'experiment', 'image', 'area'] ['reduction', 'proposed', 'experiment', 'significantly', 'decreases'] ['system', 'performance', 'removing', 'metadata', 'that'] ['usually', 'appears', 'left', 'right', 'corner', 'this', 'technique'] ['removes', 'areas', 'that', 'help', 'categorize', 'images', 'have'] ['interest', 'from', 'diagnosis', 'point', 'view', 'however', 'while'] ['comparing', 'experiments', 'performance', 'results', 'improve'] ['third', 'approach', 'which', 'focuses', 'same', 'region'] ['interest', 'with', 'mask', 'that', 'forces', 'network'] ['only', 'lungs', 'thus', 'results', 'obtained', 'experiments'] ['suggest', 'that', 'eliminating', 'needless', 'features', 'extracted'] ['from', 'background', 'related', 'regions', 'improves'] ['results', 'besides', 'third', 'approach', 'experiment', 'provides'] ['more', 'explainable', 'interpretative', 'results', 'with', 'network'] ['focusing', 'attention', 'only', 'area', 'interest'] ['disease', 'gain', 'explainability', 'last', 'method', 'still'] ['cost', 'lower', 'accuracy', 'with', 'respect', 'experiment'] ['improvement', 'explainability', 'interpretability'] ['considered', 'critical', 'translating', 'these', 'techniques'] ['clinical', 'setting', 'despite', 'decrease', 'performance'] ['proposed', 'method', 'experiment', 'provided', 'promising'] ['results', 'with', 'bacc'] [] ['performance', 'results', 'obtained', 'line', 'with', 'those', 'sented', 'which', 'reports', 'sensitivities'] ['control', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes', 'respectively'] ['also', 'modeling', 'with', 'covid', 'similar', 'conditions'] ['experiment', 'training', 'with', 'much', 'smaller', 'corpus'] ['images', 'from', 'covid', 'patients'] ['226824', 'volume', '2020j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['controls', 'images', 'belonging', 'patients', 'with'] ['different', 'types', 'pneumonia'] ['paper', 'also', 'critically', 'evaluates', 'effect', 'several'] ['variability', 'factors', 'that', 'might', 'compromise', 'network', 'formance', 'instance', 'projection', 'effect'] ['evaluated', 'retraining', 'network', 'checking', 'comes', 'this', 'effect', 'important', 'given', 'that', 'projections'] ['often', 'practiced', 'erect', 'positions', 'observe', 'pulmonary', 'ways'] ['better', 'expected', 'examined', 'healthy', 'slightly'] ['affected', 'patients', 'contrast', 'projections', 'often', 'ferred', 'patients', 'confined', 'such', 'expected'] ['practised', 'most', 'severe', 'cases', 'since', 'projections'] ['common', 'covid', 'patients', 'these', 'cases', 'more'] ['blood', 'will', 'flow', 'lungs', 'apices', 'than', 'when', 'standing'] ['thus', 'considering', 'this', 'variability', 'factor', 'result'] ['misdiagnosis', 'pulmonary', 'congestion', 'indeed'] ['obtained', 'results', 'have', 'highlighted', 'importance', 'taking'] ['into', 'account', 'this', 'factor', 'when', 'designing', 'training', 'corpus'] ['decreases', 'projections', 'experiments', 'with'] ['covid', 'images', 'this', 'issue', 'probably', 'under', 'representation', 'this', 'class', 'table', 'which', 'would', 'require'] ['further', 'specific', 'analysis', 'when', 'designing', 'future', 'corpora'] ['other', 'hand', 'results', 'have', 'shown', 'that', 'error', 'distri', 'bution', 'covid', 'class', 'follows', 'similar', 'proportion'] ['percentage', 'images', 'available', 'corpus', 'while', 'cate', 'gorizing', 'gender', 'detector', 'technology', 'projection'] ['dataset', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'significant', 'bias', 'with'] ['respect', 'these', 'potential', 'variability', 'factors', 'least'] ['covid', 'class', 'which', 'less', 'represented'] ['analysis', 'clusters', 'classes', 'were', 'distributed'] ['also', 'presented', 'demonstrating', 'each', 'class'] ['differentiated', 'these', 'plots', 'help', 'identify', 'existing', 'overlap'] ['among', 'classes', 'especially', 'that', 'present', 'between', 'pneumonia'] ['covid', 'lesser', 'extent', 'between', 'controls'] ['pneumonia', 'similarly', 'since', 'corpus', 'used', 'train'] ['network', 'built', 'around', 'several', 'datasets'] ['plots', 'produced', 'differentiating', 'according', 'each'] ['subsets', 'used', 'training', 'this', 'test', 'served'] ['evaluate', 'influence', 'each', 'dataset', 'potential', 'specific'] ['characteristics', 'training', 'procedure', 'hence', 'possible'] ['sources', 'confusion', 'that', 'arise', 'particularities'] ['corpora', 'that', 'tested', 'plots', 'suggest', 'that', 'different'] ['datasets', 'correctly', 'merged', 'general', 'terms', 'with', 'some'] ['exceptions', 'these', 'exceptions', 'suggest', 'that', 'there', 'might'] ['certain', 'unknown', 'characteristics', 'datasets', 'used', 'which'] ['cluster', 'images', 'belonging', 'same', 'dataset', 'together'] ['covid', 'also', 'demonstrated', 'being', 'good', 'start', 'point', 'characterization', 'disease', 'employing'] ['images', 'indeed', 'paper', 'outcomes', 'suggest', 'possibility'] ['automatically', 'identify', 'lung', 'lesions', 'associated', 'with'] ['covid', 'infection', 'analyzing', 'grad', 'mappings', 'experiment', 'providing', 'explainable'] ['justification', 'about', 'network', 'works', 'however'] ['interpretation', 'heat', 'maps', 'obtained', 'control'] ['class', 'must', 'carried', 'carefully', 'whereas', 'areas'] ['significant', 'interest', 'pneumonia', 'covid', 'classes'] ['supposed', 'point', 'potential', 'lesions', 'with', 'higher', 'density'] ['with', 'different', 'textures', 'contrast', 'controls', 'areas'] ['significant', 'interest', 'classification', 'control', 'group'] ['supposed', 'correspond', 'something', 'complementary'] ['potentially', 'highlighting', 'less', 'dense', 'areas', 'thus', 'control'] ['class', 'these', 'areas', 'point', 'towards', 'kind', 'lesion'] ['lungs'] ['likewise', 'system', 'developed', 'experiment', 'attains'] ['comparable', 'results', 'those', 'achieved', 'human', 'evaluator'] ['differentiating', 'pneumonia', 'from', 'covid', 'this', 'respect'] ['ability', 'seven', 'radiologists', 'correctly', 'differentiate'] ['pneumonia', 'covid', 'from', 'images', 'tested'] ['results', 'indicated', 'that', 'radiologists', 'achieved', 'sitivities', 'ranging', 'from', 'mean', 'speci', 'ficities', 'ranging', 'from', 'mean', 'these', 'results'] ['suggest', 'that', 'systems', 'have', 'potential', 'supervised'] ['clinical', 'environment'] ['covid', 'still', 'disease', 'much', 'remains'] ['studied', 'deep', 'learning', 'techniques'] ['would', 'potentially', 'help', 'understand', 'mechanisms'] ['sars', 'cov2', 'attacks', 'lungs', 'alveoli'] ['evolves', 'during', 'different', 'stages', 'ease', 'despite', 'there', 'some', 'empirical', 'evidence'] ['evolution', 'covid', 'based', 'observations', 'made'] ['radiologists', 'employment', 'automatic', 'techniques'] ['based', 'machine', 'learning', 'would', 'help', 'analyze', 'data', 'sively', 'guide', 'research', 'onto', 'certain', 'paths', 'extract', 'conclu', 'sions', 'faster', 'nevertheless', 'more', 'interpretable', 'explainable'] ['methods', 'required', 'step', 'forward'] ['inline', 'with', 'previous', 'comment', 'based', 'empir', 'ical', 'evidence', 'respecting', 'evolution', 'disease'] ['been', 'stated', 'that', 'during', 'early', 'stages', 'disease', 'ground', 'glass', 'shadows', 'pulmonary', 'consolidation', 'nodules'] ['local', 'consolidation', 'centre', 'with', 'peripheral', 'ground', 'glass', 'density', 'often', 'observed', 'however', 'once', 'disease'] ['evolves', 'consolidations', 'reduce', 'their', 'density', 'resembling'] ['ground', 'glass', 'opacity', 'that', 'derive', 'white', 'lung'] ['disease', 'worsens', 'minimization', 'opacities'] ['course', 'disease', 'improves', 'this', 'manner'] ['these', 'characteristic', 'behaviours', 'automatically'] ['identified', 'would', 'possible', 'stratify', 'disorder', 'stage'] ['according', 'severity', 'computing', 'extent', 'ground', 'glass', 'opacities', 'densities', 'would', 'also', 'useful', 'assess'] ['severity', 'infection', 'evaluate', 'evolution'] ['disease', 'this', 'regard', 'infection', 'extent', 'assessment'] ['been', 'previously', 'tested', 'other', 'studies', 'covid'] ['using', 'manual', 'procedures', 'based', 'observation', 'images'] ['solutions', 'like', 'discussed', 'this', 'paper', 'intended'] ['support', 'much', 'faster', 'diagnosis', 'alleviate', 'radiolo', 'gists', 'specialists', 'workload', 'substitute', 'their'] ['assessment', 'rigorous', 'validation', 'would', 'open', 'door'] ['integrating', 'these', 'algorithms', 'desktop', 'applications', 'cloud'] ['servers', 'clinic', 'environment', 'thus'] ['maintenance', 'update', 'would', 'cost', 'effective', 'straight', 'forward', 'would', 'reduce', 'healthcare', 'costs', 'improve'] ['diagnosis', 'response', 'time', 'accuracy', 'case'] ['volume', '2020', '226825j', 'arias', 'londoño', 'artificial', 'intelligence', 'applied', 'chest', 'images', 'automatic', 'detection', 'covid'] ['deployment', 'these', 'algorithms', 'exempt', 'from'] ['controversies', 'hosting', 'models', 'cloud', 'service'] ['would', 'entail', 'uploading', 'images', 'that', 'might', 'subject'] ['national', 'international', 'regulations', 'constraints'] ['ensure', 'privacy']
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=100
words=word_count_science
model_science=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_law =dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values
#dictionary of top 5 words
dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=5))
{'covid': 0.73821652382471,
'model': 0.31135069890134603,
'imag': 0.27205525106833406,
'use': 0.19292326348390718,
'detect': 0.1541950342665124}
#wordcloud for top 10 words
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_science.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph10.png')
# cosine similarity matrix for top 5 words
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_science =dict(model_science.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_science,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_science.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled12.png')
cosine-similarity
covid model imag use detect
covid 1 0.000452072 0.00159 0.000898663 0.0115803
model 0.000452072 1 0.00101501 8.90285e-05 0.00275819
imag 0.00159 0.00101501 1 -0.000360897 -0.00105903
use 0.000898663 8.90285e-05 -0.000360897 1 0.00238728
detect 0.0115803 0.00275819 -0.00105903 0.00238728 1
#Networkx graph for top 5 words
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='g',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig12.png')
#loading dataset
document_list,titles,word_count_nscience=load_data("","covid-non-science-small.txt")
Number of words in text file : 5231 Total Number of Documents: 229
#cleaning documents
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['covid', 'recovery', 'covid', 'reality'] ['reuters'] ['published', 'july', '2020', 'updated', 'july', '2020'] ['marc', 'jones'] ['london', 'july', 'reuters', 'world', 'shares', 'inched', 'towards', 'four', 'month', 'high', 'friday', 'industrial', 'bellwether', 'metal', 'copper', 'longest', 'weekly', 'winning', 'streak', 'nearly', 'three', 'years', 'recovering', 'global', 'data', 'kept', 'nagging', 'coronavirus', 'nerves'] ['market', 'rally', 'fuelled', 'record', 'jobs', 'numbers', 'largely', 'blown', 'itself', 'amid', 'spike', 'covid', 'cases', 'though', 'fastest', 'expansion', 'china', 'services', 'sector', 'over', 'decade', 'more', 'stimulus', 'ensured', 'optimism', 'remained'] ['chinese', 'shares', 'charged', 'their', 'highest', 'level', 'five', 'years', 'helping', 'asian', 'indexes', 'month', 'peaks', 'sight', 'european', 'markets', 'stalling', 'early', 'took', 'some', 'traders', 'surprise'] ['currency', 'commodity', 'markets', 'also', 'subdued', 'feel', 'after', 'otherwise', 'strong', 'week', 'confidence', 'sensitive', 'stalwarts', 'such', 'copper', 'sterling', 'australian', 'dollar', 'which', 'struggled', 'friday'] ['think', 'infection', 'rates', 'fears', 'localised', 'lockdowns', 'have', 'doused', 'some', 'enthusiasm', 'said', 'societe', 'generale', 'strategist', 'jukes'] ['have', 'three', 'elements', 'vaccine', 'hopes', 'decent', 'data', 'most', 'places', 'also', 'return', 'infection', 'rates', 'which', 'make', 'nervous'] ['against', 'basket', 'currencies', 'dollar', 'rose', 'slightly', 'early', 'london', 'trading', 'less', 'than', 'still', 'firmly', 'track', 'biggest', 'weekly', 'fall', 'since', 'first', 'week', 'june'] ['euro', 'down', '1226', 'though', 'gained', 'against', 'safe', 'swiss', 'franc', 'fell', 'versus', 'sometimes', 'commodity', 'driven', 'norwegian', 'crown'] ['futures', 'were', 'down', 'volumes', 'were', 'lower', 'than', 'usual', 'markets', 'holiday', 'friday', 'independence'] ['nonfarm', 'payrolls', 'surged', 'million', 'jobs', 'june', 'above', 'average', 'forecast', 'million', 'jobs', 'june', 'thanks', 'rises', 'hard', 'hospitality', 'sectors'] ['economists', 'noted', 'there', 'were', 'caveats', 'upbeat', 'headline', 'figures'] ['number', 'permanent', 'losers', 'continued', 'rise', 'increasing', 'million', 'june', 'while', 'unemployment', 'rate', 'remains', 'chunky', 'percentage', 'points', 'above', 'february', 'level', 'deutsche', 'bank', 'analysis', 'unemployment', 'rate', 'behind', 'developed', 'market', 'peers', 'barring', 'canada'] ['recovery', 'also', 'faces', 'more', 'headwinds', 'surge', 'coronavirus', 'infections', 'prompts', 'states', 'delay', 'some', 'cases', 'reverse', 'plans', 'stores', 'reopen', 'activities', 'resume'] ['more', 'than', 'three', 'dozen', 'states', 'increases', 'covid', 'cases', 'with', 'cases', 'florida', 'spiking', 'above'] ['nevertheless', 'markets', 'largely', 'overlooking', 'spikes', 'taking', 'view', 'that', 'overall', 'situation', 'still', 'improving', 'overall'] ['year', 'german', 'government', 'bond', 'yields', 'basis', 'points', 'this', 'week', 'their', 'biggest', 'weekly', 'rise', 'month', 'though', 'they', 'nudged', 'down', 'friday', 'riskier', 'italian', 'yields', 'fell', 'well', 'though', 'which', 'their', 'lowest', 'since', 'late', 'march'] ['prices', 'also', 'eased', 'after', 'otherwise', 'solid', 'week', 'brent', 'crude', 'fell', 'barrel', 'while', 'crude', 'dropped', 'barrel', 'both', 'were', 'around', 'this', 'time', 'months'] ['copper', 'prices', 'were', 'poised', 'seventh', 'consecutive', 'weekly', 'gain', 'their', 'longest', 'winning', 'streak', 'nearly', 'three', 'years', 'despite', 'slight', 'easing', 'after', 'supplier', 'chile', 'assured', 'traders', 'about', 'supply'] ['three', 'month', 'copper', 'hovering', 'tonne', 'more', 'than', 'from', 'lows', 'ploughed', 'march'] ['issue', 'that', 'hangs', 'over', 'markets', 'will', 'surge', 'secondary', 'infections', 'that', 'will', 'trigger', 'second', 'wave', 'national', 'rather', 'than', 'regional', 'shutdowns', 'malcolm', 'freeman', 'director', 'kingdom', 'futures', 'wrote', 'note'] ['reporting', 'marc', 'jones'] ['newspaper'] ['covid', 'vaccine', 'frontrunners'] ['reuters'] ['published', 'october', '2020', 'updated', 'october', '2020'] ['reuters', 'pfizer', 'said', 'could', 'file', 'late', 'november', 'authorization', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'developing', 'opening', 'possibility', 'vaccine', 'being', 'available', 'united', 'states', 'year', 'moderna', 'astrazeneca', 'close', 'behind', 'largest', 'drugmaker', 'likely', 'have', 'early', 'data', 'their', 'vaccine', 'candidates', 'before', 'year', 'well', 'more', 'than', 'potential', 'vaccines', 'being', 'developed', 'tested', 'globally', 'stop', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'with', 'human', 'trials', 'according', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'following', 'list', 'tracks', 'candidates', 'that', 'final', 'stages', 'testing', 'separate', 'factbox', 'coronavirus', 'vaccines', 'under', 'development', 'click', 'company', 'stage', 'development', 'expected', 'doses', 'pfizer', 'late', 'stage', 'trials', 'underway', 'option', 'biontech', 'pfizer', 'said', 'earlier', 'october', 'more', 'could', 'file', 'emergency', 'authorization', 'late', 'november', 'indicating', 'that', 'vaccine', 'could', 'potentially', 'available', 'additional', 'year', 'canada', 'specified', 'japan', 'moderna', 'completed', 'enrollment', 'option', 'subjects', 'late', 'stage', 'trial', 'additional', 'interim', 'results', 'from', 'trial', 'expected', 'november', 'japan', 'more', 'distributed', 'takeda', 'canada', 'specified', 'johnson', 'johnson', 'large', 'vaccine', 'trial', 'more', 'resume', 'after', 'paused', 'under', 'subsequent', 'agreement', 'illness', 'study', 'volunteer', 'results', 'from', 'trial', 'expected', 'option', '2020', 'early', '2021', 'more', 'additional', 'canada', 'japan', 'applicable', 'astrazeneca', 'late', 'stage', 'trials', 'underway', 'with', 'supply', 'deals', 'with', 'countries', 'oxford', 'university', 'trial', 'vaccine', 'candidate', 'more', 'than', 'doses', 'pause', 'since', 'sept', 'after', 'patient', 'fell', 'trial', 'results', 'expected', 'coming', 'weeks', 'part', 'commitment', 'deliver', 'total', 'least', 'additional', 'italy', 'germany', 'netherlands', 'france', 'additional', 'canada', 'japan', 'sinovac', 'biotech', 'late', 'stage', 'trials', 'brazil', 'vaccine', 'approved', 'emergency', 'indonesia', 'turkey', 'underway', 'china', 'july', 'supply', 'deal', 'prelim', 'data', 'expected', 'november', 'with', 'indonesia', 'least', 'doses', 'before', '2021', 'gamaleya', 'research', 'late', 'stage', 'trial', 'main', 'covid', 'people', 'inoculated', 'institute', 'vaccine', 'sputnik', 'underway', 'russia', 'supply', 'deals', 'with', 'since', 'sept', 'with', 'prelim', 'data', 'countries', 'including', 'india', 'expected', 'november', 'brazil', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'more', 'than', 'doses', 'cansino', 'biologics', 'vaccine', 'candidate', 'final', 'stage', 'mexico', 'doses', 'early', 'trials', 'been', 'approved', 'chinese', 'military', 'late', 'stage', 'trial', 'underway', 'pakistan', 'sinopharm', 'group', 'late', 'stage', 'trials', 'expects', 'produce', 'more', 'than', 'underway', 'billion', 'doses', '2021', 'reporting', 'dania', 'nadeem', 'mrinalika', 'bengaluru', 'editing', 'ankur', 'banerjee', 'maju', 'samuel'] ['newspaper'] ['giants', 'another', 'covid', 'case'] ['reuters'] ['published', 'november', '2020', 'updated', 'november', '2020'] ['york', 'giants', 'have', 'another', 'case', 'covid'] ['monday', 'night', 'were', 'notified', 'that', 'player', 'tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'giants', 'announced', 'tuesday', 'morning', 'player', 'immediately', 'self', 'isolated', 'contact', 'tracing', 'process', 'initiated', 'close', 'contacts', 'both', 'staff', 'members', 'were', 'identified', 'were', 'informed', 'remain', 'home', 'today'] ['giants', 'entering', 'their', 'week', 'play', 'week', 'this', 'second', 'time', 'team', 'player', 'test', 'positive', 'covid'] ['prior', 'playing', 'tampa', 'buccaneers', 'week', 'offensive', 'lineman', 'will', 'hernandez', 'tested', 'positive'] ['hernandez', 'spent', 'nearly', 'weeks', 'reserve', 'covid', 'list', 'returned', 'team', 'last', 'week', 'played', 'sunday', 'victory', 'over', 'philadelphia', 'eagles'] ['field', 'level', 'media'] ['newspaper'] ['covid', 'antivirals', 'taskforce', 'launched'] ['media'] ['published', 'april', '2021', 'updated', 'april', '2021'] ['home', 'covid', 'treatments', 'being', 'sought', 'team', 'government', 'experts', 'speed', 'recovery', 'time', 'people', 'become', 'infected', 'with', 'virus'] ['government', 'taskforce', 'supercharge', 'search', 'antiviral', 'medications', 'covid'] ['prime', 'minister', 'boris', 'johnson', 'said', 'group', 'will', 'seek', 'medicines', 'stop', 'covid', 'tracks'] ['hoped', 'that', 'antivirals', 'could', 'help', 'reduce', 'infections', 'limit', 'impact', 'variants'] ['they', 'also', 'help', 'protect', 'people', 'cannot', 'take', 'vaccines', 'those', 'fully', 'protected', 'after', 'having'] ['officials', 'hope', 'find', 'bring', 'treatments', 'online', 'this', 'year'] ['this', 'could', 'mean', 'that', 'people', 'with', 'covid', 'those', 'they', 'have', 'been', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'could', 'offered', 'antiviral', 'medication', 'offered', 'tablet', 'form', 'stop', 'infection', 'spreading', 'speed', 'recovery', 'time'] ['antivirals', 'taskforce', 'which', 'appoint', 'chair', 'will', 'search', 'most', 'promising', 'potential', 'antiviral', 'medicines', 'which', 'taken', 'home'] ['taskforce', 'will', 'support', 'development', 'drugs', 'through', 'clinical', 'trials', 'also', 'look', 'manufacturing', 'opportunities'] ['antiviral', 'drugs', 'type', 'medication', 'used', 'specifically', 'treating', 'viral', 'infections', 'killing', 'preventing', 'growth', 'viruses'] ['success', 'vaccination', 'programme', 'demonstrated', 'what', 'achieve', 'when', 'bring', 'together', 'brightest', 'minds', 'said', 'johnson'] ['antivirals', 'taskforce', 'will', 'seek', 'develop', 'innovative', 'treatments', 'take', 'home', 'stop', 'covid', 'tracks'] ['these', 'could', 'provide', 'another', 'vital', 'defence', 'against', 'future', 'increase', 'infections', 'save', 'more', 'lives'] ['health', 'secretary', 'matt', 'hancock', 'said', 'medicines', 'vital', 'weapon', 'protect', 'loved', 'ones', 'from', 'this', 'terrible', 'virus'] ['modelled', 'success', 'vaccines', 'therapeutics', 'taskforces', 'which', 'have', 'played', 'crucial', 'part', 'response', 'pandemic', 'bringing', 'together', 'team', 'that', 'will', 'supercharge', 'search', 'antiviral', 'treatments', 'roll', 'them', 'soon', 'autumn'] ['government', 'chief', 'scientific', 'adviser', 'patrick', 'vallance', 'said', 'speed', 'which', 'vaccines', 'therapeutics', 'such', 'dexamethasone', 'have', 'been', 'identified', 'deployed', 'against', 'covid', 'been', 'critical', 'pandemic', 'response'] ['antivirals', 'tablet', 'form', 'another', 'tool', 'response'] ['they', 'could', 'help', 'protect', 'those', 'protected', 'ineligible', 'vaccines'] ['they', 'could', 'also', 'another', 'layer', 'defence', 'face', 'variants', 'concern'] ['nikita', 'kanani', 'medical', 'director', 'primary', 'care', 'england', 'said', 'research', 'into', 'reality', 'record', 'speed', 'during', 'pandemic', 'this', 'taskforce', 'will', 'help', 'identify', 'roll', 'even', 'more', 'convenient', 'treatments', 'patients', 'with', 'covid'] ['commenting', 'announcement', 'penny', 'ward', 'visiting', 'professor', 'pharmaceutical', 'medicine', 'kings', 'college', 'london', 'said', 'antiviral', 'treatment', 'influenza', 'been', 'shown', 'reduce', 'hospitalisation', 'prevent', 'death', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'waves', 'similar', 'preferably', 'simple', 'antiviral', 'suitable', 'community', 'range', 'interventions', 'critical', 'enable', 'remain', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'even', 'event', 'emergence', 'viral', 'variants', 'insensitive', 'vaccines'] ['said', 'that', 'there', 'number', 'early', 'phase', 'trials', 'looking', 'oral', 'antiviral', 'medications'] ['newspaper'] ['african', 'covid', 'deaths'] [] ['published', 'february', '2021', 'updated', 'february', '2021'] ['africa', 'thursday', 'recorded', 'more', 'than', 'deaths', 'from', 'covid', 'grim', 'milestone', 'likely', 'understate', 'real', 'toll', 'continent', 'billion', 'people', 'battles', 'second', 'wave', 'infections'] ['countries', 'region', 'have', 'death', 'toll', 'from', 'reported', 'cases', 'according', 'tally'] ['continent', 'relatively', 'spared', 'pandemic', 'last', 'except', 'oceania', 'reach', 'threshold', 'deaths', 'which', 'europe', 'crossed', 'april', '2020'] ['south', 'africa', 'worst', 'african', 'country', 'rolled', 'mass', 'testing', 'campaign', 'start', 'pandemic'] ['date', 'country', 'recorded', 'nearly', 'million', 'cases', 'more', 'than', 'deaths'] ['those', 'figures', 'based', 'daily', 'reports', 'communicated', 'health', 'authorities', 'only', 'reflect', 'fraction', 'actual', 'case', 'load', 'health', 'specialists'] ['cases', 'clearly', 'under', 'reported', 'because', 'poor', 'access', 'healthcare', 'facilities', 'under', 'reporting', 'milder', 'cases', 'south', 'african', 'virologist', 'barry', 'schoub', 'also', 'member', 'scientific', 'council', 'south', 'african', 'ministry', 'health', 'told'] ['understaffed', 'health', 'facilities', 'lack', 'means', 'have', 'meant', 'many', 'african', 'countries', 'have', 'been', 'unable', 'mass', 'testing'] ['many', 'countries', 'have', 'mainly', 'tests', 'capitals', 'further', 'moves', 'away', 'from', 'urban', 'centres', 'less', 'there', 'tests', 'explained', 'french', 'epidemiologist', 'emmanuel', 'baron', 'from', 'doctors', 'without', 'borders'] ['disease', 'that', 'unnoticed', 'with', 'asymptomatic', 'patients', 'with', 'symptoms', 'that', 'confused', 'with', 'others', 'added'] ['covid', 'found', 'pawpaw'] ['zimbabwe', 'country', 'with', 'devastated', 'economy', 'mismanaged', 'health', 'system', 'hospitals', 'filled', 'with', 'covid', 'patients', 'exhausted', 'doctors', 'overwhelmed', 'nurses', 'official', 'number', 'cases', 'remains'] ['tanzania', 'stopped', 'testing', '2020', 'after', 'claiming', 'found', 'positive', 'covid', 'case', 'pawpaw', 'quail', 'even', 'goat', 'tanzanian', 'government', 'last', 'released', 'official', 'figures', 'april'] ['someone', 'told', 'year', 'that', 'continent', 'would', 'deaths', 'from', 'this', 'infection', 'probably', 'would', 'have', 'believed', 'john', 'nkengasong', 'africa', 'director', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'preventions', 'told', 'reporters', 'thursday'] ['toll', 'africa', 'however', 'significantly', 'lower', 'than', 'europe', 'world', 'most', 'affected', 'region', 'with', 'deaths', 'recorded', 'other', 'regions', 'that', 'badly', 'latin', 'america', 'with', 'deaths', 'united', 'states', 'canada', 'deaths'] ['after', 'sharp', 'increase', 'january', 'africa', 'figures', 'have', 'fallen', 'sharply', 'past', 'weeks', 'over', 'last', 'seven', 'days', 'continent', 'recorded', 'deaths', 'drop', 'percent', 'from', 'previous', 'week'] ['height', 'pandemic', 'january', 'continent', 'deaths'] ['disaster'] ['while', 'coronavirus', 'figures', 'clearly', 'underestimated', 'have', 'seen', 'health', 'disaster', 'africa', 'date', 'said', 'baron'] ['several', 'studies', 'antibodies', 'which', 'make', 'possible', 'detect', 'whether', 'person', 'recovered', 'previously', 'been', 'exposed', 'virus', 'underway', 'many', 'african', 'countries', 'should', 'provide', 'better', 'idea', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'region'] ['south', 'africa', 'where', 'almost', 'latest', 'cases', 'attributed', 'variant', 'virus', 'known', 'more', 'contagious', 'which', 'spread', 'widely', 'represents', 'nearly', 'half', 'deaths', 'reported', 'cases', 'continent'] ['other', 'african', 'countries', 'that', 'most', 'affected', 'egypt', 'deaths', 'from', 'cases', 'morocco', 'deaths', 'from', 'cases'] ['south', 'africa', 'also', 'country', 'with', 'most', 'covid', 'fatalities', 'continent', 'counting', 'deaths', 'inhabitants', 'ahead', 'tunisia', 'deaths', 'eswatini'] ['lagging', 'behind', 'vaccination', 'race', 'continent', 'leading', 'industrial', 'powerhouse', 'administered', 'first', 'vaccines', 'wednesday'] ['globally', 'covid', 'caused', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'infections', 'over', 'million', 'deaths', 'since', 'start', 'epidemic', 'wuhan', 'china', 'december', '2019'] [] ['newspaper'] ['gyms', 'aren', 'covid', 'hotspots', 'industry'] ['australian', 'associated', 'press'] ['published', 'august', '2020', 'updated', 'august', '2020'] ['fitness', 'industry', 'back', 'perception', 'that', 'gyms', 'covid', 'hotspots', 'saying', 'there', 'been', 'transmission', 'virus', 'linked', 'gyms'] ['fitness', 'australia', 'chief', 'executive', 'barrie', 'elvish', 'said', 'fitness', 'australia', 'gathered', 'data', 'from', 'random', 'sample', 'operators', 'that', 'proves', 'gyms', 'safe'] ['since', 'gyms', 'reopened', 'june', 'there', 'been', 'more', 'than', 'million', 'visits', 'gyms', 'with', 'recorded', 'community', 'transmission', 'said'] ['same', 'cannot', 'said', 'restaurants', 'bars', 'where', 'cluster', 'cases', 'have', 'started', 'spread', 'however', 'gyms', 'still', 'being', 'categorised', 'with', 'these', 'other', 'entertainment', 'venues', 'cast', 'negative', 'light', 'said', 'statement', 'thursday'] ['however', 'misinformation', 'negative', 'commentary', 'portrayed', 'health', 'fitness', 'facilities', 'hotspots', 'covid', 'resulting', 'some', 'people', 'being', 'scared', 'exercise', 'their', 'said', 'despite', 'additional', 'precautions', 'stringent', 'hygiene', 'practices'] ['fitness', 'australia', 'data', 'gathered', 'from', 'electronic', 'swipes', 'used', 'members', 'access', 'which', 'also', 'could', 'used', 'sophisticated', 'contact', 'tracing', 'should', 'required'] ['elvish', 'said', 'there', 'been', 'reported', 'cases', 'where', 'member', 'visited', 'while', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', 'health', 'authorities', 'identified', 'cases', 'transmission'] ['part', 'problem', 'actually', 'part', 'solution', 'getting', 'more', 'australians', 'more', 'active', 'more', 'often', 'help', 'prevent', 'long', 'term', 'lifestyle', 'related', 'disease', 'elvish', 'said'] ['urging', 'government', 'work', 'with', 'fitness', 'australia', 'industry', 'ensure', 'health', 'safety', 'community'] ['newspaper'] ['covid', 'victims', 'maintain', 'immunity'] ['australian', 'associated', 'press'] ['published', 'november', '2020', 'updated', 'november', '2020'] ['australian', 'researchers', 'have', 'discovered', 'that', 'patients', 'been', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', 'retain', 'immunity', 'against', 'virus', 'disease', 'least', 'eight', 'months'] ['research', 'strongest', 'evidence', 'that', 'vaccines', 'against', 'virus', 'will', 'work', 'long', 'periods'] ['previous', 'studies', 'found', 'first', 'wave', 'antibodies', 'produced', 'human', 'body', 'after', 'infection', 'waned', 'after', 'first', 'months', 'raising', 'concerns', 'that', 'people', 'could', 'quickly', 'lose', 'immunity'] ['research', 'allays', 'those', 'concerns'] ['study', 'result', 'collaboration', 'associate', 'professor', 'menno', 'zelm', 'from', 'monash', 'university', 'published', 'monday', 'preprint', 'server', 'medrxiv'] ['researchers', 'found', 'specific', 'cell', 'within', 'human', 'immune', 'system', 'memory', 'cell', 'remembers', 'infection', 'virus', 'challenged', 'again', 'through', 'exposure', 'virus', 'triggers', 'protective', 'immune', 'response', 'through', 'rapid', 'production', 'protective', 'antibodies'] ['researchers', 'recruited', 'covid', 'patients', 'took', 'blood', 'samples', 'between', 'four', 'post', 'infection', 'post', 'infection'] ['with', 'other', 'studies', 'looking', 'antibody', 'response', 'researchers', 'found', 'that', 'antibodies', 'against', 'virus', 'started', 'drop', 'after', 'days', 'post', 'infection'] ['however', 'patients', 'continued', 'have', 'memory', 'cells', 'that', 'recognised', 'components', 'virus', 'spike', 'nucleocapsid', 'proteins'] ['these', 'virus', 'specific', 'memory', 'cells', 'were', 'present', 'long', 'eight', 'months', 'after', 'infection'] ['associate', 'professor', 'zelm', 'said', 'results', 'gave', 'hope', 'efficacy', 'vaccine', 'against', 'virus', 'explained', 'there', 'been', 'examples', 'genuine', 'reinfection', 'millions', 'people', 'tested', 'positive', 'virus', 'globally'] ['these', 'results', 'important', 'because', 'they', 'show', 'definitively', 'that', 'patients', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', 'virus', 'fact', 'retain', 'immunity', 'against', 'virus', 'disease', 'said'] ['this', 'been', 'black', 'cloud', 'hanging', 'over', 'potential', 'protection', 'that', 'could', 'provided', 'covid', 'vaccine', 'gives', 'real', 'hope', 'that', 'once', 'vaccine', 'vaccines', 'developed', 'they', 'will', 'provide', 'long', 'term', 'protection'] ['newspaper'] ['origins', 'covid'] ['reuters'] ['published', 'january', '2021', 'updated', 'january', '2021'] ['shanghai', 'reuters', 'team', 'from', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'works', 'china', 'investigate', 'origins', 'covid', 'following', 'factbox', 'looks', 'what', 'know', 'about', 'pandemic', 'began'] ['china', 'origins'] ['coronavirus', 'that', 'causes', 'covid', 'known', 'sars', 'first', 'identified', 'central', 'chinese', 'city', 'wuhan', 'january', '2020', 'most', 'scientists', 'believe', 'still', 'most', 'likely', 'that', 'originated', 'china'] ['peter', 'embarek', 'expert', 'food', 'safety', 'zoonotic', 'diseases', 'said', 'wuhan', 'offered', 'first', 'solid', 'clues', 'about', 'transmission', 'covid', 'investigation', 'would', 'start', 'there'] ['though', 'some', 'studies', 'have', 'suggested', 'covid', 'present', 'italy', 'spain', 'earlier', '2019', 'that', 'might', 'have', 'been', 'responsible', 'spike', 'pneumonia', 'cases', 'france', 'researchers', 'believe', 'could', 'have', 'entered', 'wuhan', 'from', 'europe'] ['closest', 'relative', 'nature', 'ratg13', 'virus', 'which', 'discovered', 'horseshoe', 'bats', 'southwest', 'china', 'yunnan', 'province', 'genetic', 'match', 'between', 'makes', 'highly', 'likely', 'that', 'covid', 'also', 'originated', 'colonies', 'china', 'southwest', 'border', 'regions'] ['huanan', 'market'] ['initial', 'cluster', 'infections', 'traced', 'back', 'huanan', 'seafood', 'market', 'wuhan', 'leading', 'many', 'assume', 'that', 'patient', 'zero', 'probably', 'trader', 'exposed', 'contaminated', 'meat', 'products'] ['this', 'version', 'events', 'simplistic', 'explain', 'patterns', 'infection', 'wuhan', 'elsewhere'] ['many', 'earliest', 'reported', 'cases', 'connection', 'with', 'market', '2019', 'wuhan', 'residents', 'were', 'hospitalised', 'with', 'what', 'turned', 'covid', 'them', 'link', 'huanan'] ['team', 'chinese', 'researchers', 'said', 'there', 'were', 'types', 'sars', 'circulating', 'wuhan', 'only', 'which', 'associated', 'with', 'market'] ['scientists', 'also', 'said', 'virus', 'unusually', 'adapted', 'rapid', 'human', 'transmission', 'making', 'unlikely', 'that', 'first', 'human', 'contact', 'made', 'seafood', 'market'] ['intermediary', 'species'] ['investigators', 'keen', 'find', 'what', 'intermediary', 'species', 'that', 'allowed', 'sars', 'move', 'from', 'original', 'host', 'into', 'humans'] ['preliminary', 'scientific', 'papers', 'china', 'identified', 'snakes', 'mink', 'potential', 'candidates', 'similar', 'coronavirus', 'infections', 'were', 'also', 'found', 'pangolins', 'illegally', 'trafficked', 'into', 'china'] ['some', 'scholars', 'believe', 'there', 'intermediary', 'species', 'that', 'sars', 'like', 'virus', 'transmitted', 'directly', 'from', 'bats', 'humans', 'possibly', 'multiple', 'occasions'] ['first', 'people', 'infected', 'were', 'likely', 'traders', 'meat', 'droppings', 'used', 'traditional', 'chinese', 'medicine', 'them', 'could', 'have', 'carried', 'into', 'huanan', 'seafood', 'market', 'causing', 'superspreader', 'event', 'that', 'allowed', 'pandemic', 'begin'] ['gain', 'function'] ['though', 'there', 'credible', 'supporting', 'evidence', 'some', 'researchers', 'still', 'rule', 'possibility', 'that', 'virus', 'released', 'accidentally', 'specialist', 'wuhan', 'institute', 'virology'] ['there', 'indication', 'that', 'sars', 'contains', 'synthetic', 'insertions', 'some', 'researchers', 'could', 'have', 'been', 'subject', 'process', 'known', 'gain', 'function', 'where', 'forces', 'virus', 'become', 'more', 'infectious', 'exposing', 'human', 'receptor', 'cells'] ['some', 'experts', 'investigators', 'needs', 'granted', 'access', 'research', 'conducted', 'whether', 'there', 'closer', 'matches', 'than', 'ratg13', 'virus'] ['there', 'another', 'explanation', 'coronavirus', 'proven', 'lethal'] ['sars', 'been', 'circulating', 'humans', 'throughout', 'southwest', 'china', 'months', 'before', 'finally', 'identified', 'wuhan', 'natural', 'selection', 'itself', 'could', 'have', 'trained', 'bind', 'more', 'effectively', 'those', 'receptor', 'cells'] ['fully', 'optimised', 'after', 'months', 'human', 'exposure', 'made', 'explosive', 'breakthrough', 'huanan', 'market', 'where', 'conditions', 'were', 'ideal', 'rapid', 'viral', 'transmission', 'though', 'also', 'very', 'likely', 'spreading', 'elsewhere', 'reporting', 'david', 'stanway', 'editing', 'gerry', 'doyle'] ['newspaper'] ['australian', 'covid', 'testing', 'criteria'] ['australian', 'associated', 'press'] ['published', 'april', '2020', 'updated', 'april', '2020'] ['what', 'criteria', 'people', 'australia', 'need', 'meet', 'order', 'tested', 'covid'] ['victoria'] ['testing', 'expanded', 'victoria', 'include', 'anyone', 'experiencing', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'symptoms'] ['testing', 'available', 'anyone', 'recently', 'returned', 'from', 'travel', 'come', 'into', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case'] ['public', 'screening', 'clinics', 'have', 'opened', 'test', 'people', 'covid'] [] ['south', 'wales'] ['testing', 'recommended', 'anyone', 'displaying', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'infection', 'symptoms'] ['overseas', 'travellers', 'past', 'days', 'cruise', 'ship', 'passengers', 'crew', 'members', 'those', 'have', 'been', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'urged', 'tested'] ['sick', 'healthcare', 'aged', 'care', 'workers', 'recommended', 'tested', 'infection'] ['people', 'living', 'penrith', 'sydney', 'inner', 'west', 'liverpool', 'randwick', 'waverley', 'woollahra', 'blacktown', 'cumberland', 'westmead', 'ryde', 'manning', 'lake', 'macquarie', 'urged', 'seek', 'testing', 'they', 'display', 'symptoms', 'community', 'community', 'transmission', 'occurred', 'these', 'areas'] [] ['queensland'] ['people', 'displaying', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'symptoms', 'have', 'been', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'have', 'been', 'overseas', 'within', 'past', 'days', 'tested'] ['workers', 'vulnerable', 'setting', 'including', 'healthcare', 'aged', 'care', 'military', 'education', 'corrections', 'tested'] ['people', 'live', 'brisbane', 'gold', 'coast', 'cairns', 'first', 'nations', 'community', 'also', 'tested', 'they', 'show', 'symptoms'] ['people', 'travelling', 'from', 'declared', 'covid', 'hotspot', 'interstate', 'also', 'tested'] [] ['south', 'australia'] ['residents', 'advised', 'tested', 'they', 'have', 'travelled', 'overseas', 'interstate', 'past', 'days'] ['testing', 'advised', 'people', 'have', 'been', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'displaying', 'coronavirus', 'symptoms'] ['healthcare', 'workers', 'with', 'direct', 'patient', 'contact', 'aged', 'residential', 'care', 'workers', 'have', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'infection', 'shortness', 'breath', 'cough', 'sore', 'throat', 'urged', 'tested'] ['people', 'tanunda', 'nuriootpa', 'williamstown', 'angaston', 'lyndoch', 'from', 'march', 'have', 'developed', 'covid', 'symptoms', 'should', 'immediately', 'self', 'isolate', 'tested', 'after', 'cases', 'were', 'linked', 'barossa', 'region'] ['health', 'recommends', 'testing', 'qantas', 'staff', 'have', 'been', 'affected', 'areas', 'adelaide', 'airport', 'after', 'outbreak', 'cases', 'public', 'areas', 'have', 'been', 'affected', 'anyone', 'been', 'airport', 'developed', 'symptoms', 'urged', 'self', 'isolate', 'seek', 'testing'] [] ['western', 'australia'] ['people', 'tested', 'they', 'have', 'fever', 'recent', 'history', 'fever', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'infection', 'shortness', 'breath', 'cough', 'sore', 'throat'] ['people', 'working', 'high', 'risk', 'settings', 'such', 'healthcare', 'aged', 'care', 'disability', 'police', 'officers', 'tested'] ['residents', 'required', 'have', 'travelled', 'interstate', 'overseas', 'been', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'test'] ['people', 'metropolitan', 'areas', 'tested', 'nine', 'testing', 'clinics', 'while', 'those', 'regional', 'areas', 'tested', 'public', 'hospital', 'health', 'service', 'remote', 'health', 'clinic'] ['authorities', 'indicate', 'more', 'random', 'testing', 'find', 'symptomatic', 'carriers', 'likely', 'next', 'step', 'after', 'very', 'little', 'community', 'spread', 'found', 'state', 'results'] [] ['tasmania', 'tasmanians', 'display', 'coronavirus', 'symptoms', 'have', 'recently', 'travelled', 'overseas', 'interstate', 'apply', 'their', 'through', 'public', 'health', 'services', 'tested'] ['people', 'have', 'been', 'cruise', 'ship', 'have', 'been', 'contact', 'with', 'person', 'with', 'covid', 'apply', 'tested'] ['state', 'government', 'changed', 'testing', 'criteria', 'allow', 'testing', 'people', 'have', 'spent', 'time', 'tasmania', 'northwest', 'have', 'developed', 'fever', 'respiratory', 'symptoms'] ['northern', 'territory', 'people', 'have', 'returned', 'from', 'interstate', 'overseas', 'past', 'days', 'develop', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'with', 'without', 'fever', 'tested'] ['people', 'have', 'been', 'close', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'case', 'past', 'days', 'develop', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'with', 'without', 'fever', 'tested'] ['people', 'have', 'severe', 'community', 'acquired', 'pneumonia', 'there', 'clear', 'cause', 'seek', 'testing'] ['healthcare', 'workers', 'directly', 'work', 'with', 'patients', 'frontline', 'workers', 'including', 'police', 'emergency', 'workers', 'educators', 'retail', 'pharmacists', 'disability', 'workers', 'display', 'respiratory', 'illness', 'fever', 'tested'] [] ['people', 'have', 'recently', 'travelled', 'overseas', 'cruise', 'ship', 'have', 'been', 'contact', 'with', 'confirmed', 'case', 'have', 'developed', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'within', 'days', 'returning', 'australia', 'urged', 'tested'] ['healthcare', 'aged', 'care', 'workers', 'with', 'recent', 'onset', 'respiratory', 'symptoms', 'fever', 'irrespective', 'travel', 'history', 'tested'] ['people', 'living', 'high', 'risk', 'setting', 'such', 'aged', 'care', 'military', 'correctional', 'facilities', 'have', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'should', 'tested'] ['anyone', 'travelled', 'from', 'area', 'where', 'covid', 'outbreaks', 'have', 'occurred', 'have', 'travelled', 'area', 'within', 'australia', 'with', 'elevated', 'risk', 'community', 'transmission', 'displaying', 'symptoms', 'urged', 'tested'] ['newspaper'] ['auckland', 'removes', 'covid', 'restrictions'] ['australian', 'associated', 'press'] ['published', 'march', '2021', 'updated', 'march', '2021'] ['zealand', 'downscaled', 'covid', 'alert', 'levels', 'auckland', 'marking', 'restrictions', 'from', 'valentine', 'outbreak'] ['however', 'jacinda', 'ardern', 'government', 'been', 'criticised', 'making', 'decision', 'thursday', 'delaying', 'announcement'] ['first', 'bloke', 'clarke', 'gayford', 'jumped', 'prime', 'minister', 'tweeting', 'government', 'decision', 'four', 'hours', 'before', 'ardern', 'scheduled', 'press', 'conference'] ['inprinciple', 'decision', 'decided', 'pending', 'final', 'test', 'results', 'today', 'wrote', 'response', 'criticism', 'from', 'kiwi', 'chef', 'martin', 'bosley'] ['feeling', 'really', 'sorry', 'auckland', 'hospo', 'having', 'wait', 'until', '30am', 'today', 'find', 'about', 'moving', 'levels', 'utterly', 'ludicrous', 'stay', 'strong', 'friends', 'bosley', 'said'] ['aucklanders', 'were', 'expecting', 'shift', 'there', 'have', 'been', 'community', 'cases', 'fortnight'] ['30am', 'ardern', 'announced', 'biggest', 'city', 'would', 'move', 'from', 'alert', 'level', 'alert', 'level', '12noon'] ['once', 'again', 'city', 'stepped', 'what', 'needed', 'that', 'thank', 'said'] ['look', 'after', 'each', 'other', 'enjoy', 'your', 'weekend'] ['decision', 'allows', 'crowds', 'gather', 'watch', 'america', 'sailing', 'auckland', 'racing', 'meet', 'saturday', 'postponed', 'auckland', 'pride', 'events'] ['business', 'hospitality', 'figures', 'attacked', 'decision', 'saying', 'allow', 'them', 'enough', 'time', 'change', 'staffing', 'order', 'supplies', 'bumper', 'friday', 'night', 'trade'] ['auckland', 'pride', 'director', 'tweedie', 'said', 'wait', 'frustrating'] ['sector', 'anticipated', 'move', 'tonight', 'which', 'changes', 'everything', 'friday', 'night', 'shows', 'events', 'said'] ['need', 'time', 'roll', 'plans', 'release', 'tickets', 'change', 'seating', 'signage', 'didn'] ['opposition', 'leader', 'judith', 'collins', 'called', 'communications', 'good', 'enough'] ['ardern', 'said', 'cabinet', 'thursday', 'afternoon', 'decided', 'move', 'alert', 'levels', 'pending', 'cases', 'testing', 'close', 'contacts', 'information', 'that', 'friday', 'morning'] ['ardern', 'rejected', 'notion', 'gayford', 'tweet', 'improper'] ['have', 'seen', 'partner', 'since', 'yesterday', 'really', 'reject', 'implication', 'said'] ['known', 'decision', 'known', 'process', 'which', 'exactly', 'what', 'ministers', 'have', 'conveyed', 'public', 'domain'] ['valentine', 'outbreak', 'first', 'identified', 'february', 'prompted', 'government', 'into', 'lockdowns', 'zealand', 'biggest', 'city'] ['first', 'three', 'lockdown', 'beginning', 'february'] ['week', 'long', 'lockdown', 'began', 'february', 'when', 'community', 'case', 'identified', 'without', 'links', 'cluster', 'subsequently', 'traced', 'back', 'outbreak'] ['total', 'people', 'have', 'tested', 'positive', 'covid', 'from', 'latest', 'outbreak', 'health', 'officials', 'discover', 'origin']
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=100
words=word_count_nscience
model_nscience=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_non_science =dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values
#dictionary of top 5 words
dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=5))
{'trial': -0.4357698515176407,
'vaccin': -0.3522508419172812,
'stage': -0.3104392334067969,
'late': -0.27993679585081893,
'expect': -0.2175291307730242}
#wordcloud for top 10 words
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph11.png')
# Cosinesimilarity matrix of top 5 words
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_non_science =dict(model_nscience.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_non_science,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_nscience.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled13.png')
cosine-similarity
trial vaccin stage late expect
trial 1 0.126472 0.861164 0.709278 0.825116
vaccin 0.126472 1 0.179982 0.149438 0.162041
stage 0.861164 0.179982 1 0.838425 0.944611
late 0.709278 0.149438 0.838425 1 0.791853
expect 0.825116 0.162041 0.944611 0.791853 1
#networkx graph for top 5 words
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='y',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig13.png')
#loading dataset
document_list,titles,word_count_psy=load_data("","covid-psychology-small.txt")
Number of words in text file : 39735 Total Number of Documents: 4481
#data preprocessing
clean_text=preprocess_data(document_list)
['international', 'sociology'] ['2021'] ['author', '2020'] ['article', 'reuse', 'guidelines'] ['sagepub', 'journals', 'permissions'] ['1177', '0268580920948807'] ['journals', 'sagepub', 'home'] ['psychology', 'politics'] ['covid', 'misinfodemics'] ['people'] ['believe', 'misinfodemics'] ['sonia', 'mukhtar'] ['university', 'management', 'technology', 'lahore', 'pakistan'] ['abstract'] ['misinfodemics', 'related', 'covid', 'have', 'negatively', 'impacted', 'people', 'lives', 'with', 'adverse'] ['health', 'psycho', 'sociopolitical', 'outcomes', 'scientific', 'community', 'seeks', 'communicate'] ['evidence', 'based', 'information', 'regarding', 'misplaced', 'preventive', 'strategies', 'misinformed', 'helpseeking', 'behaviors', 'global', 'multifaceted', 'systems', 'secondary', 'risk', 'emerged', 'effects'] ['misinfodemics', 'public', 'published', 'articles', 'pubmed', 'embase', 'google', 'scholar', 'elsevier'] ['about', 'covid', 'related', 'misinfodemics', 'have', 'been', 'considered', 'reviewed', 'this', 'article', 'this'] ['review', 'examines', 'mechanisms', 'operational', 'structure', 'prevalence', 'predictive', 'factors', 'effects'] ['responses', 'potential', 'curtailing', 'strategies', 'misinfodemics', 'covid', 'present', 'article'] ['shows', 'that', 'popular', 'variants', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'could', 'joint', 'product'] ['psychological', 'predisposition', 'which', 'either', 'reject', 'information', 'from', 'experts', 'perceive'] ['crisis', 'situation', 'product', 'misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations'] ['psychological', 'foundations', 'political', 'disposition', 'misinfodemics', 'have', 'implications'] ['development', 'strategies', 'designed', 'curtail', 'negative', 'consequences', 'public', 'health'] ['keywords'] ['conspiracy', 'theories', 'covid', 'health', 'communication', 'misinformation', 'mistrust', 'science'] ['mechanisms', 'misinfodemics'] ['this', 'modern', 'mainstream', 'social', 'media', 'have', 'become', 'primary', 'source', 'information', 'people', 'around', 'world', 'thus', 'risk', 'misinfodemics', 'surrounding'] ['corresponding', 'author'] ['sonia', 'mukhtar', 'university', 'management', 'technology', 'block', 'phase', 'johar', 'town', 'lahore'] ['punjab', '54770', 'pakistan'] ['email', 'sonia', 'mukhtar12', 'gmail'] ['948807iss0010', '1177', '0268580920948807international', 'sociologymukhtar'] ['research', 'article2020'] ['article'] ['international', 'sociology'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'even', 'more', 'challenging', 'curb', 'ongoing', 'coronavirus'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'highlighted', 'interconnectedness', 'modern'] ['globalized', 'world', 'where', 'public', 'health', 'threats', 'extend', 'beyond', 'their', 'point', 'origin'] ['unvarying', 'reliance', 'misplaced', 'confidence', 'media', 'platforms', 'during'] ['lockdown', 'quarantine', 'self', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'virtual', 'communication'] ['become', 'major', 'source', 'interaction', 'holman', '2020'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'only', 'escalated', 'challenges'] ['healthcare', 'social', 'educational', 'economic', 'political', 'environmental', 'cultural', 'socioeconomic', 'systems', 'over', 'world', 'also', 'gained', 'momentum', 'innumerable'] ['misinfodemics', 'mechanisms', 'rumors', 'myths', 'superstitions', 'conspiracy', 'theories'] ['claims', 'hoaxes', 'false', 'misinformation', 'fake', 'news', 'polarization', 'mistrust', 'science'] ['times', 'crisis', 'absence', 'fact', 'checking', 'misinformation', 'misleading', 'content', 'false'] ['context', 'manipulated', 'data', 'fabricated', 'material', 'imposter', 'documents', 'disinformation', 'regarding', 'etiology', 'outcomes', 'misplaced', 'prevention', 'disease'] ['mukhtar', '2020a', '2020'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'saturated', 'mainstream', 'media', 'which', 'disseminate', 'information', 'local', 'global', 'scale', 'similarly', 'social', 'media', 'platforms', 'have'] ['also', 'become', 'accessible', 'source', 'information', 'numerous', 'incidents', 'initiated'] ['these', 'rumors', 'have', 'caused', 'several', 'mishaps', 'across', 'world', 'instance', 'took'] ['life', 'after', 'positive', 'diagnosis', 'covid', 'india', 'people', 'have', 'overdosed'] ['drug', 'cholorquine', 'after', 'news', 'about', 'effectiveness', 'against', 'covid', 'proliferated', 'nigeria', 'busari', 'adebayo', '2020', '2020', 'there', 'been', 'failure', 'make'] ['distinction', 'between', 'empirically', 'based', 'scientific', 'truths', 'fabricated', 'unconfirmed'] ['anti', 'science', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'such', 'reports', 'reduce', 'legitimacy', 'scientific', 'discoveries', 'regarding', 'cure', 'vaccine', 'covid', 'this'] ['also', 'create', 'social', 'stigma', 'resulting', 'xenophobia', 'anti', 'chinese', 'sentiment', 'racism', 'marginalization', 'reduced', 'compliance', 'adherence', 'quarantine', 'have', 'adverse', 'health'] ['psychosocial', 'impacts', 'aguilera', '2020', 'rana', '2020a', '2020b', 'these', 'considerations', 'become', 'even', 'more', 'exacerbated', 'during', 'lockdown', 'leading', 'people', 'fringe'] ['popular', 'opinion', 'spend', 'ever', 'more', 'time', 'social', 'media', 'people', 'trying'] ['make', 'sense', 'their', 'changed', 'lives', 'self', 'proclaimed', 'celebrities', 'self', 'identified', 'social'] ['media', 'stars', 'politicians', 'mainstream', 'media', 'public', 'figures', 'propagating', 'their'] ['subjective', 'interpretations', 'events', 'this', 'situation', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'misinfodemics', 'lederer', '2020'] ['scientific', 'studies', 'from', 'previous', 'disease', 'outbreaks', 'have', 'demonstrated', 'that', 'misinformation', 'represents', 'secondary', 'challenge', 'public', 'health', 'efforts', 'controlling', 'epidemic', 'pandemic', 'earnshaw', '2019', 'kalichman', '2009', 'individuals', 'endorse'] ['misinformation', 'about', 'disease', 'less', 'likely', 'follow', 'public', 'health', 'instructions', 'during'] ['ebola', 'outbreak', '2014', 'respondents', 'gave', 'credence', 'conspiracy', 'theories'] ['alleged', 'that', 'they', 'would', 'less', 'likely', 'seek', 'support', 'during', 'disease', 'outbreak'] ['national', 'cancer', 'institute', '2020', '2019', 'study', 'montanaro', '2020', 'conducted'] ['over', 'respondents', 'reported', 'trust', 'medical', 'healthcare', 'professionals', 'contrast', '2020', 'study', 'where', 'majority', 'respondents', 'reported', 'mistrust', 'information'] ['about', 'covid', 'from', 'current', 'administration', 'mainstream', 'media', 'news', 'outlets'] ['york', 'times', '2020'] ['mukhtar'] ['psychology', 'misinfodemics'] ['fear', 'adaptive', 'emotion', 'which', 'serves', 'mobilize', 'energy', 'towards', 'potential', 'actual'] ['perceived', 'threat', 'mertens', '2018', 'however', 'when', 'fear', 'excessive', 'then', 'this'] ['have', 'detrimental', 'effects', 'individual', 'mental', 'health', 'problems', 'like', 'anxiety'] ['phobia', 'community', 'level', 'hoarding', 'panic', 'shopping', 'xenophobia', 'when', 'fear'] ['insufficient', 'then', 'this', 'also', 'cause', 'harm', 'both', 'individual', 'incompliance', 'nonadherence', 'towards', 'quarantine', 'isolation', 'community', 'reckless', 'implementation'] ['policies', 'that', 'ignores', 'risks', 'socioeconomic', 'infrastructure', 'likewise', 'interpersonal'] ['safety', 'measures', 'mitigate', 'certain', 'threats', 'transmission', 'disease', 'paradoxically', 'enhance', 'fear', 'fear', 'transmission', 'excessive', 'health', 'anxiety', 'psychosocial'] ['issues', 'similarly', 'social', 'safety', 'measures', 'lockdowns', 'curfews', 'help', 'control', 'transmission', 'prolonged', 'stringent', 'measures', 'could', 'have', 'negative', 'consequences', 'socioeconomic', 'impact', 'mental', 'health', 'impact'] ['efforts', 'curb', 'misinfodemics', 'process', 'have', 'increased', 'because', 'adverse'] ['effects', 'public', 'health', 'communication', 'encourage', 'adoption', 'sustainable'] ['preventive', 'measures', 'manage', 'social', 'physical', 'distancing', 'psychological', 'health'] ['resilience', 'socioeconomic', 'conditions', 'address', 'stigma', 'prejudice', 'discrimination'] ['inequalities', 'mukhtar', '2020b', 'among', 'various', 'factors', 'psychological', 'vulnerability', 'mukhtar', '2020c', 'mukhtar', 'mahmood', '2018', 'propensity', 'follow', 'popular'] ['opinion', 'excessive', 'social', 'media', 'presence', 'predisposition', 'anxiety', 'fear', 'lead'] ['uncertainty', 'intolerance', 'unpredictability', 'coronavirus', 'brings', 'high', 'levels', 'uncertainty', 'inability', 'cope', 'with', 'uncertainty', 'exponentially', 'higher', 'causing', 'anxiety'] ['fear', 'health', 'related', 'worry', 'this', 'situation', 'exacerbated', 'exposure', 'plethora'] ['information', 'including', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'about', 'impending'] ['threat', 'from', 'mainstream', 'media', 'social', 'media', 'alike', 'rosser', '2019', 'perceived', 'threat'] ['information', 'elevates', 'fear', 'repeated', 'engagement', 'with', 'trauma', 'related', 'media', 'content'] ['several', 'hours', 'daily', 'culminates', 'acute', 'stress', 'emotional', 'distress', 'consequently'] ['will', 'either', 'increase', 'fear', 'virus', 'cause', 'insensitivity', 'towards', 'course'] ['identification', 'monitoring', 'internet', 'centrifugal', 'clarification', 'filter'] ['accuracy', 'content', 'become', 'more', 'challenging', 'increasing', 'number', 'people', 'rely'] ['social', 'media', 'platforms', 'challenging', 'problems', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'social', 'media', 'they', 'emulsify', 'into', 'false'] ['misleading', 'click', 'bait', 'content', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'launched'] ['mythbuster', 'feature', 'website', 'countermeasure', 'spread', 'unauthentic'] ['news', 'social', 'media', 'people', 'reported', 'highest', 'media', 'exposure', 'reported', 'higher'] ['acute', 'stress', 'holman', '2020', 'media', 'exposure', 'accumulates', 'ever', 'emerging', 'threats'] ['repeated', 'exposure', 'these', 'events', 'increase', 'symptoms', 'distress', 'worry', 'fixation'] ['herd', 'mentality', 'misplaced', 'conviction', 'make', 'people', 'more', 'vulnerable', 'media', 'exposure', 'distress'] ['alongside', 'amount', 'media', 'exposure', 'type', 'content', 'exposure', 'matters'] ['well', 'exposure', 'tragic', 'events', 'graphic', 'images', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'violence', 'could'] ['instigate', 'posttraumatic', 'stress', 'fear', 'future', 'which', 'will', 'lead', 'poor', 'personal'] ['functioning', 'recent', 'years', 'mainstream', 'media', 'electronic', 'print', 'social', 'media'] ['have', 'established', 'themselves', 'beyond', 'government', 'channel', 'global'] ['international', 'sociology'] ['population', 'developed', 'affinity', 'news', 'channels', 'particular', 'while', 'older'] ['population', 'mainly', 'relies', 'more', 'traditional', 'news', 'channels', 'youth', 'look', 'social', 'media'] ['such', 'tiktok', 'instagram', 'youtube', 'twitter', 'facebook', 'whatsapp', 'social', 'media'] ['have', 'become', 'conduit', 'spreading', 'rumors', 'deliberate', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'personally', 'motivated', 'anecdotes', 'appeal', 'followers'] ['attract', 'attention', 'create', 'panic', 'liang', '2020', 'some', 'self', 'proclaimed', 'celebrities', 'media', 'stars', 'have', 'become', 'influential', 'that', 'large', 'number', 'people', 'rely', 'solely'] ['their', 'content', 'merchant', '2020', 'some', 'social', 'media', 'posts', 'circulating', 'many'] ['platforms', 'endorsed', 'multiple', 'social', 'media', 'account', 'users', 'encourage', 'optimal'] ['personal', 'functioning', 'maximum', 'productivity', 'business', 'oriented', 'activities', 'downplaying', 'intensity', 'this', 'traumatic', 'event', 'certain', 'posts', 'like', 'come'] ['this', 'quarantine', 'with', 'skill', 'your', 'side', 'hustle', 'started', 'more', 'knowledge', 'then'] ['never', 'lacked', 'time', 'lacked', 'discipline', 'circulating', 'various', 'social', 'media', 'accounts'] ['prompting', 'people', 'utilize', 'their', 'time', 'learning', 'things', 'skills', 'exacerbate'] ['worry', 'already', 'anxiety', 'prone', 'individuals', 'place', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'productive', 'rather', 'messages', 'like', 'come', 'this', 'quarantine', 'with', 'skill'] ['your', 'side', 'hustle', 'started', 'more', 'knowledge', 'then', 'doing', 'just', 'fine', 'should', 'disseminated', 'social', 'media', 'individuals', 'realize', 'that', 'during', 'such', 'intense', 'traumatic', 'event', 'everyone', 'equally', 'endowed', 'with', 'strength', 'coping', 'strategies'] ['problem', 'solving', 'skills', 'transform', 'trauma', 'into', 'positive', 'emotion', 'which', 'okay'] ['source', 'shame', 'guilt'] ['there', 'coercive', 'impression', 'percolating', 'among', 'individuals', 'regarding', 'lockdown'] ['that', 'people', 'should', 'assume', 'holiday', 'that', 'they', 'must', 'utilize', 'their', 'time', 'productively', 'engage', 'occupational', 'academic', 'activities', 'this', 'psychological', 'pressure'] ['further', 'aggravated', 'feelings', 'guilt', 'shame', 'regret', 'sadness', 'self', 'pity', 'anger', 'internalized'] ['emotions', 'being', 'overwhelmed', 'negative', 'self', 'talk', 'unrealistic', 'expectations', 'perceived', 'sense', 'failure', 'mukhtar', '2020a', '2020b', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'compete', 'with', 'peers', 'achieving', 'maximum', 'tasks', 'producing', 'occupational', 'academic'] ['outcomes', 'harnessing', 'herd', 'followers', 'subscribers', 'media', 'accounts'] ['downplaying', 'trauma', 'that', 'others', 'will', 'have', 'devastating', 'effects', 'mental'] ['wellbeing'] ['lockdown', 'resulting', 'self', 'isolation', 'quarantine', 'social', 'distancing', 'removed'] ['from', 'normal', 'leisure', 'time', 'that', 'might', 'utilized', 'improved', 'personal', 'functioning'] ['collective', 'traumatic', 'event', 'which', 'poses', 'serious', 'threat', 'people', 'resulted', 'huge'] ['loss', 'lives', 'displacement', 'many', 'individuals', 'mukhtar', 'mukhtar', '2020', 'mukhtar'] ['rana', '2020', 'covid', 'individual', 'collective', 'traumatic', 'event', 'directly'] ['indirectly', 'affected', 'every', 'individual', 'world', 'efforts', 'should', 'directed', 'towards'] ['minimizing', 'negative', 'effects', 'this', 'traumatic', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'survivors'] ['many', 'people', 'going', 'through', 'interpersonal', 'traumatic', 'events', 'addition', 'collective'] ['trauma', 'covid', 'domestic', 'violence', 'gender', 'based', 'violence', 'abuse', 'mukhtar', '2020d'] ['financial', 'burden', 'loneliness', 'emotional', 'behavioral', 'problems', 'grief', 'bereavement'] ['fear', 'losing', 'family', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'physical', 'injuries', 'fatalities'] ['isolated', 'people', 'facing', 'psychological', 'issues', 'require', 'trauma', 'focused', 'psychological'] ['support', 'mental', 'health', 'care', 'psychological', 'support', 'guidance', 'treatment', 'intervention'] ['information', 'such', 'psychological', 'cyber', 'counseling', 'smartphone'] ['mukhtar'] ['instance', 'mental', 'health', 'hotlines', 'professional', 'help', 'seeking', 'behaviors', 'should'] ['encouraged', 'endorsed', 'related', 'barriers', 'like', 'stigma', 'marginalization', 'discrimination', 'shaming', 'phobias', 'should', 'discouraged', 'through', 'government', 'driven', 'programs'] ['evidence', 'based', 'treatment', 'models'] ['emerging', 'pandemics', 'command', 'intellectual', 'incapacity', 'decision', 'making'] ['degree', 'irrationality', 'when', 'bombarded', 'with', 'conflicting', 'opinions', 'conspiracy', 'theories', 'thus', 'empirical', 'interpretation', 'origins', 'impacts', 'result', 'moral', 'judgments'] ['based', 'religious', 'cultural', 'beliefs', 'emergence', 'aids', 'garnered', 'plethora'] ['moral', 'judgments', 'orbiting', 'around', 'sexual', 'morality', 'substance', 'abuse', 'arrival'] ['sars', 'blame', 'directed', 'towards', 'primitive', 'farming', 'practices', 'guangzhou'] ['unprecedented', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'welcomed', 'magnitude', 'misinfodemics'] ['multitude', 'fronts', 'ophir', '2018', 'richtel', '2020', 'psychological', 'predisposition', 'reject'] ['authorized', 'information', 'through', 'denial', 'byproduct', 'deep', 'founded', 'mistrust'] ['tendency', 'view', 'major', 'social', 'political', 'events', 'through', 'conspiracies', 'partisan', 'motivations', 'byproduct', 'conspiracy', 'thinking', 'likely', 'explanatory', 'factors', 'understanding', 'believes', 'covid', 'misinfodemics', 'association', 'between'] ['conspiracy', 'thinking', 'defense', 'mechanism', 'denial', 'could', 'potential', 'reason'] ['refusal', 'corrective', 'actions', 'several', 'health', 'related', 'cases', 'carey', '2020'] ['misinfodemics', 'could', 'motivated', 'various', 'factors', 'epistemic', 'desire', 'causal'] ['explanation', 'subjective', 'certainty', 'existential', 'desire', 'control', 'security'] ['social', 'desire', 'maintain', 'positive', 'image', 'self', 'group', 'douglas', '2017'] ['stigmatization', 'labeling', 'scapegoating', 'fear', 'swiftly', 'follow', 'with', 'narrative', 'which'] ['invokes', 'vernacular', 'human', 'conflict', 'waging', 'against', 'killer', 'virus', 'indomitable', 'invisible', 'threat', 'enemy', 'armed', 'with', 'vaccine', 'flinging', 'victims', 'quarantine'] ['camps', 'losing', 'sense', 'proportion', 'ability', 'mitigate', 'fear', 'reasonable'] ['knowledge', 'based', 'measures', 'challenge', 'normalize', 'perceived', 'threat', 'infection'] ['mechanism', 'misinfodemics', 'engrossed', 'silos', 'public', 'information', 'which'] ['inept', 'limiting', 'risks', 'wald', '2008', 'instance', 'social', 'theme', 'focusing', 'socioeconomic', 'disruption', 'scientific', 'theme', 'focusing', 'medical', 'health', 'risk', 'communication', 'pandemic', 'theme', 'focusing', 'state', 'global', 'response', 'populations', 'most'] ['likely', 'affected', 'emerging', 'disease', 'pandemic', 'simultaneous', 'misinfodemics'] ['include', 'those', 'where', 'there', 'disproportionally', 'inadequate', 'health', 'literacy', 'disadvantaged', 'socioeconomic', 'groups', 'migrants', 'ethnic', 'minorities', 'vulnerable', 'groups'] ['including', 'older', 'people', 'people', 'with', 'chronic', 'health', 'conditions', 'people', 'with', 'disability'] ['mukhtar', '2020e', 'rowlands', '2015'] ['politics', 'coronavirus'] ['conspiracy', 'theories', 'heavily', 'influenced', 'geopolitics', 'have', 'spread', 'regarding', 'origin'] ['scale', 'prevention', 'treatment', 'self', 'diagnosis', 'disease', 'covid', 'being', 'viral'] ['bioweapon', 'genetically', 'engineered', 'rogue', 'government', 'with', 'racist', 'genocidal'] ['agenda', 'wage', 'economic', 'psychological', 'chinese', 'biological', 'weapon'] ['conspiracy', 'theory', 'which', 'spread', 'throughout', 'united', 'states', 'united', 'kingdom'] ['india', 'ukraine', 'biological', 'weapon', 'conspiracy', 'theory', 'spread', 'throughout'] ['russia', 'iran', 'china', 'philippines', 'venezuela', 'plot', 'muslims', 'plot', 'jews'] ['international', 'sociology'] ['espionage', 'population', 'control', 'scheme', 'medical', 'misinformation', 'vaccine', 'preexistence', 'cocaine', 'cure', 'african', 'resistance', 'vegetarian', 'immunity', 'methanol'] ['other', 'views', 'endorsed', 'presidents', 'governments', 'public', 'figures', 'abound', 'causing'] ['misinfodemics', 'incorrect', 'information', 'about', 'virus', 'which', 'poses', 'risks'] ['global', 'scale', 'mccarthy', '2020'] ['meanwhile', 'covid', 'could', 'positively', 'viewed', 'through', 'partisan', 'lens'] ['right', 'wing', 'nationalism', 'pandemonium', 'allegations', 'coronavirus', 'gift'] ['politics', 'misinfodemics', 'censorship', 'pathological', 'nationalism', 'multitude'] ['governments', 'have', 'introduced', 'policy', 'blame', 'shifting', 'launching', 'their', 'powerrivalry', 'statements', 'revolving', 'around', 'illogical', 'reasoning', 'narrative', 'national'] ['immunity', 'towards', 'covid', 'there', 'claims', 'biological', 'weapon'] ['against', 'western', 'world', 'chinese', 'experiment', 'gone', 'wrong', 'china', 'equivalent'] ['ussr', 'level', 'threat', 'most', 'infamous', 'chinese', 'virus', 'italy', 'accused', 'migrants'] ['from', 'africa', 'disease', 'carriers', 'shores', 'france', 'hungary', 'there'] ['narration', 'correlation', 'between', 'immigrants', 'coronavirus', 'reminiscent'] ['influx', 'migrants', 'from', 'inflicted', 'countries', '2015', 'called', 'border'] ['crisis', 'european', 'right', 'wingers', 'declare', 'enemy', 'changed', 'migrants'] ['convergence', 'crises', 'aggravates', 'mistrust', 'scientific', 'political'] ['economic', 'bodies', 'around', 'world', 'these', 'narratives', 'imply', 'through', 'heavily', 'nuanced'] ['differential', 'discourse', 'that', 'their', 'countries', 'immune', 'coronavirus', 'they', 'would'] ['have', 'contracted', 'covid', 'could', 'manage', 'effectively', 'only', 'absence'] ['immigrants', 'mccarthy', '2020'] ['covid', 'provided', 'rich', 'fodder', 'europe', 'nativist', 'populist', 'tune', 'further'] ['incite', 'clamor', 'immigrants', 'building', 'walls', 'closing', 'borders', 'anti', 'immigration', 'policies', 'public', 'opinions', 'shaped', 'landscape', 'media', 'scientific', 'bodies'] ['frameworks', 'governments', 'thus', 'such', 'obstinate', 'prejudice', 'confrontations'] ['ignite', 'globalization', 'nationalism', 'nativism', 'protectionism', 'tariffs', 'closed', 'borders'] ['erection', 'walls', 'which', 'will', 'intensify', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'outbreak'] ['pakistan', 'research', 'study', 'conducted', 'ipsos', 'revealed', 'that', 'people'] ['country', 'believed', 'that', 'performing', 'ablution', 'will', 'keep', 'them', 'protected', 'from', 'transmitting'] ['coronavirus', 'others', 'believed', 'that', 'congregation', 'prayers', 'shaking', 'hands', 'cannot'] ['infect', 'anyone', 'since', 'sunnah', 'samaa', '2020', 'claims', 'circulating', 'about', 'pakistanis'] ['resistance', 'coronavirus', 'were', 'quite', 'prevalent', 'they', 'were', 'backed', 'pakistan', 'relatively', 'mortality', 'rate', 'these', 'rumors', 'argued', 'that', 'pakistan', 'culture', 'religion', 'geographical', 'location', 'climate', 'made', 'pakistanis', 'less', 'vulnerable', 'virus', 'india'] ['political', 'activists', 'claimed', 'that', 'drinking', 'urine', 'applying', 'dung', 'body'] ['cure', 'coronavirus', 'parliamentarian', 'claimed', 'that', 'saying', 'namaste', 'instead', 'arab'] ['greetings', 'prevents', 'contraction', 'coronavirus', 'influential', 'film', 'celebrity', 'claimed'] ['that', 'vibrations', 'generated', 'clapping', 'blowing', 'conch', 'shells', 'will', 'kill', 'virus', 'selfproclaimed', 'tiktok', 'media', 'star', 'claim', 'about', 'eating', 'poisonous', 'fruit', 'preventive'] ['measure', 'hospitalized', 'people', 'anti', 'coronavirus', 'drug', 'anti', 'coronavirus'] ['mattress', 'have', 'been', 'quite', 'prevalent', 'example', 'popular', 'myth', 'various', 'countries'] ['that', 'home', 'remedies', 'cure', 'prevent', 'people', 'from', 'contracting', 'coronavirus'] ['these', 'rumored', 'remedies', 'that', 'gained', 'traction', 'social', 'media', 'with', 'severe', 'adverse'] ['effects', 'involves', 'mixing', 'sodium', 'chlorite', 'solution', 'with', 'citric', 'acid', 'producing', 'chlorine'] ['mukhtar'] ['dioxide', 'powerful', 'bleaching', 'agent', 'claiming', 'antimicrobial', 'antiviral', 'antibacterial'] ['benefits', 'similar', 'phenomena', 'were', 'observed', 'over', 'world', 'which', 'have', 'prolonged', 'health', 'psychosocial', 'economic', 'consequences', 'covid', 'among'] ['general', 'public', '2017'] ['becomes', 'more', 'difficult', 'limit', 'negative', 'impact', 'misinfodemics', 'especially', 'when'] ['partisanship', 'mobilized', 'this', 'effort', 'there', 'could', 'three', 'strategies', 'overcome'] ['these', 'negative', 'effects', 'prevention', 'strategies', 'limit', 'spread', 'exposure', 'misinfodemics', 'corrective', 'strategies', 'founded', 'scientific', 'empirical'] ['knowledge', 'challenge', 'these', 'predispositions', 'their', 'effects', 'subsequent', 'belief', 'system'] ['reduce', 'uncertainty', 'increase', 'perceived', 'control', 'promote', 'self', 'image', 'collaborative', 'strategies', 'corrective', 'strategies', 'efficacious', 'other', 'political', 'social', 'agents'] ['activated', 'mobilized', 'override', 'partisan', 'ideological', 'motivations', 'misinfodemics', 'tendencies', 'when', 'politics', 'media', 'promote', 'misinformation', 'likeminded', 'individuals', 'exposed', 'this', 'rhetoric', 'more', 'likely', 'follow', 'elite', 'cues', 'motivated', 'reasoning'] ['engage', 'with', 'these', 'ideas', 'cues', 'from', 'partisan', 'elites', 'have', 'potential', 'inflame'] ['foster', 'misinfodemics', 'they', 'shape', 'landscape', 'information', 'general', 'public'] ['swire', '2017', 'instance', 'outset', 'covid', 'american', 'political', 'administration', 'referred', 'covid', 'hoax', 'rieder', '2020', 'likened', 'pandemic'] ['common', 'brooks', '2020', 'coronavirus', 'bioweapon', 'stevenson', '2020', 'this', 'rhetoric', 'likely', 'encourage', 'adoption', 'related', 'beliefs', 'lead', 'likeminded', 'supporters'] ['take', 'threat', 'less', 'seriously', 'media', 'outlets', 'including', 'news', 'personalities', 'media', 'figures'] ['cast', 'aspersion', 'threat', 'covid', 'questioning', 'hospitals', 'were', 'truly', 'filled', 'with'] ['coronavirus', 'infected', 'patients', 'peters', '2020', 'after', 'toll', 'human', 'life', 'became', 'increasingly', 'apparent', 'unassailable', 'change', 'reporting', 'behavior', 'part', 'media'] ['political', 'leaders', 'previously', 'explicitly', 'unequivocally', 'trafficked', 'misinfodemics', 'hinted', 'possibility', 'misinformation', 'having', 'actually', 'served', 'correct', 'prevent', 'negative', 'consequences', 'among', 'general', 'public'] ['animosity', 'wrapped', 'hatred', 'inside', 'hostility'] ['some', 'media', 'channels', 'initially', 'racially', 'labeled', 'biased', 'headlines', 'covid', 'such'] ['chinese', 'virus', 'pandemonium', 'china', 'kids', 'stay', 'home', 'china', 'real', 'sick'] ['asia', 'chinese', 'coronavirus', 'kung', 'which', 'caused', 'xenophobia', 'misperceptions'] ['misled', 'general', 'public', 'witnessed', 'surge', 'anti', 'chinese', 'sentiment', 'racist', 'driven'] ['cases', 'against', 'individuals', 'chinese', 'origin', 'outside', 'china', 'anti', 'chinese', 'anti', 'asian', 'xenophobia', 'been', 'reported', 'many', 'countries', 'including', 'australia', 'many'] ['european', 'countries', 'many', 'chinese', 'customers', 'were', 'refused', 'entrance', 'into', 'restaurants'] ['japan', 'south', 'korea', 'vietnam', 'indonesia', 'amnesty', 'international', '2020'] ['office', 'united', 'nations', 'high', 'commissioner', 'human', 'rights', 'ohchr'] ['issued', 'statement', 'twitter', 'understandable', 'alarmed', 'coronavirus'] ['amount', 'fear', 'excuse', 'prejudice', 'discrimination', 'against', 'people', 'asian', 'descent'] ['fightracism', 'call', 'hatred', 'support', 'each', 'other', 'this', 'time', 'public', 'health'] ['emergency', 'standup4humanrights'] ['similar', 'response', 'twitter', 'began', 'jenesuispasunvirus', 'virus', 'after'] ['french', 'newspaper', 'front', 'page', 'headline', 'yellow', 'alert', 'ontario', 'human', 'rights'] ['international', 'sociology'] ['commission', 'ohrc', 'stated', 'that', 'discrimination', 'prohibited', 'under', 'human', 'rights'] ['code', 'aguilera', '2020', 'ontario', 'human', 'rights', 'commission', '2020'] ['government', 'dilemma'] ['time', 'writing', 'government', 'pakistan', 'under', 'leadership', 'prime', 'minister'] ['imran', 'khan', 'witnessed', 'sudden', 'setback', 'with', 'number', 'cases', 'steadily'] ['increasing', 'their', 'challenge', 'curtail', 'path', 'disease', 'pakistan', 'however', 'there'] ['bigger', 'dilemma', 'government', 'pakistan', 'facing', 'partial'] ['lockdown', 'lockdown', 'either', 'this', 'message', 'common', 'intention', 'minimize', 'urgency', 'severity', 'pandemic', 'downplay', 'social', 'isolation', 'measures', 'disregard', 'potential', 'crisis', 'health', 'sector', 'while', 'exaggerating', 'impact'] ['economy', 'recession', 'that', 'looms', 'horizon', 'overlook', 'mitigating', 'measures', 'necessary', 'stem', 'transmission', 'medical', 'mistrust', 'among', 'public', 'alwan'] ['2020', 'prem', '2020', 'religion', 'politics', 'business', 'fundamentally', 'governing'] ['aspects', 'pakistan', 'opposed', 'lockdown', 'putting', 'pressure', 'government', 'consequently', 'resulting', 'lifting', 'lockdown', 'pakistan', 'pandemic', 'pandemic', 'hardline', 'clerics', 'hold', 'power', 'override', 'government', 'social', 'distancing'] ['instructions', 'place', 'april', '2020', 'dozens', 'well', 'known', 'clerics', 'signed', 'letter'] ['warning', 'that', 'government', 'should', 'exempt', 'mosques', 'from', 'shutdown', 'during'] ['month', 'ramadan', 'otherwise', 'invite', 'wrath', 'ulterior', 'narrative', 'insinuating'] ['political', 'chaos', 'that', 'clerics', 'have', 'unleashed', 'past', 'exercising', 'their', 'religious', 'authority'] ['gather', 'loyalists', 'siege', 'state', 'subservient', 'state', 'already', 'signed'] ['agreement', 'deferentially', 'promising', 'abide', 'deal', 'begging', 'question'] ['charge', 'government', 'during', 'this', 'pandemic', 'crisis', 'government', 'mosques'] ['physical', 'mental', 'health', 'social', 'interpersonal', 'factors', 'including', 'intimate', 'partner'] ['violence', 'marital', 'rape', 'child', 'abuse', 'domestic', 'violence', 'racism', 'xenophobia', 'dissociation'] ['bias', 'prejudice', 'stigmatization', 'marginalization', 'least', 'pakistani', 'clerics'] ['mosques', 'concerns', 'during', 'this', 'public', 'crisis', 'clerics', 'have', 'protect', 'their', 'central', 'interests', 'money', 'power', 'millions', 'dollars', 'charitable', 'donations', 'during', 'ramadan', 'benefit', 'pakistan', 'mosques', 'which', 'under', 'state', 'authority', 'clerics', 'often'] ['partake', 'political', 'power', 'challenge', 'government', 'despite', 'evidence', 'prevalent', 'rhetoric', 'undermining', 'covid', 'related', 'risks', 'been', 'endorsed', 'austerely'] ['followed', 'public', 'highest', 'level', 'authority', 'pakistan', 'clerics'] ['religious', 'misinfodemics', 'branch', 'clerics', 'superciliously', 'propagated', 'doctrine', 'narrated', 'through', 'lens', 'pandemic', 'religious', 'explanation', 'could', 'have'] ['allowed', 'such', 'disease', 'emerge', 'only', 'through', 'rigorous', 'devotion', 'congregational'] ['prayer', 'followers', 'faith', 'conquer', 'devil', 'machinations', 'form', 'coronavirus', 'anyone', 'tries', 'halt', 'these', 'efforts', 'then', 'these', 'zionist', 'agents', 'pawns'] ['evil', 'bent', 'destroying', 'faith', 'this', 'dogmatic', 'doctrine', 'seeps', 'through', 'ever', 'present'] ['ever', 'omniscient', 'online', 'media', 'infiltrate', 'minds', 'sheeple', 'votary', 'conformists', 'usually', 'heads', 'household', 'enforce', 'these', 'maladaptive', 'cognitive', 'twisted', 'patterns'] ['within', 'their', 'families', 'these', 'instructions', 'dictated', 'higher', 'authorities', 'their'] ['adherence', 'infringing', 'individual', 'rights', 'freedom', 'planting', 'unquestionable'] ['canon', 'propagating', 'anti', 'science', 'medical', 'mistrust', 'among', 'public', 'putting', 'people'] ['mukhtar'] ['risk', 'halting', 'emergency', 'control', 'preventive', 'measures', 'necessary', 'curb'] ['pandemic', 'thus', 'creating', 'public', 'panic', 'social', 'unrest', 'distrust', 'systems', 'kalb'] ['2003', 'strong', '1990', 'these', 'eschewed', 'beliefs', 'result', 'adverse', 'behavioral', 'consequences', 'instance', 'failing', 'administer', 'polio', 'vaccination', 'children', 'attributing', 'islamic', 'contributing', 'resurgence', 'this', 'once', 'eradicated', 'disease'] ['pakistan', 'misinfodemics', 'especially', 'those', 'which', 'revolve', 'around', 'science', 'medicine'] ['health', 'related', 'topics', 'widespread', 'prompting', 'people', 'eschew', 'appropriate', 'healthrelated', 'behaviors', 'jolley', 'douglas', '2014', 'oliver', 'wood', '2014'] ['potential', 'strategies', 'curtailment'] ['research', 'predicted', 'there', 'psychosocial', 'stress', 'adverse', 'health', 'outcomes'] ['people', 'self', 'isolation', 'social', 'distancing', 'quarantine', 'this', 'crisis', 'situation', 'will'] ['require', 'remediation', 'from', 'credible', 'sources', 'information', 'these', 'include'] ['example', 'centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'national', 'institutes'] ['health', 'especially', 'which', 'partnered', 'with', 'several', 'social', 'media'] ['platforms', 'technological', 'companies', 'google', 'linkedin', 'microsoft', 'reddit', 'twitter'] ['facebook', 'youtube', 'promote', 'health', 'updates', 'curb', 'misinformation', 'disinformation', 'hossain', '2020', 'they', 'seeking', 'safeguard', 'ensure', 'effective', 'communication', 'covid', 'between', 'healthcare', 'systems', 'general', 'public', 'despite'] ['these', 'efforts', 'infodemics', 'rampant', 'multiple', 'misinformation', 'disinformation'] ['sources', 'circulating', 'social', 'media', 'accounts', 'address', 'these', 'discrepancies', 'certain'] ['strategies', 'implemented', 'empirically', 'evidence', 'based', 'scientific', 'research', 'findings'] ['with', 'integration', 'communication', 'information', 'technology', 'frontline', 'healthcare', 'providers', 'communicate', 'with', 'patients', 'caregivers', 'populations', 'risk'] ['results', 'positive', 'health', 'outcomes', 'subsequent', 'optimization', 'resources'] ['building', 'strategic', 'partnerships', 'local', 'global', 'levels', 'coordinate', 'connecting', 'offline'] ['online', 'resources', 'communication', 'uniform', 'information', 'across', 'platforms', 'from', 'mass', 'media', 'community', 'organizations', 'support', 'groups', 'community'] ['society', 'contain', 'infodemics', 'information', 'disinformation', 'disseminate'] ['scientifically', 'evidence', 'based', 'information', 'through', 'data', 'mining', 'algorithms', 'detect'] ['remove', 'fake', 'news', '2017', 'those', 'propagate', 'misinformation'] ['accountable', 'individuals', 'online', 'portals', 'should', 'identified', 'local', 'authorities'] ['enforcement', 'agencies', 'precautionary', 'culturally', 'tailored', 'information', 'translated', 'into'] ['multiple', 'language', 'manuals', 'factual', 'data', 'regarding', 'covid', 'should', 'promoted'] ['through', 'mass', 'media', 'campaigns', 'care', 'evidence', 'based', 'approach', 'services'] ['local', 'languages', 'mostly', 'graphic', 'pictorial', 'easy', 'understanding', 'should', 'made'] ['available', 'people', 'with', 'limited', 'access', 'healthcare', 'elderly', 'people', 'rural', 'areas'] ['general', 'public', 'self', 'isolation', 'quarantined', 'decrease', 'covid', 'infection'] ['imperative', 'bring', 'communities', 'institutional', 'leadership', 'together', 'promote'] ['transparency', 'good', 'information', 'governance', 'control', 'misinfodemics', 'related'] ['covid', 'both', 'people', 'physical', 'mental', 'psychosocial', 'health', 'sound', 'economic', 'political', 'systematic', 'functioning', 'during', 'this', 'pandemic', 'oliver', 'wood', '2014'] ['world', 'needs', 'coordinated', 'national', 'international', 'efforts', 'apply', 'scientific'] ['empirical', 'data', 'local', 'settings', 'mitigate', 'grave', 'predicament', 'lockdown', 'aftereffects'] ['international', 'sociology'] ['associated', 'issues', 'mass', 'media', 'healthcare', 'organizations', 'community', 'based', 'organizations', 'stakeholders', 'should', 'strategically', 'join', 'partnership', 'disseminate', 'based'] ['mutual', 'consensus', 'empirically', 'based', 'public', 'health', 'messages', 'remove', 'anti', 'science'] ['online', 'content', 'through', 'natural', 'language', 'processing', 'data', 'mining', 'approaches', 'best'] ['global', 'solution', 'global', 'disease', 'international', 'collaboration', 'exchange', 'scientific', 'ideas', 'health', 'communication', 'facilitating', 'coordination'] ['paper'] ['impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'among', 'university'] ['students'] ['bablu', 'kumar', 'dhar', 'foster', 'kofi', 'ayittey', 'sabrina', 'maria', 'sarkar'] ['purpose', 'study', 'find', 'psychological', 'impact'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'university', 'students', 'study', 'focuses'] ['university', 'students', 'from', 'different', 'public', 'private', 'universities'] ['bangladesh', 'through', 'questionnaires', 'according', 'guideline'] ['generalized', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'scale', 'result', 'among'] ['respondents', 'shows', 'that', 'suffering', 'from', 'severe', 'anxiety'] ['moderate', 'anxiety', 'only', 'mild', 'anxiety', 'results', 'highlight', 'that'] ['epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'positively', 'correlated', 'with', 'level'] ['anxiety', 'among', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'economic'] ['influences', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'worry', 'about'] ['influence', 'covid', 'daily', 'life', 'have', 'highly'] ['positive', 'impact', 'level', 'anxiety', 'following', 'these', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about'] ['academic', 'delays', 'covid', 'worry', 'about'] ['social', 'support', 'during', 'covid', 'have', 'moderately'] ['positively', 'correlated', 'with', 'level', 'anxiety', 'study', 'suggests', 'that', 'proper'] ['government', 'support', 'well', 'social', 'awareness', 'should', 'monitored'] ['during', 'epidemics', 'decreasing', 'anxiety', 'maintaining', 'good', 'mental'] ['health', 'university', 'students'] ['introduction'] ['2020', 'current', 'population', 'density', 'bangladesh', '1115'] ['people', 'square', 'kilometer', 'which', 'increase', 'than', 'last'] ['year', 'because', 'density', 'population', 'bangladesh'] ['12th', 'most', 'densely', 'populated', 'country', 'world'] ['according'] ['report', 'world', 'economic', 'forum', 'covid', 'threatens', 'cause', 'humanitarian', 'crisis'] ['this', 'country', 'according', 'world', 'bank'] ['data', 'bangladesh', 'workers', 'earn'] ['more', 'than', 'taka'] ['economic', 'shutdown', 'sparked', 'covid'] ['endangers', 'millions', 'livelihoods', 'immi', 'nently', 'people', 'could', 'meet', 'their'] ['daily', 'expenditures', 'sent', 'their', 'children'] ['school', 'expected', 'that', 'they', 'could', 'save'] ['money', 'emergency', 'health', 'crisis'] ['majority', 'villagers', 'depend', 'remit', 'tances', 'from', 'cities', 'overseas', 'ever', 'current', 'global', 'crisis', 'people'] ['work', 'income', 'halted'] ['based', 'report', 'reuters'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'confirmed'] ['have', 'spread', 'bangladesh', 'march', '2020'] ['after', 'recognizing', 'first', 'three', 'known'] ['cases', 'reported', 'march', '2020'] ['institute', 'epidemiology', 'disease', 'control'] ['research', 'iedcr', 'country'] ['according', 'iedcr', 'bangladesh'] ['level', 'infections', 'remained'] ['march', 'although', 'there', 'precipitous'] ['rise', 'april', 'week', 'ending', 'april', 'cases', 'bangla', 'desh', 'grew', '1155', 'highest', 'asia', 'ahead', 'indonesia', 'with'] ['june', '2020', 'there', 'total', 'confirmed'] ['cases', 'besides', 'recovered', 'death', 'cases'] ['novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', '2019', 'spreading', 'faster'] ['over', 'country', 'current', 'situation', 'imposes', 'massive', 'pres', 'sure', 'government', 'bangladesh', 'general', 'public'] ['healthcare', 'medical', 'providers'] ['pandemic', 'brought'] ['only', 'danger', 'death', 'from', 'epidemiologic', 'conta', 'gion', 'also', 'intolerable', 'psychological', 'burden', 'people'] ['among', 'world'] ['bangladesh', 'prob', 'lems', 'faster', 'spread', 'virus', 'strict', 'isolation', 'measures'] ['delays', 'starting', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'across'] ['country', 'anticipated', 'influence', 'psychology', 'versity', 'students'] ['psychological', 'reports', 'indicate', 'influence'] ['epidemic', 'children', 'public', 'older', 'adults', 'medical'] ['staff', 'patients'] ['however', 'thorough', 'research'] ['psychology', 'university', 'students', 'facing', 'epidemic', 'been'] ['conducted', 'date'] ['like', 'other', 'sectors', 'education', 'sector', 'been', 'affected'] ['severely', 'bangladesh', 'march', '2020', 'government'] ['closed', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'when', 'bangladesh'] ['eight', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'among', 'students'] ['universities', 'bangladesh', 'number', 'public', 'univer', 'sities', 'with', 'students', 'number', 'private'] ['universities', 'with', 'students', 'average', 'student', 'count', 'public', 'university', '5616', 'private'] ['university', 'that', 'indicates', 'that', 'there', '8204', 'students', 'versity', 'having', 'vast', 'number', 'undergraduate', 'graduate'] ['postgraduate', 'students', 'country', 'wishes', 'secure', 'future', 'that'] ['been', 'temporary', 'collapsed', 'current', 'pandemic'] ['detecting', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'seven', 'item', 'generalized'] ['anxiety', 'disorder', 'scale', 'extensively', 'used'] ['tools', 'that', 'easy', 'score', 'takes', 'less', 'than', 'finish'] ['moreover', 'also', 'applicable', 'diagnosis', 'screening'] ['valuation', 'strictness', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'also'] ['panic', 'disorders', 'stress', 'disorders', 'post', 'traumatic', 'disorders'] ['social', 'phobia'] ['prior', 'problem', 'students', 'university', 'mostly'] ['related', 'their', 'career', 'future', 'uncertainty', 'stress'] ['increases', 'among', 'university', 'students'] ['hence', 'method'] ['supervisory', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'public', 'health', 'crises'] ['different', 'challenging', 'therefore', 'study', 'aimed', 'lyze', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'among'] ['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'moreover', 'study', 'intends'] ['provide', 'suggestions', 'government', 'government'] ['organizations', 'taking', 'necessary', 'steps'] ['results'] ['demographic', 'statistics'] ['table', 'shows', 'demographic', 'particular', 'characteristics'] ['population', 'study', 'table', 'indicates'] ['university', 'students', 'most', 'respondents', 'male'] ['approximately', 'thirds', 'them', 'live', 'urban', 'area'] ['most', 'their', 'financial', 'status', 'steady', 'majority'] ['participants', 'live', 'with', 'their', 'parents', 'many'] ['their', 'relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'with', 'covid'] ['however', 'relatives', 'friends'] ['respondents', 'have', 'been', 'infected', 'virus'] ['anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'during'] ['outbreak'] ['table', 'demonstrates', 'psychological', 'health', 'university'] ['students', 'have', 'been', 'affected', 'during', 'epidemic'] ['shocking', 'observe', 'that', 'most', 'students', 'high'] ['level', 'anxiety', 'their', 'psychological', 'condition', 'alarming'] ['among', 'students', 'very', 'number', 'students'] ['normal', 'mild', 'level', 'anxiety', 'however'] ['nearly', 'half', 'students', 'moderate', 'level', 'anxiety'] ['rest', 'them', 'suffering', 'from', 'very', 'high'] ['severe', 'level', 'anxiety'] ['influencing', 'factors', 'anxiety', 'among', 'university', 'student'] ['during', 'outbreak'] ['univariate', 'analysis'] ['association', 'between', 'demographic', 'variables'] ['level', 'nervousness', 'anxiety', 'among', 'bangladeshi', 'university'] ['students', 'pointed', 'table', 'analysis', 'shows', 'that', 'tors', 'have', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'during', 'epidemic'] ['gender', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety', 'males'] ['severely', 'worried', 'than', 'female', 'during', 'epidemic'] ['place', 'residence', 'urban', 'area', 'significant', 'impact'] ['anxiety', 'living', 'urban', 'area', 'creates', 'moderate', 'anxiety'] ['than', 'rural', 'areas', 'living', 'with', 'their', 'parents', 'stantial', 'consequence', 'anxiety', 'students', 'live', 'alone'] ['amplified', 'anxiety', 'level', 'other', 'hand'] ['financial', 'condition', 'infection', 'covid', 'among'] ['relatives', 'friends', 'have', 'most', 'significant', 'effect', 'anxiety'] [] ['ordinal', 'regression', 'analysis'] ['table', 'points', 'consequences', 'ordinal', 'multivariate'] ['analysis', 'related', 'influences', 'with', 'anxiety', 'level', 'through'] ['epidemic', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'nificant', 'influences', 'from', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'comprised'] ['analysis', 'ordered', 'logistic', 'regression', 'table'] ['model', 'test', 'indicates', 'that', 'value', 'odds', 'ratio'] ['variables', 'statistically', 'significant', 'moreover'] ['square', 'test', 'observed', 'values', 'indicates'] ['good', 'model', 'results', 'from', 'analysis', 'factors'] ['that', 'influence', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'university', 'students', 'indicate'] ['that', 'living', 'urban', 'areas', 'causes', 'more', 'anxiety'] ['unstable', 'financial', 'condition', 'causes', 'more'] ['table', 'demographic', 'profile', 'respondents'] ['frequency', 'percent'] ['gender'] ['male'] ['female', '5148'] ['place', 'residence'] ['urban'] ['rural', '3663'] ['financial', 'condition'] ['steady', '9504'] ['steady', '6039'] ['living', 'status'] ['live', 'with', 'parents'] ['live', 'without', 'parents', '3366'] ['relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'with', 'covid'] ['infected', '1881'] ['infected'] ['table', 'different', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'number', 'university', 'students'] [] ['level', 'anxiety', 'number', 'students', 'ratio'] ['normal'] ['mild'] ['moderate', '7623'] ['severe', '7326'] ['global', 'challenges', '2020', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews'] ['2000038'] ['global', 'challenges'] ['2020', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbh'] ['worry', 'comparison', 'with', 'stable', 'financial', 'condition'] ['living', 'without', 'parents', 'increases', 'nervous', 'ness', 'level', 'infected', 'relatives'] ['friends', 'with', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'enhance', 'anxiety', 'risk', 'factor'] [] ['correlation', 'between', 'level', 'anxiety'] ['epidemic', 'related', 'stressors'] ['table', 'indicates', 'result', 'correlation', 'analysis', 'between'] ['level', 'anxiety', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors'] ['including', 'worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'worry', 'about'] ['academic', 'delays', 'worry', 'about', 'influence', 'covid'] ['daily', 'life', 'worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during', 'covid'] ['results', 'highlight', 'that', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'itively', 'associated', 'with', 'level', 'anxiety', 'among', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'during'] ['after', 'covid', 'worry', 'about'] ['influence', 'covid', 'daily', 'life', 'have'] ['highly', 'positive', 'impact', 'level', 'anxiety', 'level', 'following'] ['these', 'stressors', 'worry', 'about', 'academic', 'delays', 'covid'] ['worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during'] ['covid', 'moderately', 'positively'] ['connected', 'with', 'level', 'anxiety'] ['discussion'] ['according', 'previous', 'studies', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'have'] ['several', 'psychological', 'effects', 'students', 'study', 'higher'] ['educational', 'institutions', 'according', 'cornine'] ['college', 'dents', 'anxiety', 'connected', 'consequence', 'virus'] [] ['mentioned', 'that', 'growing', 'number', 'infected'] ['table', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'anxiety', 'university', 'students', 'about', 'outbreak'] ['variables', 'total', 'level', 'anxiety', 'statistics'] ['normal', 'mild', 'moderate', 'severe'] ['gender', '925b'] ['male', '4554', '5247'] ['female', '5148', '2970', '2079'] ['place', 'residence', '922a'] ['urban', '5841', '5049'] ['rural', '3663', '1683', '1881'] ['financial', 'condition', '420a'] ['steady', '9504', '5049', '3663'] ['steady', '6039', '2475', '3267'] ['living', 'with', 'parents', '970b'] ['1386', '1584'] ['3366', '6318', '5346'] ['relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'with', 'covid', '780b'] ['1881'] ['6633', '6039'] ['kruskal', 'wallis', 'test', 'mann', 'whitney', 'test'] ['table', 'analysis', 'factors', 'that', 'influence', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among'] ['students'] ['factors', 'total'] ['place', 'residence'] ['urban'] ['rural', '3663'] ['financial', 'condition'] ['steady', '9504'] ['steady', '6039'] ['living', 'with', 'parents'] [] ['3366'] ['relatives', 'friends', 'infected', 'with', 'covid'] ['1881'] [] ['error', 'odds', 'ratio', 'confidence', 'interval'] ['table', 'analysis', 'correlation', 'between', 'epidemic', 'related', 'stressors'] ['university', 'students', 'anxiety'] ['stressors', 'anxiety', 'level'] [] ['worry', 'about', 'economic', 'influences', 'during', 'after', 'covid'] ['worry', 'about', 'academic', 'delays', 'covid'] ['worry', 'about', 'influence', 'covid', 'daily', 'life'] ['worry', 'about', 'social', 'support', 'during', 'covid'] ['correlation', 'coefficient'] ['global', 'challenges', '2020', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews'] ['2000038'] ['global', 'challenges'] ['2020', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbh'] ['suspected', 'patients', 'increased', 'anxiety', 'level', 'among', 'students'] ['ayittey'] ['highlighted', 'significant', 'scarcity', 'masks'] ['sanitizers', 'devastating', 'astonishing', 'erroneous'] ['news', 'reports', 'different', 'social', 'media', 'increased', 'anxiety'] ['fear', 'study'] ['pointed', 'that', 'anxiety'] ['among', 'college', 'students', 'during', 'epidemic', 'related', 'with'] ['their', 'place', 'residence', 'source', 'parental', 'income', 'whether'] ['living', 'with', 'parents', 'whether', 'relative', 'acquaintance'] ['infected', 'with', 'epidemic', 'without', 'significant', 'difference'] ['gender', 'region', 'that', 'dissimilar', 'from', 'conclusions'] ['moreno'] [] ['concluded', 'that', 'male', 'female'] ['students', 'have', 'similar', 'stresses', 'negative', 'emotions'] ['result', 'covid', 'study'] ['indicated', 'fear'] ['anxiety', 'elmer'] ['wang'] ['focused', 'future'] ['employment', 'cornine'] ['emphasized', 'infection', 'relatives'] ['friends', 'during', 'epidemic', 'kmietowicz'] ['xiao'] ['high', 'lighted', 'psychological', 'condition', 'during', 'long', 'interpersonal'] ['communication'] ['foremost', 'intention', 'current', 'study', 'assess'] ['psychological', 'situation', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'current'] ['epidemic', 'covid', 'explore', 'influencing', 'factors'] ['their', 'anxiety', 'study', 'found', 'that', 'almost', 'university'] ['students', 'were', 'experiencing', 'anxiety', 'outbreak'] ['current', 'epidemic', 'among', 'students', 'participated'] ['suffering', 'from', 'moderate', 'level', 'anxiety'] ['experiencing', 'severe', 'level', 'anxiety', 'other', 'hand'] ['amount', 'experiencing', 'mild', 'level', 'anxiety'] ['feeling', 'anxiousness', 'very', 'poor', 'ratio', 'this', 'current'] ['study', 'shows', 'opposite', 'scenario', 'study'] ['study'] ['highlighted', 'psychological', 'condi', 'tion', 'college', 'students', 'china', 'during', 'covid', 'study'] [] ['indicated', 'that', 'among', 'chinese', 'students', 'only'] ['experienced', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'experienced', 'mild', 'anxiety'] ['during', 'covid', 'outbreak'] ['economy', 'urban', 'areas', 'relatively', 'significant'] ['delivers', 'citizens', 'with', 'better', 'safety'] ['living', 'urban', 'areas'] ['protective', 'factor', 'against', 'anxiety'] ['there', 'indeed', 'ineq', 'uity', 'cultural', 'economic', 'education', 'between', 'rural'] ['urban', 'areas', 'example', 'hygienic', 'conditions', 'urban', 'areas'] ['healthier', 'than', 'rural', 'which', 'reduces', 'chances', 'viving', 'spreading', 'covid'] ['however', 'univariate'] ['analysis', 'analysis', 'factors', 'level', 'anxiety'] ['among', 'students', 'universities', 'bangladesh', 'show', 'ferent', 'scenario', 'explanation', 'participants', 'mentioned'] ['reason', 'overdensity', 'among', 'urban', 'areas', 'bangladesh'] ['most', 'higher', 'educational', 'institutions', 'urban', 'areas'] ['reason', 'majority', 'students', 'live', 'urban'] ['areas', 'experience', 'immense', 'anxiety', 'during', 'current'] ['epidemic'] ['living', 'without', 'parents', 'another', 'favorable', 'factor'] ['increasing', 'anxiety', 'among', 'students', 'current', 'study', 'also'] ['finds', 'similar', 'result', 'regarding', 'this', 'factor', 'with', 'study'] [] ['earlier', 'studies', 'also', 'have', 'specified', 'that', 'risk', 'tors', 'connected', 'with', 'anxiety', 'emotional', 'sicknesses', 'among'] ['adults', 'comprise', 'living', 'with', 'parents', 'parents', 'physical'] ['psychological', 'problems', 'death', 'parents', 'infantile'] ['which', 'reliable', 'with', 'results', 'present', 'study'] ['financial', 'stability', 'condition', 'matters', 'much', 'anxiety'] ['among', 'students'] ['elmer'] ['also', 'found', 'that'] ['constancy', 'family', 'income', 'significant', 'influence'] ['anxiety', 'level', 'university', 'students', 'during', 'covid'] ['catastrophe'] ['higher', 'levels', 'stress', 'connected', 'with', 'young', 'having'] ['work', 'female', 'gender', 'having', 'acquaint', 'ance', 'infected', 'with', 'covid'] ['contemporary', 'study', 'also'] ['found', 'that', 'having', 'relatives', 'friends', 'being', 'infected', 'with', 'novel'] ['coronavirus', 'becomes', 'risk', 'factor', 'among', 'university', 'students'] ['anxiety', 'during', 'epidemic', 'according', 'respondents'] ['generates', 'high', 'contagiousness', 'covid'] ['economic', 'stressors', 'academic', 'delays', 'effects', 'daily', 'life'] ['families', 'friends', 'being', 'infected', 'with', 'epidemic'] ['positively', 'related', 'anxiety', 'among', 'university', 'students'] ['bangladesh', 'during', 'epidemic', 'similar', 'studies'] ['have', 'specified', 'that', 'along', 'with', 'national', 'health', 'condition'] ['covid', 'also', 'substantial', 'influence', 'economy'] ['country', 'well', 'individuals'] ['bangladesh', 'remains'] ['knife', 'edge', 'covid', 'crisis', 'lockdowns', 'prompted'] ['epidemic', 'already', 'deteriorated', 'economic', 'polit', 'ical', 'stability', 'country', 'outbreak', 'many', 'families'] ['losing', 'their', 'source', 'income', 'students', 'feeling', 'ried', 'about', 'paying', 'their', 'tuition', 'fees'] ['hunger', 'malnutrition'] ['other', 'related', 'problems', 'have', 'augmented', 'bangladesh'] ['result', 'lockdown'] ['like', 'other', 'countries', 'primary'] ['secondary', 'schools', 'high', 'schools', 'colleges', 'universities', 'were'] ['closed', 'delaying', 'classes', 'until', 'march', '2020', 'which', 'creates'] ['more', 'anxiety', 'among', 'students', 'reducing', 'anxiety', 'regarding'] ['this', 'issue', 'using', 'distant', 'remote', 'learning', 'methods'] ['good', 'model', 'these', 'actions', 'certainly', 'have', 'precise', 'influence'] ['education', 'development', 'students'] ['social', 'support', 'also', 'positively', 'correlated', 'with', 'anxiety'] ['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'which', 'sistent', 'with', 'previous', 'findings'] ['according', 'partici', 'pants', 'study', 'social', 'support', 'lessens', 'mental', 'pressure'] ['during', 'epidemic', 'changes', 'attitude', 'regarding', 'social'] ['support', 'that', 'rare', 'find', 'society', 'students'] ['social', 'support', 'bangladesh', 'under', 'single'] ['umbrella', 'like', 'developed', 'countries', 'even', 'supports', 'from'] ['government', 'well', 'enough'] ['this', 'consequence'] ['indicates', 'that', 'active', 'vigorous', 'social', 'support', 'essential'] ['during', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'reduce', 'anxiety', 'level'] ['among', 'students'] ['conclusions'] ['being', 'burdened', 'with', 'population', 'bangladesh', 'becomes'] ['major', 'risky', 'zones', 'during', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'where', 'finan', 'cial', 'physical', 'psychological', 'crisis', 'arise', 'every', 'moment'] ['overall', 'situation', 'creates', 'deep', 'psychological', 'impact', 'among'] ['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'about', 'univer', 'sity', 'students', 'deep', 'anxiety', 'current', 'epidemic'] ['living', 'urban', 'areas', 'having', 'steady', 'financial', 'situation'] ['living', 'with', 'parents', 'infection', 'relatives', 'friends'] ['epidemic', 'become', 'severe', 'factors', 'severe', 'anxiety', 'among'] ['university', 'students', 'during', 'outbreak', 'novel', 'coronavirus'] ['stressors', 'covid', 'including', 'economic', 'stressors'] ['academic', 'delays', 'impact', 'daily', 'life', 'social', 'supports'] ['entirely', 'linked', 'with', 'symptoms', 'anxiety', 'levels', 'among'] ['global', 'challenges', '2020', '2000038www', 'advancedsciencenews'] ['2000038'] ['global', 'challenges'] ['2020', 'authors', 'published', 'wiley', 'gmbh'] ['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'during', 'epidemic'] ['though', 'government', 'bangladesh', 'adopting', 'several'] ['policies', 'regarding', 'this', 'issue', 'consciousness', 'preventive'] ['measurements', 'inhabitants', 'country', 'according'] ['guidelines', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'needed', 'more'] ['resolve', 'critical', 'problem', 'with', 'high', 'priority', 'proper', 'govern', 'ment', 'support', 'well', 'social', 'awareness', 'should', 'monitored'] ['during', 'epidemics', 'decrease', 'anxiety', 'maintaining', 'good'] ['mental', 'health', 'university', 'students', 'crafting', 'better'] ['future', 'nation'] ['experimental', 'section'] ['study', 'population', 'sample', 'analysis', 'study', 'targeted'] ['public', 'private', 'university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'respondents'] ['were', 'selected', 'randomly', 'from', 'different', 'universities', 'different', 'cities'] ['bangladesh', 'using', 'structured', 'reliable', 'confidential'] ['questionnaire', 'study', 'tried', 'measure', 'psychological', 'health'] ['university', 'students', 'during', 'covid', 'outbreak', 'total', 'number'] ['respondents', 'responded', 'response', 'rate', 'willingly'] ['discovering', 'psychological', 'effect', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'among'] ['university', 'students', 'bangladesh'] ['instruments', 'finding', 'psychological', 'impact'] ['university', 'students', 'bangladesh', 'study', 'used', 'that', 'comprises'] ['seven', 'items', 'constructed', 'seven', 'core', 'symptoms', 'queries'] ['find', 'respondents', 'suffered', 'within', 'last', 'weeks'] [] ['total', 'score', 'range', 'questions', 'followed', 'four', 'point'] ['likert', 'scale', 'from', 'almost', 'every'] ['moreover'] ['study', 'tried', 'find', 'related', 'demographic', 'information'] ['respondents', 'including', 'gender', 'place', 'residence', 'financial', 'situation'] ['living', 'condition', 'status', 'infection', 'covid', 'among', 'their'] ['relatives', 'friends', 'furthermore', 'respondents', 'were', 'queried', 'about'] ['their', 'thoughts', 'preventive', 'behaviors', 'economic', 'conditions', 'academic'] ['progress', 'availability', 'social', 'support', 'influence', 'daily', 'life'] ['during', 'epidemic', 'internal', 'consistency', 'cronbach'] [] ['data', 'analysis', 'spss', 'version', 'used', 'analyze'] ['collected', 'data', 'study', 'implemented', 'several', 'statistical', 'methods'] ['justify', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic', 'among', 'bangladeshi'] ['university', 'students', 'including', 'descriptive', 'statistics', 'demonstrate'] ['demographic', 'features', 'univariate', 'analysis', 'nonparametric', 'test'] ['discover', 'significant', 'relations', 'between', 'sample', 'characteristics'] ['anxiety', 'level'] ['multivariate', 'logistic', 'regression', 'analyses', 'determine'] ['statistical', 'significance', 'among', 'variables', 'through', 'odds', 'ratio', 'with'] ['confidence', 'interval'] ['spearman', 'correlation', 'coefficient', 'with'] ['tailed', 'statistical', 'significance', 'assess', 'connotation'] ['between', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'related', 'stressors', 'level', 'anxiety'] ['ethical', 'considerations', 'department', 'students', 'affairs', 'different'] ['universities', 'approved', 'this', 'study', 'university', 'authorities', 'also', 'felt'] ['interested', 'know', 'psychological', 'impact', 'covid', 'epidemic'] ['students', 'after', 'describing', 'need', 'study', 'respondents', 'gave'] ['their', 'consent', 'voluntarily'] ['paper'] ['since', 'january', '2020', 'elsevier', 'created', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'with'] ['free', 'information', 'english', 'mandarin', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'hosted', 'elsevier', 'connect'] ['company', 'public', 'news', 'information', 'website'] ['elsevier', 'hereby', 'grants', 'permission', 'make', 'covid', 'related'] ['research', 'that', 'available', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre', 'including', 'this'] ['research', 'content', 'immediately', 'available', 'pubmed', 'central', 'other'] ['publicly', 'funded', 'repositories', 'such', 'covid', 'database', 'with', 'rights'] ['unrestricted', 'research', 'analyses', 'form', 'means'] ['with', 'acknowledgement', 'original', 'source', 'these', 'permissions'] ['granted', 'free', 'elsevier', 'long', 'covid', 'resource', 'centre'] ['remains', 'active', 'contents', 'lists', 'available', 'sciencedirect'] ['asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry'] ['journal', 'homepage', 'elsevier', 'locate'] ['letter', 'editor'] ['covid', 'lock', 'down', 'people', 'psychology', 'enforcement'] ['article', 'info'] ['keywords'] ['covid'] ['lock', 'down', 'period'] ['psychological', 'aspects'] ['enforcement'] ['december', '2019', 'unknown', 'virus', 'starts', 'affecting', 'human'] ['being', 'from', 'wuhan', 'seafood', 'market', 'china', 'trade', 'various', 'mals', 'birds', 'bats', 'snakes', 'birds', 'though', 'exactly', 'source'] ['virus', 'unknown', 'wuhan', 'institute', 'virology', 'declared', 'that'] ['identical', 'corona', 'virus', 'found', 'bats', 'anon', '2020g', 'initially'] ['believed', 'that', 'this', 'virus', 'communal', 'spread', 'virus'] ['people', 'migrated', 'wuhan', 'celebrate', 'their', 'annual', 'chunyun', 'festival'] ['this', 'large', 'together', 'festival', 'cause', 'virus', 'spread', 'among'] ['them', 'without', 'knowing', 'this', 'they', 'started', 'travelled', 'back', 'their'] ['places', 'this', 'virus', 'starts', 'affecting', 'more', 'than', 'countries'] ['across', 'globe'] ['world', 'health', 'organisation', 'declared', 'virus', 'covid'] ['initial', 'symptoms', 'include', 'fever', 'cough', 'breathing', 'difficulties'] ['when', 'severe', 'results', 'pneumonia', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory'] ['syndrome', 'last', 'result', 'loss', 'life', 'anon', '2020h', 'stage'] ['spread', 'virus', 'include', 'stages', 'stage', 'people', 'affected', 'when'] ['they', 'travelling', 'affected', 'countries', 'stage', 'people'] ['very', 'closely', 'interacting', 'with', 'affected', 'people', 'stage', 'anon'] ['2020e', 'stage', 'community', 'spreads', 'occur', 'still', 'disease'] ['controlled', 'stage', 'massive', 'number', 'people', 'affected'] ['very', 'difficult', 'control'] ['india', 'though', 'first', 'case', 'corona', 'reported', '29th'] ['january', '2020', 'virus', 'starts', 'spreading', 'from', 'week', 'march', '2020'] ['government', 'taken', 'preventive', 'measure', 'control'] ['spread', 'virus', 'anon', '2020a', 'virus', 'spreads', 'closer'] ['interaction', 'people', 'government', 'asked', 'their', 'citizens'] ['maintain', 'social', 'distancing', 'march', '22nd', 'janata', 'curfew'] ['voluntary', 'self', 'quarantine', 'activity', 'observed', 'nationwide', 'march'] ['24th', 'stop', 'pandemic', 'welfare', 'people'] ['honourable', 'prime', 'minister', 'announced', 'days', 'lockdown', 'period'] ['imposed', 'section', 'throughout', 'country', 'anon'] ['2020f', 'imposing', 'this', 'lockdown', 'pandemic', 'controlled'] ['adversely', 'without', 'further', 'consequences', 'also', 'government'] ['disinfect', 'public', 'areas', 'allow', 'hospitals', 'prepare', 'themselves'] ['handle', 'this', 'situation', 'accordingly', 'person', 'disobeys', 'rules'] ['would', 'definitely', 'punished'] ['enforcement'] ['constitution', 'india', 'considered', 'back', 'bone'] ['government', 'other', 'laws', 'laid', 'down', 'government', 'must'] ['ultra', 'vires', 'with', 'constitution', 'anon', '2020b', 'case', 'that'] ['been', 'laid', 'ultra', 'vires', 'then', 'considered', 'unconstitutional'] ['valid'] ['article', 'constitution', 'india', 'states', 'about', 'fundamental'] ['rights', 'citizen', 'which', 'include', 'freedom', 'speech', 'freedom'] ['anywhere', 'country', 'form', 'association', 'unions', 'gather', 'public'] ['place', 'cause', 'without', 'armour', 'under', 'certain', 'emergency'] ['critical', 'time', 'there', 'certain', 'exceptions', 'fundamental', 'rights'] ['that', 'being', 'exercised', 'citizens', 'india', 'which', 'stated'] ['article', 'article', 'under', 'this', 'clause', 'stated', 'that'] ['state', 'impose', 'welfare', 'people', 'emergency'] ['situation', 'example', 'natural', 'disaster', 'duty', 'follow'] ['rules', 'restrictions', 'restrictions', 'that', 'been', 'imposed'] ['there', 'special', 'named', 'epidemic', 'disease', '1897', 'this'] ['specifically', 'laid', 'down', 'such', 'emergency', 'purposes', 'according'] ['this', 'centre', 'state', 'discretionary', 'powers', 'take'] ['control', 'their', 'hands', 'stop', 'further', 'spread', 'disease', 'epidemic'] ['pandemic', 'based', 'this', 'centre', 'state', 'have', 'power'] ['quarantine', 'people', 'affected', 'with', 'contagious', 'disease'] ['people', 'suspected', 'have', 'symptoms', 'contagious'] ['disease', 'even', 'healthy', 'people', 'protect', 'them', 'from', 'further', 'spread'] ['disease'] ['when', 'rules', 'imposed', 'government', 'reference'] ['epidemic', 'disease', 'followed', 'properly', 'then', 'section'] ['comes', 'into', 'action', 'according', 'this', 'section', 'anyone', 'disobeys'] ['imposed', 'disobedience', 'order', 'duly', 'promulgated', 'public'] ['servant', 'subjected', 'month', 'imprisonment', 'fine', 'inr200'] ['both', 'general', 'conditions', 'person', 'reason', 'spread'] ['disease', 'healthy', 'person', 'death', 'person', 'then', 'jected', 'imprisonment', 'months', 'fine', 'inr100', 'both'] ['disaster', 'management', '2005', 'another', 'that', 'related'] ['current', 'situation', 'under', 'this', 'section', 'states', 'punishment'] ['obstruction', 'caused', 'according', 'this', 'person', 'disobeys'] ['rule', 'imposed', 'will', 'given', 'year', 'simple', 'imprisonment'] ['person', 'responsible', 'spread', 'disease', 'death', 'then', 'jected', 'imprisonment', 'years', 'section', 'same', 'states'] ['that', 'person', 'creates', 'panic', 'situation', 'spreading', 'false'] ['information', 'means', 'sharing', 'information', 'social', 'media'] ['subjected', 'imprisonment', 'year'] ['https', '1016', '2020', '102102'] ['received', 'april', '2020'] ['asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry', '2020', '102102'] ['1876', '2018', '2020', 'elsevier', 'rights', 'reserved'] ['taccording', 'section', 'which', 'applies', 'malignant'] ['likely', 'spread', 'infection', 'disease', 'dangerous', 'life', 'violator'] ['jailed', 'years', 'could', 'fined', 'both', 'without', 'bail'] ['under', 'section', 'person', 'tested', 'positive', 'suspected'] ['affected', 'disease', 'prescribed', 'kept', 'quarantine'] ['person', 'violates', 'quarantine', 'rule', 'booked', 'under', 'this'] ['section', 'imprisonment', 'years', 'which', 'cognizable'] ['according', 'essential', 'commodities', 'essential', 'modities', 'that', 'said', 'basic', 'needs', 'during', 'emergency'] ['disaster', 'time', 'must', 'sold', 'price', 'reasonable', 'cost'] ['based', 'demand', 'requirement', 'selling', 'essential', 'things'] ['unreasonable', 'prices', 'said', 'crime', 'subjected', 'prisonment', 'years'] ['psychological', 'aspects', 'people', 'during', 'lockdown', 'period'] ['lockdown', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'people', 'affected'] ['follows'] ['when', 'government', 'announces', 'india', 'going', 'under'] ['lockdown', 'next', 'general', 'public', 'become', 'panic', 'there'] ['ambiguity', 'among', 'common', 'public', 'whether', 'essential', 'items'] ['will', 'available', 'they', 'started', 'items', 'that', 'more', 'than', 'quired', 'tried', 'store', 'commodities'] ['reduce', 'fear', 'doctors', 'nurses', 'other', 'healthcare'] ['workers', 'government', 'declared', 'insurance', 'them', 'order'] ['enhance', 'healthcare', 'nation', 'service', 'private', 'hospitals'] ['also', 'leveraged', 'government', 'providing', 'permission', 'setup', 'more'] ['testing', 'facility', 'identify', 'infected', 'people', 'providing', 'treat', 'ment', 'msme', 'ministry', 'invited', 'manufacturer', 'supplier'] ['produce', 'personal', 'protective', 'equipment', 'ventilators', 'medical'] ['equipment', 'benefit', 'healthcare', 'professionals', 'public', 'also'] ['various', 'training', 'programmes', 'were', 'organised', 'healthcare', 'fessionals', 'handle', 'situation'] ['middle', 'class', 'people', 'salaried', 'people', 'organised', 'sector'] ['reduced', 'repo', 'rate', 'which', 'results', 'reduction', 'loan'] ['interest', 'rate', 'also', 'term', 'loans', 'customer'] ['months', 'also', 'withdraw', 'waived', 'free', 'cylin', 'ders', 'free', 'rice', 'wheat', 'pulses', 'provided', 'beneficiaries'] ['deadlines', 'income', 'returns', 'been', 'extended', 'small'] ['medium', 'entrepreneurs', 'collateral', 'free', 'loans', 'will', 'provided'] ['filling', 'dates', 'been', 'extended'] ['during', 'this', 'lockdown', 'period', 'migrant', 'workers', 'were', 'able'] ['travel', 'their', 'native', 'place', 'leverage', 'their', 'fear', 'government'] ['instructed', 'employers', 'take', 'care', 'employees'] ['provide', 'them', 'with', 'food', 'shelter', 'government', 'instructed'] ['wages', 'during', 'lockdown', 'period', 'their', 'employees', 'however'] ['three', 'fourths', 'indian', 'population', 'working', 'unorganised', 'sectors'] ['this', 'lockdown', 'results', 'financial', 'insecurity', 'them', 'also'] ['farmers', 'mentally', 'stressed', 'reason', 'where', 'there', 'people'] ['harvesting', 'their', 'goods', 'cultivated', 'products', 'like', 'vegetables'] ['fruits', 'flowers', 'species', 'cannot', 'exported', 'foreign', 'national'] ['which', 'will', 'affect', 'their', 'economy'] ['issued', 'some', 'guidelines', 'higher', 'education', 'institutes'] ['heis', 'take', 'care', 'mental', 'health', 'psychosocial', 'concerns', 'well', 'being', 'students', 'community', 'during', 'after', 'covid', 'outbreak'] ['anon', '2020c', 'address', 'this', 'challenge', 'teachers', 'undertook'] ['socially', 'responsibility', 'improvise', 'quality', 'teaching', 'based'] ['teaching', 'learning', 'were', 'adopted', 'anon', '2020d', 'order', 'keep'] ['mental', 'wellness', 'people', 'national', 'institute', 'mental', 'heal', 'thiness', 'neuro', 'science', 'launched', 'toll', 'free', 'telephone', 'counsel'] ['mental', 'illness', 'people'] ['conclusion'] ['corona', 'outbreak', 'considered', 'pandemic', 'central'] ['state', 'government', 'taking', 'many', 'precautionary', 'measures'] ['relief', 'measures', 'welfare', 'people', 'however', 'there', 'people'] ['without', 'unaware', 'impact', 'corona', 'virus', 'unnecessarily', 'moving'] ['around', 'streets', 'people', 'become', 'panic', 'with', 'situation', 'buying'] ['commodities', 'needed', 'without', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distancing', 'advised'] ['government', 'without', 'public', 'cooperation', 'spread', 'virus'] ['cannot', 'controlled', 'when', 'government', 'orders', 'violated', 'then'] ['government', 'strictly', 'enforce', 'thus', 'advised'] ['wisely', 'cooperate', 'with', 'government', 'safe', 'guard', 'lives'] ['lives', 'other', 'people'] ['present', 'situation', 'conveys', 'that', 'only', 'medicine'] [] ['funding', 'statement'] ['this', 'research', 'receive', 'specific', 'grant', 'from', 'funding'] ['agencies', 'public', 'commercial', 'profit', 'sectors'] ['contributors'] ['authors', 'contributed', 'equally'] ['declaration', 'competing', 'interest'] ['authors', 'declare', 'that', 'they', 'have', 'known', 'competing', 'financial'] ['interests', 'personal', 'relationships', 'that', 'could', 'have', 'appeared', 'influ', 'ence', 'work', 'reported', 'this', 'paper'] ['paper'] ['fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['original', 'research'] ['published', 'february', '2021'] ['3389', 'fpsyg', '2021', '626934'] ['edited'] ['syed', 'ghulam', 'meran', 'shah'] ['university', 'punjab', 'pakistan'] ['reviewed'] ['zeying'] ['guangdong', 'university', 'technology'] ['china'] ['sohail', 'ahmad', 'javeed'] ['nanjing', 'agricultural', 'university', 'china'] ['correspondence'] ['muhammad', 'mohsin'] ['mohsinlatifntu', 'gmail'] ['penglai'] ['ruhiyyih'] ['specialty', 'section'] ['this', 'article', 'submitted'] ['organizational', 'psychology'] ['section', 'journal'] ['frontiers', 'psychology'] ['received', 'november', '2020'] ['accepted', 'january', '2021'] ['published', 'february', '2021'] ['citation'] ['naseem', 'mohsin'] ['liyan', 'penglai', '2021'] ['investor', 'psychology', 'stock'] ['market', 'behavior', 'during', 'initial'] ['covid', 'study', 'china'] ['japan', 'united', 'states'] ['front', 'psychol', '626934'] ['3389', 'fpsyg', '2021', '626934'] ['investor', 'psychology', 'stock'] ['market', 'behavior', 'during', 'initial'] ['covid', 'study', 'china'] ['japan', 'united', 'states'] ['sobia', 'naseem1'] ['muhammad', 'mohsin2'] ['wang', 'hui1'] ['geng', 'liyan1', 'penglai1'] [] ['school', 'economics', 'management', 'shijiazhuang', 'tiedao', 'university', 'shijiazhuang', 'china', 'school', 'business', 'hunan'] ['university', 'humanities', 'science', 'technology', 'loudi', 'china'] ['highly', 'transmittable', 'pathogenic', 'viral', 'infection', 'covid', 'dramatically'] ['changed', 'world', 'with', 'tragically', 'large', 'number', 'human', 'lives', 'being', 'lost', 'epidemic'] ['created', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'unbearable', 'psychological', 'pressure', 'among'] ['patients', 'health', 'professionals', 'objective', 'this', 'study', 'analyze', 'investor'] ['psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior', 'during', 'covid', 'psychological', 'behavior'] ['investors', 'whether', 'positive', 'negative', 'toward', 'stock', 'market', 'change', 'picture'] ['economy', 'this', 'research', 'explores', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock'] ['markets', 'from', 'january', '2020', 'april', '2020', 'employing', 'principal', 'component'] ['analysis', 'results', 'showed', 'that', 'investor', 'psychology', 'negatively', 'related', 'three'] ['selected', 'stock', 'markets', 'under', 'psychological', 'resilience', 'pandemic', 'pressure'] ['negative', 'emotions', 'pessimism', 'urge', 'investors', 'cease', 'financial', 'investment'] ['stock', 'market', 'consequently', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'decreased', 'deadly'] ['pandemic', 'masses', 'were', 'more', 'concerned', 'about', 'their', 'lives', 'livelihood', 'less'] ['about', 'wealth', 'leisure', 'this', 'research', 'contributes', 'literature', 'investors'] ['psychological', 'behavior', 'during', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'study', 'suggests', 'that', 'policy', 'makers', 'should', 'design', 'plan', 'fight', 'against', 'covid', 'government', 'should'] ['manage', 'health', 'sector', 'budget', 'overcome', 'future', 'crises'] ['keywords', 'covid', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior', 'financial', 'sustainability', 'masses', 'psychology'] ['introduction'] ['terminology', 'corona', 'newly', 'invented', 'science', 'this', 'single', 'stranded'] ['virus', 'primary', 'roots', 'were', 'observed', '1960', 'belonging', 'corona', 'viridae', 'family'] ['order', 'nidovirales', 'galante', '2016', 'kanwar', '2017', '2020', 'mohsin'] ['2020b', 'taxonomic', 'naming', 'comes', 'from', 'virus', 'structure', 'which', 'gives', 'appearance'] ['crown', 'like', 'spikes', 'virus', 'outer', 'surface', 'azam', '2020', 'sarfraz', '2020c'] ['shereen', '2020', 'prey', 'first', 'coronavirus', 'species', 'chicken', 'there'] ['human', 'human', 'transmission', 'from', '1960', '2020', 'different', 'allied', 'versions'] ['same', 'family', 'viruses', 'have', 'been', 'observed', 'common', 'cold', 'adults', '229e'] ['oc43', '1960', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', '2003'] ['human', 'coronavirus', 'with', 'common', 'cold', 'bronchitis', 'asthma', 'chronic', 'obstructive', 'pulmonary'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior'] ['disease', 'copd', 'exacerbations', 'pneumonia', 'hcov', 'nl63', '2004'] ['hku1', 'middle', 'east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mers'] ['2012', 'severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', 'sars', '2019', 'sars', 'displaying', 'unmatched'] ['intensity', 'severity', 'compared', 'previous', 'species', 'corona'] ['hoek', '2004', 'kahn', 'mcintosh', '2005'] ['2005', 'esper', '2006', 'zaki', '2012', 'start'] ['virus', 'breakout', 'virus', 'name', '2019', 'ncov'] ['international', 'committee', 'taxonomy', 'viruses', 'ictv'] ['chinese', 'center', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention'] ['ccdc', 'changed', 'into', 'sars', 'january', '2020'] ['structure', 'symptoms', 'covid', 'first', 'discovered'] ['wuhan', 'market', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'early', 'december'] ['2019', 'this', 'aroused', 'global', 'attention', 'late', 'january', '2020'] ['virus', 'been', 'spreading', 'exponentially', 'using', 'human', 'human', 'transmission', 'through', 'respiratory', 'droplets', 'sneezing'] ['coughing', 'azam', '2020', '2020', 'sarfraz'] ['2020a', 'shereen', '2020', 'during', 'this', 'incubation', 'period'] ['researchers', 'focused', 'exploring', 'preventing', 'treating'] ['patients', 'still', 'pandemic', 'psychological', 'impact', 'other'] ['side', 'disease', 'mental', 'illness', 'global', 'quarantine'] ['announcement', 'sparked', 'several', 'concerns', 'fear', 'separation'] ['from', 'family', 'fear', 'illness', 'death', 'avoidance', 'medical'] ['facilities', 'threat', 'infection', 'fear', 'unemployment'] ['threat', 'racism', 'against', 'people', 'live', 'perceived'] ['from', 'affected', 'areas', 'fear', 'losing', 'near', 'dear'] ['ones', 'because', 'virus', 'maintained', 'space', 'from', 'minors'] ['disabled', 'elderly', 'family', 'members', 'infection'] ['isolation', 'recalling', 'severity', 'treatment', 'infected'] ['people', 'these', 'have', 'become', 'originators', 'anxiety', 'stress'] ['grave', 'concern', 'globally', 'these', 'mental', 'health', 'aspects'] ['covid', 'outbreak', 'have', 'affected', 'individual', 'lives', 'well'] ['financial', 'markets'] ['human', 'psychology', 'covid'] ['current', 'pandemic', 'sars', 'seriously', 'influenced'] ['human', 'psychology', 'through', 'notable', 'mental', 'state', 'anxiety'] ['term', 'anxiety', 'covers', 'population', 'reaction', 'toward'] ['epidemic', 'media', 'whether', 'information', 'authentic'] ['erroneous', 'inappropriate', 'behavior', 'people', 'concerning'] ['abandonment', 'animals', 'panic', 'buying', 'other', 'foods'] ['panic', 'attacks', 'properly', 'defined', 'without', 'linkage'] ['anxiety', 'disorder', 'medical', 'sense', 'anxiety', 'combination'] ['different', 'psychiatric', 'disorders', 'both', 'internal', 'phobias', 'panic'] ['attacks', 'panic', 'disorder', 'external', 'worry', 'stress', 'fear'] ['painful', 'experiences', 'events', 'psychological', 'effect'] ['covid', 'mass', 'hysteria', 'post', 'traumatic', 'stress'] ['disorder', 'ptsd', 'panic', 'attacks', 'obsessive', 'compulsive', 'disorder'] ['generalized', 'anxiety', 'disorder', 'behavioral'] ['immune', 'system', 'theory', 'stress', 'theory', 'perceived', 'risk'] ['theory', 'explain', 'that', 'negative', 'emotion', 'anxiety', 'aversion'] ['negative', 'cognitive', 'assessment', 'human', 'beings', 'developed'] ['self', 'protection', 'people', 'tend', 'develop', 'avoidant', 'behavior'] ['strictly', 'follow', 'social', 'norms', 'pandemic'] ['severe', 'effects', 'potential', 'threat', 'disease'] ['2020', '2020', 'sarfraz', '2020b', 'anxiety', 'stress'] ['panic', 'attacks', 'people', 'covid', 'have', 'created'] ['etiologies', 'first', 'identification', 'symptoms'] ['acute', 'respiratory', 'distress', 'syndrome', 'ards', 'such', 'cough'] ['dyspnea', 'high', 'frequency', 'preter', 'klein', '2008'] ['javelot', 'weiner', '2020', 'second', 'false', 'alarming'] ['klein', '1993', 'psychopathological', 'link', 'catastrophic'] ['figure', 'impact', 'covid', 'stock', 'markets', 'source', 'bloomberg'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior'] ['table', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china'] ['eigenvalues', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportion'] ['eigenvalues', 'average', '0545', '4404', '4109', '0545', '4109'] ['6141', '7071', '3228', '6686', '7337'] ['9070', '5014', '1814', '5757', '9151'] ['4057', '3870', '0811', '9813', '9963'] ['0187', '0037'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['interpretation', 'physiological', 'sensation', 'respiration', 'rate'] ['recurrence', 'panic', 'attacks', 'increased', 'respiration', 'rate'] ['become', 'reason', 'excessively', 'avoidant', 'behaviors'] ['blind', 'conformity', '2020', 'mohsin', '2020a'] ['psychopathology', 'keen', 'concern', 'this', 'study', 'because'] ['intense', 'effect', 'investor', 'behavior', 'stock', 'market', 'investors'] ['business', 'people', 'generally', 'spend', 'most', 'their', 'time'] ['workplace', 'however', 'they', 'currently', 'mostly', 'homebound'] ['present', 'situation', 'stock', 'markets', 'investment', 'decision'] ['pressure', 'family', 'members', 'psychological', 'health'] ['pressure', 'investor', 'psychology'] ['investors', 'psychology', 'sentiments'] ['stock', 'market', 'covid'] ['covid', 'outbreak', 'threatened', 'every', 'individual'] ['field', 'life', 'influence', 'public', 'health', 'sustainability'] ['global', 'stock', 'market', 'financial', 'markets', 'also', 'carries'] ['significant', 'repercussions', '2020', 'huang', 'zheng'] ['2020', 'being', 'part', 'societal', 'system', 'investor', 'psychology'] ['sentiments', 'their', 'optimism', 'pessimism', 'about', 'future', 'stock'] ['prices', 'also', 'change', 'sharp', 'decrease', 'been', 'observed'] ['shanghai', 'jones', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'prices'] ['investor', 'sentiment', 'volatility', 'during', 'pandemic', 'outbreak'] ['figure', 'visual', 'presentation', 'figure', 'shown'] ['sudden', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets', 'after', 'outbreak'] ['pandemic'] ['existing', 'literature', 'focused', 'relationship', 'between'] ['stock', 'prices', 'investor', 'sentiment', '2002', 'brown'] ['cliff', '2004', 'explained', 'that', 'past', 'market', 'returns'] ['important', 'sentiment', 'determinants', 'while', 'investor', 'sentiment'] ['changes', 'significantly', 'correlated', 'with', 'contemporary'] ['market', 'return', 'positive', 'relationship', 'between', 'stock'] ['markets', 'sentiment', 'will', 'confirm', 'that', 'investor', 'sentiment'] ['contrarian', 'predictor', 'consequent', 'market', 'returns'] ['meanwhile', 'sentiment', 'impact', 'stronger', 'easy', 'hard'] ['value', 'stocks', 'negatively', 'positively', 'influenced'] ['sentiments', 'baker', 'wurgler', '2007', 'xiang', '2020'] ['using', 'component', 'market', 'index', 'return', 'which'] ['avoidant', 'fundamental', 'macroeconomic', 'factors'] ['2020', 'observed', 'robust', 'evidence', 'that', 'announcement'] ['abnormal', 'return', 'derives', 'from', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'sentiment'] ['determined', 'overvaluation', 'corrects', 'within', 'month', 'post', 'announcement', 'period', 'market', 'timers', 'tackle', 'this', 'sentiment'] ['situation', 'take', 'advantage', 'issuing', 'season', 'shares'] ['stock', 'price', 'sensitivity', 'terms', 'good', 'news', 'earning'] ['higher', 'during', 'high', 'sentiment', 'period', 'contrast'] ['sentiment', 'period', 'stock', 'price', 'sensitivity', 'behaves', 'negatively'] ['analysis', 'suggestions', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'becomes'] ['reason', 'general', 'mispricing', 'stock', 'because'] ['sentient', 'driven', 'mispricing', 'earning', 'contributions', 'schmeling'] ['2009', 'zouaoui', '2011', 'mian', 'sankaraguruswamy', '2012'] ['cheema', '2020', 'high', 'market', 'competition', 'indicated'] ['that', 'sentiments', 'returns', 'positively', 'related', 'each', 'other'] ['this', 'relationship', 'disappears', 'market', 'competition'] ['although', 'financial', 'crisis', 'changes', 'situation', 'irrespective'] ['market', 'competition', 'positive', 'relationship', 'exists', 'between'] ['sentiments', 'returns', '2020', 'investors', 'accept'] ['psychological', 'pressure', 'more', 'sensitively', 'intensively', 'than'] ['person', 'apart', 'from', 'pandemic', 'rapid', 'spread'] ['financial', 'news', 'media', 'amplifiers', 'have', 'worked', 'fear'] ['spreaders', 'about', 'covid', 'tetlock', '2007', 'elucidated', 'that'] ['spread', 'news', 'about', 'stock', 'market', 'strongly', 'affects', 'investor'] ['psychology', 'sociology', 'high', 'media', 'pessimism', 'leads'] ['downward', 'pressure', 'market', 'prices', 'vice', 'versa', 'investor'] ['sentiment', 'theory', 'also', 'confirmed', 'consistent', 'relationship'] ['between', 'media', 'content', 'individual', 'investor', 'behavior', 'with'] ['disproportionately', 'small', 'stocks', 'this', 'research', 'based'] ['ideology', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market'] ['during', 'pandemic', 'there', 'have', 'been', 'studies', 'this', 'area'] ['bulk', 'research', 'centers', 'both', 'human', 'psychology'] ['covid', 'well', 'stock', 'market', 'covid'] ['under', 'caption', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market'] ['covid', 'tried', 'explain', 'this', 'research', 'nature'] ['relationship'] ['psychological', 'pressure', 'negatively', 'impacts', 'investors'] ['investing', 'decisions', 'which', 'decline', 'individual', 'country'] ['economy', 'this', 'study', 'analyzed', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock'] ['market', 'behavior', 'during', 'covid', 'comparatively', 'debate'] ['about', 'covid', 'this', 'research', 'will', 'contribute', 'existing'] ['literature', 'open', 'dimensions', 'understanding'] ['investor', 'sentiment', 'toward', 'investment', 'decisions', 'stock'] ['table', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan'] ['variable'] ['sturn', '0584', '6588', '3581', '6589', '0114'] ['1759', '6664', '1181', '7143', '0283'] ['1244', '3472', '9187', '1411', '0067'] ['6881', '0323', '0870', '1528', '7033'] ['6904', '0193', '0786', '1109', '7102'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior'] ['figure', 'relationship', 'between', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index'] ['market', 'under', 'special', 'circumstances', 'during', 'outbreak'] ['pandemics', 'times', 'intense', 'anxiety', 'research', 'differs'] ['from', 'previous', 'studies', 'proxies', 'investor'] ['sentiment', 'indicators', 'stock', 'market', 'covid'] ['strong', 'theoretical', 'upbringing', 'psychological', 'behavior'] ['dynamic', 'process', 'stock', 'price', 'fluctuation', 'will', 'deepen'] ['understanding', 'readers', 'investors', 'researchers', 'sample'] ['three', 'different', 'stock', 'markets', 'will', 'help', 'elaborate', 'investors'] ['psychological', 'geographical', 'sensation', 'during', 'investment'] ['decisions', 'pandemic'] ['data', 'description'] ['methodology'] ['data', 'description'] ['research', 'includes', 'daily', 'observations', 'three', 'different', 'stock'] ['markets', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'nikkei', 'jones'] ['from', 'january', 'april', '2020', 'market', 'selection', 'based'] ['reasons', 'first', 'impact', 'covid', 'investor'] ['sentiment', 'during', 'pandemic', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'market'] ['china', 'second', 'check', 'global', 'impact', 'using', 'nikkei'] ['jones', 'reason', 'behind', 'selected', 'data', 'span'] ['global', 'spread', 'covid', 'sample', 'period', 'starts', 'from'] ['data', 'declaration', 'sample', 'markets', 'because', 'synchronized'] ['data', 'lead', 'accurate', 'results', 'data', 'collected', 'from', 'stock'] ['markets', 'china', 'japan', 'united', 'states', 'analyzed', 'data'] ['secondary', 'publically', 'available', 'mentioned', 'databases'] ['bloomberg', 'stock', 'markets', 'data', 'covid'] ['methodology'] ['sentiment', 'index', 'model', 'used', 'this', 'research'] ['presented', 'below'] ['smim', 'α1sturn', 'α2mfi', 'α3rsi'] ['α41cc', 'α51cd'] ['table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states'] ['sturn'] ['sturn'] ['5348'] ['1233', '1892'] ['1045', '1607', '1127'] ['0991', '1878', '1153', '8018'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['smim'] ['indicates', 'first', 'principal', 'component', 'estimated'] ['linear', 'combination', 'standardized', 'variables'] ['stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio', 'sturn', 'turnover'] ['respective', 'stock', 'exchange', 'money', 'flow', 'index'] ['relative', 'strength', 'index', 'change', 'daily', 'confirm'] ['cases', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'deaths'] ['stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio'] ['stock', 'market', 'trading', 'activity', 'measured', 'turnover'] ['ratio', 'subsequently', 'used', 'primary', 'measurement', 'model'] ['ying', '1966', 'rehman', '2017', 'have', 'explained', 'that', 'more'] ['considerable', 'turnover', 'indication', 'rise', 'stock', 'prices'] ['bullish', 'market', 'while', 'small', 'turnover', 'reflects', 'fall', 'stock'] ['prices', 'bearish', 'market', 'stock', 'exchange', 'turnover', 'ratio'] ['calculated', 'using', 'following', 'equation'] ['sturn'] ['vmdaily'] ['vmmonthly'] [] ['where', 'vmdaily', 'used', 'daily', 'volume', 'vmmonthly', 'average'] ['volume', 'month', 'sturn', 'calculated', 'using', 'running'] ['moving', 'basis', 'which', 'means', 'previous', 'dropping', 'value'] ['adding', 'next'] ['money', 'flow', 'index'] ['comprises', 'daily', 'stock', 'prices', 'turnover', 'information'] ['increase', 'money', 'flow', 'indicates', 'market', 'trend'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior'] ['table', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china'] ['eigenvalues', 'number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportion'] ['eigenvalues', 'average', '8735', '6057', '3747', '8735', '3747'] ['2678', '3853', '2536', '1413', '6283'] ['8825', '0721', '1765', '0238', '8048'] ['8104', '6446', '1621', '8342', '9668'] ['1658', '0332'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['rising', 'trend', 'increases', 'buying', 'pressure'] ['whereas', 'rise', 'falling', 'trend', 'increases', 'selling'] ['pressure', 'following', 'formula', 'used', 'calculate'] [] ['daily', 'prices'] ['high', 'close'] [] [] ['money', 'flow', 'daily', 'prices', 'turnover'] ['when', 'current', 'price', 'higher', 'than', 'previous'] ['money', 'flow', 'positive', 'while', 'there', 'comparatively'] ['lower', 'current', 'price', 'than', 'previous', 'money'] ['flow', 'negative', 'tolonen', '2011', 'wang', '2015', 'marek'] ['marková', '2020', 'daily', 'been', 'calculated'] ['follows'] [] [] ['positive', 'money', 'flowdaily'] ['positive', 'money', 'flowdaily', 'negative', 'money', 'flowdaily'] [] ['relative', 'strength', 'index'] ['technical', 'analysis', 'used', 'momentum', 'indicator', 'that'] ['measures', 'magnitude', 'recent', 'price', 'changes', 'evaluate'] ['oversold', 'overbought', 'condition', 'stock', 'other', 'asset'] ['prices', 'russell', '1978', 'wilder', '1978', 'russell', 'franzmann'] ['1979', 'ivascu', 'cioca', '2019', 'oscillator', 'display', 'board'] ['between', 'extremes', 'high', 'with', 'range'] ['suppose', 'oscillator', 'shows', 'upward', 'trend'] ['with', 'value', 'meaning', 'that', 'security', 'overbought'] ['overvalued', 'that', 'case', 'positive', 'downward', 'trend'] ['with', 'value', 'indicates', 'oversold', 'undervalued'] ['condition'] ['rsidaily'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['otherwise'] ['change', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cases'] ['changes', 'daily', 'confirmed', 'death', 'cases', 'covid', 'used', 'capture', 'investor', 'mood', 'swings', 'regarding'] ['spreading', 'pandemic', 'this', 'term', 'used', 'chen'] ['2010', '2014', 'check', 'impact', 'market', 'index'] ['table', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan'] ['variable'] ['sturn', '6844', '1151', '1598', '0468', '7005'] ['1786', '6863', '3105', '5451', '3217'] ['6003', '3142', '2582', '3109', '6145'] ['1380', '5865', '5755', '5360', '1357'] ['3469', '2702', '6929', '5628', '0989'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['change', 'investor', 'mood', 'changes', 'daily', 'confirmed'] ['cases', 'daily', 'death', 'cases', 'calculated', 'follows'] [] [] ['relationship', 'between', 'stock', 'market', 'index'] ['investor', 'sentiment'] ['regressed', 'stock', 'market', 'volatility', 'series', 'during'] ['covid', 'following', 'regression', 'equation', 'checks'] ['respective', 'sentiment', 'market', 'return', 'relationship'] ['βlnsmim'] ['market', 'return', 'stock', 'market', 'indicator'] ['concerning', 'time', 'while', 'smim'] ['sentiment', 'index'] ['calculation', 'done', 'following', 'equation'] [] [] [] [] [] ['this', 'equation'] ['current', 'market', 'price', 'closing'] ['preceding', 'market', 'price', 'closing'] ['results'] ['principle', 'component', 'analysis'] ['principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'employed', 'extract'] ['meaningful', 'information', 'from', 'multivariate', 'data', 'orthogonal'] ['linear', 'transformation', 'present', 'information', 'form'] ['variables', 'scalar', 'projections', 'which'] ['called', 'principal', 'components', 'total', 'number'] ['less', 'than', 'equal', 'original', 'number', 'variables', 'that'] ['variables', 'known', 'linear', 'combination'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior'] ['figure', 'relationship', 'between', 'nikkei', 'market', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index'] ['actual', 'variables', 'used', 'direction', 'identifiers'] ['correspond', 'total', 'variation', 'data', 'multivariate'] ['data', 'dimensionality', 'reduces', 'using', 'with', 'minimal', 'loss'] ['information', 'eigenvalues', 'explained', 'that', 'every', 'retains'] ['amount', 'variation', 'division', 'variation', 'between'] ['eigenvalues', 'large', 'first', 'small', 'subsequent'] ['ones', 'first', 'with', 'more', 'than', 'eigenvalue'] ['used', 'check', 'correlation', 'because', 'increased', 'variation'] ['retention', 'data'] ['shanghai', 'stock', 'market'] ['principal', 'component', 'analysis', 'selected', 'variable'] ['shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'presented', 'tables', 'according'] ['kaiser', 'criterion', 'principle', 'component', 'with', 'eigenvalue'] ['less', 'than', 'will', 'used', 'yeomans', 'golder', '1982', 'braeken'] ['assen', '2017', 'rehman', '2017', 'eigenvalue'] ['0545', 'which', 'meets', 'criteria', 'maximal', 'variation'] ['numeric', 'presentation', 'shows', 'shanghai'] ['stock', 'market', 'relationship', 'which', 'highest', 'value', 'compared'] ['other', 'principal', 'components', 'following', 'index', 'created'] ['using', 'first', 'principle', 'component'] ['smisse', '0584sturn', '1759mfi', '1244rsi'] ['68811cc', '69041cd'] ['relationship', 'between', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns'] ['created', 'graphically', 'presented', 'figure'] ['correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'which'] ['employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independent'] ['variables', 'multicollinearity', 'check', 'essential', 'accuracy'] ['results', 'because', 'inter', 'correlation', 'among', 'independent', 'variables'] ['multiple', 'regression', 'model', 'mislead', 'results', 'when'] ['regressor', 'shows', 'value', 'more', 'than', 'then', 'data'] ['series', 'shows', 'multicollinearity', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'range'] ['shanghai', 'stock', 'market', 'from', '0991', '8018', 'ensuring'] ['data', 'series', 'free', 'from', 'multicollinearity'] ['table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states'] ['sturn'] ['sturn'] ['5349'] ['1234', '1892'] ['1045', '1607', '1128'] ['0991', '1878', '1154', '8008'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['nikkei', 'stock', 'market'] ['selected', 'variable', 'nikkei', 'stock', 'market'] ['presented', 'tables', 'according', 'kaiser', 'criterion'] ['principle', 'component', 'with', 'eigenvalue', 'less', 'than', 'will'] ['used', 'yeomans', 'golder', '1982', 'braeken', 'assen', '2017'] ['rehman', '2017', 'eigenvalue', 'nikkei'] ['stock', 'market', '8735', 'which', 'captures', 'maximum', 'variation'] ['gets', 'full', 'support', 'kaiser', 'criterion', 'cumulative'] ['proportion', 'value', 'shows', 'nikkei', 'stock'] ['market', 'relationship', 'with', 'selected', 'variables', 'following'] ['index', 'created', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component'] ['smin225', '6844sturn', '1786mfi', '6003rsi'] ['13801cc', '34691cd'] ['relationship', 'shanghai', 'stock', 'returns', 'created'] ['graphically', 'presented', 'figure'] ['correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'which'] ['employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independent'] ['variables', 'range', 'correlation', 'matrix', 'nikkei'] ['stock', 'market', 'between', '0991', '8008', 'which', 'rejects'] ['existence', 'multicollinearity'] ['jones', 'stock', 'market'] ['selected', 'variable', 'jones', 'stock', 'market'] ['presented', 'tables', 'eigenvalue', '7291'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior'] ['table', 'principle', 'component', 'analysis', 'variables', 'china'] ['number', 'value', 'difference', 'proportion', 'cumulative', 'value', 'cumulative', 'proportion'] ['eigenvalues'] ['eigenvalues', 'average', '7291', '2446', '3458', '7291', '3458'] ['4845', '7252', '2969', '2136', '6427'] ['7594', '0917', '1519', '9730', '7946'] ['6677', '3083', '1335', '6406', '9281'] ['3594', '0719'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['table', 'eigen', 'vector', 'loadings', 'japan'] ['variable'] ['sturn', '2275', '5515', '6948', '3344', '2226'] ['1650', '5628', '6981', '4107', '0009'] ['1960', '5985', '0193', '7743', '0590'] ['6798', '0110', '0776', '1278', '7179'] ['6484', '1443', '1534', '3219', '6570'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['which', 'captures', 'maximum', 'variation', 'gets', 'full', 'support'] ['kaiser', 'criterion', 'yeomans', 'golder', '1982', 'cioca'] ['2014', 'braeken', 'assen', '2017', 'rehman', '2017'] ['cumulative', 'proportion', 'value', 'shows'] ['jones', 'stock', 'market', 'relationship', 'with', 'chosen', 'variables', 'which'] ['highest', 'value', 'among', 'principal', 'components', 'following'] ['index', 'created', 'using', 'first', 'principle', 'component'] ['smidj', '2275sturn', '1650mfi', '1960rsi'] ['67981cc', '64841cd'] ['relationship', 'between', 'jones', 'stock', 'returns'] ['created', 'graphically', 'presented', 'figure'] ['correlation', 'matrix', 'results', 'displayed', 'table', 'which'] ['employed', 'check', 'multicollinearity', 'among', 'independent'] ['variables', 'importance', 'multicollinearity', 'observed'] ['because', 'inter', 'correlation', 'among', 'independent', 'variables'] ['multiple', 'regression', 'model', 'betray', 'results', 'range'] ['correlation', 'matrix', 'jones', 'stock', 'market', 'from'] ['0367', '6135', 'which', 'guarantees', 'data', 'series', 'free', 'from'] ['multicollinearity'] ['regression', 'results', 'presented', 'table', 'which'] ['shows', 'coefficient', '2532', '2532', '0264'] ['value', 'with', '0056', '0056', '0000', 'probability'] ['values', 'shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock', 'markets'] ['respectively', 'according', 'this', 'study', 'negative'] ['significantly', 'related', 'stock', 'returns', 'level', 'significance'] ['baker', 'wurgler', '2007', 'chen', '2014', 'importance'] ['explicated', 'that', 'investor', 'sentiments', 'strongly', 'affected'] ['volatility', 'investment', 'decision', 'stock', 'market', 'during'] ['pandemic', 'results', 'have', 'also', 'shown', 'negative', 'impact'] ['covid', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'stock', 'market', 'returns'] ['spreading', 'pandemic', 'disturbs', 'general', 'public', 'daily', 'routines'] ['interrupts', 'stock', 'markets', 'financial', 'markets', 'investor'] ['psychology', 'toward', 'investment', 'decisions'] ['discussion'] ['after', 'pandemic', 'outbreak', 'classification'] ['public', 'health', 'emergency', 'investors', 'psychological', 'pressure'] ['figure', 'relationship', 'between', 'jones', 'stock', 'market', 'returns', 'created', 'sentiment', 'index'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior'] ['table', 'ordinary', 'correlations', 'united', 'states'] ['sturn'] ['sturn'] ['2490'] ['2251', '2420'] ['2134', '1088', '1600'] ['0367', '0572', '1932', '6135'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['table', 'relationship', 'between', 'stock', 'exchange', 'sentiment', 'index'] ['during', 'covid'] ['consent'] ['shanghai', 'stock', 'exchange'] ['sentiment', 'index', '9453', '2532'] ['prob', '0079', '0056'] ['statistic', '7388', '8627'] ['nikkei'] ['sentiment', 'index', '9453', '2532'] ['prob', '0079', '0056'] ['statistic', '7388', '8627'] ['jones'] ['sentiment', 'index', '6546', '0264'] ['prob', '0000', '0000'] ['statistic', '3315', '5732'] ['shows', 'level', 'significance'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['response', 'showed', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets'] ['sudden', 'reduction', 'shanghai', 'jones'] ['nikkei', 'observed', 'figure', 'numerical'] ['facts', 'stock', 'markets', 'collected', 'from', 'bloomberg', 'official'] ['site', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'generated', 'using', 'different'] ['proxies', 'selected', 'proxies', 'represent', 'different', 'circumstances'] ['that', 'might', 'affected', 'psychological', 'behavior', 'decision'] ['power', 'investors', 'this', 'research', 'daily', 'data', 'stock', 'markets'] ['increase', 'covid', 'death', 'confirmed', 'cases'] ['used', 'accurately', 'covering', 'investors', 'daily', 'psychological', 'pressure'] ['employed', 'useful', 'features', 'correlation'] ['removal', 'improved', 'algorithm', 'performance', 'repaired', 'overfitting'] ['among', 'variables', 'reduction', 'high', 'dimensions', 'into'] ['dimensions', 'clear', 'visualization', 'every', 'single', 'component'] ['research', 'results', 'elucidated', 'negative', 'significant', 'relationship'] ['between', 'investor', 'psychology', 'investment', 'decision', 'under'] ['pandemic', 'outbreaks', 'selected', 'markets', 'stock', 'market'] ['movement', 'along', 'investor', 'figures', 'shown'] ['beneficial', 'relationship', 'between', 'investor', 'psychology'] ['stock', 'market', 'returns', 'investors', 'business', 'people', 'were'] ['generally', 'outbound', 'during', 'pandemic'] ['however', 'they', 'were', 'homebound', 'which', 'affected', 'their', 'psychology'] ['adversely', 'this', 'research', 'provides', 'some', 'precautionary', 'measures'] ['releasing', 'pandemic', 'investment', 'pressure', 'investors'] ['should', 'adopt', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'home', 'based', 'relaxation', 'exercises'] ['control', 'their', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'small', 'scale', 'version'] ['their', 'official', 'stock', 'market', 'setup', 'should', 'established', 'their'] ['homes', 'visits', 'offices', 'should', 'reduced', 'global'] ['paramedical', 'staff', 'scientists', 'continually', 'struggling'] ['elucidate', 'vaccines', 'until', 'they', 'succeed', 'everyone', 'should', 'follow'] ['precautions', 'wearing', 'mask', 'sanitizing', 'maintaining'] ['distance', 'workplaces', 'like', 'less', 'psychological', 'control'] ['pressure', 'help', 'investors', 'invest', 'money', 'keep', 'stock'] ['markets', 'economies', 'track'] ['conclusion'] ['origin', 'current', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'considered'] ['market', 'hunan', 'hubei', 'province', 'china', 'within'] ['month', 'from', 'evolution', 'covid', 'spread'] ['countries', 'pandemic', 'gained', 'intense', 'global', 'attention'] ['sudden', 'outbreak', 'pandemic', 'rapid', 'increase'] ['spread', 'have', 'left', 'significant', 'impact', 'human', 'physiology'] ['psychology', 'psychological', 'effect', 'disrupts', 'psychology'] ['general', 'public', 'investor', 'psychology', 'toward', 'stock', 'market'] ['investment', 'decisions', 'increasing', 'number', 'cases', 'deaths'] ['worldwide', 'covid', 'made', 'economic', 'situation'] ['more', 'uncertain', 'unpredictable', 'sudden', 'dramatic'] ['downward', 'trend', 'financial', 'markets', 'observed', 'chinese'] ['global', 'financial', 'markets', 'such', 'shanghai', 'nikkei'] ['jones', 'which', 'down'] ['points', 'respectively', 'there', 'promising', 'clinical', 'treatments'] ['prevention', 'strategies', 'developed', 'against', 'covid', 'until'] ['threatening', 'human', 'psychology', 'same', 'time', 'healthcare'] ['workers', 'searching', 'solution', 'question', 'vaccination'] ['against', 'covid', 'psychiatrist', 'designed', 'psycho', 'therapeutic'] ['strategies', 'cope', 'with', 'threat', 'stress', 'anxiety'] ['pandemic', 'which', 'have', 'devastating', 'effect', 'daily', 'life'] ['this', 'research', 'paper', 'examined', 'relationship', 'between'] ['stock', 'market', 'investor', 'psychology', 'regarding', 'stock', 'market'] ['investment', 'decisions', 'during', 'pandemic', 'employing'] ['this', 'research', 'observed', 'downward', 'trend', 'stock', 'markets'] ['pandemic', 'negative', 'impact', 'investor', 'sentiment'] ['this', 'investigation', 'confirmed', 'economic', 'crises'] ['shanghai', 'nikkei', 'jones', 'stock', 'markets', 'during'] ['pandemic', 'results', 'have', 'pointed', 'that', 'threat'] ['health', 'strongly', 'affected', 'psychology', 'investors', 'created'] ['behaved', 'negatively', 'with', 'significance', 'three'] ['selected', 'markets', 'three', 'selected', 'markets', 'represented', 'three'] ['different', 'world', 'areas', 'with', 'diverse', 'geographical', 'backgrounds'] ['financial', 'positions', 'cultures', 'resources', 'traditions', 'check'] ['global', 'investor', 'behavior', 'significant', 'relationship', 'between'] ['stock', 'market', 'during', 'pandemic', 'confirmed'] ['that', 'behavior', 'almost', 'every', 'nation', 'fighting', 'covid'] ['investor', 'financial', 'behavior', 'same', 'across', 'china'] ['other', 'developed', 'countries', 'this', 'study', 'concluded', 'that', 'health'] ['crises', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'among', 'general', 'public', 'affect'] ['economic', 'condition', 'financial', 'position', 'individual'] ['global', 'investors'] ['limitations', 'suggestions'] ['pandemic', 'still', 'under', 'discussion', 'healthcare', 'workers'] ['trying', 'find', 'solution', 'issue', 'vaccination'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'february', '2021', 'volume', 'article', '626934fpsyg', '626934', 'february', '2021', 'time'] ['naseem', 'investor', 'psychology', 'stock', 'market', 'behavior'] ['doubtlessly', 'tough', 'global', 'systems', 'such', 'stock', 'market'] ['from', 'workers', 'individual', 'homes', 'stop', 'working'] ['anxiety', 'psychological', 'threat', 'also', 'solution'] ['problem', 'investor', 'sentiment', 'creates', 'tremendous', 'uncertainty'] ['stock', 'markets', 'commensurate', 'with', 'potential', 'crisis'] ['scale', 'speed', 'governments', 'policy', 'makers', 'should'] ['have', 'some', 'domestic', 'international', 'policies', 'this'] ['unpredictable', 'situation', 'workplaces', 'pandemic'] ['worldwide', 'issue', 'courageous', 'actions', 'governments'] ['global', 'citizens', 'policy', 'makers', 'healthcare', 'workers', 'scientists'] ['investors', 'enable', 'overcome', 'this', 'global', 'crisis'] ['data', 'availability', 'statement'] ['data', 'supporting', 'conclusions', 'this', 'article', 'will'] ['made', 'available', 'authors', 'without', 'undue', 'reservation'] ['author', 'contributions'] ['authors', 'listed', 'have', 'made', 'substantial', 'direct'] ['intellectual', 'contribution', 'work', 'approved'] ['publication'] ['paper'] ['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'professional', 'athletes'] ['working', 'through', 'covid'] ['robert', 'schinke', 'athanasios', 'papaioannou', 'charles', 'maher', 'william'] ['parham', 'carsten', 'hvid', 'larsen', 'richard', 'gordin', 'stewart', 'cotterill'] ['cite', 'this', 'article', 'robert', 'schinke', 'athanasios', 'papaioannou', 'charles', 'maher', 'william', 'parham'] ['carsten', 'hvid', 'larsen', 'richard', 'gordin', 'stewart', 'cotterill', '2020', 'sport', 'psychology', 'services'] ['professional', 'athletes', 'working', 'through', 'covid', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercis'] ['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'professional', 'athletes', 'working'] ['through', 'covid'] ['fandom', 'around', 'world', 'yearns', 'sports', 'entertainment', 'much', 'discussions', 'within'] ['recent', 'flurry', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'writings', 'have', 'been', 'focused', 'challenging'] ['experiences', 'potential', 'olympians', 'during', 'olympic', 'year', 'indeed', '2020', 'olympics'] ['entertainment', 'event', 'like', 'others', 'across', 'sport', 'levels'] ['within', 'previous', 'editorial', 'titled', 'sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'high', 'performance', 'athletes'] ['during', 'covid', 'editors', 'from', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology'] ['invited', 'several', 'renowned', 'experts', 'from', 'international', 'amateur', 'sport', 'community', 'join'] ['dialog', 'regarding', 'amatuer', 'athletes', 'from', 'various', 'national', 'teams', 'experienced', 'their', 'jour', 'neys', 'through', 'covid', 'editorial', 'revealed', 'convergences', 'though', 'also', 'idiosyncrasies'] ['team', 'training', 'during', 'time', 'pandemic', 'been', 'undertaken', 'within', 'centralised'] ['programs', 'recent', 'olympic', 'editorial', 'found', 'following', 'link', 'https'] ['1080', '1612197x', '2020', '1754616'] ['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'committed', 'advancing', 'open'] ['dialogs', 'regarding', 'forms', 'sport', 'physical', 'activity', 'intention', 'contribute'] ['healthier', 'world', 'through', 'better', 'evidence', 'based', 'theory', 'practice', 'ijsep', 'continues'] ['welcome', 'authors', 'seeking', 'contribute', 'covid', 'discussions', 'submit', 'their', 'scholarship'] ['emphasising', 'impacts', 'pandemic', 'sport', 'physical', 'activity', 'participants', 'well'] ['those', 'support', 'them', 'with', 'psychological', 'services'] ['within', 'this', 'editorial', 'have', 'shifted', 'gaze', 'professional', 'sport', 'professional', 'sport'] ['unlike', 'olympic', 'sport', 'accessible', 'viewership', 'every', 'year', 'there', 'vast', 'number', 'fessional', 'team', 'individual', 'sports', 'that', 'attract', 'viewership', 'whilst', 'inspiring', 'populations'] ['within', 'across', 'national', 'boundaries', 'akin', 'recently', 'aforementioned', 'editorial'] ['current', 'editorial', 'accessible', 'free', 'composition', 'authorship', 'this', 'editorial'] ['also', 'diverse', 'sport', 'representation', 'given', 'large', 'number', 'professional', 'sports', 'known'] ['within', 'global', 'community', 'current', 'contributors', 'were', 'narrowed', 'experts', 'with', 'vast'] ['experience', 'working', 'professional', 'baseball', 'charles', 'maher', 'golf', 'lpga', 'rich'] ['gordin', 'basketball', 'nbpa', 'william', 'parham', 'cricket', 'stewart', 'cotterill', 'soccer'] ['carsten', 'hvid', 'larsen', 'editors', 'actively', 'involved', 'combat', 'sport'] ['boxing', 'mixed', 'martial', 'arts', 'kick', 'boxing', 'robert', 'schinke', 'these', 'experts', 'have', 'collaborated'] ['augment', 'wider', 'perspectives', 'about', 'professional', 'sport', 'athletes', 'pandemic'] ['contributors', 'consider', 'their', 'recent', 'current', 'approaches', 'active', 'work', 'with', 'fessional', 'sport', 'clients', 'following', 'sequence', 'once', 'professional', 'sporting', 'events', 'stopped'] ['current', 'approaches', 'their', 'work', 'with', 'professional', 'athletes', 'brief', 'broader', 'reflec', 'tion', 'what', 'hope', 'reader', 'will', 'find', 'that', 'both', 'temporal', 'stages', 'final', 'conclusion'] ['indicate', 'growth', 'opportunities', 'consultants', 'professional', 'sport', 'clients', 'alike'] ['contributors', 'recently', 'multisport', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'video', 'session'] ['participant', 'suggested', 'that', 'current', 'state', 'affairs', 'relation', 'elite', 'athletes', 'being'] ['experienced', 'primarily', 'tragic', 'loss', 'such', 'narrative', 'might', 'tell', 'part', 'athletes', 'regard'] ['current', 'moment', 'their', 'careers', 'does', 'tell', 'full', 'story', 'that', 'matter'] ['2020', 'international', 'society', 'sport', 'psychology'] ['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology'] ['2020'] ['https', '1080', '1612197x', '2020', '1766182mentally', 'healthy', 'story', 'opportunities', 'teachable', 'moments', 'before', 'draw'] ['structure', 'directly', 'above', 'inform', 'narrative', 'this', 'editorial'] ['emergence', 'pandemic'] ['during', 'march', '2020', 'professional', 'sports', 'around', 'world', 'were', 'preparation', 'formance', 'scheduling', 'sport', 'business', 'took', 'immediate', 'turn', 'with', 'imminent', 'closures'] ['inability', 'athletes', 'coaches', 'managers', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'continue'] ['their', 'onsite', 'roles', 'within', 'their', 'organisations', 'contributors', 'were', 'involved', 'developing'] ['action', 'plans', 'accomplish', 'closure', 'training', 'settings', 'communicating', 'delicate'] ['decision', 'closure', 'players', 'staff', 'were', 'well', 'aware', 'that', 'their', 'seasons', 'were', 'trending'] ['toward', 'stoppage', 'those', 'were', 'working', 'cities', 'away', 'from', 'their', 'families', 'viding', 'clients', 'with', 'health', 'safety', 'travel', 'guidelines', 'they', 'made', 'arrangements', 'return'] ['their', 'home', 'residences'] ['ripple', 'effect', 'abrupt', 'stoppage', 'crisis', 'transition', 'known', 'leave', 'athletes'] ['coaches', 'with', 'psychological', 'emotional', 'challenges', 'population', 'level', 'where', 'athletes'] ['included', 'there', 'increased', 'cases', 'domestic', 'violence', 'suicide', 'bigotry', 'highly', 'licised', 'challenge', 'understand', 'that', 'each', 'athlete', 'unique', 'engagement', 'with'] ['social', 'isolation', 'though', 'challenges', 'with', 'social', 'distancing', 'have', 'been', 'encountered', 'worldwide'] ['much', 'been', 'written', 'cultural', 'sport', 'psychology', 'identifying', 'variations', 'collective', 'indi', 'vidual', 'approaches', 'within', 'across', 'cultures', 'certain', 'cultures', 'nationalities', 'formal'] ['terms', 'socially', 'accepted', 'distance', 'where', 'people', 'other', 'than', 'close', 'family', 'naturally', 'maintain'] ['extensive', 'physical', 'distance', 'such', 'feet', 'there', 'also', 'hispanic', 'latino', 'cultures'] ['where', 'social', 'exchanges', 'encountered', 'closer', 'physical', 'distance', 'where', 'people', 'mally', 'demonstrative', 'through', 'hugs', 'kisses', 'with', 'friends', 'colleagues', 'beyond', 'family'] ['schinke', 'hanrahan', 'catina', '2009', 'cannot', 'assume', 'that', 'even', 'single', 'major', 'league'] ['baseball', 'franchise', 'professional', 'boxing', 'management', 'group', 'cricket', 'soccer', 'team', 'that', 'letes', 'have', 'experienced', 'required', 'transition', 'formal', 'cultural', 'distance', 'same'] ['some', 'more', 'comfortable', 'some', 'ease', 'with', 'social', 'distancing'] ['based', 'what', 'know', 'from', 'athlete', 'identity', 'research', 'practice'] ['practical', 'exposures', 'high', 'performance', 'athletes', 'amateur', 'professional', 'alike', 'emphasise'] ['their', 'athletic', 'identities', 'within', 'professional', 'sport', 'there', 'individual', 'differences', 'terms'] ['much', 'emphasis', 'placed', 'athletic', 'identity', 'compared', 'number', 'identities'] ['that', 'comprise', 'personhood', 'many', 'clients', 'have', 'families', 'partners', 'some'] ['have', 'side', 'businesses', 'enterprises', 'however', 'recognise', 'that', 'professional', 'athletes'] ['derive', 'gainful', 'employment', 'from', 'their', 'sporting', 'activities', 'consequently', 'emphasis'] ['athletic', 'identity', 'often', 'heavily', 'weighted', 'perhaps', 'disproportionately', 'athlete'] ['long', 'term', 'commitment', 'sport', 'excellence', 'highest', 'level', 'some', 'players', 'rarely', 'explore'] ['other', 'roles', 'contexts', 'result', 'suffer', 'from', 'identity', 'foreclosure', 'overly'] ['narrow', 'singular', 'identity', 'nesti', 'littlewood', '2011', 'which', 'counter', 'productive', 'during', 'demic', 'social', 'isolation'] ['challenges', 'that', 'flow', 'from', 'overly', 'weighted', 'athletic', 'identity', 'then', 'include'] ['increased', 'possibilities', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'addictions', 'other', 'mental', 'health', 'concerns'] ['henriksen', 'schinke', 'moesch', 'mccann', 'parham', 'larsen', 'terry', '2019', 'exemplifying', 'point'] ['between', 'march', 'april', 'percentage', 'professional', 'soccer', 'players', 'reporting', 'symp', 'toms', 'depression', 'doubled', 'fifpro', 'affiliated', 'national', 'player', 'associations', 'surveyed', '1602'] ['professional', 'soccer', 'players', 'countries', 'that', 'implemented', 'drastic', 'measures', 'contain'] ['spread', 'covid', 'such', 'home', 'confinement', 'thousand', 'hundred', 'thirty', 'four'] ['male', 'players', 'with', 'mean', 'female', 'players', 'with', 'mean', 'took', 'part'] ['editorialthe', 'survey', 'twenty', 'percent', 'women', 'players', 'percent', 'players', 'reported'] ['symptoms', 'consistent', 'with', 'diagnosis', 'depression', 'eighteen', 'percent', 'women'] ['percent', 'reported', 'symptoms', 'consistent', 'with', 'diagnosis', 'generalised'] ['anxiety', 'fifpro', '2020'] ['just', 'there', 'identity', 'challenges', 'associated', 'with', 'pandemic', 'like', 'every', 'other', 'unforeseen'] ['transition', 'there', 'exist', 'possibilities', 'personal', 'enrichment', 'pause', 'thought', 'albeit', 'this'] ['case', 'lengthier', 'than', 'first', 'might', 'have', 'been', 'anticipated', 'often', 'assumed', 'inertia'] ['motivated', 'goal', 'directed', 'athlete', 'holistic', 'opportunities', 'growth', 'abound', 'such'] ['moments', 'time', 'away', 'from', 'extensive', 'longstanding', 'training', 'commitments', 'travel'] ['afford', 'professional', 'athletes', 'time', 'develop', 'their', 'personal', 'identities', 'existing', 'relationships'] ['explore', 'breadth', 'interests', 'beyond', 'sport', 'immediate', 'pause', 'opportunity'] ['nourish', 'relationships', 'whilst', 'nourishing', 'self'] ['counterbalanced', 'with', 'opportunity', 'reconnect', 'been', 'some', 'recognition', 'that'] ['their', 'playing', 'contracts', 'short', 'term', 'were', 'peril', 'example', 'boxer', 'compensated'] ['after', 'each', 'bout', 'bouts', 'income', 'with', 'younger', 'professionals', 'were', 'less', 'financially'] ['heeled', 'discussions', 'related', 'financial', 'constraints', 'layered', 'further', 'dimension', 'stress'] ['several', 'younger', 'athletes', 'with', 'lesser', 'contracts', 'returned', 'home', 'presently', 'residing'] ['with', 'parents', 'extended', 'family', 'there', 'second', 'group', 'athletes', 'identified', 'that', 'sently', 'living', 'alone', 'these', 'athletes', 'even', 'more', 'socially', 'isolated', 'than', 'those', 'surrounded'] ['family', 'members', 'finally', 'athletes', 'cusp', 'financial', 'independence', 'with', 'young', 'families'] ['their', 'continue', 'struggle', 'they', 'await', 'loosened', 'restrictions', 'inevitable', 'recon', 'ceptualisation', 'what', 'professional', 'training', 'subsequent', 'sporting', 'events', 'will', 'like', 'with'] ['fewer', 'fans', 'seats', 'questions', 'linger', 'among', 'athletes', 'terms', 'interruptions', 'existing', 'career'] ['paths', 'associated', 'their', 'financial', 'livelihood', 'these', 'questions', 'could', 'apply', 'more', 'deeply'] ['athletes', 'residing', 'developing', 'countries', 'where', 'finances', 'perhaps', 'less', 'available'] ['current', 'interventions'] ['there', 'consensus', 'among', 'authors', 'that', 'order', 'work', 'effectively', 'with', 'clients', 'have'] ['needed', 'develop', 'organic', 'approach', 'logical', 'question', 'have', 'asked', 'athletes'] ['what', 'exactly', 'they', 'looking', 'terms', 'support', 'during', 'this', 'pandemic', 'moment'] ['some', 'initially', 'were', 'uncertain', 'terms', 'respond', 'such', 'open', 'ended', 'approach'] ['enveloped', 'unfamiliar', 'circumstance', 'covid', 'these', 'athletes', 'reside', 'home'] ['they', 'among', 'their', 'peers', 'they', 'need', 'feel', 'that', 'they', 'trending', 'positively'] ['terms', 'their', 'athletic', 'careers', 'what', 'follows', 'approaches', 'have', 'integrated', 'into'] ['work', 'some', 'sport', 'specific', 'some', 'holistic', 'these', 'approaches', 'have', 'been', 'undertaken'] ['through', 'online', 'means', 'such', 'regular', 'video', 'platforms', 'chat', 'discussions'] ['forums', 'with', 'individuals', 'teams'] ['work', 'founded', 'premise', 'that', 'athletes', 'will', 'best', 'relate', 'structured', 'communi', 'cation', 'contact', 'athletes', 'akin', 'high', 'performance', 'career', 'professionals', 'evolve', 'based'] ['logical', 'short', 'long', 'term', 'plans', 'their', 'career', 'pathways', 'need', 'make', 'sense', 'each'] ['needs', 'flow', 'logically', 'toward', 'outcomes', 'that', 'parlayed', 'into', 'improved', 'consistent', 'formance', 'viability', 'into', 'future', 'accountability', 'terms', 'planning', 'must', 'rest'] ['with', 'each', 'athlete', 'terms', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'actions', 'when', 'athlete', 'invested'] ['self', 'improvement', 'will', 'allocate', 'schedule', 'regular', 'times', 'within', 'each', 'week'] ['work', 'mental', 'game', 'rarely', 'there', 'time', 'reflect', 'with', 'guidance'] ['mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'perhaps', 'collaboration', 'with', 'coaching', 'staff', 'member'] ['identify', 'existing', 'gaps', 'derive', 'short', 'term', 'plans', 'that', 'will', 'compliment', 'existing', 'strengths'] ['weekly', 'scheduled', 'small', 'group', 'discussions', 'with', 'support', 'staff', 'members', 'followed'] ['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', '411individual', 'sessions', 'with', 'providers', 'will', 'lead', 'advancement', 'player', 'development', 'hence'] ['immediate', 'time', 'home', 'become', 'treasured', 'only', 'terms', 'what', 'offers', 'person', 'ally', 'interpersonally', 'also', 'terms', 'unanticipated', 'newfound', 'gains', 'sport', 'specific'] ['skills'] ['underlying', 'regular', 'support', 'opportunity', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant'] ['forge', 'strengthened', 'relationship', 'with', 'each', 'athlete', 'during', 'season', 'season', 'athletes'] ['focused', 'securing', 'their', 'positions', 'immediacy', 'performance', 'collaborating', 'with'] ['coaches', 'teammates', 'proactive', 'sport', 'psychology', 'work', 'often', 'associated', 'with', 'player'] ['access', 'something', 'that', 'become', 'challenging', 'scarce', 'professional', 'sport', 'alternately'] ['assigned', 'tasks', 'often', 'reactionary', 'based', 'immediate', 'setbacks', 'struggles', 'during'] ['current', 'moment', 'there', 'time', 'become', 'further', 'acquainted', 'with', 'each', 'athlete', 'uniqueness'] ['person', 'then', 'terms', 'that', 'person', 'comes', 'forth', 'training', 'competition'] ['reciprocally', 'athlete', 'time', 'learn', 'about', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant'] ['terms', 'discussions', 'around', 'values', 'where', 'athlete', 'gaps', 'might', 'coincide'] ['with', 'practitioner', 'skills', 'work', 'that', 'ensues', 'then', 'deepened', 'through', 'mutual', 'under', 'standing', 'strengthened', 'relationship', 'leading', 'into', 'future', 'anticipated', 'return'] ['play'] ['specifics', 'that', 'underpin', 'each', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultant', 'work', 'will', 'vary', 'depending'] ['each', 'athlete', 'needs', 'path', 'that', 'toward', 'valued', 'progression', 'have', 'under', 'taken', 'exercises', 'focused', 'mindfulness', 'guided', 'performance', 'imagery', 'setting', 'goals'] ['revisiting', 'competition', 'plans', 'affirmation', 'exercises', 'broader', 'holistic', 'life', 'balance'] ['values', 'related', 'discussions', 'have', 'also', 'engaged', 'with', 'groups', 'athletes', 'sometimes', 'span', 'ning', 'sport', 'organisations', 'where', 'they', 'able', 'facilitate', 'sharing', 'their', 'current', 'experiences'] ['recognition', 'that', 'they', 'alone', 'their', 'career', 'challenges', 'peers', 'undergoing'] ['similar', 'challenges', 'which', 'contributes', 'recognition', 'that', 'each', 'athlete', 'still', 'among', 'peers'] ['just', 'from', 'virtual', 'distance'] ['path', 'forward'] ['there', 'hidden', 'inspiration', 'words', 'that', 'athletes', 'coaching', 'staff', 'mental', 'performance'] ['consultants', 'have', 'expressed', 'since', 'covid', 'find', 'ourselves', 'working', 'positive', 'direction'] ['betterment', 'sport', 'part', 'life', 'each', 'author', 'identified', 'above', 'plays', 'part', 'formances', 'being', 'played', 'performances', 'field', 'most', 'often', 'product'] ['active', 'work', 'inspirations', 'series', 'opportune', 'moments', 'most', 'profound', 'gain'] ['been', 'strengthening', 'existing', 'relationships', 'within', 'athletes', 'lives', 'their', 'personal'] ['professional', 'spheres', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'often', 'affirm', 'that', 'these', 'relationships'] ['serve', 'basis', 'client', 'engagement', 'contributing', 'sporting', 'excellence', 'current'] ['time', 'historical', 'perhaps', 'more', 'ways', 'than', 'people', 'have', 'envisioned', 'curious'] ['ways', 'further', 'human', 'potential', 'answers', 'might', 'atypical', 'based', 'previously'] ['went', 'about', 'roles', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'atypical', 'approaches', 'healthy'] ['contributive', 'excellence', 'founded', 'ingenuity', 'predict', 'that', 'best'] ['professional', 'sport', 'performance', 'come', 'much', 'that', 'progress', 'will', 'gleaned'] ['from', 'current', 'pandemic', 'moment', 'assuming', 'time', 'athletes', 'providers', 'alike', 'used'] ['wisely'] ['paper'] ['fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['review'] ['published', 'november', '2020'] ['3389', 'fpsyg', '2020', '585897'] ['edited'] ['syed', 'ghulam', 'meran', 'shah'] ['university', 'punjab', 'pakistan'] ['reviewed'] ['teresa', 'anguera'] ['university', 'barcelona', 'spain'] ['maria', 'gianni'] ['university', 'macedonia', 'greece'] ['correspondence'] ['mogeda', 'sayed', 'keshky'] ['drmogeda', 'gmail'] ['specialty', 'section'] ['this', 'article', 'submitted'] ['organizational', 'psychology'] ['section', 'journal'] ['frontiers', 'psychology'] ['received', 'july', '2020'] ['accepted', 'october', '2020'] ['published', 'november', '2020'] ['citation'] ['keshky', 'basyouni'] ['sabban', '2020', 'getting'] ['through', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['impact', 'psychology'] ['sustainability', 'quality', 'life'] ['global', 'economy'] ['systematic', 'review'] ['front', 'psychol', '585897'] ['3389', 'fpsyg', '2020', '585897'] ['getting', 'through', 'covid'] ['pandemic', 'impact'] ['psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality'] ['life', 'global', 'economy'] ['systematic', 'review'] ['mogeda', 'sayed', 'keshky1'] ['sawzan', 'sadaqa', 'basyouni3'] ['abeer', 'mohammad', 'sabban3'] ['king', 'abdulaziz', 'university', 'jeddah', 'saudi', 'arabia', 'assiut', 'university', 'asyut', 'egypt', 'qura', 'university', 'mecca'] ['saudi', 'arabia'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'affect', 'world', 'severely', 'terms', 'quality', 'life', 'political'] ['environmental', 'economic', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global', 'economy'] ['impact', 'attested', 'number', 'research', 'studies', 'main', 'this', 'study'] ['evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality'] ['life', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global', 'economy', 'computerized', 'literature'] ['search', 'performed', 'journal', 'articles', 'from', 'authentic', 'sources', 'were', 'extracted'] ['including', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar', 'science', 'direct', 'proquest', 'emerald'] ['insight', 'references', 'selected', 'articles', 'were', 'screened', 'identify', 'relevant', 'studies'] ['following', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'were', 'followed', 'research', 'articles', 'based', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'research', 'papers', 'journals', 'news', 'articles', 'published'] ['2010', '2020', 'exclusion', 'criteria', 'were', 'follow', 'psychology', 'research', 'articles'] ['journals', 'published', 'before', '2010', 'research', 'articles', 'having', 'link', 'with', 'current'] ['pandemic', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'global'] ['economy', 'initial', 'articles', 'identified', 'only', 'studies', 'were', 'found', 'relevant'] ['meet', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'based', 'these', 'articles', 'review', 'highlights', 'that'] ['compared', 'developed', 'countries', 'developing', 'nations', 'poor', 'nations', 'such'] ['african', 'countries', 'with', 'compromised', 'health', 'structures', 'have', 'been', 'greatly', 'affected', 'there'] ['close', 'associations', 'between', 'health', 'economic', 'environmental', 'political', 'issues'] ['globally', 'pandemic', 'managed', 'follow', 'policies', 'that', 'implement'] ['economic', 'public', 'health', 'changes', 'worldwide', 'planned', 'coordinated', 'approach'] ['between', 'public', 'private', 'sector', 'required', 'designed', 'according', 'each', 'country'] ['health', 'system', 'economy', 'come', 'this', 'crisis', 'work', 'together'] ['support', 'both', 'developed', 'developing', 'nations'] ['keywords', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'covid', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'economic', 'growth', 'sustainable'] ['development', 'quality', 'life', 'world', 'economy'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['introduction'] ['there', 'high', 'rate', 'uncertainty', 'related', 'covid', 'whose'] ['pandemic', 'impacts', 'economic', 'performance', 'sustainability', 'criteria'] ['development', 'processes', 'haider', '2020', 'mention'] ['effect', 'coronavirus', 'health', 'economic', 'crises', 'analysis'] ['growth', 'countries', 'clearly', 'shows', 'that', 'development'] ['leads', 'crises', 'declining', 'rates', 'damage', 'health', 'education'] ['industrial', 'progress', 'globally', 'according', 'herbert', '2020'] ['covid', 'affects', 'socio', 'economic', 'circumstances', 'because'] ['declining', 'global', 'declining', 'capital', 'flows', 'fewer', 'investment'] ['opportunities', 'decreased', 'trading', 'limited', 'economic'] ['loss', 'this', 'pandemic', 'impacts', 'social', 'parameters', 'like', 'changes'] ['sustainable', 'psychological', 'development', 'globally', 'rate'] ['poverty', 'increasing', 'international', 'monetary', 'fund'] ['world', 'economic', 'update', 'june', 'estimated', 'considerable'] ['fluctuation', 'final', 'ratios', '2020'] ['more', 'than', 'million', 'people', 'currently', 'live', 'extreme'] ['poverty', 'however', 'mukhtar', '2020', 'reports', 'that', 'increase'] ['about', 'million', 'projected', 'living', 'extreme', 'poverty'] ['findings', 'gathered', 'united', 'nations', 'industrial', 'development'] ['organization', 'unido', 'reflect', 'that', 'covid', 'resulted'] ['severe', 'decline', 'human', 'development', 'first', 'time', 'since', '1990'] ['zandifar', 'badrfam', '2020', 'their', 'examination', 'reveals', 'that'] ['current', 'global', 'picture', 'lacks', 'socio', 'economic', 'development', 'these'] ['issues', 'challenges', 'directly', 'affect', 'individual', 'psychology'] ['assure', 'them', 'loss', 'psychological', 'sustainability'] ['addition', 'financial', 'crises', 'specifically', 'with', 'many', 'risks', 'affecting'] ['public', 'cases', 'mental', 'crises', 'increasing', 'kang', '2019'] ['result', 'people', 'being', 'restricted', 'their', 'homes', 'being'] ['asked', 'maintain', 'self', 'isolation', 'there', 'high', 'chance', 'someone'] ['being', 'severely', 'affected', 'psychologically', 'which', 'further', 'impacted'] ['lack', 'accurate', 'guidelines', 'treatment'] ['when', 'resources', 'provided', 'manage', 'people', 'well', 'being', 'situation', 'including', 'pandemic', 'prevention', 'measures'] ['reframed', 'affects', 'psychological', 'health', 'concerning'] ['impact', 'sustainable', 'psychology', '2020', 'discuss'] ['importance', 'improved', 'mental', 'health', 'because', 'affects'] ['individual', 'growth', 'counters', 'restricted', 'personal', 'activities'] ['authorities', 'actions', 'management', 'criteria', 'regulating'] ['pandemic', 'beyond', 'people', 'control', 'adversely', 'impact'] ['their', 'exercising', 'eating', 'habits', 'gardening', 'dancing', 'meditation'] ['learning', 'other', 'activities', 'result', 'people', 'perceive'] ['negative', 'impact', 'their', 'minds', 'sustainability', 'their'] ['psychological', 'health', 'damaged', '2020', 'view'] ['2020', 'covid', 'impacts', 'quality', 'life'] ['mental', 'health', 'prejudices', 'human', 'living', 'standards', 'joint'] ['united', 'nations', 'program', 'aids', 'unaids', '2020', 'notes'] ['that', 'this', 'pandemic', 'increases', 'numbers', 'people', 'suffering'] ['from', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'conditions', 'that', 'related', 'depression'] ['thus', 'essential', 'conduct', 'study', 'evaluate', 'impact'] ['covid', 'from', 'perspective', 'quality', 'life', 'economic'] ['psychological', 'environmental', 'perspectives'] ['several', 'research', 'studies', 'have', 'highlighted', 'severe', 'impact'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'worth', 'noting', 'that', '2013', 'sars'] ['outbreak', 'experienced', 'hong', 'kong', 'damaged', 'mental', 'health'] ['fernandes', '2020', 'specific', 'covid', 'there', 'diverse'] ['effects', 'mental', 'health', 'following', 'imposition', 'preventive'] ['measures', 'social', 'distancing', 'self', 'isolation', 'limited', 'meetings'] ['lack', 'interaction', 'directly', 'decelerate', 'economy', 'mental'] ['health', 'many', 'countries', 'face', 'declining', 'projected', 'global', 'trade'] ['export', 'volumes', 'view', 'allcott', '2020', 'psychological'] ['sustainability', 'involves', 'merger', 'political', 'perspectives'] ['human', 'development', 'economic', 'aspects', 'covid'] ['impact', 'three', 'fetzer', '2020', 'discuss'] ['pandemic', 'impact', 'global', 'economy', 'self', 'isolation', 'results'] ['loss', 'business', 'revenue', 'restrictions', 'consumers', 'being'] ['able', 'purchase', 'ultimately', 'result', 'economic', 'downturn'] ['apart', 'from', 'this', 'stresses', 'being', 'constantly', 'imposed'] ['people', 'worldwide', 'that', 'negatively', 'affect', 'their', 'minds', 'decrease'] ['economic', 'activity', 'iacus', '2020', 'covid', 'considerable'] ['impact', 'emotionally', 'traumatized', 'individuals', 'handling'] ['situation', 'reduced', 'their', 'level', 'comfort', 'socially'] ['economically', 'environmentally', 'according', 'cartwright'] ['2020', 'amalgamation', 'these', 'factors', 'triggers'] ['high', 'level', 'stress', 'people', 'minds', 'which', 'meanwhile', 'affects'] ['economic', 'development', 'ruins', 'efforts', 'developmental'] ['projects', 'pirouz', '2020'] ['have', 'faced', 'several', 'epidemics', 'past', 'asian', 'nations'] ['were', 'impacted', 'middle', 'east', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'mers'] ['outbreak', 'west', 'africa', 'under', 'attack', 'ebola'] ['virus', 'they', 'also', 'influenced', 'socio', 'economic', 'equilibrium'] ['affected', 'public', 'health', 'caused', 'numerous', 'deaths', 'similar'] ['what', 'facing', 'with', 'covid', 'marin', '2018', 'lawanson'] ['evans', '2019', 'pandemic', 'affected', 'types', 'businesses'] ['there', 'shortages', 'medical', 'equipment', 'such', 'masks'] ['personal', 'protection', 'equipment', 'made', 'realize'] ['fragile', 'systems', 'that', 'country', 'face', 'this', 'crisis'] ['targeted', 'collaborative', 'approach', 'required'] ['main', 'this', 'current', 'research', 'evaluate'] ['impact', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'sustainability'] ['quality', 'life', 'people', 'tending', 'toward', 'stress', 'anxiety'] ['depression', 'other', 'health', 'mental', 'issues', 'limited', 'this'] ['alone', 'study', 'discusses', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'sustainable'] ['development', 'psychologically', 'economically', 'given', 'that'] ['changes', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'link', 'with', 'people', 'living'] ['style', 'they', 'deal', 'with', 'their', 'life', 'situations', 'there'] ['need', 'conduct', 'study', 'this', 'direction', 'currently', 'there'] ['reports', 'research', 'articles', 'that', 'separately', 'discuss', 'impact'] ['covid', 'rapid', 'spread', 'health', 'system', 'mental', 'health'] ['sustainability', 'global', 'economy', 'allcott', '2020'] ['banerjee', '2020', 'pirouz', '2020', 'research', 'related'] ['pandemic', 'simultaneous', 'effects', 'psychological', 'economic'] ['environmental', 'paradigms', 'required', 'that', 'this'] ['study', 'explores', 'information', 'about', 'human', 'experiences', 'that'] ['influence', 'their', 'quality', 'life', 'psychologically', 'economically'] ['environmentally'] ['pandemic', 'trade', 'also', 'been', 'largely', 'affected'] ['impact', 'this', 'chaos', 'will', 'have', 'long', 'term', 'effect', 'globalization'] ['private', 'public', 'sectors', 'under', 'influence', 'donald'] ['2020', 'previously', 'large', 'companies', 'goals', 'focused', 'only'] ['financial', 'gain', 'however', 'level', 'interconnected', 'trade'] ['lost', 'meaning', 'there', 'been', 'unequal', 'distribution'] ['benefits', 'associated', 'with', 'globalization', 'roome', '2011'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['more', 'powerful', 'governments', 'those', 'major'] ['conglomerations', 'should', 'realize', 'that', 'unless', 'work', 'together'] ['overall', 'quality', 'life', 'will', 'compromised', 'globally', 'working'] ['culture', 'environment', 'worker', 'policies', 'should'] ['looked', 'into', 'obtain', 'flexible', 'innovative', 'empathetic'] ['workplace', 'everyone', 'deal', 'with', 'this', 'crisis'] ['therefore', 'this', 'research', 'report'] ['analyze', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['sustainability', 'quality', 'life'] ['determine', 'effect', 'covid', 'economic'] ['social', 'political', 'factors', 'relating', 'sustainable'] ['development', 'environment'] ['evaluate', 'impact', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['global', 'economy'] ['examine', 'organizational', 'changes', 'solutions'] ['dealing', 'with', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['highlight', 'effect', 'support', 'world', 'trade'] ['environmental', 'infrastructure', 'tackling', 'condition'] ['covid'] ['methodology'] ['study', 'design'] ['guidelines', 'principles', 'were', 'followed', 'while', 'preparing'] ['methodology', 'this', 'research', 'thorough', 'literature', 'search'] ['conducted', 'after', 'proper', 'evaluation', 'analysis', 'relevant'] ['literature', 'identified', 'included', 'present', 'review'] ['accomplish', 'desired', 'objectives', 'studies', 'related'] ['topic', 'published', 'from', '2010', 'june', '2020', 'were', 'selected'] ['assumed', 'that', 'including', 'some', 'publications', 'previous'] ['decade', 'would', 'helpful', 'reflecting', 'upon', 'practices'] ['strategies', 'that', 'were', 'implemented', 'situations', 'previously', 'like'] ['global', 'economic', 'recession', 'computerized', 'literature', 'search'] ['performed', 'journal', 'articles', 'from', 'authentic', 'sources'] ['were', 'extracted', 'including', 'medline', 'pubmed', 'google', 'scholar'] ['science', 'direct', 'proquest', 'emerald', 'insight', 'references'] ['selected', 'articles', 'were', 'screened', 'identify', 'relevant'] ['studies', 'literature', 'search', 'performed', 'including'] ['following', 'keywords', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'sars', 'covid', 'sustainability', 'quality'] ['life', 'global', 'economy', 'psychology', 'organizational'] ['changes', 'covid'] ['inclusion', 'exclusion', 'criteria'] ['inclusion', 'criteria', 'were', 'research', 'articles', 'based'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'research', 'papers', 'journals'] ['news', 'articles', 'published', 'from', '2010', '2020', 'articles'] ['sustainability', 'management', 'related', 'virus', 'pandemic'] ['exclusion', 'criteria', 'were', 'psychology', 'research', 'articles', 'journals'] ['published', 'before', '2010', 'research', 'articles', 'having', 'link', 'with'] ['current', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability'] ['quality', 'life', 'global', 'economy', 'additionally', 'articles'] ['that', 'were', 'languages', 'other', 'than', 'english', 'process'] ['retrieving', 'screening', 'studies', 'according', 'these', 'criteria'] ['this', 'systematic', 'review', 'shown', 'figure', 'after', 'initial', 'search'] ['figure', 'flow', 'diagram', 'illustrating', 'literature', 'search', 'selection', 'criteria'] ['according', 'prisma', 'preferred', 'reporting', 'items', 'systematic', 'reviews'] ['meta', 'analysis', 'moher', '2009'] ['total', 'articles', 'were', 'identified', 'medline', 'pubmed'] ['through', 'other', 'databases', 'after', 'removing', 'duplicate', 'records'] ['titles', 'abstracts', 'were', 'screened', 'finally', 'only', 'studies'] ['were', 'found', 'relevant', 'meet', 'inclusion', 'criteria'] ['literature', 'review'] ['psychology', 'sustainability'] ['according', 'chandler', '2020', 'psychology', 'sustainability'] ['criteria', 'relative', 'development', 'associated', 'with'] ['socio', 'economic', 'progress', 'leading', 'improved', 'living', 'standards'] ['study', 'srivastava', '2020', 'proposed', 'that'] ['management', 'sustainability', 'relates', 'ecology', 'equity'] ['economy', 'meanwhile', 'cartwright', '2020', 'observed', 'that'] ['covid', 'affects', 'quality', 'life', 'overall', 'economic'] ['ecological', 'equity', 'conditions', 'have', 'changed', 'according'] ['bastola', '2020', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'factors'] ['contribute', 'well', 'being', 'allow', 'psychological', 'development'] ['recycling', 'dismantling', 'demolishing', 'factors', 'affected'] ['sustainability', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'also', 'relates'] ['deconstruction', 'recoverability', 'oxygenation', 'iacus'] ['2020', 'using', 'micro', 'dimension', 'awareness', 'creates'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['opportunity', 'increase', 'awareness', 'that', 'ultimately', 'enables'] ['involvement', 'self', 'centered', 'development', 'criteria'] ['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease'] ['psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality'] ['life'] ['political', 'environmental', 'economic', 'aspects', 'collectively'] ['determine', 'sustainable', 'development', 'psychologically', 'bowen'] ['2017', 'these', 'aspects', 'also', 'determine', 'humans', 'should', 'spend'] ['their', 'current', 'lives', 'that', 'same', 'quality', 'life'] ['transferred', 'enjoyed', 'future', 'generations', 'according'] ['garfin', '2020', 'minimal', 'changes', 'human', 'life', 'slowly', 'alter'] ['future', 'future', 'generations', 'will', 'perceive', 'their', 'lives'] ['outcome', 'change', 'they', 'will', 'think', 'that', 'people', 'before', 'them'] ['have', 'their', 'lives', 'similar', 'ways', 'world', 'wars', 'pandemics'] ['have', 'impacted', 'present', 'lives', 'moreover', 'covid'] ['pandemic', 'dramatically', 'impacted', 'political', 'environmental'] ['economic', 'aspects', 'human', 'life', 'which', 'psychological'] ['development', 'sustainability', 'dependent', 'this', 'ultimately'] ['affects', 'quality', 'life', 'disturbing', 'people', 'living', 'standards'] ['outbreak', 'covid', 'early', '2020', 'agitated', 'social'] ['problems', 'threatened', 'economies', 'world', 'nicola'] ['2020', 'according', 'arden', 'chilcot', '2020', 'growth'] ['development', 'different', 'countries', 'have', 'stopped', 'financial'] ['stability', 'both', 'developed', 'undeveloped', 'countries', 'been'] ['shattered', 'pandemic', 'targeted', 'many', 'lives', 'human', 'beings'] ['highly', 'dependent', 'socialization', 'because', 'social', 'distancing'] ['lockdown', 'necessary', 'precautions', 'avoiding', 'covid', 'resultant', 'increased', 'stress', 'depression', 'directly', 'lessens'] ['quality', 'life', 'balasubramanian', '2020', 'most', 'people', 'around'] ['globe', 'losing', 'their', 'jobs', 'their', 'income', 'profit', 'margins'] ['revenue', 'generated', 'various', 'organizations', 'have', 'dropped'] ['save', 'economy', 'their', 'citizens', 'psychological', 'health'] ['from', 'pandemic', 'many', 'countries', 'have', 'developed', 'strategies'] ['years', 'struggle', 'will', 'required', 'regain', 'economic', 'stability'] ['moreover', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'crises'] ['have', 'traumatized', 'people', 'psychological', 'well', 'being', 'especially'] ['employees', 'have', 'lost', 'their', 'jobs', 'well', 'being', 'employees'] ['working', 'from', 'home', 'compromised', 'between', 'their'] ['professional', 'personal', 'lives', 'reduced', 'pratt', 'frost'] ['2020', 'situation', 'stressed', 'employees'] ['uncomfortable', 'aggressive', 'relationship', 'with', 'organization'] ['which', 'directly', 'indirectly', 'ruined', 'their', 'psychological'] ['sustainability', 'macro', 'level', 'according', 'mahase', '2020'] ['world', 'before', 'after', 'this', 'pandemic', 'will', 'never', 'same'] ['people', 'have', 'isolated', 'themselves', 'millions', 'lives', 'have', 'already'] ['gone', 'global', 'economy', 'slowed', 'exponentially', 'covid', 'imposed', 'harsh', 'realities', 'unemployment', 'illness'] ['bereavement', 'people', 'long', 'lasting', 'hardships'] ['struggles', 'required', 'mitigate', 'situation', 'negative', 'impact'] ['coronavirus', 'substantially', 'impacted', 'people', 'psychology'] ['created', 'extensive', 'psychological', 'experiment', 'human'] ['beings', 'which', 'will', 'eventually', 'change', 'overall', 'lifestyle'] ['current', 'future', 'generations'] ['knowing', 'that', 'condition', 'current', 'pandemic'] ['diverse', 'effects', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'disturbs'] ['quality', 'life', 'restricts', 'people', 'having', 'deal', 'with'] ['preventive', 'measures', 'however', 'according', 'fabio', '2017'] ['management', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'helps', 'foster'] ['well', 'being', 'enhance', 'working', 'conditions', 'within', 'society', 'there'] ['changes', 'behavior', 'which', 'most', 'people', 'suffering', 'from'] ['stress', 'anxiety', 'fatigue', 'wang', '2020', 'full', 'lockdown'] ['restriction', 'staying', 'home', 'negatively', 'impacts', 'human'] ['living', 'standards', 'professional', 'examination', 'reveals', 'that', 'increasing'] ['cases', 'related', 'post', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'nutritional', 'deficiencies'] ['psychological', 'issues', 'have', 'been', 'reported', 'oher', 'psychological'] ['impacts', 'covid', 'include', 'growing', 'fear', 'leaving', 'home'] ['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease'] ['sustainable', 'development'] ['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'economic'] ['conditions'] ['interdependency', 'overall', 'prosperity', 'integrity', 'health'] ['emphasizes', 'human', 'dependence', 'state', 'economy'] ['econometric', 'analysis', 'world', 'economic', 'growth', 'rate', 'shows'] ['that', 'current', 'pandemic', 'widespread', 'health', 'crises'] ['economic', 'damage', 'according', 'haider', '2020'] ['economic', 'situation', 'depends', 'rate', 'helping', 'affect'] ['economic', 'recovery', 'measures', 'global', 'economic', 'crises'] ['covid', 'reveal', 'economic', 'decline', 'moreover', 'report'] ['allcott', '2020', 'highlights', 'declining', 'economy', 'related'] ['fluctuations', 'rates', 'current', 'scenario'] ['rate', 'shrunk', 'approximately', 'first', 'time'] ['pandemic', 'fetzer', '2020', 'another', 'report', 'estimated', 'that'] ['difference', 'projected', 'coming', 'period', 'same'] ['conditions', 'continue', 'blog', '2020', 'additionally', 'there', 'will'] ['considerable', 'number', 'further', 'crises', 'faces', 'losses'] ['overall', 'rates', 'advanced', 'economies', 'like', 'those', 'europe'] ['america', 'have', 'declined', 'same', 'emerging', 'economies'] ['kang', '2019'] ['covid', 'impacts', 'global', 'trade', 'investment'] ['fernandes', 'view', '2020', 'changing', 'global', 'trading', 'volumes'] ['observed', 'industries', 'eventually', 'affected'] ['pandemic', 'world', 'trade', 'organization', 'supports'] ['this', 'view', '2020', 'graphs', 'represent', 'changes'] ['average', 'value', 'trade', 'which', 'includes', 'contribution'] ['change', 'economic', 'outlook', 'which', 'turn', 'relates'] ['growing', 'global', 'poverty', 'declining', 'living', 'standards', 'bastola'] ['2020', 'growth', 'projections', 'make', 'apparent', 'that', 'living'] ['standards', 'heading', 'extreme', 'poverty', 'increased', 'rate'] ['subsequently', 'this', 'negatively', 'affects', 'economy', 'leads'] ['economic', 'crises'] ['chandler', '2020', 'reports', 'that', 'covid', 'impacted', 'labor'] ['just', 'weeks', 'which', 'signifies', 'loss', 'many', 'jobs'] ['directly', 'increases', 'stress', 'levels', 'highest', 'unemployment'] ['rates', 'asia', 'europe', 'america', 'asia', 'pacific'] ['regions', 'unemployment', 'rates', 'have', 'headed', 'toward', 'decrease'] ['america', 'europe', 'central', 'asia', 'apart'] ['from', 'this', 'fluctuations', 'trading', 'sectors', 'have', 'decline'] ['manufacturing', 'textile', 'cosmetics', 'many', 'more', 'industries'] ['according', 'iacus', '2020', 'covid', 'enormously'] ['impacted', 'income', 'ratios', 'developed', 'developing'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['countries', 'shift', 'fiscal', 'policy', 'packages', 'been', 'assessed'] ['across', 'countries', 'distributed', 'austria'] ['france', 'qatar'] ['united', 'states', 'australia'] ['monetary', 'stimulus', 'packages', 'across', 'these', 'countries'] ['were', 'distributed', 'bahrain', 'china'] ['germany', 'united', 'kingdom'] ['sarkodie', 'owusu', '2020'] ['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'environmental'] ['issues'] ['along', 'with', 'impact', 'covid', 'economic', 'conditions'] ['there', 'environmental', 'impact', 'which', 'cartwright', '2020'] ['discuss', 'covid', 'situation', 'impacts', 'global', 'emissions'] ['especially', 'relation', 'release', 'emissions', 'into'] ['atmosphere', 'lessening', 'emissions', 'relates'] ['effect', 'covid', 'human', 'development', 'which', 'view'] ['bastola', '2020', '2020', 'financial', 'crisis'] ['restrictions', 'human', 'development', 'declining', 'rates', 'change'] ['evolved', 'along', 'with', 'loss', 'environmental', 'degradation'] ['observed', 'that', 'asian', 'european', 'countries', 'extent'] ['ambient', 'particulate', 'matter', 'declined', 'significantly'] ['gautam', 'trivedi', '2020', 'kasha', '2020', 'urban', 'industrial'] ['areas', 'have', 'less', 'carbon', 'monoxide', 'aerosol', 'present'] ['situation', 'gautam', 'trivedi', '2020', 'holthaus', '2020', 'these'] ['environmental', 'gains', 'mirror', 'losses', 'fields', 'health'] ['education', 'income', 'trade', '2020'] ['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'political', 'issues'] ['coronavirus', 'impact', 'observed', 'politically', 'when'] ['lockdown', 'self', 'isolation', 'result', 'reduced', 'export', 'import'] ['rates', 'current', 'situation', 'difficult', 'carry', 'activities'] ['designed', 'economic', 'wheel', 'haider', '2020'] ['furthermore', 'there', 'been', 'considerable', 'shift', 'policies'] ['strategies', 'related', 'economic', 'policies', 'industrial'] ['level', 'there', 'been', 'decline', 'line', 'with', 'industrial', 'restriction'] ['even', 'though', 'support', 'being', 'provided', 'business', 'opportunities'] ['deal', 'with', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'there', 'still', 'restrictions'] ['mobilizing', 'current', 'development', 'according', 'bastola'] ['2020', 'political', 'parties', 'have', 'provided', 'funds', 'highlighted'] ['financial', 'support', 'ensure', 'people', 'survival', 'during', 'covid'] ['moreover', 'impact', 'lockdown', 'isolation', 'rescheduling'] ['well', 'spread', 'fear', 'virus', 'have', 'resulted'] ['political', 'perceptions'] ['impact', 'coronavirus', 'disease'] ['global', 'economy'] ['according', 'moti', 'goon', '2020', 'global', 'economic'] ['integration', 'required', 'deal', 'with', 'implications'] ['coronavirus', 'pandemic', 'balanced', 'partnership', 'between'] ['public', 'private', 'sector', 'which', 'takes', 'into', 'account', 'contextual'] ['economy', 'health', 'system', 'specific', 'each', 'country'] ['situation', 'will', 'help', 'national', 'well', 'international', 'health'] ['economic', 'recovery', 'world', 'total', 'depends'] ['economies', 'separate', 'countries', 'china', 'economy'] ['largest', 'contributing', 'economy', 'united', 'states', 'second'] ['largest', 'covid', 'most', 'factories', 'moving', 'toward'] ['closure', 'stopping', 'production', 'goods', 'this', 'lack'] ['production', 'goods', 'services', 'great', 'impact'] ['consumers', 'significant', 'purchasing', 'practices', 'have', 'been'] ['recorded', 'since', 'spread', 'covid', 'same', 'context'] ['declining', 'sales', 'forcing', 'international', 'market', 'face'] ['situation', 'brands', 'like', 'apple', 'toyota', 'jaguar', 'land', 'rover'] ['many', 'more', 'facing', 'loss', 'investors', 'consumers'] ['ahmad', '2020', 'according', '2020', 'hyundai'] ['shut', 'down', 'business', 'services', 'supply', 'operations'] ['lack', 'consumer', 'purchases', 'starbucks', 'shut', 'outlets'] ['consumers', 'cannot', 'purchase', 'reduction', 'import', 'rate'] ['china', 'resulted', 'decline', 'international', 'prices'] ['multiple', 'uncertainties', 'have', 'been', 'observed', 'consumption'] ['smartphones', 'both', 'demand', 'supplies', 'worsening'] ['production', 'company', 'faced', 'declining', 'purchases'] ['ahmad', '2020', 'aftermath', 'covid', 'will', 'thus'] ['impact', 'global', 'economy', 'according', 'report'] ['2020', 'issues', 'related', 'current', 'pandemic', 'will', 'restrict'] ['global', 'economy', 'overall', 'sustainable', 'development', 'criteria'] ['expected', 'collapse', 'distribution', 'economic', 'policy', 'globally'] ['response', 'covid', 'conducted', 'across', 'countries'] ['demonstrated', 'that', 'united', 'states', 'followed'] ['sweden', 'there', 'countries', 'with', 'economic', 'policy'] ['such', 'kazakhstan', 'ukraine', 'yemen', 'liberia', 'denmark'] ['sarkodie', 'owusu', '2020'] ['organizational', 'survival', 'envisioned'] ['human', 'resources', 'during', 'pandemic'] ['during', 'outbreak', 'coronavirus', 'management', 'styles'] ['need', 'changed', 'tackle', 'operations', 'reduce', 'chances'] ['crisis', 'according', 'ågerfalk', '2020', 'this', 'includes'] ['consideration', 'online', 'management', 'online', 'networks'] ['help', 'organizations', 'survive', 'donald', 'view', '2020', 'there'] ['major', 'types', 'organizational', 'arrangements', 'traditional'] ['post', 'pandemic', 'system', 'traditional', 'structure', 'pandemic', 'model', 'existed', 'during', 'past', 'five', 'decades'] ['however', 'demerits', 'were', 'clearly', 'evident', 'during', 'this', 'pandemic'] ['lacks', 'clarity', 'when', 'defining', 'roles', 'responsibilities', 'there'] ['disparity', 'outcome', 'attainment', 'system', 'working', 'conditions', 'less', 'efficient', 'although', 'power', 'allocation', 'part'] ['matrix', 'structure', 'crisis', 'lead', 'instability'] ['loss', 'control', 'roome', '2011', 'resulting', 'inadequate'] ['organizational', 'structure', 'model', 'post', 'pandemic'] ['focuses', 'innovation', 'knowledge', 'better', 'required'] ['skillsets', 'guan', 'huang', '2014', 'organizations', 'that', 'quickly'] ['adaptive', 'build', 'creativity', 'possess', 'sharing', 'attitude', 'will'] ['better', 'situation', 'manage', 'employees', 'post', 'pandemic'] ['models', 'based', 'power', 'control', 'need', 'shift', 'more', 'open'] ['flexible', 'modernized', 'culture'] ['current', 'situation', 'typical', 'hierarchical', 'organizations'] ['will', 'result', 'better', 'outcomes', 'approach', 'allocate'] ['power', 'authority', 'specific', 'group', 'will', 'restrict', 'working'] ['conditions', 'human', 'resources', 'envisioned', 'model'] ['using', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'innovation', 'continuous', 'training'] ['adapt', 'changing', 'times', '2014', 'obtain', 'effective'] ['results', 'according', 'mcconnell', '2020', 'study', 'organizations'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['with', 'networked', 'hierarchical', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'styles'] ['cross', 'training', 'practices', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'using', 'survival'] ['techniques', 'tackle', 'covid', 'conditions'] ['support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental'] ['infrastructure', 'tackle', 'covid'] ['impact', 'covid', 'limited', 'sustainable'] ['development', 'there', 'challenges', 'associated', 'with', 'global', 'trade'] ['management', 'according', 'united', 'nations', 'environment'] ['program', 'united', 'nations', 'environment', 'programme', 'unep'] ['2020', 'trade', 'essential', 'saving', 'livelihoods', 'increasing'] ['economic', 'cooperation', 'whether', 'related', 'covid'] ['typical', 'situations', 'trade', 'infrastructure', 'boosts', 'confidence'] ['level', 'operations', 'allows', 'improvement', 'transparency'] ['environmental', 'trade', 'infrastructure', 'deshmukh', 'haleem'] ['2020', 'other', 'than', 'this', 'multiple', 'actions', 'procedures'] ['need', 'followed', 'management', 'covid'] ['situation', 'hishan', '2020', 'with', 'support', 'from', 'world', 'trade'] ['environment', 'infrastructure', 'there', 'opportunity', 'supply'] ['food', 'health', 'products', 'this', 'help', 'organizations', 'avoid'] ['unnecessary', 'export', 'import', 'practices', 'development', 'world'] ['trade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure', 'helps', 'ensure', 'public', 'interest'] ['government', 'support', 'effectively', 'analyze', 'development'] ['choices', 'gilbert', '2020', 'confirm', 'importance', 'world'] ['trade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure', 'boost', 'confidence', 'level'] ['increase', 'transparency', 'economies', 'deshmukh'] ['haleem', '2020', 'consider', 'that', 'transparency', 'shared', 'strong'] ['data', 'collections', 'information', 'contributes', 'supporting'] ['managed', 'infrastructure', 'required', 'covid'] ['when', 'west', 'africa', 'suffered', 'from', 'massive', 'outbreak'] ['ebola', 'virus', 'high', 'death', 'rate', 'affected', 'country'] ['numerous', 'levels', 'smith', '2019', 'socio', 'economic', 'disparity'] ['slow', 'growth', 'rates', 'shortage', 'food', 'loss', 'businesses'] ['jobs', 'resulted', 'facing', 'similar', 'situation', 'presently', 'which'] ['demands', 'that', 'health', 'economic', 'environmental', 'policies'] ['should', 'modified', 'recover', 'from', 'this', 'crisis'] ['collaborate', 'future', 'efficiently', 'smith', '2019'] ['research', 'findings'] ['analysis', 'helped', 'evaluate', 'impact', 'covid'] ['psychology', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'global'] ['economy', 'initial', 'search', 'found', 'articles', 'including'] ['duplicate', 'articles', 'after', 'title', 'abstract', 'screening', 'were', 'left'] ['with', 'articles', 'these', 'were', 'assessed', 'eligibility'] ['only', 'inclusion', 'criteria', 'after', 'extraction', 'relevant'] ['articles', 'were', 'categorized', 'into', 'following', 'subheadings'] ['provide', 'clear', 'description', 'author', 'year', 'published'] ['article', 'assessment', 'findings', 'covid'] ['present', 'implications', 'caused', 'pandemic', 'future'] ['perspective', 'that', 'will', 'help', 'recovery', 'from', 'this', 'crisis', 'situation'] ['table', 'focus', 'this', 'work', 'review', 'research', 'work'] ['published', 'specifically', 'response', 'covid', 'interesting'] ['observe', 'that', 'majority', 'studies', 'were', 'from', '2019'] ['2020', 'this', 'justified', 'pandemic', 'occurred', 'very', 'recent'] ['times', 'hence', 'research', 'mainly', 'highlighted', 'current', 'impact'] ['globally', 'lessons', 'learned', 'from', 'current', 'scenarios', 'among'] ['these', 'majority', 'review', 'articles', 'only', 'them'] ['were', 'randomized', 'controlled', 'clinical', 'trials', 'which', 'assessed'] ['economic', 'environmental', 'health', 'sustainability', 'impacts'] ['covid', 'caused', 'greater', 'chaos', 'than', 'previous', 'pandemics'] ['represented', 'studies', 'global', 'spread', 'implications'] ['ruined', 'sectors', 'small', 'large', 'even', 'though'] ['assessment', 'various', 'factors', 'been', 'done', 'studies', 'clear'] ['conclusive', 'steps', 'followed', 'included', 'many', 'them'] ['research', 'shown', 'that', 'developing', 'countries'] ['worse', 'situation', 'managing', 'their', 'health', 'systems', 'economy'] ['than', 'developed', 'countries', 'additionally', 'people', 'rural', 'areas'] ['elderly', 'women', 'children', 'undergoing', 'major', 'stresses'] ['life', 'changes', 'pandemic', 'even', 'though', 'pollution'] ['decreased', 'tremendously', 'countries', 'post', 'pandemic', 'there'] ['will', 'piles', 'medical', 'waste', 'which', 'will', 'impact', 'entire'] ['environment', 'these', 'research', 'projects', 'show', 'that', 'management'] ['leadership', 'systems', 'based', 'power', 'control'] ['sustainable', 'option', 'future', 'long', 'lack', 'creativity'] ['technological', 'usage', 'strict', 'policies', 'cannot', 'continued'] ['table', 'clearly', 'shows', 'that', 'pandemic', 'disrupted'] ['balance', 'among', 'nations', 'though', 'impact', 'mainly'] ['seen', 'health', 'sector', 'economy', 'deeper', 'level'] ['everything', 'affected', 'there', 'struggle', 'smes', 'social'] ['distancing', 'norms', 'working', 'from', 'home', 'online'] ['teaching', 'suffering', 'daily', 'wage', 'workers', 'crisis', 'situation'] ['restaurants', 'hotels', 'aviation', 'department', 'changes'] ['fiscal', 'monetary', 'policies', 'psychological', 'impact', 'health'] ['professionals', 'health', 'workers', 'extra', 'workload'] ['sanitation', 'department', 'terms', 'analyzing', 'research'] ['findings', 'included', 'studies', 'very', 'clear', 'that'] ['impact', 'pandemic', 'been', 'assessed', 'more'] ['factors', 'health', 'economy', 'environment', 'sustainability'] ['management', 'however', 'clear', 'that', 'conclusive', 'result', 'based'] ['psychology', 'sustainability', 'overall', 'well', 'being', 'global'] ['economic', 'implications', 'lacking', 'thus', 'this', 'contributed'] ['goal', 'present', 'study', 'learn', 'from', 'these'] ['challenges', 'faced', 'humans', 'globally'] ['discussion'] ['analysis', 'impact', 'covid', 'global', 'economy'] ['highlights', 'that', 'various', 'elements', 'affect', 'economic', 'conditions'] ['study', 'pirouz', '2020', 'observes', 'that', 'current', 'pandemic'] ['hurts', 'directly', 'weakens', 'region', 'overall', 'economy', 'this'] ['supported', 'view', 'that', 'loss', 'consumer', 'consumption'] ['affects', 'economy', 'regional', 'economies', 'fetzer'] ['2020', 'other', 'words', 'multiple', 'socio', 'economic', 'factors', 'lessen'] ['economic', 'rate', 'decelerate', 'global', 'economy'] ['collected', 'data', 'also', 'discusses', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'sustainability', 'information', 'gathered'] ['revealed', 'that', 'humans', 'experience', 'increasing', 'rate', 'uncertainty'] ['when', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'continually', 'increasing'] ['unaids', '2020', 'according', 'zandifar', 'badrfam', '2020'] ['there', 'various', 'ways', 'which', 'covid', 'affect', 'sustainable'] ['development', 'psychologically', 'evaluation', 'elements', 'related'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'table', 'impact', 'covid', 'future', 'perspective', 'improve', 'health', 'economy', 'sustainability', 'quality', 'life', 'author', 'year', 'assessment', 'implications', 'future', 'perspective', 'moti', 'goon', '2020', 'impact', 'health', 'economy', 'compared', 'developed', 'countries', 'developing', 'nations', 'poor', 'nations', 'such', 'african', 'countries', 'with', 'compromised', 'health', 'structure', 'have', 'been', 'greatly', 'affected', 'policies', 'should', 'implemented', 'that', 'focus', 'economic', 'recovery', 'there', 'been', 'inflation', 'essential', 'goods', 'services', 'government', 'should', 'strategically', 'execute', 'revised', 'norms', 'combat', 'pandemic', 'should', 'implement', 'mitigation', 'policy', 'post', 'pandemic', 'policy', 'mitigation', 'policy', 'should', 'target', 'nation', 'health', 'sector', 'will', 'include', 'various', 'changes', 'deal', 'with', 'pandemic', 'such', 'defined', 'containment', 'measures', 'protection', 'health', 'workers', 'with', 'additional', 'benefits', 'increased', 'supply', 'sanitizers', 'other', 'personal', 'protection', 'equipment', 'regional', 'opening', 'testing', 'centers', 'online', 'education', 'aimed', 'improving', 'awareness', 'regarding', 'risks', 'associated', 'with', 'covid', 'successfully', 'manage', 'them', 'post', 'pandemic', 'recovery', 'policy', 'will', 'ensure', 'that', 'individual', 'follow', 'social', 'distancing', 'properly', 'also', 'abide', 'lockdown', 'rules', 'people', 'sustain', 'they', 'allowed', 'work', 'specific', 'hours', 'offices', 'avoiding', 'gatherings', 'that', 'businesses', 'well', 'citizens', 'loss', 'sarkodie', 'owusu', '2020', 'assessed', 'impact', 'environment', 'health', 'economy', 'pollution', 'declined', 'however', 'amount', 'medical', 'waste', 'dramatically', 'increased', 'several', 'fiscal', 'measures', 'changes', 'monetary', 'policies', 'economy', 'recovery', 'have', 'been', 'shared', 'private', 'sectors', 'across', 'numerous', 'countries', 'countries', 'united', 'kingdom', 'ranks', 'with', 'highest', 'level', 'uncertainty', 'assessment', 'pandemic', 'uncertainty', 'among', 'countries', 'united', 'states', 'implemented', 'greatest', 'policy', 'cuts', 'crisis', 'many', 'developing', 'developed', 'countries', 'will', 'face', 'recession', 'they', 'have', 'introduced', 'several', 'policies', 'such', 'fiscal', 'monetary', 'measures', 'additional', 'welfare', 'costs', 'with', 'health', 'policies', 'this', 'impacted', 'developing', 'weaker', 'nations', 'badly', 'deal', 'with', 'economic', 'slowdown', 'these', 'countries', 'will', 'adapt', 'scaled', 'effect', 'priority', 'will', 'given', 'resource', 'depletion', 'over', 'sustainable', 'utilization', 'governments', 'across', 'nations', 'should', 'achieve', 'outcome', 'ensuring', 'that', 'health', 'economy', 'sustainable', 'development', 'compromised', 'once', 'recover', 'from', 'pandemic', 'berchin', 'andrade', 'guerra', '2020', 'impact', 'sustainable', 'development', 'sectors', 'covid', 'increased', 'demand', 'healthier', 'organic', 'food', 'making', 'various', 'food', 'systems', 'susceptible', 'impact', 'pandemic', 'largely', 'observed', 'among', 'women', 'children', 'elderly', 'wage', 'workers', 'small', 'medium', 'enterprises', 'smes', 'several', 'measures', 'should', 'taken', 'achieve', 'balance', 'among', 'sectors', 'regional', 'mobilization', 'policies', 'ensure', 'trade', 'continued', 'involves', 'private', 'firms', 'help', 'small', 'medium', 'enterprises', 'global', 'support', 'combat', 'risk', 'associated', 'with', 'cross', 'border', 'transactions', 'enhanced', 'accessibility', 'technology', 'with', 'changing', 'world', 'innovation', 'occurring', 'faster', 'pace', 'technology', 'should', 'provided', 'rural', 'areas', 'people', 'access', 'kinds', 'information', 'post', 'pandemic', 'revised', 'policy', 'policies', 'strengthen', 'overall', 'system', 'only', 'focus', 'solely', 'financial', 'growth', 'education', 'encourage', 'technologies', 'distance', 'learning', 'irrespective', 'region', 'nationality', 'continued'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'table', 'continued', 'author', 'year', 'assessment', 'implications', 'future', 'perspective', 'donald', '2020', 'impact', 'management', 'leaders', 'business', 'decision', 'models', 'design', 'models', 'many', 'organizations', 'were', 'based', 'lack', 'creativity', 'flexibility', 'which', 'were', 'favorable', 'years', 'importance', 'decision', 'making', 'risk', 'management', 'involvement', 'stakeholders', 'that', 'worked', 'previously', 'needs', 'modification', 'present', 'situation', 'organizational', 'structures', 'required', 'based', 'innovation', 'confidence', 'risk', 'taking', 'attitude', 'flexibility', 'newly', 'designed', 'organizations', 'there', 'should', 'restricted', 'roles', 'responsibilities', 'structure', 'training', 'should', 'conducted', 'everyone', 'adaptive', 'modify', 'their', 'needs', 'requirements', 'kottika', '2020', 'impact', 'smes', 'involving', 'business', 'consumer', 'markets', 'there', 'been', 'economic', 'breakdown', 'growth', 'united', 'states', 'decreased', 'first', 'quarter', '2020', 'european', 'nations', 'shrunk', 'same', 'period', 'important', 'develop', 'entrepreneurial', 'personality', 'traits', 'clearly', 'shown', 'that', 'their', 'attitude', 'plays', 'significant', 'role', 'orientation', 'smes', 'high', 'quality', 'service', 'should', 'provided', 'consumers', 'following', 'specific', 'protocols', 'that', 'open', 'change', 'depending', 'market', 'situation', 'etemad', '2020', 'impact', 'quality', 'life', 'economy', 'well', 'organization', 'various', 'institutions', 'there', 'been', 'slowdown', 'functioning', 'sectors', 'whether', 'large', 'small', 'city', 'rural', 'area', 'urban', 'place', 'however', 'smes', 'ones', 'that', 'have', 'been', 'impacted', 'most', 'pandemic', 'situation', 'prior', 'crisis', 'should', 'assessed', 'closely', 'processes', 'followed', 'regarding', 'entrepreneurial', 'internationalization', 'perspectives', 'review', 'reevaluation', 'sectors', 'should', 'done', 'maximize', 'financial', 'support', 'those', 'cannot', 'recover', 'their'] ['sustainability', 'reveals', 'that', 'associations', 'social', 'environmental'] ['economic', 'factors', 'lead', 'psychological', 'sustainability'] ['practices', 'collected', 'data', 'reveals', 'impact', 'covid'] ['psychology', 'sustainability', 'current', 'situation'] ['consistent', 'impact', 'people', 'mind', 'sets', 'result', 'there'] ['need', 'adapt', 'services', 'tackle', 'mental', 'health', 'issues'] ['allow', 'people', 'survive', 'with', 'improved', 'quality', 'life'] ['2020', 'with', 'declining', 'economy', 'contribution'] ['covid', 'observed', 'global', 'emission', 'system'] ['labor', 'expect', 'decline', 'future', 'there', 'high'] ['chance', 'individual', 'facing', 'loss', 'this', 'overall', 'situation'] ['leads', 'stress', 'restricts', 'people', 'developing', 'economy'] ['sustainably', 'chandler', '2020', 'these', 'employment', 'issues', 'also'] ['linked', 'with', 'psychological', 'factors', 'they', 'leading', 'cause'] ['stress', 'depression', 'ultimately', 'hurt', 'quality', 'life'] ['banerjee', '2020'] ['collected', 'data', 'shows', 'that', 'departments'] ['changing', 'working', 'criteria', 'focusing', 'alternative', 'working'] ['solutions', 'organizations', 'allcott', '2020', 'observe', 'that'] ['covid', 'forces', 'shift', 'management', 'from', 'close', 'ended'] ['open', 'ended', 'leadership', 'styles', 'dispersed', 'workforce'] ['interdependency', 'loose', 'criteria', 'considered', 'necessary'] ['organizational', 'survival', 'pandemic', 'apart', 'from', 'this'] ['prefers', 'adopt', 'flexible', 'guidelines', 'cross', 'training', 'practices'] ['provide', 'practices', 'services', 'manage', 'pandemic'] ['result', 'these', 'sorts', 'instructions', 'guidelines', 'help', 'ensure'] ['survival', 'organization', 'save', 'corporations', 'from'] ['calamities', 'experienced', 'covid', 'fernandes', '2020'] ['similarly', 'most', 'organizations', 'reacting', 'managed'] ['manner', 'increase', 'their', 'productive', 'outcomes', 'been', 'clear'] ['that', 'declining', 'projection', 'rate', 'observed', 'globally'] ['improvement', 'projected', 'rates', 'expected', 'pratt', 'frost'] ['2020', 'according', 'report', 'published'] ['2020', 'loss', 'capital', 'flows', 'decline', 'annual', 'charges'] ['decelerating', 'economic', 'conditions', 'furthermore', 'there', 'also'] ['considerable', 'covid', 'effects', 'form', 'losses', 'faced'] ['global', 'trade', 'investment', 'practices', 'analysis', 'impact'] ['covid', 'economy', 'reveals', 'that', 'world', 'economy'] ['expected', 'face', 'further', 'decreases', 'volumes', 'global', 'trade'] ['projections', 'because', 'current', 'situation', 'worsening'] ['along', 'with', 'this', 'there', 'impact', 'covid', 'politically'] ['which', 'results', 'reduced', 'exports', 'imports', 'politically', 'high'] ['level', 'funds', 'required', 'support', 'country', 'regulation'] ['bowen', '2017', 'spread', 'virus', 'endangers'] ['overall', 'sustainability', 'development', 'situation', 'during'] ['covid', 'been', 'managed', 'support', 'trade'] ['environmental', 'infrastructure', 'various', 'macro', 'level', 'elements'] ['help', 'ensure', 'sustainable', 'development', 'with', 'help'] ['improved', 'access', 'advanced', 'technologies', 'anticipated'] ['that', 'production', 'processes', 'make', 'development', 'more', 'efficient'] ['haider', '2020', 'there', 'shortage', 'supply'] ['drugs', 'medicine', 'mental', 'health', 'issues', 'this', 'according'] ['pharmacists', 'significant', 'issue', 'hinders', 'development'] ['health', 'services', 'makes', 'difficult', 'practitioners'] ['improve', 'their', 'patients', 'quality', 'life', 'unaids', '2020', 'there'] ['opportunity', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental'] ['infrastructure', 'this', 'allows', 'corporations', 'work', 'with', 'advanced'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['infrastructures', 'increased', 'interest', 'levels', 'moreover', 'world'] ['trade', 'support', 'systems', 'enhance', 'efficient', 'supply'] ['food', 'medicines', 'with', 'this', 'there', 'clear', 'avoidance'] ['import', 'export', 'practices', 'without', 'advanced', 'infrastructures'] ['herbert', '2020', 'with', 'infrastructure', 'support', 'there', 'high'] ['chance', 'transparency', 'management', 'economies', 'when'] ['these', 'companies', 'support', 'developed', 'infrastructure', 'arden'] ['chilcot', '2020', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental', 'infrastructure'] ['support', 'includes', 'focus', 'planting', 'trees', 'promoting'] ['sustainable', 'practices', 'provide', 'useful', 'opportunities', 'increase'] ['healthy', 'regional', 'recovery'] ['impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'sustainability'] ['examined', 'observing', 'changes', 'people', 'behavior'] ['fabio', '2017', 'shared', 'thoughts', 'people', 'quitting'] ['workplace', 'because', 'pandemic', 'this', 'also', 'affected'] ['educational', 'institutions', 'along', 'with', 'this', 'lack', 'healthcare', 'related', 'facilities', 'contributed', 'negative', 'psychological', 'impact'] ['sustainability', 'balkhi', '2020', 'found', 'that', 'various'] ['psychological', 'factors', 'affect', 'people', 'behavior', 'ultimately', 'changing'] ['global', 'lifestyles', 'more', 'than', 'people', 'worldwide', 'show'] ['more', 'concern', 'about', 'safety', 'they', 'prefer', 'reduce', 'physical'] ['contact', 'with', 'others', 'wang', '2020', 'around', 'people'] ['face', 'extremely', 'anxious', 'conditions', 'mental', 'well', 'being'] ['unaids', '2020', 'other', 'than', 'this', 'peoples', 'behavioral', 'changes'] ['include', 'increasing', 'exhaustion', 'fatigue', 'that', 'directly', 'restrict'] ['them', 'from', 'working', 'toward', 'development'] ['there', 'link', 'between', 'psychology', 'sustainability'] ['sustainable', 'development', 'economic', 'crises', 'because', 'these'] ['depend', 'quality', 'life', 'related', 'improvement', 'rothan'] ['byrareddy', '2020', 'zenker', 'kock', '2020', 'mention', 'that'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'changes', 'people', 'lifestyles', 'globally'] ['affecting', 'their', 'social', 'economic', 'environmental', 'contexts'] ['multiple', 'reasons', 'drag', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'toward'] ['losses', 'profit', 'margins', 'revenue', 'generated', 'kang'] ['2019', 'highlighted', 'crisis', 'rate', 'covid', 'reflecting'] ['crises', 'consumption', 'rates', 'consumers', 'increasing'] ['unemployment', 'rates', 'covid', 'impact', 'individual'] ['well', 'being', 'that', 'compromised', 'work', 'policies', 'make', 'difficult'] ['employees', 'survive', 'peacefully', 'same', 'context'] ['multiple', 'changes', 'observed', 'situation', 'experienced'] ['globally', 'condition', 'self', 'isolation', 'makes', 'people', 'less'] ['interested', 'harming', 'economy', 'some', 'destructive'] ['realities', 'associated', 'with', 'coronavirus', 'disease', 'include', 'illness'] ['unemployment', 'bereavement', 'long', 'lasting', 'hardship', 'struggle'] ['handling', 'situation', 'fetzer', '2020', 'other', 'than', 'this'] ['there', 'diverse', 'effects', 'covid', 'economically', 'socially'] ['environmentally', 'rothan', 'byrareddy', '2020', 'used', 'survey'] ['explore', 'psychological', 'impact', 'ongoing', 'pandemic'] ['found', 'that', 'people', 'suffer', 'from', 'lack', 'confidence', 'from'] ['infection', 'itself', 'there', 'less', 'concern', 'about', 'maintenance'] ['health', 'most', 'people', 'have', 'access', 'infection'] ['control', 'measures', 'along', 'with', 'this', 'there', 'realization'] ['situation', 'gravity', 'people', 'only', 'understand', 'terms'] ['their', 'situations'] ['multiple', 'uncertainties', 'result', 'from', 'outbreak', 'covid'] ['this', 'affects', 'individual', 'humanity', 'large', 'covid'] ['impact', 'psychology', 'sustainability', 'nature'] ['thought', 'attitudes', 'expressed', 'within', 'this', 'context'] ['continual', 'stresses', 'imposed', 'people', 'from', 'restrictions'] ['that', 'negatively', 'affect', 'their', 'minds', 'along', 'with', 'this', 'covid', 'stresses', 'employees', 'others', 'creates', 'uncomfortable'] ['relationship', 'with', 'peaceful', 'life', 'directly', 'indirectly', 'affecting'] ['psychological', 'sustainability'] ['people', 'psychologies', 'have', 'changed', 'they', 'dependent'] ['global', 'situation', 'currently', 'negatively', 'affected', 'covid'] ['result', 'that', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'associated', 'crises'] ['have', 'traumatized', 'people', 'psychological', 'well', 'being', 'disturbing'] ['their', 'social', 'economic', 'environmental', 'peace', 'lack'] ['work', 'policies', 'leads', 'stress', 'criteria', 'managing', 'situation'] ['undeveloped', 'data', 'involving', 'regional'] ['rates', 'economic', 'efficiencies', 'sales', 'rates', 'trade', 'rates', 'reveal'] ['economic', 'impact', 'covid', 'these', 'aspects', 'directly'] ['indirectly', 'associated', 'with', 'pandemic', 'fall'] ['been', 'observed', 'economies'] ['however', 'learn', 'from', 'past', 'crises', 'survive', 'present'] ['global', 'economic', 'loss', 'greek', 'financial', 'breakdown'] ['jobs', 'were', 'lost', 'between', '2008', '2014', 'kepe', '2015', 'more'] ['than', 'medium', 'sized', 'businesses', 'were', 'largely', 'impacted'] ['compared', 'small', 'businesses', 'entrepreneurs', 'managed', 'come'] ['crisis', 'providing', 'some', 'findings', 'that'] ['help', 'better', 'deal', 'with', 'covid', 'they', 'ensured', 'that', 'their'] ['products', 'their', 'consumers', 'needs', 'lowered', 'their', 'prices'] ['bourletidis', 'triantafyllopoulos', '2014', 'utilized', 'advanced'] ['tools', 'technologies', 'provide', 'something', 'meaningful'] ['giannacourou', '2015', 'additionally', 'entrepreneurial'] ['managerial', 'personality', 'traits', 'played', 'significant', 'role', 'defining'] ['company', 'successes', 'elenurm', '2014', 'espíritu', 'olmos'] ['sastre', 'castillo', '2015'] ['various', 'findings', 'reveal', 'that', 'fluctuations', 'regarding', 'trading'] ['system', 'volumes', 'when', 'this', 'relates', 'losses', 'improvements'] ['industries', 'worldwide', 'they', 'also', 'reveal', 'increased', 'proportion'] ['living', 'standards', 'worldwide', 'heading', 'toward', 'extreme', 'poverty'] ['crises', 'facing', 'energy', 'production', 'there', 'lower'] ['emissions', 'which', 'mirrors', 'fact', 'that', 'human', 'development'] ['progress', 'declining', 'changes', 'management', 'styles'] ['required', 'deal', 'with', 'society', 'operates', 'reduce'] ['chance', 'further', 'crises', 'however', 'adoption', 'networked'] ['hierarchical', 'distributed', 'leadership', 'style', 'cross', 'training', 'practices'] ['flexible', 'guidelines', 'will', 'benefit', 'corporations', 'tackling'] ['covid', 'crises', 'finally', 'impact', 'covid'] ['tackled', 'support', 'world', 'trade', 'environmental'] ['infrastructure', 'which', 'known', 'boost', 'confidence', 'levels'] ['corporations', 'operations', 'improve', 'transparency'] ['global', 'trade'] ['implications', 'future'] ['perspectives'] ['humans', 'have', 'witnessed', 'several', 'previous', 'crises', 'different'] ['regions', 'countries', 'humanity', 'emerged', 'from', 'them'] ['should', 'think', 'about', 'creating', 'global', 'change', 'prevent', 'further'] ['suffering', 'caused', 'covid', 'crisis', 'highly', 'probable', 'that'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'november', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '585897fpsyg', '585897', '2021', 'time'] ['keshky', 'getting', 'through', 'covid', 'pandemic'] ['recurrence', 'present', 'crisis', 'will', 'strike', 'global', 'population'] ['more', 'severely', 'therefore', 'desirable', 'that'] ['government', 'proactive', 'implement', 'planned'] ['precautions', 'before', 'situation', 'worsens'] ['management', 'institutions', 'organizations', 'develop'] ['their', 'skill', 'sets', 'demonstrate', 'sustainability', 'resilience'] ['innovation', 'covid', 'compromised', 'traditional'] ['business', 'management', 'systems'] ['globally', 'nations', 'plan', 'sanction', 'policies'] ['collective', 'good', 'instead', 'their', 'self', 'interests'] ['educational', 'institutions', 'provide', 'necessary', 'guidance'] ['professional', 'help', 'deepen', 'understanding', 'crisis'] ['management', 'this', 'will', 'help', 'individuals', 'become', 'aware'] ['protect', 'themselves', 'avoid', 'risks', 'harm', 'caused'] ['their', 'negligence'] ['important', 'health', 'organizations', 'health'] ['professionals', 'scientists', 'researchers', 'provided'] ['targeted', 'fund', 'that', 'provides', 'sufficient', 'training'] ['understanding', 'regarding', 'pandemic', 'impact', 'public'] ['health', 'next', 'crisis', 'dealt', 'with', 'more', 'effectively'] ['humanity', 'take', 'collective', 'approach', 'avoid', 'unnecessary'] ['harm', 'environment', 'earth', 'saved', 'each'] ['becomes', 'more', 'responsible', 'provides', 'support'] ['care', 'another'] ['learn', 'from', 'this', 'pandemic', 'become', 'more'] ['capable', 'dealing', 'with', 'future', 'crisis'] ['conclusion'] ['this', 'pandemic', 'taught', 'that', 'entire', 'world', 'connected'] ['work', 'together', 'cooperate', 'humanity', 'will', 'suffer'] ['drastically', 'need', 'implement', 'changes', 'that'] ['only', 'emerge', 'from', 'this', 'crisis', 'also', 'able', 'continue', 'with'] ['lives', 'healthy', 'sustainable', 'firstly', 'important', 'that'] ['marketing', 'processes', 'modified', 'instead', 'blindly', 'following'] ['brands', 'getting', 'attracted', 'logos', 'companies', 'should'] ['meet', 'their', 'customers', 'requirements', 'there', 'should'] ['shift', 'business', 'approaches', 'from', 'financial', 'targets', 'what', 'best'] ['customers', 'unnecessary', 'plastic', 'products', 'should'] ['strictly', 'prohibited', 'secondly', 'health', 'related', 'issue', 'should'] ['handled', 'global', 'level', 'limit', 'ourselves', 'specific'] ['race', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'nationality', 'background', 'humanity'] ['will', 'able', 'sustain', 'this', 'pandemic', 'broader', 'view'] ['understanding', 'public', 'health', 'need', 'drivers'] ['political', 'parties', 'thirdly', 'globally', 'oriented', 'with', 'specific', 'goals'] ['should', 'decision', 'maker', 'health', 'well', 'being', 'guaranteed', 'budgets', 'should', 'allocated', 'policies'] ['prioritizing', 'health', 'different', 'regions', 'cultures', 'should'] ['planned', 'fourthly', 'people', 'from', 'cultures', 'interests', 'such'] ['health', 'professionals', 'scientists', 'environmentalists', 'researchers'] ['politicians', 'sociologists', 'ethicists', 'should', 'cooperate', 'work'] ['improve', 'current', 'situation', 'additionally', 'policies'] ['related', 'functioning', 'society', 'taxation', 'fiscal', 'policy'] ['environmental', 'issues', 'economy', 'health', 'should', 'changed'] ['humans', 'survive', 'planet', 'earth', 'harmoniously'] ['author', 'contributions'] ['authors', 'have', 'made', 'substantial', 'direct', 'intellectual'] ['contribution', 'work', 'approved', 'publication'] ['funding'] ['authors', 'would', 'like', 'thank', 'deanship', 'scientific'] ['research', 'qura', 'university', 'supporting', 'this', 'work'] ['grant', 'code', '0002'] ['paper'] ['sport', 'psychology', 'services', 'high', 'performance', 'athletes'] ['during', 'covid'] ['these', 'trying', 'times', 'covid', 'altered', 'lives', 'citizens', 'changes', 'associ', 'ated', 'with', 'current', 'pandemic', 'have', 'presented', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychologists', 'with', 'many'] ['challenges', 'opportunities', 'related', 'sport', 'performance', 'physical', 'activity', 'health'] ['here', 'focus', 'what', 'presently', 'being', 'encountered', 'mental', 'performance', 'sultants', 'relation', 'aspiring', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'they', 'supporting'] ['within', 'recent', 'weeks', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'working', 'with', 'olympic', 'aspirants', 'have'] ['evidenced', 'growing', 'number', 'suggestions', 'aspiring', 'athletes', 'might', 'proceed', 'their'] ['sports', 'their', 'broader', 'lives', 'based', 'their', 'national', 'conditions', 'regional', 'responses'] ['pandemic', 'each', 'national', 'funding', 'agency', 'olympic', 'committee', 'federal', 'government'] ['sport', 'organisation', 'rolling', 'strategies', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants'] ['work', 'effectively', 'with', 'clients', 'what', 'many', 'socially', 'distanced', 'world'] ['discussions', 'have', 'varied', 'from', 'challenges', 'that', 'athletes', 'encountering', 'issues', 'associ', 'ated', 'with', 'social', 'isolation', 'career', 'disruption', 'qualification', 'process', 'uncertainty', 'unconven', 'tional', 'limited', 'access', 'effective', 'training', 'environments', 'training', 'partners'] ['underpinning', 'these', 'considerations', 'health', 'wellbeing', 'athletes', 'their', 'pursuits'] ['toward', 'excellence'] ['historically', 'editorials', 'within', 'international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', 'were'] ['paired', 'with', 'special', 'issues', 'such', 'focused', 'international', 'approaches', 'olympic'] ['athlete', 'performance', 'published', '2016', 'within', 'current', 'editorial', 'however', 'there', 'devi', 'ation', 'approach', 'caused', 'global', 'circumstance', 'sport', 'being', 'experienced', 'usual'] ['challenges', 'posed', 'those', 'engaging', 'sport', 'region', 'region', 'uncharted'] ['focus', 'have', 'what', 'should', 'have', 'been', '2020', 'olympic', 'year', 'placed'] ['shared', 'challenges', 'emergence', 'solutions', 'that', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants'] ['presently', 'undertaking', 'their', 'work', 'with', 'athletes', 'authors', 'this', 'editorial', 'from'] ['asia', 'europe', 'north', 'america', 'have', 'published', 'topic', 'olympic', 'performance'] ['currently', 'immersed', 'work', 'with', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'respective', 'countries'] ['what', 'follows', 'synthesised', 'commentary'] ['reader', 'might', 'posit', 'that', 'embedded', 'each', 'author', 'work', 'approaches', 'idiosyncratic'] ['driven', 'partly', 'culture', 'context', 'which', 'correct', 'assumption', 'example', 'some'] ['working', 'from', 'distance', 'where', 'others', 'consulting', 'face', 'face', 'however', 'what'] ['share', 'common', 'astounding', 'despite', 'respective', 'locations', 'circumstances'] ['present', 'this', 'editorial', 'structured', 'into', 'three', 'temporal', 'stages', 'before', '2020', 'olympics'] ['were', 'postponed', 'once', 'olympics', 'were', 'postponed', 'path', 'being'] ['toward', 'tokyo', '2021'] ['before', 'olympic', 'postponement'] ['life', 'tends', 'normal', 'before', 'crisis', 'transitions', 'experienced', 'within', 'outside', 'high', 'performance', 'sport', 'within', 'high', 'performance', 'sport', 'there', 'were', 'initial', 'murmurings', 'potential'] ['2020', 'international', 'society', 'sport', 'psychology'] ['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology'] ['2020'] ['https', '1080', '1612197x', '2020', '1754616virus', 'several', 'countries', 'contributing', 'authors', 'helped', 'prepare', 'accompany', 'aspirants'] ['qualification', 'events', 'progressively', 'there', 'were', 'increasing', 'numbers', 'people', 'identified', 'with'] ['covid', 'these', 'heightening', 'numbers', 'were', 'found', 'across', 'continents', 'point', 'where', 'letes', 'experienced', 'cancellations', 'olympic', 'qualification', 'events', 'initial', 'postponements'] ['became', 'indefinite', 'postponements'] ['athletes', 'were', 'puzzled', 'near', 'centre', 'these', 'discussions', 'their', 'mental', 'performance'] ['consultants', 'were', 'seeking', 'support', 'agile', 'mindsets', 'their', 'clients', 'calendars', 'were', 'changing'] ['some', 'countries', 'centralised', 'programmes', 'began', 'experience', 'positive', 'cases', 'athletes'] ['with', 'covid', 'within', 'some', 'countries', 'programmes', 'were', 'temporarily', 'closed', 'within', 'other'] ['cases', 'athletes', 'were', 'experiencing', 'much', 'tighter', 'world', 'comprised', 'their', 'centralised'] ['lives', 'though', 'diminishing', 'direct', 'contact', 'with', 'world', 'outside', 'their', 'national', 'sport', 'centres'] ['what', 'athletes', 'from', 'these', 'particular', 'nations', 'shared', 'reality', 'being', 'stifled'] ['apart', 'from', 'their', 'local', 'communities', 'including', 'their', 'cities', 'with', 'limited', 'physical', 'access'] ['family', 'members', 'friends', 'what', 'became', 'apparent', 'such', 'athletes', 'through', 'social', 'media'] ['that', 'while', 'they', 'were', 'distancing', 'competitors', 'from', 'some', 'foreign', 'countries', 'were', 'still', 'able'] ['train', 'more', 'normal', 'formats', 'serving', 'advantage', 'some', 'disadvantage', 'others'] ['national', 'sport', 'organisations', 'olympic', 'committees', 'then', 'began', 'express', 'concerns'] ['regarding', 'scheduling', 'olympics', 'within', 'fluid', 'global', 'environment', 'practitioners'] ['were', 'contact', 'with', 'athletes', 'many', 'whom', 'made', 'plans', 'only', 'olympics'] ['also', 'after', 'olympics', 'some', 'planned', 'continuation', 'into', 'next', 'olympic', 'cycle', 'especially'] ['those', 'earlier', 'stages', 'their', 'national', 'team', 'careers', 'where', 'others', 'planned', 'begin'] ['families', 'return', 'universities', 'colleges', 'enter', 'into', 'professional', 'career', 'life', 'plans', 'were'] ['flux', 'these', 'extended', 'beyond', 'sport', 'broader', 'holistic', 'existence', 'stress', 'responses'] ['moment', 'included', 'decreased', 'sleep', 'decreased', 'appetite', 'increased', 'rumination', 'loneliness'] ['fear', 'that', 'present', 'uncertainty', 'could', 'parlay', 'into', 'loss', 'their', 'olympic', 'moment'] ['altogether'] ['underpinning', 'collective', 'approaches', 'were', 'strategies', 'that', 'fostered', 'openness', 'terms'] ['concerns', 'athletes', 'were', 'thinking', 'feeling', 'some', 'this', 'work', 'varied', 'from', 'person'] ['socially', 'distanced', 'consulting', 'though', 'approaches', 'often', 'converged', 'openness', 'part'] ['matter', 'encouraging', 'athletes', 'express', 'their', 'challenges', 'fears', 'frustrations', 'uncertain', 'ties', 'first', 'vent', 'these', 'then', 'begin', 'prepare', 'problem', 'solving', 'more', 'information'] ['emerged', 'openness', 'also', 'meant', 'encouraging', 'clear', 'flow', 'communication', 'among', 'letes', 'those', 'worked', 'with', 'them', 'their', 'sport', 'organisations', 'belief', 'that'] ['moments', 'challenge', 'served', 'fortify', 'relationships', 'unify', 'each', 'team', 'membership', 'open', 'ness', 'especially', 'cathartic', 'when', 'discussions', 'were', 'constructive', 'this', 'openness', 'encour', 'aged', 'beyond', 'work', 'with', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'onward', 'support', 'seeking', 'from'] ['close', 'friends', 'family', 'members', 'openness', 'meant', 'much', 'more', 'than', 'sport', 'focused', 'discus', 'sions', 'onward', 'those', 'about', 'basic', 'human', 'conditions', 'such', 'healthy', 'living', 'eating', 'sleep', 'thinking', 'general', 'life'] ['formal', 'olympic', 'postponement'] ['within', 'only', 'weeks', 'olympic', 'committees', 'were', 'withdrawing', 'from', 'games', 'domino'] ['effect', 'these', 'decisions', 'part', 'nations', 'then', 'transitioned', 'international', 'olympic'] ['committee', 'host', 'nation', 'decision', 'cancel', 'existing', 'date', '2020', 'olympics'] ['athletes', 'emotional', 'responses', 'varied', 'from', 'relief', 'questioning', 'whether', 'sched', 'uled', 'event', 'would', 'take', 'place', 'aspiring', 'olympic', 'athletes', 'known', 'their', 'fortitude', 'resi', 'lience', 'their', 'visions', 'well', 'advance', 'whilst', 'technical', 'tactical', 'physiological'] ['psychological', 'gaps', 'filled', 'athletes', 'then', 'seek', 'their', 'prime', 'compete'] ['editorialworld', 'stage', 'during', 'their', 'olympic', 'moment', 'however', 'suddenly', 'years', 'hard', 'work', 'diligence'] ['commitment', 'were', 'placed', 'question', 'immediate', 'unknown', 'whether', 'there'] ['would', 'tangible', 'olympic', 'games', 'equivalent', 'culmination', 'olympic', 'quadren', 'further', 'questions', 'followed', 'what', 'about', 'athletes', 'were', 'already', 'nearly', 'qualified'] ['2020', 'would', 'their', 'qualifications', 'remain', 'valid', 'into', 'future', 'should', 'date', 'calendared'] ['what', 'should', 'they', 'meantime', 'while', 'event', 'being', 'scheduled', 'could'] ['they', 'fill', 'their', 'days', 'typically', 'consumed', 'training', 'that', 'built', 'around', 'time', 'based', 'goal'] ['either', 'qualification', 'olympic', 'engagement'] ['responses', 'were', 'negative', 'some', 'athletes', 'recognised', 'gaps', 'their', 'development'] ['toward', 'their', 'olympic', 'birth', 'their', 'potential', 'olympic', 'performance', 'when', 'athletes', 'train'] ['high', 'intensity', 'there', 'particular', 'time', 'quadrennia', 'during', 'final', 'year', 'cycle'] ['associated', 'qualification', 'where', 'they', 'those', 'support', 'them', 'commit', 'capitalising'] ['existing', 'strengths', 'minimising', 'existing', 'limitations', 'gaps', 'always', 'exist', 'every', 'athlete'] ['preparation', 'many', 'athletes', 'began', 'reflect', 'upon', 'their', 'current', 'status', 'pondered'] ['about', 'their', 'existing', 'gaps', 'several', 'posed', 'question', 'these', 'athletes', 'that', 'time', 'were'] ['allowed', 'slow', 'down', 'during', 'olympic', 'year', 'what', 'would', 'they', 'focus', 'seek'] ['enhance', 'these', 'gaps', 'were', 'technical', 'tactical', 'analytical', 'psychological', 'physiological'] ['several', 'athletes', 'also', 'lingering', 'injuries', 'that', 'compromised', 'their', 'ability', 'perform'] ['their', 'best', 'such', 'always', 'been', 'nature', 'pushing', 'physical', 'limits'] ['when', 'athletes', 'began', 'compile', 'list', 'gaps', 'their', 'current', 'developmental', 'status'] ['openings', 'were', 'created', 'explore', 'opportunities', 'previously', 'available', 'athletes', 'these'] ['opportunities', 'necessitated', 'creativity', 'typical', 'training', 'access', 'some', 'athletes'] ['immediately', 'available', 'athletes', 'remained', 'centralised', 'more', 'time', 'became', 'available'] ['delve', 'into', 'gaps', 'begin', 'explore', 'these', 'with', 'their', 'coaches', 'with', 'support', 'from', 'mental'] ['performance', 'consultants', 'shift', 'these', 'athletes', 'from', 'feeling', 'being', 'halted'] ['their', 'progress', 'undefined', 'period', 'time', 'where', 'constructive', 'problem', 'solving', 'could'] ['ensue', 'athletes', 'those', 'worked', 'with', 'them', 'could', 'channel', 'energy', 'strengthen'] ['existing', 'weaknesses', 'that', 'could', 'turn', 'reinforce', 'existing', 'strengths', 'when', 'competition', 'activities'] ['resumed', 'hence', 'there', 'were', 'ever', 'moments', 'interventions', 'such', 'mindfulness', 'goal', 'setting', 'framing', 'regardless', 'whether', 'these', 'were', 'from', 'video', 'tele', 'consulting', 'person', 'that', 'moment', 'arrived'] ['scenarios', 'focused', 'searches', 'above', 'exemplified', 'effective', 'responses', 'trying'] ['moment', 'time', 'athletes', 'would', 'have', 'capitalised', 'without', 'constructive', 'guidance'] ['support', 'athletes', 'finding', 'themselves', 'unforeseeably', 'inactive', 'without', 'direction', 'tend'] ['suffer', 'from', 'substantive', 'psychological', 'stress', 'potential', 'mental', 'health', 'what', 'known'] ['about', 'athletes', 'during', 'crisis', 'transitions', 'from', 'both', 'mental', 'health', 'career', 'transition', 'scholar', 'ship', 'relation', 'latter', 'particularly', 'injury', 'retirement', 'scholarship', 'suggests'] ['that', 'lacking', 'career', 'direction', 'after', 'years', 'immersing', 'oneself', 'intrinsic', 'high', 'performance'] ['goal', 'places', 'athletes', 'peril', 'some', 'these', 'athletes', 'have', 'also', 'been', 'challenged', 'burnout', 'drome', 'personal', 'feelings', 'alienation', 'poor', 'coping', 'responses', 'this', 'case', 'compounded'] ['social', 'isolation', 'have', 'resulted', 'some', 'compromised', 'mental', 'health', 'never', 'there', 'been'] ['more', 'important', 'moment', 'mental', 'performance', 'consultants', 'accessible', 'their', 'clients'] ['validate', 'multitude', 'mixed', 'thoughts', 'emotions', 'experienced', 'olympic', 'aspir', 'ants', 'access', 'needed', 'transcend', 'availability', 'type', 'encouragement', 'that', 'could', 'best'] ['serve', 'each', 'high', 'performance', 'athlete'] ['international', 'journal', 'sport', 'exercise', 'psychology', '271paths', 'ahead', 'tokyo', '2021'] ['schedules', 'begin', 'shift', 'readjust', 'toward', 'recently', 'scheduled', 'olympics', '2021'] ['there', 'remains', 'much', 'uncertainty', 'terms', 'what', 'olympic', 'pathways', 'will', 'look', 'like', 'sport', 'will'] ['events', 'become', 'viable', 'latter', 'months', '2020', 'will', 'formal', 'competitions', 'qualifica', 'tions', 'resume', 'early', '2021', 'without', 'crystal', 'ball', 'become', 'nearly', 'impossible', 'predict'] ['intermediate', 'steps', 'visible', 'culmination', 'current', 'olympic', 'quadrennia'] ['there', 'never', 'been', 'time', 'when', 'athletes', 'those', 'worked', 'with', 'them', 'needed'] ['more', 'flexible', 'creative', 'current', 'pandemic', 'offers', 'opportunities', 'that', 'athletes', 'their'] ['providers', 'must', 'find', 'they', 'right', 'under', 'noses', 'lessons', 'gained', 'through', 'autonomy', 'inge', 'nuity', 'resilience', 'life', 'balance', 'mindfulness', 'many', 'more', 'possible', 'skillsets', 'will', 'forge'] ['modified', 'strengthened', 'athletes', 'enhanced', 'service', 'provisions', 'moments', 'quietness'] ['present', 'openings', 'reflect', 'evaluate', 'revise', 'reform', 'plans', 'these', 'plans', 'will', 'undoubtedly'] ['roads', 'less', 'travelled', 'highly', 'valued', 'pervasiveness', 'these', 'life', 'lessons', 'serve', 'letes', 'extremely', 'well', 'lives', 'never', 'linear', 'paths', 'often', 'meandering', 'even', 'circuitous'] ['retrospectively', 'agree', 'that', 'even', 'when', 'believes', 'standing', 'still', 'uncer', 'tainties', 'never', 'human', 'condition', 'such', 'that', 'people', 'learn', 'from', 'their', 'circumstances'] ['they', 'adapt', 'days', 'ahead', 'will', 'provide', 'fascinating', 'data', 'dialogues', 'interventions'] ['built', 'result', 'what', 'could', 'easily', 'dismissed', 'isolated', 'unfortunate', 'moment'] ['human', 'also', 'olympic', 'history', 'however', 'cannot', 'underestimate', 'strength'] ['human', 'spirit', 'olympians', 'they', 'will', 'continue', 'forged', 'through'] ['aversities'] ['paper'] ['covid', 'school', 'psychology', 'adaptations', 'directions', 'field'] ['samuel', 'songa'] ['cixin', 'wangb', 'dorothy', 'espelagec'] ['fenningd', 'shane', 'jimersone'] [] ['university', 'nevada', 'vegas', 'buniversity', 'maryland'] ['university', 'north', 'carolina', 'chapel', 'hill', 'dloyola', 'university', 'chicago'] ['university'] ['california', 'santa', 'barbara'] ['abstract'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'beginning', 'january', '2020', 'already', 'unprecedented', 'impact'] ['children', 'families', 'schools', 'around', 'world', 'context', 'impact', 'varied'] ['considerably', 'over', 'time', 'including', 'tremendous', 'variation', 'schools', 'providing', 'education', 'services'] ['person', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'various', 'hybrid', 'configurations', 'involving', 'both'] ['person', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'configurations', 'this', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'school'] ['psychology', 'review', 'aims', 'disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'research', 'training'] ['practice', 'that', 'help', 'inform', 'advance', 'field', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'this', 'introductory'] ['article', 'offers', 'brief', 'acknowledgement', 'pervasive', 'impact', 'communities', 'around', 'world'] ['provides', 'succinct', 'synthesis', 'several', 'recent', 'research', 'developments', 'focused', 'issues'] ['related', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'well', 'pervasive', 'impact'] ['society', 'then', 'highlights', 'first', 'three', 'articles', 'featured', 'this', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'focused'] ['adaptations', 'directions', 'field'] ['impact', 'statement'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'massive', 'impact', 'education', 'children', 'communities'] ['around', 'world', 'contemporary', 'research', 'highlights', 'innovations', 'adaptations', 'research'] ['training', 'practice', 'that', 'help', 'inform', 'advance', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'during'] ['following', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'recent', 'scholarship', 'provides', 'important', 'guidance', 'related'] ['important', 'ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'technology', 'considerations', 'related', 'conducting', 'psychoeducational'] ['assessments', 'additionally', 'recommendations', 'regarding', 'consultation', 'parents', 'support', 'young'] ['children', 'facing', 'challenges', 'with', 'inattention', 'hyperactivity', 'discussed'] ['2020', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'described', 'once', 'century', 'pandemic', 'gates', '2020', 'disrupted'] ['essential', 'aspects', 'public', 'economic', 'education', 'vate', 'life', 'around', 'globe', 'world', 'health', 'organization'] ['2020a', 'around', 'world', 'november', '2020', 'there'] ['were', 'over', 'million', 'confirmed', 'covid', 'cases', 'over'] ['million', 'deaths', 'associated', 'with', 'covid', 'world'] ['health', 'organization', '2020b', 'november'] ['2020', 'there', 'were', 'over', 'million', 'confirmed', 'covid'] ['cases', 'over', 'deaths', 'associated', 'with', 'covid'] ['centers', 'disease', 'control', 'prevention', '2020a'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'already', 'unprecedented'] ['impact', 'children', 'families', 'schools', 'around'] ['world', 'including', 'john', 'hopkins', 'university', '2020'] ['world', 'health', 'organization', '2020a', 'presently', 'there'] ['many', 'unknowns', 'regarding', 'when', 'increasing', 'number'] ['cases', 'will', 'reduced', 'spread', 'covid', 'will'] ['controlled', 'around', 'world', 'scudellari', '2020'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'most', 'schools'] ['have', 'been', 'closed', 'period', 'time', 'while', 'some'] ['schools', 'continue', 'remain', 'closed', 'person', 'instruc', 'tion', 'education', 'week', '2020', 'variety', 'strategies', 'have'] ['emerged', 'attempt', 'continue', 'educate', 'support'] ['children', 'including', 'providing', 'education', 'services', 'remote', 'distance', 'learning', 'various', 'hybrid', 'config', 'urations', 'involving', 'both', 'person', 'remote', 'distance'] ['strategies', 'education', 'professionals', 'adapt', 'meet'] ['education', 'social', 'emotional', 'needs', 'students', 'there'] ['range', 'services', 'students', 'that', 'continue'] ['disrupted', 'example', 'food', 'nutrition', 'healthcare', 'extra', 'curricular', 'activities', 'family', 'community', 'collaboration'] ['mental', 'health', 'services', 'thus', 'reducing', 'scope', 'dent', 'support', 'services', 'additional', 'challenges', 'children'] ['during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'include', 'disruption'] ['academic', 'learning', 'social', 'isolation', 'family', 'financial', 'cerns', 'greater', 'childhood', 'adverse', 'experiences', 'trauma'] ['grief', 'increased', 'screen', 'time', 'golberstein', '2020'] ['notably', 'impact', 'even', 'greater', 'students', 'with', 'abilities', 'brandenburg', '2020', 'students', 'from', 'minori', 'tized', 'communities', 'including', 'black', 'indigeneous', 'culturally'] ['2020', 'national', 'association', 'school', 'psychologists'] ['contact', 'samuel', 'song', 'song', 'unlv', 'university', 'nevada', 'vegas', 'santa', 'barbara'] ['https', '1080', '2372966x', '2020', '1852852'] ['keywords'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'syndemic'] ['school', 'psychology', 'practice'] ['education'] ['article', 'history'] ['received', 'january', '2020'] ['accepted', 'october', '2020'] ['introduction432', 'school', 'psychology', 'review', '2020', 'volume', '1080', '2372966x', '2020', '1852852'] ['linguistically', 'diverse', 'students', 'from', 'families', 'with'] ['income', 'economic', 'marginalization', 'liem', 'sexual', 'minoritized', 'youth', 'salerno', '2020'] ['students', 'experiencing', 'intersection', 'oppressive'] ['systems', 'vanlancker', 'parolin', '2020', '2020'] ['this', 'special', 'topic', 'section', 'school', 'psychology', 'review'] ['aims', 'disseminate', 'innovations', 'adaptations'] ['research', 'training', 'practice', 'that', 'contribute', 'advanc', 'field', 'school', 'psychology', 'continuing'] ['course', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'articles', 'addressing'] ['this', 'special', 'topic', 'will', 'published', 'across', 'several', 'volumes'] ['feature', 'information', 'throughout', 'course', 'demic', 'current', 'research', 'developments', 'issues'] ['related', 'pandemic', 'school', 'psychology', 'cussed', 'next', 'pervasiveness', 'covid', 'impact'] ['society', 'requires', 'selective', 'review', 'finally', 'three', 'arti', 'cles', 'pertaining', 'covid', 'school', 'psychology', 'that'] ['featured', 'this', 'issue', 'briefly', 'described'] ['recognizing', 'disproportionate'] ['deleterious', 'impact', 'minoritized'] ['communities'] ['while', 'covid', 'virus', 'indiscriminately', 'affects'] ['humans', 'known', 'that', 'individuals', 'from', 'racially'] ['ethnically', 'minoritized', 'communities', 'increased', 'risk'] ['contracting', 'virus', 'dying', 'from', 'centers'] ['disease', 'control', 'prevention', '2020b', '2020'] ['compared', 'white', 'persons', 'covid', 'cases', 'hospital', 'izations', 'deaths', 'disproportionately', 'higher', 'among'] ['american', 'indian', 'alaska', 'native', 'black', 'latinx', 'sons', 'while', 'asian', 'persons', 'have', 'disparate', 'numbers', 'cases'] ['hospitalizations', 'centers', 'disease', 'control'] ['prevention', '2020b', 'excess', 'death', 'statistics', 'collected', 'from'] ['january', '26th', '2020', 'october', '2020', 'compared', 'with'] ['same', 'week', 'deaths', '2015', '2019', 'show', 'tragic', 'loss'] ['life', 'happening', 'most', 'markedly', 'among', 'latinx', 'persons', 'lowed', 'american', 'indian', 'alaska', 'native', 'black', 'asian'] ['persons', 'rossen', '2020', 'rossen', 'colleagues', 'define'] ['excess', 'deaths', 'number', 'persons', 'have', 'died'] ['from', 'causes', 'excess', 'expected', 'number', 'deaths'] ['given', 'place', 'time', '1522'] ['factors', 'identified', 'that', 'increasing', 'covid', 'risk'] ['loss', 'life', 'structural', 'systemic', 'racism', 'discrim', 'ination', 'healthcare', 'access', 'occupation', 'opportu', 'nity', 'gaps', 'education', 'income', 'wealth'] ['overcrowded', 'housing', 'webb', 'napoles', 'perez', 'stable'] ['2020', 'students', 'from', 'minoritized', 'communities', 'including'] ['black', 'indigenous', 'latinx', 'asian', 'lesbian', 'bisex', 'transgender', 'questioning', 'lgbtq', 'prone'] ['additional', 'bias', 'trauma', 'discriminatory', 'treatment'] ['during', 'covid', 'beyond', 'that', 'which', 'they', 'already', 'bear'] ['unjust', 'societal', 'inequities', 'which', 'across'] ['systems', 'including', 'employment', 'insurance', 'income'] ['access', 'health', 'care', 'including', 'mental', 'health', 'treatment'] ['gaylord', 'harden', '2020', 'lopez', '2020', 'poteat'] ['2020', 'salerno', '2020', 'tsethlikai', '2020'] ['wakabayashi', '2020', '2020', 'fueled', 'racist'] ['xenophobic', 'language', 'united', 'states', 'including', 'placed', 'blame', 'spreading', 'covid', 'asian', 'americans'] ['being', 'unjustly', 'scapegoated', 'targets', 'covid', 'related', 'racist', 'discrimination', 'gruber', '2020', 'further'] ['covid', 'related', 'school', 'closures', 'particularly'] ['harmful', 'persons', 'identify', 'lgbtq'] ['have', 'intersected', 'minoritized', 'identities', 'racial', 'ethnic'] ['minorities', 'because', 'schools', 'frequently', 'places', 'where'] ['mental', 'health', 'services', 'provided', 'those', 'experiencing'] ['homelessness', 'having', 'undocumented', 'immigration'] ['status', 'zhang', '2020', 'cited', 'salerno', '2020'] ['interlocking', 'systems', 'oppression'] ['syndemic', 'theory'] ['tragic', 'reality', 'health', 'disparities', 'surprising'] ['considering', 'history', 'systemic', 'oppression', 'ineq', 'uities', 'that', 'have', 'plagued', 'have', 'targeted', 'these'] ['communities', 'since', 'beginnings', 'important'] ['scholarship', 'black', 'females', 'including', 'crenshaw', '1989'] ['1991', 'combahee', 'river', 'collective', '1986', 'inter', 'sectionality', 'theory', 'understand', 'that', 'these', 'factors'] ['part', 'inequitable', 'conditions', 'stemming', 'from', 'interlocking'] ['systems', 'oppression', 'velez', 'spencer', '2018', 'indeed'] ['these', 'complex', 'cultural', 'ecological', 'systems', 'have', 'interacted'] ['with', 'covid', 'existing', 'health', 'conditions', 'syndemic', 'that', 'clusters', 'around', 'particular'] ['minoritized', 'populations', 'complex', 'unjust', 'ways'] ['mendenhall', '2016', '2020', 'singer', '2017'] ['while', 'covid', 'global', 'pandemic', 'disparate'] ['patterns', 'documented', 'global', 'they'] ['localized', 'country', 'unique', 'cultural'] ['socio', 'political', 'context', 'mendenhall', '2020', 'many', 'other'] ['countries', 'have', 'experienced', 'syndemic', 'outcomes', 'during'] ['pandemic', 'mendenhall', '2016', '2020', 'wilson', '2020'] ['reason', 'mendenhall', '2020', 'explains', 'because'] ['existing', 'conditions', 'such', 'hypertension', 'diabetes'] ['respiratory', 'disorders', 'systemic', 'racism', 'mistrust', 'ence', 'leadership', 'fragmented', 'health', 'care', 'have', 'driven', 'spread', 'interacted', 'with', 'virus'] ['these', 'synergistic', 'failures', 'have', 'caused', 'more', 'death'] ['devastation', 'than', 'many', 'other', 'contexts'] ['psychosocial', 'mental', 'health', 'toll'] ['pandemic'] ['recent', 'research', 'pointed', 'impact', 'demic', 'children', 'adolescents', 'psychological', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'school', 'climate'] ['functioning', 'much', 'this', 'research', 'focused'] ['impact', 'lockdowns', 'school', 'closure', 'quarantine'] ['adjustment', 'largely', 'countries', 'were', 'hardest'] ['early', 'such', 'china', 'italy', 'spain', 'india'] ['example', 'jiao', '2020', 'reported', 'results'] ['preliminary', 'study', 'conducted', 'china', 'china', 'epaunepsa', 'working', 'group', 'understand', 'emotional'] ['distress', 'among', 'children', 'aged', 'years', 'years', 'rates'] ['fear', 'anxiety', 'were', 'found', 'youth', 'residing', 'areas'] ['that', 'high', 'rates', 'infection', 'while', 'distress', 'miti', 'gated', 'media', 'entertainment', 'reading', 'physical'] ['exercise', 'duan', '2020', 'surveyed', 'children'] ['adolescents', 'china', 'found', 'that', 'were', 'fering', 'from', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'further', 'greater'] ['depression', 'symptoms', 'were', 'associated', 'with', 'emotion', 'cused', 'coping', 'being', 'female', 'residing', 'urban', 'areas'] ['whereas', 'less', 'depressive', 'symptoms', 'were', 'associated', 'with'] ['problem', 'focused', 'coping'] ['study', 'impact', 'being', 'quarantined', 'india'] ['saurabh', 'ranjan', '2020', 'found', 'that', 'among', 'quaran', 'tined', 'children', 'adolescents', 'worry', 'helpless', 'ness', 'fear', 'were', 'most', 'common'] ['feelings', 'experienced', 'quarantined', 'youth', 'spain'] ['parents', 'indicated', 'changes', 'their', 'children', 'tional', 'state', 'behaviors', 'during', 'quarantine', 'includ', 'difficulty', 'concentrating', 'boredom'] ['irritability', 'loneliness', 'worries'] ['orgilés', '2020', 'study', 'italian', 'children', 'found'] ['that', 'four', 'children', 'showed', 'regressive', 'symp', 'toms', 'demanding', 'physical', 'proximity', 'parents', 'during'] ['night', 'over', 'showed', 'increased', 'agitation'] ['intolerance', 'rules', 'excessive', 'demands', 'pisano'] ['galimi', 'cerniglia', '2020', 'sharma', '2020', 'identi', 'fied', 'risk', 'protective', 'factors', 'adolescent'] ['emerging', 'adult', 'mental', 'health', 'nepal', 'country', 'whose'] ['lockdown', 'happened', 'with', 'little', 'warning', 'preparation'] ['risk', 'factors', 'mental', 'health', 'challenges', 'included', 'lack'] ['mental', 'health', 'services', 'social', 'media', 'lack'] ['understanding', 'lockdown', 'restrictions', 'sudden'] ['work', 'student', 'life', 'changes', 'protective', 'factors'] ['included', 'cultural', 'acceptance', 'facemasks', 'school', 'space'] ['repurposing', 'free', 'counseling', 'school', 'closures'] ['lead', 'disruption', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'services'] ['students', 'resulting', 'increase', 'mental', 'health'] ['difficulties', 'among', 'children', 'adolescents'] ['there', 'also', 'increased', 'concern', 'that', 'abuse', 'lence', 'rates', 'increase', 'among', 'children', 'adolescents'] ['result', 'being', 'quarantined', 'humphreys', '2020'] ['argue', 'that', 'parental', 'stress', 'anxiety', 'about', 'financial'] ['logistical', 'existential', 'concerns', 'result', 'parents'] ['managing', 'this', 'anxiety', 'directing', 'verbal', 'physical'] ['abuse', 'toward', 'their', 'children', 'school', 'closures', 'also', 'mean'] ['that', 'there', 'fewer', 'mandatory', 'reporters', 'interacting'] ['with', 'potentially', 'abused', 'children', 'thus', 'this', 'pandemic'] ['potential', 'lead', 'reduced', 'detection'] ['maltreatment'] ['research', 'training', 'practice'] ['school', 'psychology'] ['school', 'psychology', 'adapt', 'across', 'aspects'] ['research', 'training', 'practice', 'remain', 'throes'] ['consequences', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'assessment'] ['intervention', 'consultation', 'other', 'forms', 'service'] ['delivery', 'have', 'begun', 'adapted', 'will', 'likely', 'look'] ['markedly', 'different', 'foreseeable', 'future'] ['most', 'monumental', 'covid', 'related', 'changes', 'been'] ['sudden', 'shift', 'telepsychology', 'following', 'closure'] ['schools', 'clinics', 'community', 'mental', 'health', 'agencies'] ['across', 'united', 'states', 'world', 'callahan', '2020'] ['telepsychology', 'while', 'relatively', 'school', 'psychology'] ['been', 'focus', 'research', 'clinical', 'practice', 'many'] ['years', 'abbott', '2008', 'cited', 'drum', 'littleton'] ['2014', '2013', 'hilty', '2003', 'maheu', '2020'] ['mccord', '2020', 'offer', 'empirical', 'research', 'showing'] ['equivalent', 'telepsychology', 'behavioral', 'mental', 'health'] ['outcomes', 'compared', 'with', 'face', 'face', 'services', 'mccord'] ['2020', 'specifically', 'highlight', 'separate', 'meta', 'anal', 'yses', 'backhaus', '2012', 'hilty', '2013', 'which', 'lend'] ['support', 'telepsychology', 'benefits', 'backhaus', '2012'] ['reported', 'positive', 'results', 'efficacy', 'feasibility'] ['client', 'satisfaction', 'video', 'psychotherapy', 'based'] ['studies', 'there', 'were', 'four', 'studies', 'meta', 'analysis', 'that'] ['included', 'children', 'adolescents', 'three', 'incorporating'] ['family', 'therapy', 'only', 'reported', 'race', 'ethnicity', 'data'] ['only', 'three', 'studies', 'evaluated', 'video', 'psychotherapy', 'with'] ['sample', 'that', 'mostly', 'racial', 'minority', 'clients', 'hilty'] ['2013', 'meta', 'analysis', 'included', 'telepsychiatry'] ['mental', 'health', 'keywords', 'along', 'with', 'others', 'resulting'] ['studies', 'evaluating', 'telemental', 'health', 'published'] ['between', '1996', '2013', 'there', 'were', 'seven', 'studies', 'specific'] ['children', 'adolescents', 'while', 'focused', 'popula', 'tions', 'that', 'culturally', 'linguistically', 'diverse', 'hilty'] ['colleagues', 'concluded', 'that', 'their', 'meta', 'analysis', 'showed'] ['that', 'telemental', 'health', 'outcomes', 'were', 'equivalent', 'face', 'face', 'services', 'provided', 'with', 'different', 'client', 'populations'] ['concerns', 'including', 'children', 'adolescents', 'across'] ['multiple', 'settings', 'home', 'emergency', 'settings', 'hilty'] ['colleagues', 'stressed', 'importance', 'providing', 'treat', 'ment', 'client', 'primary', 'language', 'they', 'also', 'stressed'] ['more', 'rigorous', 'study', 'designs', 'research', 'policy', 'ques', 'tions', 'centered', 'race', 'ethnicity', 'culture', 'language'] ['along', 'with', 'other', 'considerations', 'geography', 'chological', 'diagnosis', 'school', 'psychology', 'review', '2020', 'volume', '1080', '2372966x', '2020', '1852852'] ['school', 'psychology', 'contextual'] ['considerations'] ['existing', 'literature', 'reveals', 'efficacy', 'telepsychology'] ['service', 'provision', 'backhaus', '2012', 'hilty', '2013'] ['mccord', '2020', 'professional', 'psychology', 'field'] ['general', 'rapidly', 'advancing', 'developing', 'measurable'] ['telepsychology', 'competencies', 'deemed', 'necessary', 'ethical'] ['legal', 'telepsychology', 'practice', '2013', 'developed'] ['guidelines', 'telepsychology', '2013', 'more', 'recently'] ['professional', 'competency', 'framework', 'been', 'forth'] ['guide', 'telebehavioral', 'health', 'across', 'multiple', 'behavioral'] ['health', 'specialties', 'addition', 'professional', 'psychology'] ['referred', 'ctibs', 'framework', 'maheu'] ['2020', 'relatedly', 'consolidated', 'model', 'telepsychology'] ['practice', 'compiled', 'from', 'multiple', 'state', 'ohio', 'psychological'] ['association', 'national', 'international', 'australian'] ['psychological', 'society', 'zealand', 'psychologists', 'board'] ['ontario', 'psychological', 'association', 'guidelines', 'been'] ['recently', 'created', 'mccord', '2020', 'with', 'these', 'advances'] ['come', 'call', 'consider', 'telepsychology', 'apply'] ['school', 'psychology', 'practice', 'mccord', '2020', 'argue', 'that'] ['more', 'understanding', 'telepsychology', 'needed', 'with', 'ferent', 'developmental', 'ages', 'school', 'settings', 'given'] ['that', 'most', 'school', 'psychologists', 'work', 'schools', 'tele', 'psychology', 'works', 'with', 'children', 'adolescents', 'schools'] ['particularly', 'germane', 'example', 'school', 'psychologists'] ['must', 'contend', 'with', 'ethical', 'legal', 'practice', 'issues', 'that'] ['similar', 'those', 'related', 'applied', 'psychology', 'fields'] ['perhaps', 'different', 'given', 'that', 'many', 'school', 'psychologists'] ['work', 'schools', 'where', 'there', 'provisions', 'such', 'ferpa'] ['federal', 'laws', 'driven', 'united', 'states', 'further'] ['school', 'psychologists', 'spend', 'substantive', 'time', 'doing', 'assess', 'ment', 'using', 'data', 'make', 'special', 'education', 'eligibility'] ['determination', 'that', 'might', 'more', 'difficult', 'transition'] ['virtual', 'environment', 'compared', 'teletherapy', 'wright'] ['2020', 'testing', 'assessment', 'conditions', 'online'] ['environment', 'equivalent', 'standardization', 'cedures', 'calling', 'into', 'question', 'utility', 'some', 'findings'] ['farmer', 'press', 'wright', '2020', 'highlight', 'need', 'further', 'research', 'inform', 'interpreta', 'tion', 'these', 'measures'] ['most', 'salient', 'issues', 'that', 'maintaining'] ['client', 'privacy', 'when', 'delivering', 'remote', 'services', 'such'] ['concerns', 'about', 'room', 'during', 'sessions', 'secu', 'rity', 'electronic', 'communications', 'handling', 'patient'] ['records', 'consistent', 'with', 'hipaa', 'regulations', 'mccord'] ['2020', 'covid', 'being', 'declared', 'national', 'health'] ['emergency', 'office', 'civil', 'rights'] ['department', 'health', 'human', 'services', '2020'] ['relaxed', 'hipaa', 'compliance', 'guidelines', 'health', 'care'] ['providers', 'including', 'psychologists', 'still', 'issues', 'privacy'] ['confidentiality', 'remain', 'such', 'when', 'services'] ['being', 'delivered', 'child', 'adolescents', 'home', 'setting'] ['where', 'family', 'members', 'siblings', 'others', 'present'] ['legal', 'ethical', 'issues', 'related', 'telepsychology', 'vices', 'such', 'practicing', 'across', 'state', 'lines', 'having', 'proto', 'when', 'there', 'concerns', 'about', 'suicide', 'risk'] ['ensuring', 'that', 'comprehensive', 'intake', 'assessment'] ['conducted', 'when', 'there', 'access', 'traditional', 'paper'] ['pencil', 'tools', 'issues', 'that', 'have', 'been', 'raised', 'over'] ['years', 'remain', 'today', 'hilty', '2018'] ['school', 'psychologists', 'ethically', 'required', 'serve'] ['children', 'adolescents', 'take', 'social', 'justice', 'lens'] ['doing', 'nasp', '2020', 'abrupt', 'change', 'online', 'learn', 'illuminated', 'vast', 'inequities', 'access', 'technology'] ['correia', '2020', 'therefore', 'school', 'psychologists', 'must', 'care', 'fully', 'consider', 'advocate', 'students', 'have', 'equitable'] ['access', 'telepsychology', 'resources', 'have', 'adequate', 'tech', 'nology', 'tools', 'such', 'computers', 'laptops', 'bandwidth'] ['other', 'forms', 'technology', 'access', 'instruction'] ['unfortunately', 'discussed', 'previously', 'structural', 'racism'] ['other', 'forms', 'interlocking', 'oppression', 'precludes', 'equi', 'table', 'access', 'students', 'families', 'hold', 'minoritized'] ['identities', 'salerno', '2020', 'webb', '2020'] ['school', 'psychologists', 'must', 'help', 'promote', 'equity', 'with'] ['respect', 'access', 'adequate', 'mental', 'health', 'social', 'tional', 'support', 'proper', 'diagnosis', 'assessment', 'which'] ['occurring', 'presently', 'influenced', 'long', 'stand', 'racism', 'bias', 'related', 'inequities', 'combahee'] ['river', 'collective', '2015', 'crenshaw', '1989', 'sullivan', '2020'] ['special', 'topic', 'contributions'] ['despite', 'abrupt', 'changes', 'described', 'above', 'school', 'chology', 'well', 'equipped', 'address', 'changing', 'nature'] ['research', 'training', 'practice', 'this', 'special', 'topic', 'aims'] ['disseminate', 'such', 'innovations', 'adaptations'] ['research', 'training', 'practice', 'that', 'will', 'inform'] ['advance', 'field', 'nature', 'pandemic', 'this'] ['special', 'topic', 'section', 'will', 'published', 'across', 'several', 'umes', 'disseminate', 'projects', 'various', 'stages', 'over'] ['course', 'pandemic', 'this', 'issue', 'three', 'articles', 'address'] ['various', 'facets', 'assessment', 'mental', 'health', 'outcomes'] ['articles', 'address', 'assessment', 'issues', 'during', 'demic', 'first', 'stifel', '2020', 'assessment', 'during'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'considerations'] ['moving', 'forward', 'delineate', 'important', 'ethical', 'legal'] ['safety', 'considerations', 'when', 'conducting', 'assessments', 'during'] ['pandemic', 'authors', 'first', 'elucidate', 'complex', 'issues'] ['school', 'psychologists', 'consider', 'when', 'conducting', 'assess', 'ments', 'based', 'extant', 'literature', 'farmer', 'press'] ['which', 'includes', 'international', 'literature', 'next', 'they', 'vide', 'recommended', 'protocol', 'conducting', 'assessments'] ['during', 'pandemic', 'ethically', 'legally', 'safely', 'school', 'based', 'mental', 'health', 'school', 'climate'] ['next', 'research', 'brief', 'aspiranti', '2020'] ['comparing', 'paper', 'tablet', 'modalities', 'math', 'assessment'] ['multiplication', 'addition', 'examined', 'technology', 'versus', 'paper', 'based', 'curriculum', 'based', 'measurement'] ['modalities', 'math', 'across', 'single', 'case', 'tielement', 'studies', 'findings', 'from', 'this', 'study', 'suggest'] ['that', 'modalities', 'cannot', 'used', 'interchangeably'] ['begin', 'document', 'disparities', 'between', 'paper'] ['tablet', 'based', 'assessment', 'tools', 'notably', 'paper', 'based', 'benefited', 'students', 'from', 'income', 'economi', 'cally', 'marginalized', 'contexts', 'thus', 'raising', 'interesting'] ['considerations', 'future', 'research', 'practice'] ['third', 'article', 'wendel', '2020'] ['association', 'between', 'child', 'adhd', 'symptoms', 'changes'] ['parental', 'involvement', 'kindergarten', 'children'] ['learning', 'during', 'covid', 'examined', 'changes', 'parent'] ['involvement', 'child', 'behavior', 'adhd', 'symptoms'] ['among', 'four', 'five', 'year', 'children', 'their', 'parents'] ['before', 'during', 'covid', 'pandemic', 'data', 'were', 'lected', 'prior', 'covid', 'december', '2019', 'january'] ['2020', 'again', 'several', 'months', 'into', 'remote', 'learning'] ['june', '2020', 'results', 'indicated', 'that', 'parents', 'ratings'] ['their', 'children', 'adhd', 'symptoms', 'increased', 'from', 'prior'] ['covid', 'during', 'covid', 'there', 'were'] ['changes', 'parents', 'educational', 'involvement', 'however'] ['parents', 'beliefs', 'about', 'their', 'responsibility', 'involved'] ['their', 'children', 'learning', 'changed', 'varied', 'boys'] ['girls', 'these', 'results', 'suggest', 'that', 'covid', 'have'] ['deleterious', 'effect', 'children', 'inattention', 'hyper', 'activity', 'while', 'there', 'limitations', 'study'] ['results', 'suggest', 'that', 'school', 'psychologists', 'support'] ['parents', 'providing', 'specific', 'strategies', 'increase', 'struc', 'ture', 'incorporate', 'healthy', 'routines', 'physical'] ['activity', 'into'] ['overall', 'these', 'three', 'articles', 'highlight', 'important'] ['information', 'school', 'psychologists', 'consider'] ['continue', 'adapt', 'adjust', 'meet', 'needs', 'chil', 'dren', 'staff', 'families', 'within', 'context'] ['covid', 'pandemic', 'psychoeducational', 'assessment'] ['should', 'conducted', 'after', 'careful', 'consideration'] ['ethical', 'legal', 'safety', 'issues', 'stifel', '2020'] ['similarly', 'math', 'cbms', 'conducted', 'with', 'technology'] ['should', 'assumed', 'equivalent', 'paper', 'meth', 'aspiranti', '2020', 'children', 'inattention'] ['hyperactivity', 'appears', 'negatively', 'affected', 'during'] ['pandemic', 'suggesting', 'that', 'additional', 'parent', 'consul', 'tation', 'likely', 'warranted', 'wendel', '2020', 'while'] ['further', 'scholarship', 'needed', 'address', 'many', 'topics'] ['related', 'covid', 'supporting', 'education'] ['learning', 'adjustment', 'well', 'being', 'students', 'these'] ['articles', 'contribute', 'school', 'psychology', 'emerging', 'logue', 'covid', 'global', 'pandemic', 'national'] ['syndemic'] ['paper'] ['ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['covid', 'state', 'research', 'from', 'perspective', 'psychology'] ['kalsoom', 'nawaz', 'hafiza', 'anum', 'saeed', 'tanveer', 'aslam', 'sajeel'] ['riphah', 'international', 'university', 'lahore', 'pakistan'] ['riphah', 'international', 'university', 'lahore', 'pakistan'] ['clinical', 'psychologist', 'amina', 'abdullah', 'hospital', 'deplapur', 'okara', 'pakistan'] ['corresponding', 'author', 'email', 'kalsoombutt35', 'gmail'] ['abstract'] ['this', 'study', 'aims', 'identify', 'current', 'psychological', 'research', 'status', 'from', 'perspective'] ['covid', 'doing', 'extracted', 'data', 'from', 'scopus', 'database', 'order', 'outline'] ['trends', 'terms', 'number', 'publications', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'authorships', 'used', 'constructed', 'intellectual', 'structure', 'research', 'with', 'help'] ['viewer', 'software', 'besides', 'based', 'understating', 'content', 'published'] ['literature', 'also', 'presented', 'some', 'suggestions', 'practitioners', 'future', 'researchers'] ['keywords', 'covid', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'psychological'] ['interventions'] ['cite', 'this', 'document'] ['nawaz', 'saeed', 'sajeel', '2020', 'covid', 'state', 'research', 'from', 'perspective'] ['psychology', 'international', 'journal', 'business', 'psychology'] ['introduction'] ['covid', 'originated', 'from', 'wuhan', 'china', 'december', '2019', 'become', 'most'] ['significant', 'health', 'economic', 'challenges', 'governments', 'around', 'world', 'world', 'health'] ['organizations', 'have', 'confirmed', 'that', 'global', 'epidemic', 'january', '2020', 'deterrent', 'spread'] ['covid', 'most', 'countries', 'have', 'already', 'announced', 'complete', 'lockdown', 'jiloha', '2020', 'besides'] ['government', 'research', 'institutes', 'funding', 'agencies', 'spending', 'huge', 'some', 'find', 'cure'] ['covid', 'connection', 'this', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'february', '2020', 'assessed'] ['existing', 'level', 'research', 'information', 'covid', 'resultantly', 'issued', 'call'] ['global', 'research', 'communities', 'prioritize', 'funding', 'covid', 'that', 'help', 'cure', 'this'] ['pandemic', 'world', 'health', 'organization', 'meeting', 'organization', '2020', 'held', 'headquarter'] ['february', '2020', 'identified', 'following', 'area', 'focus', 'research'] ['mobilize', 'study', 'rapid', 'evaluation', 'treatment', 'community', 'level'] ['international', 'journal', 'business', 'psychology'] ['issue', '1ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['evaluate', 'available', 'data', 'immediately', 'find', 'what', 'level', 'treatment', 'strategies'] ['most', 'effective', 'from', 'china', 'elsewhere'] ['evaluate', 'impact', 'adjunctive', 'supportive', 'therapies', 'fast', 'possible'] ['optimize', 'protective', 'equipment', 'other', 'interventions', 'avoid', 'manage'] ['infections', 'healthcare', 'community', 'environments'] ['review', 'current', 'information', 'classify', 'animal', 'host', 'avoid', 'continued', 'spillover'] ['better', 'understand', 'transmissibility', 'virus', 'various', 'contexts', 'over', 'time', 'disease'] ['frequency', 'more', 'vulnerable', 'infection'] ['review', 'evidence', 'available', 'identify', 'animal', 'host', 'prevent', 'continued', 'spillover'] ['better', 'understand', 'virus', 'transmissibility', 'different', 'contexts', 'over', 'time', 'severity'] ['disease', 'more', 'susceptible', 'infection'] ['accelerate', 'evaluation', 'investigational', 'therapeutics', 'vaccines', 'using', 'master'] ['protocols'] ['maintain', 'high', 'degree', 'communication', 'interaction', 'among', 'funders', 'that', 'critical'] ['research', 'implemented'] ['broadly', 'rapidly', 'share', 'virus', 'materials', 'clinical', 'samples', 'data', 'immediate', 'public'] ['health', 'purposes'] ['study', 'aims', 'supporting', 'research', 'agenda', 'regarding', 'sharing', 'current'] ['emerging', 'trends', 'research', 'covid', 'numerous', 'studies', 'have', 'been', 'published', 'covid'] ['covering', 'different', 'aspects', 'such', 'medications', 'immunology', 'microbiology', 'biochemistry'] ['genetics', 'molecular', 'biology', 'pharmacology', 'toxicology', 'pharmaceutics', 'however', 'very'] ['less', 'research', 'about', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'consequences', 'covid', 'early', 'basis'] ['covid', 'data', 'conclude', 'that', 'connects', 'psychiatric', 'neuropsychiatric', 'conditions', 'such'] ['fatigue', 'stress', 'feeling', 'loneliness', 'sleep', 'disorders', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'psychological', 'distress'] ['mazza', '2020', 'post', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorder', 'cognitive', 'impairment', 'altered', 'consciousness'] ['delirium', 'rogers', '2020', 'therefore', 'this', 'study', 'aims', 'review', 'analyze', 'bibliometric'] ['data', 'research', 'related', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'support', 'initiative', 'curb'] ['cure', 'aftermath', 'this', 'pandemic'] ['bibliometric', 'quantitative', 'study', 'investigating', 'trends', 'trajectories', 'scientific'] ['communication', 'believe', 'analysis', 'research', 'covid', 'help', 'researchers'] ['appreciate', 'existing', 'research', 'prepare', 'future', 'research', 'design', 'directions'] ['first', 'work', 'presents', 'trend', 'publication', 'citation', 'relating', 'december', '2019'] ['2020', 'secondly', 'analyze', 'worldwide', 'perception', 'countries', 'with', 'maximum', 'number'] ['articles', 'citations', 'third', 'productive', 'universities', 'institutes', 'enlisted', 'fourth'] ['leading', 'journals', 'identified', 'fifth', 'most', 'prolific', 'authors', 'identified', 'based', 'numeral'] ['publications', 'citations', 'terms', 'covid', 'research', 'study', 'bibliometric', 'coupling'] ['citation', 'analysis', 'these', 'journals', 'countries', 'authors', 'related', 'each', 'other', 'lastly'] ['based', 'reviews', 'data', 'obtained', 'also', 'suggest', 'some', 'future', 'research', 'agenda', 'covid', 'research', 'from', 'perspective', 'psychology'] ['critical', 'participation', 'this', 'research', 'that', 'offers', 'general', 'idea', 'famous'] ['countries', 'journals', 'most', 'occurring', 'keywords', 'future', 'research', 'agendas', 'covid', 'research'] ['from', 'perspective', 'psychology', 'this', 'study', 'assist', 'editorial', 'team', 'journals'] ['recognize', 'probable', 'area', 'growth', 'future', 'research'] ['method'] ['scopus', 'database', 'used', 'search', 'research', 'publications', 'covid', 'scopus', 'database'] ['most', 'extensive', 'peer', 'reviewed', 'research', 'repositories', 'social', 'sciences', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['repository', 'also', 'accessed', 'acknowledged', 'empirical', 'quantitative', 'research', 'donthu'] ['2020', 'following', 'criteria', 'research', 'consist', 'these', 'entitle', 'covid', 'sars'] ['severe', 'acute', 'respiratory', 'syndrome', 'coronavirus', '2019', 'ncov', '2019', 'coronavirus'] ['searched', 'title', 'abstract', 'keywords', 'option', 'search', 'results', 'showed', 'publications'] ['since', 'december', '2019'] ['bibliometric', 'technique', 'used', 'evaluate', 'collected', 'statistics', 'bibliometric'] ['research', 'field', 'library', 'information', 'science', 'ilan', '2008', 'that', 'studies', 'bibliometric', 'stuff'] ['with', 'quantitative', 'method', 'broadus', '1987', 'this', 'technique', 'instrumental', 'classifying'] ['analyzing', 'general', 'trend', 'specific', 'issue', 'such', 'journal', 'research', 'area', 'country', 'bonilla'] ['2015', 'martínez', 'lópez', '2018', 'literature', 'bibliometric', 'studies', 'have', 'been', 'used'] ['determine', 'significance', 'subject', 'laengle', '2017', 'role', 'journals', 'amiguet'] ['2017', 'educational', 'institutes', 'martínez', 'lópez', '2018', 'country', 'bonilla', '2015'] ['this', 'work', 'uses', 'viewer', 'bibliographical', 'material', 'graphically'] ['waltman', '2010', 'viewer', 'takes', 'bibliographic', 'data', 'input', 'converts', 'output'] ['into', 'form', 'graphs', 'research', 'uses', 'other', 'bibliometric', 'methods', 'including', 'citing'] ['author', 'keywords', 'kessler', '1963', 'happens', 'when', 'documents', 'discuss', 'same', 'third'] ['document', 'studies', 'usually', 'known', 'studies', 'citation', 'takes', 'place', 'when'] ['same', 'three', 'texts', 'cite', 'publications', 'studies', 'study'] ['moreover', 'concurrence', 'keywords', 'analyses', 'keywords', 'that', 'appear', 'more', 'frequently'] ['same', 'papers', 'following', 'prominent', 'bibliographic', 'studies', 'donthu', '2020', 'this'] ['study', 'uses', 'authors', 'institutions', 'citation', 'documents', 'journals', 'occurrence', 'keywords', 'used', 'classify', 'keywords', 'under', 'general', 'topics'] ['results'] ['search', 'scopus', 'database', 'showed', 'that', 'there', 'total', 'documents', 'related'] ['covid', 'psychology', 'brief', 'content', 'analysis', 'these', 'articles', 'revealed', 'that', 'most'] ['publications', 'were', 'focused', 'impact', 'covid', 'psychological', 'issues', 'however', 'very', 'rare'] ['studies', 'have', 'discussed', 'suggestions', 'interventions', 'cope', 'with', 'this', 'pandemic', 'thus', 'this'] ['study', 'endeavor', 'address', 'this', 'issue', 'while', 'providing', 'holistic', 'view', 'psychological', 'research'] ['till', '26th', 'july', '2020'] ['leading', 'countries', 'covid'] ['since', 'covid', 'affected', 'almost', 'countries', 'world', 'thus', 'cope', 'with'] ['this', 'pandemic', 'several', 'countries', 'from', 'around', 'globe', 'contributed', 'spread', 'awareness', 'through'] ['publication', 'their', 'research', 'work', 'following', 'table', 'categorized', 'countries', 'with'] ['greatest', 'number', 'these', 'results', 'might', 'help', 'future', 'researchers', 'what', 'most', 'productive'] ['impactful', 'countries', 'terms', 'psychological', 'research', 'perspective', 'covid'] ['following', 'table', 'presents', 'results', 'countries', 'that', 'have', 'contributed', 'more', 'than', 'publications'] ['till', 'july', '2020', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['table', 'most', 'productive', 'countries'] ['rank', 'country', 'publications'] ['united', 'states'] ['united', 'kingdom'] ['china'] ['canada'] ['australia'] ['italy'] ['ireland'] ['spain'] ['france'] ['india'] ['great', 'interest', 'understand', 'what', 'networking', 'connection', 'among'] ['countries', 'publishing', 'research', 'covid', 'doing', 'utilized', 'viewer'] ['software', 'constructed', 'networking', 'structure', 'terms', 'bibliometric', 'coupling'] ['bibliographic', 'coupling', 'occurs', 'when', 'documents', 'cite', 'third', 'study', 'commonly', 'regarding'] ['countries', 'bibliometric', 'coupling', 'occurs', 'when', 'document', 'from', 'different', 'countries', 'cite'] ['third', 'document', 'their', 'publications', 'this', 'shows', 'other', 'countries', 'similar'] ['literature', 'their', 'publications'] ['figure', 'countriesijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['figure', 'represents', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'among', 'countries', 'based', 'five'] ['clusters', 'represented', 'with', 'different', 'colors', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow', 'purple'] ['strong', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'bigger', 'circle', 'size', 'shows', 'stronger', 'bibliographic'] ['coupling', 'countries', 'green', 'color', 'clusters', 'tend', 'have', 'strong', 'bibliographic', 'coupling'] ['same', 'case', 'with', 'other', 'color', 'clusters'] ['while', 'having', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'country', 'level', 'this', 'question', 'might', 'loom'] ['around', 'authors', 'from', 'different', 'countries', 'networked', 'terms', 'authorship'] ['address', 'this', 'issue', 'developing', 'networking', 'diagram', 'authorship', 'country'] ['level'] ['while', 'having', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'country', 'level', 'this', 'question', 'might'] ['loom', 'around', 'authors', 'from', 'different', 'countries', 'networked', 'terms', 'authorship'] ['address', 'this', 'issue', 'developing', 'networking', 'diagram', 'authorship'] ['country', 'level'] ['table', 'authorship', 'among', 'countries'] ['country', 'documents', 'citations', 'total', 'link', 'strength'] ['united', 'states', '14557'] ['united', 'kingdom', '12166'] ['china', '7396'] ['canada', '7630'] ['australia', '6369'] ['italy', '4410'] ['ireland', '1927'] ['spain', '3623'] ['france', '1632'] ['india', '1299'] ['table', 'shows', 'authorship', 'among', 'countries', 'indicates', 'that', 'similar'] ['documents', 'bibliographically', 'coupled', 'common', 'more', 'documents', 'there'] ['twelve', 'clusters', 'found', 'different', 'colors', 'biggest', 'circle', 'size', 'showed', 'strongest'] ['authorship', 'with', 'respective', 'countries'] ['cluster', 'represented', 'with', 'blue', 'color', 'shows', 'strong', 'authorship', 'among'] ['argentina', 'botswana', 'brazil', 'chile', 'colombia', 'cuba', 'dominican', 'republic', 'guatemala'] ['mexico', 'panama', 'paraguay', 'peru', 'puerto', 'rico', 'uruguay', 'cluster', 'represented', 'with'] ['maroon', 'color', 'comprises', 'india', 'indonesia', 'iran', 'lebanon', 'news', 'zeeland', 'nigeria'] ['pakistan', 'portugal', 'serbia', 'singapore', 'tunisia', 'blue', 'color', 'cluster', 'encompasses'] ['australia', 'bangladesh', 'canada', 'china', 'finland', 'hong', 'kong', 'japan', 'macau', 'philippines'] ['russia', 'federation', 'countries', 'present', 'similar', 'clusters', 'tend', 'have', 'strong', 'authorships', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['figure', 'authorship', 'among', 'countries'] ['journals'] ['other', 'important', 'aspects', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'find'] ['journals', 'that', 'publish', 'most', 'frequently', 'psychology', 'research', 'from', 'perspective'] ['covid', 'following', 'table', 'represented', 'journal', 'that', 'published', 'more', 'than'] ['papers', 'covid', 'first', 'seven', 'months'] ['july', '2020', 'psychological', 'trauma'] ['theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy', 'remains', 'most', 'productive', 'journal', 'terms'] ['number', 'publications', 'covid', 'aspects', 'psychology', 'while', 'irish'] ['journal', 'psychological', 'medicine', 'remains', 'most', 'productive', 'with', 'publications'] ['suggest', 'from', 'these', 'facts', 'that', 'future', 'researchers', 'should', 'consult', 'these', 'journals'] ['their', 'seminal', 'work'] ['table', 'journals'] ['journal', 'title', 'publication'] ['psychological', 'trauma', 'theory', 'research', 'practice', 'policy'] ['irish', 'journal', 'psychological', 'medicine'] ['social', 'anthropology'] ['asian', 'journal', 'psychiatry'] ['counselling', 'psychology', 'quarterly'] ['journal', 'loss', 'trauma'] ['journal', 'humanistic', 'psychology'] ['journal', 'affective', 'disorders'] ['nature', 'human', 'behaviour'] ['journal', 'psychotherapy', 'integration', '13ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['figure', 'bibliographic', 'coupling', 'journals'] ['occurrence', 'keywords'] ['table', 'figure', 'display', 'most', 'occurring', 'keywords', 'using', 'till', 'july', '2020'] ['published', 'documents', 'occurrence', 'keywords', 'that', 'frequently', 'occur', 'studied'] ['documents', 'given', 'psychological', 'aspect', 'infectious', 'covid', 'virus', 'causes', 'mental'] ['health', 'problems', 'such', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'stress', 'post', 'traumatic', 'stress', 'disorder'] ['future', 'research', 'trends', 'around', 'these', 'most', 'occurring', 'words', 'explore', 'more', 'about', 'this'] ['phenomenon'] ['table', 'most', 'occurring', 'keywords'] ['keywords', 'occurrences', 'total', 'link', 'strength'] ['covid'] ['pandemic'] ['coronavirus'] ['mental', 'health'] ['anxiety'] ['trauma'] ['depression'] ['stress'] ['covid', 'pandemic'] ['ptsd', '30ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] [] ['figure', 'occurrence', 'keywords'] ['discussion', 'psychological', 'interventions'] ['evidence', 'suggests', 'that', 'covid', 'consequences', 'patient', 'families'] ['society', 'scientist', 'biologist', 'continuing', 'their', 'efforts', 'find', 'cure', 'this'] ['pandemic', 'social', 'psychological', 'aspects', 'should', 'also', 'ignored', 'however', 'since'] ['most', 'resources', 'devoted', 'occupied', 'biomedical', 'research', 'hence', 'current'] ['state', 'psychology', 'research', 'mark', 'bibliometric', 'analysis'] ['psychological', 'research', 'first', 'seven', 'months', 'this', 'pandemic', 'substantiated', 'this', 'claim'] ['this', 'bibliometric', 'analysis', 'showed', 'that', 'there', 'very', 'studies', 'psychological'] ['consequences', 'covid', 'keeping', 'this', 'view', 'researchers', 'should', 'come', 'forward', 'help'] ['formulate', 'interventions', 'practical', 'theoretical', 'research', 'should', 'initiated', 'cope'] ['with', 'crisis', 'strengthen', 'mental', 'psychological', 'health', 'psychological', 'cries'] ['should', 'taken', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies', 'cooperation', 'between', 'community', 'health'] ['services', 'mental', 'health', 'care', 'institutions', 'should', 'decoupled', 'some', 'studies', 'from'] ['past', 'sars', 'have', 'confirmed', 'that', 'individuals', 'have', 'experienced', 'public', 'health'] ['emergencies', 'still', 'have', 'varying', 'degrees', 'stress', 'disorders', 'even', 'after', 'event', 'over'] ['they', 'have', 'been', 'cured', 'discharged', 'from', 'hospital', 'indicating', 'these', 'individuals', 'should'] ['ignored', 'cheng', '2004', 'there', 'dire', 'need', 'systematic', 'studies', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['interventions', 'cope', 'psychological', 'problems', 'hence', 'here', 'present', 'some'] ['suggestions', 'practitioners', 'researchers', 'consider', 'formulating', 'psychological'] ['intervention', 'conducting', 'psychological', 'research'] ['immediate', 'support', 'system', 'should', 'established', 'early', 'weeks', 'novel'] ['coronavirus', 'awareness', 'programs', 'should', 'conducted', 'through', 'devices', 'such', 'television'] ['radio', 'mobile', 'phone', 'internet', 'resources', 'there', 'should', 'audio', 'video', 'highlighted'] ['message', 'that', 'attracts', 'attention', 'community', 'programs', 'based', 'psycho', 'education'] ['covid', 'disease', 'course', 'precautionary', 'measures', 'symptoms', 'management'] ['programs', 'telecast', 'with', 'healthcare', 'mental', 'health', 'professionals', 'team', 'expert'] ['interviews', 'messages', 'regarding', 'disease', 'course', 'severity', 'clinical', 'symptoms', 'place'] ['treatment', 'other', 'factors', 'classify', 'individuals', 'need', 'management', 'interventions'] ['should', 'addressed', 'most', 'venerable', 'groups', 'communities', 'such', 'children', 'elderly'] ['immigrant', 'workers'] ['universities', 'institutes', 'should', 'have', 'some', 'online', 'courses', 'platforms', 'provide'] ['counseling', 'services', 'patients', 'their', 'family', 'members', 'people', 'with', 'suspected'] ['infection', 'disease', 'underneath', 'isolation', 'home', 'community', 'psychological', 'health'] ['services', 'should', 'give', 'primary', 'mental', 'health', 'concerned', 'although', 'case', 'since'] ['complicated', 'work', 'strategies', 'heavy', 'burden', 'workloads', 'insufficient', 'training'] ['psychiatry', 'clinical', 'psychology', 'community', 'health', 'services', 'always', 'know'] ['diminish', 'psychological', 'distress', 'patients', 'specialized', 'team', 'comprising', 'mental'] ['health', 'services', 'dealing', 'with', 'emotional', 'distress', 'other', 'psychological', 'disorders', 'caused'] ['epidemics', 'further', 'public', 'health', 'emergencies'] ['experience', 'that', 'some', 'covid', 'survivors', 'will', 'prone', 'bear'] ['negative', 'behavioral', 'emotional', 'responses', 'such', 'grievance', 'bitterness', 'anger', 'fear'] ['that', 'needed', 'dealt', 'sensitive', 'instance', 'tailor', 'made', 'psychological', 'screening'] ['such', 'personal', 'inquiry', 'invitation', 'need', 'psychological', 'consultation', 'rather'] ['than', 'arbitrarily', 'distributing', 'postal', 'questionnaires', 'would', 'much', 'appropriate'] ['receptive', 'counseling', 'addition', 'when', 'facing', 'possible', 'future', 'outbreak', 'psychological'] ['preparation', 'such', 'stress', 'inoculation', 'meichenbaum', '1993', 'needed', 'strengthen'] ['sense', 'social', 'support', 'reduce', 'associated', 'social', 'discrimination', 'facilitate'] ['socially', 'endorsed', 'communication', 'channels', 'without', 'reducing', 'amount', 'contact'] ['brainstorm', 'share', 'possible', 'coping', 'educate', 'adopt', 'some', 'realistic', 'threat', 'appraisal'] ['booster', 'morale', 'among', 'staff'] ['second', 'psychological', 'assessment', 'covid', 'survivors', 'clinicians'] ['should', 'include', 'social', 'support', 'negative', 'appraisal', 'perceived', 'impacts', 'positive', 'appraisal'] ['post', 'traumatic', 'growth', 'self', 'efficacy', 'which', 'essential', 'parameters'] ['monitoring', 'ongoing', 'psychological', 'perceived', 'physical', 'health', 'covid'] ['survivors'] ['third', 'these', 'significant', 'psychosocial', 'correlates', 'embed', 'essential', 'values'] ['clinical', 'intervention', 'covid', 'survivors', 'instance', 'given', 'significant', 'role'] ['negative', 'appraisal', 'outcomes', 'cognitive', 'techniques', 'such', 'comparing', 'with'] ['disadvantages', 'reappraising', 'disastrous', 'fears', 'might', 'appropriate', 'when', 'particular', 'ijbpsy', 'nawaz', '2020'] [] ['maladaptive', 'thinking', 'beliefs', 'elicited', 'further', 'clinicians', 'should', 'only', 'actively'] ['inquire', 'about', 'impacts', 'covid', 'also', 'elicit', 'educate', 'various', 'coping', 'efforts'] ['that', 'booster', 'coping', 'confidence', 'reinforce', 'their', 'perceived', 'ability', 'cope', 'with'] ['impacts', 'also', 'allowing', 'survivors', 'review', 'reiterate', 'personal', 'gain', 'growth'] ['from', 'traumatic', 'experience', 'create', 'positive', 'meaning', 'reframe', 'impacts'] ['possibly', 'alleviate', 'their', 'distress'] ['paper'] ['fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['original', 'research'] ['published', 'september', '2020'] ['3389', 'fpsyg', '2020', '01924'] ['edited'] ['ilhan', 'ozturk'] ['university', 'turkey'] ['reviewed'] ['jasim', 'tariq'] ['iqra', 'university', 'pakistan'] ['muhammad', 'usman'] ['jiangsu', 'university', 'china'] ['correspondence'] ['khurram', 'shehzad'] ['khurramscholar64', 'hotmail'] ['specialty', 'section'] ['this', 'article', 'submitted'] ['organizational', 'psychology'] ['section', 'journal'] ['frontiers', 'psychology'] ['received', '2020'] ['accepted', 'july', '2020'] ['published', 'september', '2020'] ['citation'] ['shehzad', 'xiaoxing', 'arif'] ['rehman', 'ilyas', '2020'] ['investigating', 'psychology'] ['financial', 'markets', 'during', 'covid'] ['case', 'study'] ['european', 'markets'] ['front', 'psychol', '1924'] ['3389', 'fpsyg', '2020', '01924'] ['investigating', 'psychology'] ['financial', 'markets', 'during', 'covid'] ['case', 'study'] ['european', 'markets'] ['khurram', 'shehzad1'] ['xiaoxing1'] ['muhammad', 'arif2'] ['khaliq', 'rehman3'] ['muhammad', 'ilyas2'] ['school', 'economics', 'management', 'southeast', 'university', 'nanjing', 'china', 'school', 'economics', 'finance'] ['jiaotong', 'university', 'china', 'school', 'management', 'wuhan', 'university', 'technology', 'wuhan', 'china'] ['novel', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'imperatively', 'shaken', 'behavior', 'global'] ['financial', 'markets', 'this', 'study', 'estimated', 'impact', 'covid', 'behavior'] ['financial', 'markets', 'europe', 'results', 'revealed', 'that', 'returns'] ['index', 'have', 'been', 'greatly', 'affected', 'lockdown', 'owing', 'covid'] ['however', 'health', 'crisis', 'generated', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'significantly', 'decreased'] ['stock', 'returns', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'results', 'also', 'showed', 'that'] ['economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'from', 'pandemic', 'spain', 'more', 'impact'] ['ibex', 'compared', 'health', 'crisis', 'itself', 'other', 'hand', 'long', 'italy'] ['stock', 'markets', 'more', 'affected', 'health', 'crisis', 'contrasted', 'with', 'economic'] ['crisis', 'while', 'short', 'both', 'lockdown', 'conditions', 'economic', 'instability', 'lower'] ['stock', 'returns', 'ftse', 'stock', 'markets', 'witnessed', 'that', 'short'] ['deficiency', 'health', 'management', 'systems', 'imperatively', 'damaged', 'stock', 'returns'] ['london', 'stock', 'exchange', 'investigation', 'revealed', 'that', 'deficiency', 'health', 'systems'] ['lockdown', 'conditions', 'have', 'imperatively', 'damaged', 'structure', 'financial', 'markets'] ['inferring', 'that', 'sustainable', 'development', 'these', 'nations', 'risk', 'covid'] ['study', 'suggested', 'that', 'governments', 'should', 'allocate', 'more', 'their', 'budget', 'health'] ['sector', 'overcome', 'health', 'crisis', 'future'] ['keywords', 'covid', 'financial', 'stability', 'financial', 'markets', 'psychology', 'sustainable', 'development', 'global'] ['development', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'crisis'] ['introduction'] ['historically', 'countries', 'affected', 'pandemic', 'epidemic', 'that', 'have', 'seen', 'large', 'loss'] ['life', 'also', 'impact', 'within', 'economy', 'their', 'financial', 'markets', 'specific'] ['example', 'would', 'spread', 'ebola', 'disease', '2013', '2016', 'which', 'caused', 'loss'] ['billion', 'dollars', 'fernandes', '2020', 'however', 'potential', 'damages', 'current'] ['virus', 'still', 'largely', 'unknown', 'significantly', 'coronavirus', 'covid', 'infection', 'disease'] ['first', 'reported', 'wuhan', 'december', '2019', 'spread', 'rapidly', 'almost'] ['whole', 'world', 'within', 'next', 'months', 'albulescu', '2020', 'compared', 'severe', 'acute'] ['respiratory', 'syndrome', 'sars', 'covid', 'more', 'contagious', 'which', 'been', 'indicated'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['different', 'fatality', 'rate1'] ['covid', 'infected'] ['individuals', 'deaths', 'been', 'documented'] ['throughout', 'globe', 'until', 'april', '2020', 'financial', 'times'] ['2020', 'order', 'eradicate', 'this', 'pandemic', 'world', 'health'] ['organization', 'recommended', 'maintaining', 'social', 'distance'] ['which', 'generated', 'severe', 'lockdown', 'situation', 'globe'] ['2020', 'accordingly', 'economic', 'circle', 'whole'] ['world', 'been', 'disturbed', 'notably', 'sale', 'online', 'travel'] ['agencies', 'otas', 'airlines', 'hotels', 'unexpectedly', 'declined'] ['world', 'economic', 'forum', '2020', 'even', 'prices', 'have', 'nosedived'] ['sudden', 'outbreak', 'this', 'pandemic', '2020'] ['globalization', 'current', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'will', 'aggravate'] ['economic', 'condition', 'which', 'pave', 'toward', 'financial'] ['meltdown', 'huang', '2020', 'this', 'pandemic', 'caused'] ['severe', 'psychological', 'impact', 'economy', 'while', 'agitating'] ['service', 'industries', 'financial', 'markets'] ['moreover', 'coronavirus', 'outbreak', 'severely', 'affected'] ['financial', 'markets', 'while', 'declining', 'value', 'stock', 'index'] ['daube', '2020', 'surprisingly', 'news', 'specific', 'events'] ['fluctuate', 'stock', 'values', 'shehzad', 'sohail', '2018', 'figure'] ['revealed', 'market', 'value', 'european', 'american', 'chinese'] ['hong', 'kong', 'markets', 'from', 'january', '2020', 'march', '2020'] ['period', 'divided', 'into', 'three', 'rounds', 'comparison', 'purposes'] ['first', 'time', 'lagged', 'from', 'january', '2020', 'january', '2020'] ['second', 'time', 'lagged', 'from', 'january', 'march'] ['third', 'time', 'lagged', 'denoted', 'period', 'march', '2020', 'march'] ['2020', 'results', 'showed', 'that', 'market', 'values', 'these'] ['indices', 'significantly', 'declined', 'third', 'time', 'lagged', 'covid', 'approached', 'peak', 'western', 'countries', 'spain', 'stock', 'market'] ['share', 'value', 'decreased', 'third', 'time', 'lagged'] ['covid', 'tremendously', 'shrank', 'greece', 'stock', 'markets'] ['moreover', 'figure', 'illustrates', 'volatility', 'index', 'from'] ['january', '2005', 'march', '2020', 'denotes', 'that', 'world', 'faced'] ['severe', 'financial', 'crises', '2007', '2009', 'stock', 'markets', 'collapsed'] ['economies', 'went', 'through', 'enormous', 'pressure', 'similar'] ['scenario', 'been', 'built', 'during', 'global', 'pandemic', 'covid', 'stock', 'market', 'variance', 'highest', 'second', 'time'] ['after', 'global', 'financial', 'crises'] ['this', 'regard', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'impact', 'also'] ['detrimental', 'pandemic', 'behavior', 'unknown', 'effect'] ['stock', 'return', 'last', 'longer', 'relevant', 'this'] ['stock', 'volatility', 'been', 'agitated', 'enormous', 'spread'] ['this', 'pandemic', 'resulting', 'severe', 'economic', 'crisis', 'sharif'] ['2020', 'such', 'circumstances', 'quite', 'significant'] ['analyze', 'coronavirus', 'short', 'term', 'long', 'term', 'impacts'] ['advanced', 'countries', 'stock', 'return', 'this', 'investigation', 'argued'] ['that', 'confirmed', 'patients', 'novel', 'coronavirus', 'increase'] ['lockdown', 'conditions', 'becomes', 'stricter', 'which', 'lead'] ['significant', 'economic', 'crisis', 'shocked', 'economic', 'stability'] ['nations', 'moreover', 'deaths', 'that', 'befell', 'result', 'novel'] ['coronavirus', 'specified', 'deficiency', 'health', 'facilities', 'which'] ['caused', 'substantial', 'health', 'crisis', 'particularly', 'this', 'examination'] ['analyzed', 'effects', 'economic', 'health', 'crisis'] ['novel', 'coronavirus', 'behavior', 'financial', 'markets'] ['1the', 'sars', 'fatality', 'rate', 'while', 'fatality', 'rate', 'novel', 'coronavirus'] ['around', 'globe'] ['united', 'states', 'germany', 'united', 'kingdom', 'italy'] ['spain', 'period', 'february', '2020', 'april', '2020'] ['this', 'study', 'elucidates', 'effects', 'executing', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'lagged', 'nardl', 'model', 'this'] ['investigation', 'provides', 'remarkable', 'policies', 'handle'] ['impacts', 'covid', 'financial', 'market'] ['answers', 'momentous', 'queries', 'researchers', 'policymakers'] ['government', 'officials', 'academicians', 'firstly', 'does'] ['covid', 'have', 'linear', 'impact', 'financial', 'markets'] ['behavior', 'secondly', 'does', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'instability'] ['generated', 'covid', 'have', 'more', 'significant', 'impact'] ['index', 'thirdly', 'does', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index'] ['index', 'respond', 'more', 'critically', 'covid', 'crisis'] ['fourthly', 'does', 'economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'covid'] ['health', 'crisis', 'have', 'more', 'significant', 'impact', 'stock', 'returns'] ['fifthly', 'does', 'this', 'suspended', 'circle', 'economy'] ['lockdown', 'begin', 'again', 'according', 'author', 'best', 'knowledge'] ['this', 'first', 'study', 'that', 'examines', 'asymmetrical', 'impact'] ['covid', 'psychology', 'stock', 'markets', 'mostly'] ['infected', 'nations', 'world', 'firstly', 'this', 'project', 'ascertained'] ['stationary', 'level', 'study', 'variables', 'discovered', 'that'] ['variables', 'stationary', 'stationary'] ['hence', 'linear', 'version', 'autoregressive'] ['distributed', 'ardl', 'model', 'applied'] ['data', 'methodology'] ['data'] ['this', 'study', 'utilized', 'daily', 'data', 'number', 'confirmed'] ['patients', 'deaths', 'covid', 'stock', 'markets'] ['spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'from', 'period'] ['february', '2020', 'april', '2020', 'this', 'study', 'taken', 'data'] ['from', 'database', 'yahoo', 'finance', 'european', 'center'] ['disease', 'control', 'prevention', 'further', 'this', 'investigation'] ['analyzed', 'daily', 'returns', 'ibex', 'ftse'] ['london', 'stock', 'exchange', 'nomination', 'spain', 'italy'] ['germany', 'however', 'nasdaq', 'composite'] ['index', 'represents'] ['methodology'] ['this', 'investigation', 'utilized', 'each', 'stock', 'market', 'daily', 'returns'] ['dependent', 'variable', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'deaths'] ['independent', 'variable', 'daily', 'returns', 'used', 'this', 'study'] ['computed', 'follows', 'syllignakis', 'kouretas', '2011', 'shehzad'] ['sohail', '2018'] ['csti'] [] ['here'] ['denote', 'return', 'value', 'time', 'closing'] ['price', 'time', 'previous', 'closing', 'price', 'time'] ['stock', 'market', 'respectively', 'linear', 'association', 'between', 'these'] ['variables', 'defined'] ['1sprt', 'β1usct', 'β2usdt'] ['1nsrt', 'β1usct', 'β2usdt'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['figure', 'deterioration', 'stock', 'markets', 'owing', 'novel', 'coronavirus'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['figure', 'variations', 'global', 'financial', 'crisis', '2007', '2009'] ['covid', 'crisis'] ['1ibert', 'β1spct', 'β2spdt'] ['1ftmrt', 'β1itlct', 'β2itldt'] ['1daxrt', 'β1gerct', 'β2gerdt'] ['1lsert', 'β1ukct', 'β2ukdt'] ['where', 'signifies', 'first', 'difference', 'β0β1β2'] ['independent', 'parameters', 'however', 'iber', 'ftmr'] ['daxr', 'lser', 'defines', 'return', 'values', 'nasdaq'] ['composite', 'index', 'ibex', 'ftse'] ['london', 'stock', 'exchange', 'respectively', 'moreover'] ['itlc', 'gerc', 'indicate', 'confirmed', 'cases', 'covid', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany', 'respectively'] ['further', 'itld', 'gerd', 'refer', 'confirmed'] ['deaths', 'covid', 'spain', 'italy', 'germany'] ['respectively'] ['ascertain', 'short', 'long', 'asymmetries', 'this'] ['study', 'employed', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed'] ['nardl', 'model', 'introduced', 'shin', '2014', 'this', 'model'] ['performs', 'best', 'with', 'small', 'number', 'observations'] ['applied', 'mixed', 'level', 'stationary', 'data'] ['evaluates', 'linearity', 'cointegration', 'between', 'variables'] ['equation', 'shared', 'short', 'variations', 'long'] ['asymmetries', 'after', 'taking', 'long', 'parameters', 'into', 'account'] ['shin', '2014', 'nardl', 'model', 'extended', 'form'] ['ardl', 'pesaran', '2001', 'model', 'hence', 'full', 'form'] ['nardl', 'model', 'each', 'stock', 'market', 'specified'] ['1sprt'] [] [] [] ['1sprt'] [] [] [] ['1usc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1usc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1usd'] [] [] [] [] ['1usd'] [] ['sprt', 'γ2ausc'] ['γ2busc'] ['γ3ausd'] [] [] [] ['1nsrt'] [] [] [] ['1nsrt'] [] [] [] ['1usc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1usc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1usd'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['γ1nsrt', 'γ2ausc'] ['γ2busc'] [] [] ['γ3busd'] [] ['1ibert'] [] [] [] ['1ibert'] [] [] [] ['1spc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1spc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1spd'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['γ1ibert', 'γ2aspc'] ['γ2bspc'] [] [] ['γ3bspd'] [] ['1ftmrt'] [] [] [] ['1ftmrt'] [] [] [] ['1itlc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1itlc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1itld'] [] [] [] [] [] ['itld'] ['γ1ftmrt', 'γ2aitlc'] [] ['itlc'] [] ['itld'] [] ['itld'] [] ['1daxrt'] [] [] [] ['1daxrt'] [] [] [] ['1gerc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1gerc'] [] [] [] [] ['1gerd'] [] [] [] [] [] ['gerd'] ['γ1daxrt', 'γ2agerc'] ['γ2bgerc'] [] ['gerd'] ['γ3bgerd'] [] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['1lsert'] [] [] [] ['1lsert'] [] [] [] ['1ukc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1ukc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1ukd'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['γ1lsert', 'γ2aukc'] ['γ2bukc'] [] [] ['γ3bukd'] [] ['here', 'ϑ0ϑ1', 'ϑ2bϑ3aand', 'short', 'factors', 'while'] [] [] ['indicates', 'long', 'parameters'] ['whereas', 'symbolizes', 'number', 'used', 'model'] ['based', 'akaik', 'information', 'criterion', 'schwarz', 'information'] ['criterion', 'above', 'stated', 'equations', 'assumed', 'that'] ['confirmed', 'number', 'cases', 'deaths', 'covid', 'have'] ['asymmetrical', 'impact', 'stock', 'returns'] ['thus'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['itlc'] [] [] ['itld'] [] ['gerc'] [] ['gerd'] [] [] [] [] [] ['designates', 'positive', 'shock', 'though'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['itlc'] [] ['itld'] [] ['gerc'] [] ['gerd'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['implies', 'negative', 'shock', 'each', 'variable'] ['computed', 'follows'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['here'] [] ['delineates', 'positive', 'shock', 'variable', 'denotes'] ['asymmetric', 'distributive', 'error', 'correction', 'form'] ['these', 'factors', 'written', 'follows'] ['1sprt'] [] [] [] ['1sprt'] [] [] [] ['1usc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1usc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1usd'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['φ1ectt'] ['1nsrt'] [] [] [] ['1nsrt'] [] [] [] ['1usc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1usc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1usd'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['φ1ectt'] ['1ibert'] [] [] [] ['1ibert'] [] [] [] ['1spc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1spc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1spd'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['φ1ectt'] ['1ftmrt'] [] [] [] ['1ftmrt'] [] [] [] ['1itlc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1itlc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1itld'] [] [] [] [] [] ['itld'] ['φ1ectt'] ['1daxrt'] [] [] [] ['1daxrt'] [] [] [] ['1gerc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1gerc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1gerd'] [] [] [] [] [] ['gerd'] ['φ1ectt'] ['1lsert'] [] [] [] ['1lsert'] [] [] [] ['1ukc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1ukc'] [] [] [] [] [] ['1ukd'] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['φ1ectt'] ['here', 'ectt', 'directs', 'error', 'correction', 'term', 'long'] ['cointegration', 'among', 'variables', 'examined', 'through', 'bound'] ['test', 'approach', 'pesaran', '2001', 'this', 'method', 'relies', 'test', 'evaluate', 'null', 'hypothesis'] ['this', 'purpose', 'pesaran', '2001', 'defined', 'bounds'] ['upper', 'lower', 'bound', 'estimated', 'statistics'] ['higher', 'than', 'upper', 'bound', 'limit', 'then', 'null', 'hypothesis'] ['cointegration', 'rejected', 'however', 'projected', 'value', 'test', 'lower', 'than', 'lower', 'bound', 'limit', 'then', 'null', 'hypothesis', 'cannot'] ['rejected', 'besides', 'value', 'test', 'remains', 'between', 'both'] ['limits', 'then', 'results', 'conclusive', 'this', 'project'] ['employed', 'wald', 'test', 'verify', 'asymmetric', 'long'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['andshort'] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] ['asymmetric'] ['relationship', 'between', 'study', 'variables'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['study', 'findings'] ['descriptive', 'summary', 'showed', 'table', 'during', 'covid', 'mean', 'stock', 'returns', 'negative', 'further', 'skewness'] ['values', 'these', 'markets', 'also', 'negative', 'except', 'lser', 'with'] ['high', 'kurtosis', 'which', 'predicts', 'high', 'chances', 'loss', 'these', 'days'] ['table', 'presents', 'results', 'augmented', 'dickey', 'fuller'] ['test', 'dickey', 'fuller', '1979', 'phillip', 'perron', 'test'] ['phillips', 'perron', '1988', 'showed', 'that', 'study', 'variables'] ['have', 'diverse', 'stationary', 'levels', 'variable'] ['cointegrated'] ['bound', 'test', 'cointegration', 'fallouts'] ['outcomes', 'bound', 'test', 'displayed', 'table', 'disclosed'] ['significant', 'statistical', 'evidence', 'long', 'term', 'association', 'between'] ['study', 'variables', 'each', 'equation', 'statistics', 'joint'] ['significance', 'lagged', 'level', 'parameters', 'stated'] ['respectively', 'these', 'values'] ['surpass', 'upper', 'bound', 'limits', 'shin', '2014', 'implying'] ['that', 'long', 'cointegration', 'exists', 'among', 'economic', 'crisis', 'health'] ['crisis', 'financial', 'markets', 'each', 'equation'] ['long', 'short', 'asymmetric'] ['cointegration', 'reckoning'] ['table', 'exhibited', 'upshots', 'wald', 'test', 'statistics'] ['particularized', 'that', 'have', 'linear', 'association'] ['with', 'however', 'revealed', 'short', 'asymmetric'] ['affiliation', 'with', 'besides', 'caused', 'asymmetric'] ['influence', 'iber', 'both', 'long', 'term', 'short', 'term', 'periods'] ['while', 'possessed', 'short', 'asymmetry', 'only', 'additionally'] ['table', 'descriptive', 'statistics'] ['iber', 'lser'] ['mean', '41737', '2222', '1463', '08997', '2083', '70833', '28187', '3658'] ['skewness', '68003', '687765', '641313', '027343', '392073', '081854', '35422', '186996'] ['kurtosis', '36907', '166164', '206693', '903565', '778953', '75376', '380136', '389965'] ['jarque', 'bera', '7798', '26244', '69524', '87966', '1793', '8589', '47298', '76708'] ['probability', '00434', '000161'] ['gerc', 'gerd', 'daxr', 'itld', 'itlc', 'ftmr'] ['mean', '3088', '18523', '1446', '54717', '42086', '9577', '1365', '40245'] ['skewness', '927378', '53985', '120857', '230936', '65869', '232889', '058817', '31595'] ['kurtosis', '43888', '59924', '573906', '120135', '135106', '868864', '472667', '04434'] ['jarque', 'bera', '9095', '44518', '49843', '45175', '59309', '03773', '08892', '3192'] ['probability', '000013', '003185', '000121', '000872'] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['table', 'unit', 'root', 'test'] ['statistics', 'statistics'] ['variable', 'level', 'diff', 'level', 'diff'] ['daxr', '893713', '54426', '057616', '2059'] ['gerc', '293963', '969976', '971366', '51473'] ['gerd', '935247', '359161', '147762', '393867'] ['ftmr', '631659', '55646', '451458', '1619'] ['itld', '127702', '174362', '400067', '35456'] ['itlc', '300231', '849862', '488626', '372171'] ['iber', '27056', '985616', '446574', '65801'] ['506727', '32241', '159422', '09496'] ['552953', '028486', '374729', '97616'] ['lser', '775255', '591517', '768878', '87539'] ['816325', '578091', '746256', '61778'] ['429147', '36282', '571441', '31254'] ['89506', '022076', '13962', '8073'] ['847753', '567572', '310638', '46537'] ['138569', '097646', '384682', '006879'] ['66594', '40744', '64235', '28961'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['table', 'results', 'bound', 'test'] ['test', 'statistic', 'value', 'signif', 'test', 'statistics', 'value', 'signif'] ['ftmr'] ['statistic', '02410', 'statistic', '165881'] [] [] ['daxr'] ['statistic', '11238', 'statistic', '23325'] [] [] ['iber', 'lser'] ['statistic', '490181', 'statistic', '03259'] [] [] ['source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['table', 'wald', 'test'] ['long', 'asymmetry', 'short', 'asymmetry', 'long', 'asymmetry', 'short', 'asymmetry'] ['stat', 'stat', 'ftmr', 'stat', 'stat'] ['242605', '2916'] ['1767'] ['daxr'] ['574046', 'gerc', 'gerc'] ['589403', '609162', 'gerd', '338933', 'gerd'] ['iber', 'lser'] ['569179', '8616', '725822', '640751'] ['61007', '8974', '786146', '718125'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['results', 'ftmr', 'designated', 'that', 'itld', 'long', 'asymmetric'] ['relationship', 'with', 'wald', 'statistics', 'gerc', 'enlightened'] ['that', 'both', 'long', 'short', 'linear', 'impacts', 'daxr'] ['gerd', 'short', 'term', 'linear', 'affiliation', 'with', 'daxr'] ['moreover', 'denotes', 'long', 'asymmetric', 'liaison', 'with'] ['lser', 'hence', 'existence', 'linearity', 'study', 'variables'] ['choose', 'nardl', 'model', 'computing', 'long'] ['short', 'factors'] ['modeling', 'nardl', 'parameters'] ['linear', 'fallouts', 'presented', 'table', 'illustrated'] ['that', 'expansion', 'contraction', 'brings', 'reduction'] ['increase', 'respectively', 'indicates', 'that', 'strict', 'lockdown'] ['substantially', 'decreases', 'market', 'returns'] ['vice', 'versa', 'further', 'positive', 'shock', 'caused', 'significant'] ['rise', 'short', 'lagged', 'values', 'specified', 'that'] ['negative', 'shock', 'amplified', 'besides', 'lagged'] ['terms', 'described', 'that', 'uptick', 'effect', 'improved'] ['also', 'negative', 'shock', 'second', 'augmented'] ['first', 'third', 'represents', 'reverse', 'impact'] ['furthermore', 'negative', 'significant', 'value', 'ectt', 'stated'] ['that', 'disequilibrium', 'occurred', 'today', 'covid'] ['will', 'adjust', 'with', 'speed', 'units', 'subsequent'] ['squared', 'value', 'indicated', 'that', 'volatility'] ['owing', 'covid'] ['model', 'results', 'exhibited', 'table', 'particularized'] ['that', 'both', 'positive', 'negative', 'shocks', 'escalate'] ['while', 'enlargement', 'reduction', 'instigate', 'decrease'] ['increase', 'specifies', 'that', 'upsurge', 'health', 'crisis'] ['expressively', 'distressed', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index'] ['vice', 'versa', 'nonetheless', 'short', 'negative', 'shock'] ['demonstrated', 'imperative', 'decrease'] ['whereas', 'expansion', 'lessens', 'negative'] ['significant', 'ectt', 'parameter', 'stated', 'that', 'financial', 'instability'] ['generated', 'covid', 'would', 'settled', 'with', 'speed'] ['units', 'next', 'square', 'value', 'signified', 'that'] ['instability', 'occurring', 'result', 'covid'] ['finding', 'parameters', 'iber', 'model', 'table', 'identified'] ['that', 'assertive', 'shock', 'encouraging', 'effect', 'iber'] ['besides', 'adverse', 'shocks', 'remain', 'insignificant', 'other', 'hand'] ['escalation', 'decline', 'negative', 'positive', 'influence'] ['iber', 'implying', 'that', 'strict', 'lockdown', 'considerably', 'caused'] ['financial', 'crisis', 'spain', 'long', 'term', 'period', 'short', 'term'] ['period', 'intensification', 'decline'] ['increased', 'iber', 'negative', 'significant', 'value', 'ectt'] ['elucidated', 'that', 'today', 'disequilibrium', 'iber', 'will', 'adjust'] ['next', 'with', 'speed', 'units', 'coefficient', 'square'] ['stated', 'that', 'variations', 'iber', 'owing', 'covid'] ['table', 'displayed', 'fallouts', 'ftse', 'stock', 'market'] ['condition', 'covid', 'italy', 'stock', 'markets', 'exposed'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters'] ['variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['usc_neg', '047867', '003539', '52394'] ['usc_neg', '061323', '003402', '02596'] ['usc_neg', '108895', '005569', '55339'] ['usc_neg', '072915', '003619', '14618'] ['usd_pos', '713848', '036514', '55011'] ['usd_pos', '23431', '014268', '42276'] ['usd_pos', '194744', '01369', '22562'] ['usd_pos', '334891', '029691', '27907'] ['usd_neg', '377433', '055371', '816426'] ['usd_neg', '65514', '097958', '89641'] ['usd_neg', '074692', '02737', '728986'] ['usd_neg', '650475', '235321', '51275'] ['ectt', '369525', '066813', '49782'] ['squared', '912909'] ['adjusted', 'squared', '892007'] ['durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '006439'] ['variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['usc_pos', '004491', '001667', '694157', '0099'] ['usc_neg', '054381', '014406', '774912', '0005'] ['usd_pos', '064436', '029631', '174626'] ['usd_neg', '290139', '338048', '858278', '3953'] ['181416', '264851', '684971', '4969'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters'] ['variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['usd_neg', '039324', '019503', '016267', '0487'] ['usc_pos', '002147', '000382', '622014'] ['usc_neg', '002319', '00069', '360414', '0014'] ['usc_neg', '008198', '001064', '703282'] ['ectt', '501702', '093855', '00026'] ['squared', '812596'] ['adjusted', 'squared', '800102'] ['durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '130245'] ['variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['usd_pos', '013042', '004465', '920922', '0051'] ['usd_neg', '026413', '030567', '864107', '3913'] ['usc_pos', '001013', '00034', '977381', '0043'] ['usc_neg', '004258', '001923', '214416'] ['525513', '274541', '914153', '0608'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['that', 'rise', 'reduction', 'itld', 'diminished', 'amplified', 'ftmr'] ['inferring', 'that', 'heath', 'crisis', 'imperatively', 'contributes', 'italy'] ['financial', 'instability', 'long', 'term', 'period', 'addition', 'growth'] ['itlc', 'enlarged', 'ftmr', 'imperatively', 'sort', 'condition'] ['italy', 'denoted', 'that', 'first', 'second', 'third', 'values', 'ftmr'] ['harmed', 'returns', 'also', 'growth', 'itlc', 'negative'] ['impression', 'ftmr', 'nonetheless', 'negative', 'shock'] ['second', 'value', 'itlc', 'indicated', 'encouraging', 'effect'] ['ftmr', 'consequences', 'itld', 'symbolized', 'that', 'proliferation'] ['itld', 'possess', 'negative', 'sway', 'ftmer', 'first'] ['second', 'value', 'have', 'definite', 'sway', 'furthermore', 'decline'] ['itld', 'direct', 'influence', 'ftmr', 'negative'] ['significant', 'figure', 'ectt', 'itemized', 'that', 'ftmr', 'will', 'readjust'] ['equilibrium', 'with', 'speed', 'units', 'each', 'squared', 'parameter', 'denoted', 'that', 'uncertainty', 'generated'] ['ftmr', 'caused', 'covid'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'iber'] ['variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['iber', '368944', '09522', '0003'] ['spd_pos', '018471', '009268', '0512'] ['spd_neg', '026216', '010675', '0172'] ['spc_pos', '001511', '000911', '6591', '1028'] ['spc_neg', '001832', '000966', '0631'] ['spc_neg', '00301', '000996', '0316', '0037'] ['spc_neg', '006948', '00129', '3867'] ['ectt', '824331', '137511'] ['squared', '726141'] ['adjusted', 'squared', '694191'] ['durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '154368'] ['variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['spd_pos', '053991', '01765', '0589', '0034'] ['spd_neg', '023488', '018017', '3037', '1978'] ['spc_pos', '006341', '001968', '0021'] ['spc_neg', '005173', '001945', '0102'] ['636028', '428132', '1431'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'ftmr'] ['variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['ftmr', '27947', '138377', '019624', '0493'] ['ftmr', '154875', '136743', '132605', '2632'] ['ftmr', '295127', '113398', '602569', '0124'] ['itlc_pos', '008711', '001397', '235569'] ['itlc_pos', '015154', '003264', '642728'] ['itlc_pos', '0047', '002589', '573306', '1225'] ['itlc_neg', '001115', '001937', '575378', '5678'] ['itlc_neg', '006885', '00198', '477965', '0011'] ['itlc_neg', '003758', '001782', '109409', '0404'] ['itld_pos', '06983', '014714', '745672'] ['itld_pos', '023801', '011962', '989722', '0526'] ['itld_pos', '029575', '010511', '813763', '0072'] ['itld_neg', '002565', '012862', '199404', '8428'] ['itld_neg', '038093', '015194', '507186', '0158'] ['itld_neg', '04502', '013664', '294772', '0019'] ['ectt', '959373', '163657', '862111'] ['squared', '851016'] ['adjusted', 'squared', '807197'] ['durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '763297'] ['variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['itlc_pos', '013317', '005649', '357295', '0227'] ['itlc_neg', '001321', '002682', '492464', '6247'] ['itld_pos', '109433', '053273', '054209', '0457'] ['itld_neg', '048345', '020559', '351573'] ['500777', '455916', '098396', '2777'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['parameters', 'table', 'directed'] ['long', 'upsurge', 'diminution', 'gerd', 'compacted'] ['enlarge', 'daxr', 'moreover', 'decline', 'gerc', 'also'] ['improves', 'daxr', 'these', 'findings', 'revealed', 'that', 'both', 'lockdown'] ['health', 'crises', 'harmful', 'stock', 'markets'] ['germany', 'short', 'term', 'findings', 'described', 'that', 'second'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'daxr'] ['variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['gerc_pos', '015476', '001209', '80122'] ['gerc_pos', '012439', '001923', '467043'] ['gerc_pos', '088025', '005402', '29596'] ['gerc_pos', '057992', '003854', '04828'] ['gerc_pos', '00647', '99249'] ['gerc_neg', '05202', '004721', '11903'] ['gerc_neg', '067796', '004325', '67443'] ['gerc_neg', '044564', '003649', '21376'] ['gerc_neg', '01327', '004158', '191441', '0041'] ['gerc_neg', '183056', '01145', '98705'] ['gerd_pos', '101477', '313432', '27619'] ['gerd_pos', '265597', '35462', '84858'] ['gerd_pos', '054459', '100825', '540134', '5943'] ['gerd_pos', '261756', '386781', '18939'] ['gerd_neg', '913296', '288936', '54383'] ['gerd_neg', '64757', '850055', '56576'] ['gerd_neg', '76795', '466544', '20677'] ['gerd_neg', '4969', '21192', '08761'] ['ectt', '497359', '029762', '71134'] ['squared', '945788'] ['adjusted', 'squared', '910937'] ['durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '667758'] ['variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['gerc_pos', '016748', '035958', '465776', '6458'] ['gerc_neg', '255912', '1228', '083972', '0485'] ['gerd_pos', '28734', '569148', '548151'] ['gerd_neg', '49979', '3728', '581496', '0167'] ['440744', '93232', '617925', '0154'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['table', 'asymmetric', 'parameters', 'lser'] ['variables', 'short', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['ukc_pos', '00127', '001661', '764723', '4475'] ['ukc_pos', '022345', '003248', '878603'] ['ukc_neg', '009267', '002137', '337228', '0001'] ['ukd_pos', '03503', '00746', '695883'] ['ukd_pos', '090212', '014812', '090388'] ['ectt', '100754', '115104', '563147'] ['squared', '651816'] ['adjusted', 'squared', '624182'] ['durbin', 'watson', 'stat', '867108'] ['variables', 'long', 'term', 'coefficients', 'error', 'stat', 'prob'] ['ukc_pos', '003609', '00191', '889866', '0638'] ['ukc_neg', '003213', '002112', '521044', '1337'] ['ukd_pos', '075038', '02864', '620078', '0112'] ['ukd_neg', '086022', '035056', '453823', '0172'] ['319529', '353596', '903654', '3699'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['third', 'fourth', 'positive', 'shocks', 'gerc'] ['lessening', 'impact', 'daxr', 'however', 'negative', 'shock'] ['gerc', 'other', 'values', 'except', 'first', 'indicated'] ['indirect', 'association', 'with', 'daxr', 'additionally', 'positive'] ['shocks', 'gerd', 'quantified', 'mixed', 'impact', 'daxr'] ['while', 'short', 'term', 'decline', 'gerd', 'negative', 'first'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['second', 'third', 'values', 'point', 'positive'] ['linkage', 'with', 'daxr', 'these', 'effects', 'because', 'instability'] ['generated', 'covid', 'squared', 'coefficient'] ['diagnosed', 'that', 'instability', 'daxr', 'because'] ['covid'] ['table', 'represents', 'results', 'london', 'stock'] ['exchange', 'concluding', 'coefficients', 'explored', 'that'] ['augmentation', 'improved', 'lser', 'while', 'diminution'] ['reduces', 'lser', 'long', 'term', 'period', 'although'] ['growth', 'brought', 'significant', 'decrease', 'lser'] ['short', 'term', 'period', 'outlined', 'that', 'positive', 'shocks'] ['reduced', 'lser', 'first', 'value', 'positive', 'shock'] ['showed', 'alternate', 'impression', 'additionally'] ['upturn', 'possesses', 'diminishing', 'impact', 'lser'] ['these', 'outcomes', 'designated', 'that', 'lockdown', 'health', 'crises'] ['generated', 'covid', 'negatively', 'impact', 'financial'] ['markets', 'short', 'term', 'period', 'value'] ['ectt', 'showed', 'that', 'fluxes', 'occurred', 'today', 'lser', 'will'] ['equilibrium', 'with', 'speed', 'units', 'next'] ['square', 'value', 'reported', 'variation', 'lser'] ['covid', 'figure', 'depicts', 'adjustment', 'asymmetric'] ['effect', 'existing', 'long', 'equilibrium', 'once', 'moved'] ['long', 'equilibrium', 'result', 'positive', 'adverse'] ['shocks', 'asymmetric', 'plots', 'denote', 'alliance', 'dynamic'] ['multipliers', 'owing', 'positive', 'adverse', 'shocks'] ['ftse', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index', 'ibex'] ['markets', 'outcomes', 'revealed', 'that', 'these', 'markets', 'tremendously'] ['respond', 'positive', 'negative', 'shocks', 'befallen'] ['covid'] ['diagnostic', 'parameters', 'evaluation'] ['examination', 'employed', 'breusch', 'pagan', '2006', 'test'] ['diagnose', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity'] ['each', 'model', 'residuals', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'technique', 'ascertain'] ['functional', 'misspecification', 'cusum', 'cusumsq', 'ploberger'] ['kramer', '2006', 'test', 'define', 'reliability', 'parameters'] ['conclusions', 'these', 'tests', 'given', 'table', 'nominated'] ['that', 'there', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity'] ['residuals', 'each', 'model', 'besides', 'plots', 'cusum'] ['cusumsq', 'presented', 'figure', 'remain', 'within', 'critical'] ['boundaries', 'inferring', 'that', 'coefficients', 'nardl', 'model'] ['stable'] ['conclusion'] ['covid', 'imperatively', 'shaken', 'economic', 'indicators'] ['primarily', 'financial', 'markets', 'globe', 'number'] ['patients', 'deaths', 'result', 'covid', 'increasing'] ['economic', 'conditions', 'have', 'become', 'entirely'] ['uncertain', 'moreover', 'financial', 'markets', 'world', 'fronted'] ['sudden', 'crash', 'their', 'market', 'values', 'this', 'investigation'] ['utilized', 'linear', 'autoregressive', 'distributed', 'nardl'] ['approach', 'estimate', 'linear', 'impact', 'economic', 'crisis'] ['health', 'crisis', 'generated', 'result', 'covid'] ['pandemic', 'behavior', 'financial', 'markets', 'most'] ['infected', 'territories', 'europe', 'analysis', 'stated'] ['figure', 'dynamic', 'multiplier', 'plots'] ['that', 'returns', 'index', 'greatly', 'affected'] ['economic', 'crisis', 'generated', 'because', 'covid'] ['however', 'accession', 'health', 'crisis', 'because'] ['covid', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'nasdaq', 'composite', 'index'] ['returns', 'these', 'results', 'confirmed', 'that', 'economic', 'instability'] ['health', 'management', 'system', 'have', 'imperative', 'control', 'over'] ['financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'verdicts', 'elaborated', 'that'] ['economic', 'crisis', 'produced', 'result', 'lockdown', 'circumstances'] ['spain', 'more', 'impact', 'ibex', 'compared'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['table', 'diagnostic', 'test', 'results'] ['heteroskedasticity', 'value', 'serial', 'correlation', 'value', 'heteroskedasticity', 'value', 'serial', 'correlation', 'value'] ['ftmr'] ['statistic', 'statistic', '5464', 'statistic', 'statistic', '3644'] ['ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '3623', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '7672'] ['daxr'] ['heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation'] ['statistic', 'statistic', '6362', 'statistic', 'statistic', '8397'] ['ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '1927', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '2731'] ['iber', 'lser'] ['heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation', 'heteroskedasticity', 'serial', 'correlation'] ['statistic', 'statistic', '4019', 'statistic', 'statistic', '9939'] ['ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '4698', 'ramsey', 'reset', 'statistic', '3502'] ['denote', 'level', 'significance', 'respectively', 'source', 'author', 'calculation'] ['figure', 'cusum', 'cusumsq', 'graph'] ['health', 'crisis', 'that', 'resulted', 'spain', 'long', 'italy'] ['stock', 'markets', 'more', 'affected', 'health', 'crisis', 'than'] ['economic', 'crisis', 'while', 'short', 'economic', 'uncertainty'] ['also', 'lowered', 'stock', 'returns', 'ftse', 'nevertheless'] ['health', 'crisis', 'germany', 'pointing', 'significant', 'upsurge'] ['economic', 'crisis', 'intimated', 'unimportant', 'impression'] ['ftse', 'index', 'stock', 'markets', 'recorded', 'that'] ['short', 'upsurge', 'health', 'crisis', 'imperatively'] ['damages', 'stock', 'returns', 'index'] ['long', 'this', 'influence', 'left', 'reverse', 'therefore', 'this'] ['research', 'authenticated', 'that', 'health', 'crisis', 'begun', 'with', 'covid', 'devised', 'another', 'global', 'financial', 'crisis', 'almost'] ['every', 'nation', 'fighting', 'with', 'these', 'crises', 'today', 'moreover'] ['study', 'disclosed', 'that', 'economic', 'uncertainty', 'generated'] ['covid', 'highest', 'german', 'stock', 'markets', 'while'] ['index', 'second', 'ranking', 'italian'] ['stock', 'markets', 'third', 'ranking', 'study', 'concluded'] ['that', 'health', 'crisis', 'economic', 'crisis', 'ominously', 'affected'] ['stock', 'markets', 'globe', 'consequently', 'significant'] ['amount', 'should', 'allocated', 'budget', 'explore'] ['prevent', 'these', 'pandemics', 'future', 'further', 'complete'] ['lockdown', 'strategy', 'does', 'prove', 'excellent', 'remedy'] ['harms', 'financial', 'markets', 'other', 'strategies', 'should'] ['developed', 'smart', 'partial', 'lockdown', 'these', 'suggestions'] ['essential', 'policymakers', 'government', 'officials', 'researchers'] ['general', 'public'] ['frontiers', 'psychology', 'frontiersin', 'september', '2020', 'volume', 'article', '1924fpsyg', '01924', 'september', '2020', 'time'] ['shehzad', 'financial', 'markets', 'behavior', 'covid'] ['data', 'availability', 'statement'] ['publicly', 'available', 'datasets', 'were', 'analyzed', 'this', 'study', 'this', 'data'] ['found', 'here', 'https', 'ecdc', 'europa'] ['author', 'contributions'] ['conceptualization', 'analysis', 'methodology'] ['supervision', 'introduction', 'results', 'discussion'] ['conclusion', 'revising', 'work', 'proofreading', 'visualization'] ['authors', 'contributed', 'article', 'approved'] ['submitted', 'version']
# LSA Model
number_of_topics=100
words=word_count_psy
model_psy=create_gensim_lsa_model(clean_text,number_of_topics,words)
words_from_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=words))##dict and encoding matrix values
#dictionary of top 5 words
dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=5))
{'pandem': 0.3326166193080187,
'polici': 0.3139495133883562,
'health': 0.27521477458171695,
'covid': 0.2512038811196319,
'impact': 0.23725655752332728}
#wordcloud for top 5 words
from wordcloud import WordCloud
text = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0, topn=20))
l=list(text.keys())
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=150, height=200,max_font_size=25, max_words=20, background_color="white").generate(" ".join(l))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis("off")
plt.savefig('graph29.png')
# cosine similarity matrix for top 5 words
a=pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(number_of_topics):
words_psychology =dict(model_psy.show_topic(i, topn=words))
b=pd.DataFrame(words_psychology,index=[i])
a=a.append(b)
a=a.transpose()
top_words = dict(model_psy.show_topic(0,topn=5))
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=list(top_words.keys()),
index = list(top_words.keys()))
l = list(top_words.keys())
print('cosine-similarity')
for i in l:
for j in l:
matrix=np.array([a.loc[i],a.loc[j]])
n = s.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity(matrix, matrix, dense_output=True)
df.loc[[i],[j]] = n[0,1]
print(df)
dfi.export(df, 'df_styled14.png')
cosine-similarity
pandem polici health covid impact
pandem 1 -0.00470168 -0.00359301 0.000337034 0.00558144
polici -0.00470168 1 0.02514 -0.00434368 -0.00157005
health -0.00359301 0.02514 1 -0.00213173 0.000864294
covid 0.000337034 -0.00434368 -0.00213173 1 0.00554273
impact 0.00558144 -0.00157005 0.000864294 0.00554273 1
#networkx graph for top 5 words
df = df.apply(pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce')
df=df.round(4)
l = list(top_words.keys())
df_adj = pd.DataFrame(df.to_numpy(), index=l, columns=l)
G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
pos = {l[0]: (0, 0),l[1]: (1, 0), l[2]: (0, 1), l[3]: (1, 1), l[4]: (0.5, 0.8)}
a=list(G.edges(data=True))
b=[]
for i in a:
b.append(i[:][2]['weight'])
w = [x *10 for x in b]
colors = range(4)
nx.draw(G,pos, alpha=1, width=w, with_labels = True,node_size=200, edge_color='r',node_color='b')
labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G,'weight')
nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, nodelist=l, node_color="w")
nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G,pos,edge_labels=labels)
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (8,5)
plt.savefig('fig14.png')
mantel_test(5)
Pairwise-distance
pandem polici health covid impact model \
pandem 0 0.805036 1.01123 1.25503 0.809695 1.27776
polici 0.805036 9.31323e-10 0.722102 0.992408 0.158666 0.9948
health 1.01123 0.722102 0 1.24213 0.650069 1.23484
covid 1.25503 0.992408 1.24213 0 0.993882 1.40107
impact 0.809695 0.158666 0.650069 0.993882 5.26836e-09 1.00463
model 1.27776 0.9948 1.23484 1.40107 1.00463 0
imag 1.28264 0.990826 1.23416 1.398 1.00471 1.39962
use 1.27322 0.991493 1.23268 1.40142 1.00621 1.4032
detect 1.25514 0.961398 1.19357 1.36915 0.959384 1.37647
imag use detect
pandem 1.28264 1.27322 1.25514
polici 0.990826 0.991493 0.961398
health 1.23416 1.23268 1.19357
covid 1.398 1.40142 1.36915
impact 1.00471 1.00621 0.959384
model 1.39962 1.4032 1.37647
imag 1.49012e-08 1.40125 1.3768
use 1.40125 0 1.37741
detect 1.3768 1.37741 0
Pairwise-distance
pandem polici health covid impact model \
pandem 0 1.17558 1.37708 1.39721 1.3847 1.01878
polici 1.17558 0 1.1391 1.18201 1.17001 0.759153
health 1.37708 1.1391 0 1.38173 1.3707 1.01277
covid 1.39721 1.18201 1.38173 2.10734e-08 1.39031 1.04557
impact 1.3847 1.17001 1.3707 1.39031 2.98023e-08 1.03056
model 1.01878 0.759153 1.01277 1.04557 1.03056 5.26836e-09
imag 0.987712 0.639016 0.960914 0.994026 0.982477 0.314507
use 1.27861 1.04098 1.26281 1.29385 1.27682 0.776152
detect 0.984703 0.6405 0.960757 0.993522 0.980479 0.314485
imag use detect
pandem 0.987712 1.27861 0.984703
polici 0.639016 1.04098 0.6405
health 0.960914 1.26281 0.960757
covid 0.994026 1.29385 0.993522
impact 0.982477 1.27682 0.980479
model 0.314507 0.776152 0.314485
imag 1.6131e-09 0.820354 0.0686742
use 0.820354 0 0.819518
detect 0.0686742 0.819518 6.58545e-10
(-0.36044591617335736, 0.83188, -1.077892663878568)
mantel_test(10)
Pairwise-distance
pandem polici health covid impact 2020 \
pandem 0 0.805036 1.01123 1.25503 0.809695 1.22311
polici 0.805036 9.31323e-10 0.722102 0.992408 0.158666 0.930378
health 1.01123 0.722102 0 1.24213 0.650069 1.18737
covid 1.25503 0.992408 1.24213 0 0.993882 1.3589
impact 0.809695 0.158666 0.650069 0.993882 5.26836e-09 0.948735
2020 1.22311 0.930378 1.18737 1.3589 0.948735 0
develop 0.857162 0.282271 0.772437 1.02832 0.288594 0.977722
countri 0.78996 0.0978683 0.731875 0.997722 0.176283 0.935336
nation 0.959555 0.502134 0.801066 1.10818 0.484074 1.06107
sustain 0.802517 0.059464 0.735623 0.99013 0.151684 0.927968
model 1.27776 0.9948 1.23484 1.40107 1.00463 1.35636
imag 1.28264 0.990826 1.23416 1.398 1.00471 1.35426
use 1.27322 0.991493 1.23268 1.40142 1.00621 1.35885
detect 1.25514 0.961398 1.19357 1.36915 0.959384 1.33614
data 1.27319 0.977506 1.21628 1.38877 0.979238 1.35008
class 1.2708 0.986404 1.22612 1.39319 0.993789 1.3532
pneumonia 1.26171 0.944239 1.19465 1.3651 0.962037 1.32371
learn 1.25492 0.971011 1.2104 1.38827 0.961697 1.34298
dataset 1.27099 0.987866 1.23441 1.39641 0.998986 1.3544
develop countri nation sustain model \
pandem 0.857162 0.78996 0.959555 0.802517 1.27776
polici 0.282271 0.0978683 0.502134 0.059464 0.9948
health 0.772437 0.731875 0.801066 0.735623 1.23484
covid 1.02832 0.997722 1.10818 0.99013 1.40107
impact 0.288594 0.176283 0.484074 0.151684 1.00463
2020 0.977722 0.935336 1.06107 0.927968 1.35636
develop 5.26836e-09 0.255258 0.569821 0.280661 1.02858
countri 0.255258 0 0.510813 0.104083 0.999265
nation 0.569821 0.510813 0 0.493141 1.1093
sustain 0.280661 0.104083 0.493141 2.32831e-10 0.991911
model 1.02858 0.999265 1.1093 0.991911 0
imag 1.02321 0.996246 1.10552 0.988782 1.39962
use 1.03463 1 1.11456 0.992875 1.4032
detect 0.974076 0.955596 1.08787 0.957287 1.37647
data 1.0127 0.978576 1.0973 0.975925 1.39042
class 1.02858 0.988146 1.09818 0.984182 1.39803
pneumonia 0.989492 0.948285 1.05844 0.943301 1.36889
learn 1.00933 0.978394 1.10088 0.970817 1.38704
dataset 1.01931 0.990649 1.09507 0.985643 1.39858
imag use detect data class pneumonia \
pandem 1.28264 1.27322 1.25514 1.27319 1.2708 1.26171
polici 0.990826 0.991493 0.961398 0.977506 0.986404 0.944239
health 1.23416 1.23268 1.19357 1.21628 1.22612 1.19465
covid 1.398 1.40142 1.36915 1.38877 1.39319 1.3651
impact 1.00471 1.00621 0.959384 0.979238 0.993789 0.962037
2020 1.35426 1.35885 1.33614 1.35008 1.3532 1.32371
develop 1.02321 1.03463 0.974076 1.0127 1.02858 0.989492
countri 0.996246 1 0.955596 0.978576 0.988146 0.948285
nation 1.10552 1.11456 1.08787 1.0973 1.09818 1.05844
sustain 0.988782 0.992875 0.957287 0.975925 0.984182 0.943301
model 1.39962 1.4032 1.37647 1.39042 1.39803 1.36889
imag 1.49012e-08 1.40125 1.3768 1.39395 1.39545 1.36552
use 1.40125 0 1.37741 1.39107 1.39848 1.36661
detect 1.3768 1.37741 0 1.36941 1.37578 1.33973
data 1.39395 1.39107 1.36941 2.98023e-08 1.38623 1.35703
class 1.39545 1.39848 1.37578 1.38623 0 1.35644
pneumonia 1.36552 1.36661 1.33973 1.35703 1.35644 0
learn 1.385 1.38923 1.36418 1.37588 1.38105 1.35173
dataset 1.39747 1.39759 1.37376 1.3903 1.39314 1.36415
learn dataset
pandem 1.25492 1.27099
polici 0.971011 0.987866
health 1.2104 1.23441
covid 1.38827 1.39641
impact 0.961697 0.998986
2020 1.34298 1.3544
develop 1.00933 1.01931
countri 0.978394 0.990649
nation 1.10088 1.09507
sustain 0.970817 0.985643
model 1.38704 1.39858
imag 1.385 1.39747
use 1.38923 1.39759
detect 1.36418 1.37376
data 1.37588 1.3903
class 1.38105 1.39314
pneumonia 1.35173 1.36415
learn 0 1.3838
dataset 1.3838 0
Pairwise-distance
pandem polici health covid impact 2020 \
pandem 0 1.17558 1.37708 1.39721 1.3847 1.39367
polici 1.17558 0 1.1391 1.18201 1.17001 1.17658
health 1.37708 1.1391 0 1.38173 1.3707 1.37785
covid 1.39721 1.18201 1.38173 2.10734e-08 1.39031 1.40014
impact 1.3847 1.17001 1.3707 1.39031 2.98023e-08 1.3918
2020 1.39367 1.17658 1.37785 1.40014 1.3918 0
develop 1.36887 1.16734 1.34654 1.37228 1.36486 1.37052
countri 1.36715 1.14751 1.34977 1.37263 1.36417 1.37329
nation 1.25795 0.942172 1.24957 1.26425 1.25484 1.25943
sustain 1.34558 1.13509 1.32896 1.35597 1.34091 1.35162
model 1.01878 0.759153 1.01277 1.04557 1.03056 1.03765
imag 0.987712 0.639016 0.960914 0.994026 0.982477 0.990005
use 1.27861 1.04098 1.26281 1.29385 1.27682 1.28617
detect 0.984703 0.6405 0.960757 0.993522 0.980479 0.989221
data 1.3231 1.10348 1.29412 1.32706 1.32112 1.32923
class 0.985077 0.638388 0.960203 0.992148 0.980061 0.985688
pneumonia 0.985547 0.641605 0.961031 0.992594 0.981821 0.989054
learn 1.00621 0.64735 0.992401 1.00856 1.0102 1.00907
dataset 0.984247 0.638738 0.959281 0.992579 0.979842 0.988415
develop countri nation sustain model imag \
pandem 1.36887 1.36715 1.25795 1.34558 1.01878 0.987712
polici 1.16734 1.14751 0.942172 1.13509 0.759153 0.639016
health 1.34654 1.34977 1.24957 1.32896 1.01277 0.960914
covid 1.37228 1.37263 1.26425 1.35597 1.04557 0.994026
impact 1.36486 1.36417 1.25484 1.34091 1.03056 0.982477
2020 1.37052 1.37329 1.25943 1.35162 1.03765 0.990005
develop 0 1.32649 1.17097 1.28754 1.01364 0.946053
countri 1.32649 0 1.24269 1.33141 0.99738 0.952918
nation 1.17097 1.24269 1.49012e-08 1.20892 0.825985 0.785984
sustain 1.28754 1.33141 1.20892 0 0.961421 0.929365
model 1.01364 0.99738 0.825985 0.961421 5.26836e-09 0.314507
imag 0.946053 0.952918 0.785984 0.929365 0.314507 1.6131e-09
use 1.25653 1.27391 1.1299 1.22557 0.776152 0.820354
detect 0.94742 0.95023 0.783767 0.924051 0.314485 0.0686742
data 1.29767 1.30339 1.19095 1.27465 0.967205 0.890903
class 0.947802 0.950137 0.781917 0.924266 0.314651 0.062147
pneumonia 0.949065 0.95166 0.78507 0.923673 0.31063 0.0664119
learn 0.982492 0.975923 0.822156 0.933701 0.375298 0.224652
dataset 0.946579 0.949827 0.782375 0.925001 0.315564 0.0621299
use detect data class pneumonia learn \
pandem 1.27861 0.984703 1.3231 0.985077 0.985547 1.00621
polici 1.04098 0.6405 1.10348 0.638388 0.641605 0.64735
health 1.26281 0.960757 1.29412 0.960203 0.961031 0.992401
covid 1.29385 0.993522 1.32706 0.992148 0.992594 1.00856
impact 1.27682 0.980479 1.32112 0.980061 0.981821 1.0102
2020 1.28617 0.989221 1.32923 0.985688 0.989054 1.00907
develop 1.25653 0.94742 1.29767 0.947802 0.949065 0.982492
countri 1.27391 0.95023 1.30339 0.950137 0.95166 0.975923
nation 1.1299 0.783767 1.19095 0.781917 0.78507 0.822156
sustain 1.22557 0.924051 1.27465 0.924266 0.923673 0.933701
model 0.776152 0.314485 0.967205 0.314651 0.31063 0.375298
imag 0.820354 0.0686742 0.890903 0.062147 0.0664119 0.224652
use 0 0.819518 1.17363 0.821355 0.822347 0.824807
detect 0.819518 6.58545e-10 0.871011 0.045286 0.0554104 0.210866
data 1.17363 0.871011 0 0.889675 0.889525 0.917891
class 0.821355 0.045286 0.889675 0 0.0402918 0.204918
pneumonia 0.822347 0.0554104 0.889525 0.0402918 0 0.203486
learn 0.824807 0.210866 0.917891 0.204918 0.203486 7.45058e-09
dataset 0.821047 0.0361035 0.86952 0.0287117 0.0420851 0.205585
dataset
pandem 0.984247
polici 0.638738
health 0.959281
covid 0.992579
impact 0.979842
2020 0.988415
develop 0.946579
countri 0.949827
nation 0.782375
sustain 0.925001
model 0.315564
imag 0.0621299
use 0.821047
detect 0.0361035
data 0.86952
class 0.0287117
pneumonia 0.0420851
learn 0.205585
dataset 0
(-0.46950690647912063, 0.98796, -2.1198161571850607)
mantel_test_n(5)
Pairwise-distance
trial vaccin stage late expect \
trial 2.32831e-10 0.0321631 0.116023 0.0315024 0.106246
vaccin 0.0321631 6.58545e-10 0.122716 0.0424287 0.113222
stage 0.116023 0.122716 1.86265e-09 0.11955 0.154401
late 0.0315024 0.0424287 0.11955 4.65661e-10 0.114867
expect 0.106246 0.113222 0.154401 0.114867 3.72529e-09
covid 0.990182 0.990235 0.992167 0.992115 0.993154
model 0.991998 0.992868 0.999485 0.992032 0.994909
imag 0.988698 0.989315 0.99235 0.989705 0.999658
use 0.992879 0.994046 0.993865 0.993597 0.998827
detect 0.957615 0.950483 0.968579 0.957712 0.970974
covid model imag use detect
trial 0.990182 0.991998 0.988698 0.992879 0.957615
vaccin 0.990235 0.992868 0.989315 0.994046 0.950483
stage 0.992167 0.999485 0.99235 0.993865 0.968579
late 0.992115 0.992032 0.989705 0.993597 0.957712
expect 0.993154 0.994909 0.999658 0.998827 0.970974
covid 0 1.40107 1.398 1.40142 1.36915
model 1.40107 0 1.39962 1.4032 1.37647
imag 1.398 1.39962 1.49012e-08 1.40125 1.3768
use 1.40142 1.4032 1.40125 0 1.37741
detect 1.36915 1.37647 1.3768 1.37741 0
Pairwise-distance
trial vaccin stage late expect covid \
trial 0 0.89187 0.285876 0.369334 0.342783 1.0699
vaccin 0.89187 1.49012e-08 0.804654 0.817278 0.791699 1.192
stage 0.285876 0.804654 0 0.199184 0.132632 0.982254
late 0.369334 0.817278 0.199184 0 0.217407 0.985856
expect 0.342783 0.791699 0.132632 0.217407 0 0.960874
covid 1.0699 1.192 0.982254 0.985856 0.960874 0
model 0.573892 0.792777 0.398873 0.408372 0.321224 0.951933
imag 0 0 0 0 0 0
use 0.776119 0.984243 0.670821 0.669248 0.634805 1.07779
detect 0.576555 0.832899 0.413428 0.418411 0.34069 0.940779
model imag use detect
trial 0.573892 0 0.776119 0.576555
vaccin 0.792777 0 0.984243 0.832899
stage 0.398873 0 0.670821 0.413428
late 0.408372 0 0.669248 0.418411
expect 0.321224 0 0.634805 0.34069
covid 0.951933 0 1.07779 0.940779
model 7.45058e-09 0 0.593823 0.296615
imag 0 0 0 0
use 0.593823 0 1.49012e-08 0.59782
detect 0.296615 0 0.59782 0
(-0.00835086488115451, 0.52709, -0.02417688171174474)
mantel_test_n(10)
Pairwise-distance
trial vaccin stage late expect \
trial 2.32831e-10 0.0321631 0.116023 0.0315024 0.106246
vaccin 0.0321631 6.58545e-10 0.122716 0.0424287 0.113222
stage 0.116023 0.122716 1.86265e-09 0.11955 0.154401
late 0.0315024 0.0424287 0.11955 4.65661e-10 0.114867
expect 0.106246 0.113222 0.154401 0.114867 3.72529e-09
underway 0 0 0 0 0
dose 0 0 0 0 0
novemb 0.0510105 0.0598232 0.128761 0.0526716 0.123767
addit 0.129501 0.130605 0.177833 0.128789 0.151949
develop 0.275278 0.264194 0.308447 0.274625 0.294212
covid 0.990182 0.990235 0.992167 0.992115 0.993154
model 0.991998 0.992868 0.999485 0.992032 0.994909
imag 0.988698 0.989315 0.99235 0.989705 0.999658
use 0.992879 0.994046 0.993865 0.993597 0.998827
detect 0.957615 0.950483 0.968579 0.957712 0.970974
data 0.976038 0.976569 0.976525 0.976251 0.982452
class 0.984029 0.984781 0.998048 0.985503 0.992714
pneumonia 0.943055 0.944579 0.9582 0.936492 0.952281
learn 0.971018 0.971987 0.96544 0.972029 0.979828
dataset 0.985513 0.986322 0.997561 0.985488 0.992091
underway dose novemb addit develop covid model \
trial 0 0 0.0510105 0.129501 0.275278 0.990182 0.991998
vaccin 0 0 0.0598232 0.130605 0.264194 0.990235 0.992868
stage 0 0 0.128761 0.177833 0.308447 0.992167 0.999485
late 0 0 0.0526716 0.128789 0.274625 0.992115 0.992032
expect 0 0 0.123767 0.151949 0.294212 0.993154 0.994909
underway 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
dose 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
novemb 0 0 0 0.14615 0.280098 0.992299 0.992432
addit 0 0 0.14615 0 0.274563 0.998074 1.00316
develop 0 0 0.280098 0.274563 5.26836e-09 1.02832 1.02858
covid 0 0 0.992299 0.998074 1.02832 0 1.40107
model 0 0 0.992432 1.00316 1.02858 1.40107 0
imag 0 0 0.9894 1.00315 1.02321 1.398 1.39962
use 0 0 0.993779 1.00404 1.03463 1.40142 1.4032
detect 0 0 0.963291 0.980799 0.974076 1.36915 1.37647
data 0 0 0.977372 0.985247 1.0127 1.38877 1.39042
class 0 0 0.98581 0.991452 1.02858 1.39319 1.39803
pneumonia 0 0 0.943921 0.952584 0.989492 1.3651 1.36889
learn 0 0 0.971609 0.986373 1.00933 1.38827 1.38704
dataset 0 0 0.986215 0.99714 1.01931 1.39641 1.39858
imag use detect data class pneumonia \
trial 0.988698 0.992879 0.957615 0.976038 0.984029 0.943055
vaccin 0.989315 0.994046 0.950483 0.976569 0.984781 0.944579
stage 0.99235 0.993865 0.968579 0.976525 0.998048 0.9582
late 0.989705 0.993597 0.957712 0.976251 0.985503 0.936492
expect 0.999658 0.998827 0.970974 0.982452 0.992714 0.952281
underway 0 0 0 0 0 0
dose 0 0 0 0 0 0
novemb 0.9894 0.993779 0.963291 0.977372 0.98581 0.943921
addit 1.00315 1.00404 0.980799 0.985247 0.991452 0.952584
develop 1.02321 1.03463 0.974076 1.0127 1.02858 0.989492
covid 1.398 1.40142 1.36915 1.38877 1.39319 1.3651
model 1.39962 1.4032 1.37647 1.39042 1.39803 1.36889
imag 1.49012e-08 1.40125 1.3768 1.39395 1.39545 1.36552
use 1.40125 0 1.37741 1.39107 1.39848 1.36661
detect 1.3768 1.37741 0 1.36941 1.37578 1.33973
data 1.39395 1.39107 1.36941 2.98023e-08 1.38623 1.35703
class 1.39545 1.39848 1.37578 1.38623 0 1.35644
pneumonia 1.36552 1.36661 1.33973 1.35703 1.35644 0
learn 1.385 1.38923 1.36418 1.37588 1.38105 1.35173
dataset 1.39747 1.39759 1.37376 1.3903 1.39314 1.36415
learn dataset
trial 0.971018 0.985513
vaccin 0.971987 0.986322
stage 0.96544 0.997561
late 0.972029 0.985488
expect 0.979828 0.992091
underway 0 0
dose 0 0
novemb 0.971609 0.986215
addit 0.986373 0.99714
develop 1.00933 1.01931
covid 1.38827 1.39641
model 1.38704 1.39858
imag 1.385 1.39747
use 1.38923 1.39759
detect 1.36418 1.37376
data 1.37588 1.3903
class 1.38105 1.39314
pneumonia 1.35173 1.36415
learn 0 1.3838
dataset 1.3838 0
Pairwise-distance
trial vaccin stage late expect underway \
trial 0 0.89187 0.285876 0.369334 0.342783 0.429897
vaccin 0.89187 1.49012e-08 0.804654 0.817278 0.791699 0.821063
stage 0.285876 0.804654 0 0.199184 0.132632 0.258394
late 0.369334 0.817278 0.199184 0 0.217407 0.302201
expect 0.342783 0.791699 0.132632 0.217407 0 0.232943
underway 0.429897 0.821063 0.258394 0.302201 0.232943 0
dose 0.360355 0.781183 0.138436 0.212674 0.0923247 0.212702
novemb 0.547999 0.857129 0.412123 0.435093 0.388714 0.427285
addit 0.449831 0.814683 0.295908 0.328898 0.256565 0.315661
develop 0.704357 0.965487 0.676245 0.689742 0.649834 0.664629
covid 1.0699 1.192 0.982254 0.985856 0.960874 0.962364
model 0.573892 0.792777 0.398873 0.408372 0.321224 0.357396
imag 0 0 0 0 0 0
use 0.776119 0.984243 0.670821 0.669248 0.634805 0.634562
detect 0.576555 0.832899 0.413428 0.418411 0.34069 0.207654
data 0.609664 0.858408 0.473724 0.49565 0.441946 0.464386
class 0 0 0 0 0 0
pneumonia 0.602326 0.848442 0.44677 0.457108 0.366837 0.392718
learn 0 0 0 0 0 0
dataset 0 0 0 0 0 0
dose novemb addit develop covid \
trial 0.360355 0.547999 0.449831 0.704357 1.0699
vaccin 0.781183 0.857129 0.814683 0.965487 1.192
stage 0.138436 0.412123 0.295908 0.676245 0.982254
late 0.212674 0.435093 0.328898 0.689742 0.985856
expect 0.0923247 0.388714 0.256565 0.649834 0.960874
underway 0.212702 0.427285 0.315661 0.664629 0.962364
dose 6.45239e-09 0.368458 0.234741 0.627806 0.941894
novemb 0.368458 0 0.431946 0.727097 1.00184
addit 0.234741 0.431946 0 0.664635 0.952159
develop 0.627806 0.727097 0.664635 1.05367e-08 1.07081
covid 0.941894 1.00184 0.952159 1.07081 0
model 0.286925 0.446042 0.337936 0.650876 0.951933
imag 0 0 0 0 0
use 0.6079 0.691562 0.636751 0.833904 1.07779
detect 0.303156 0.454813 0.355475 0.649915 0.940779
data 0.414799 0.545249 0.475833 0.738415 1.01369
class 0 0 0 0 0
pneumonia 0.348283 0.483969 0.398112 0.669283 0.960479
learn 0 0 0 0 0
dataset 0 0 0 0 0
model imag use detect data class pneumonia \
trial 0.573892 0 0.776119 0.576555 0.609664 0 0.602326
vaccin 0.792777 0 0.984243 0.832899 0.858408 0 0.848442
stage 0.398873 0 0.670821 0.413428 0.473724 0 0.44677
late 0.408372 0 0.669248 0.418411 0.49565 0 0.457108
expect 0.321224 0 0.634805 0.34069 0.441946 0 0.366837
underway 0.357396 0 0.634562 0.207654 0.464386 0 0.392718
dose 0.286925 0 0.6079 0.303156 0.414799 0 0.348283
novemb 0.446042 0 0.691562 0.454813 0.545249 0 0.483969
addit 0.337936 0 0.636751 0.355475 0.475833 0 0.398112
develop 0.650876 0 0.833904 0.649915 0.738415 0 0.669283
covid 0.951933 0 1.07779 0.940779 1.01369 0 0.960479
model 7.45058e-09 0 0.593823 0.296615 0.450407 0 0.346303
imag 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
use 0.593823 0 1.49012e-08 0.59782 0.579482 0 0.636898
detect 0.296615 0 0.59782 0 0.461009 0 0.334936
data 0.450407 0 0.579482 0.461009 0 0 0.497274
class 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
pneumonia 0.346303 0 0.636898 0.334936 0.497274 0 0
learn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
dataset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
learn dataset
trial 0 0
vaccin 0 0
stage 0 0
late 0 0
expect 0 0
underway 0 0
dose 0 0
novemb 0 0
addit 0 0
develop 0 0
covid 0 0
model 0 0
imag 0 0
use 0 0
detect 0 0
data 0 0
class 0 0
pneumonia 0 0
learn 0 0
dataset 0 0
(-0.16970638044077413, 0.79436, -0.8424665192300715)